G lossar y

AA assembly area
AAR after-action review
AAS Army aviation site
ACE armored combat earthmover, M9
AFJP AM Air Force joint pamphlet
AFV armored fighting vehicle
alt alternate
AM amplitude modulation
AMA aviation maintenance area
AM C Army Materiel Command
ammo ammunition
AO area of operation
assy assembly

atk attack
ATTN attention
AVLB armored vehicle-launched bridge
b ackgr ou The features in a target area that surround the target.
nd
BDU battle-dress uniform
blending A CCD technique that causes a target to appear as part of the background. Many
target characteristics must be considered when attempting a blending treatment,
including target size and shape, regular patterns in the target scene, and rough or
smooth target contours.
btry battery
C2 command and control

C2W command and control warfare. The integrated use of PSYOP, military deception,
OPSEC, EW, and physical destruction supported by intelligence to deny
 information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary C2capabilities while
protecting friendly C2capabilities against such actions.
C3 command, control, and communications

C3CM command, control, and communications countermeasure. The integrated use of

OPSEC, military deception, jamming, and physical destruction supported by
intelligence to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary
C3capabilities while protecting friendly C3capabilities against such actions.

camo camouflage. The use of natural or artificial materials on personnel, objects, and
tactical positions to confuse, mislead, or evade the enemy.

camoufla Part of a system designed to blend a target with its surroundings and conceal the
ge net identity of critical assets (aircraft, fixed targets, vehicles, personnel) where natural
cover and/or concealment might be absent or inadequate.

camoufla Standard DOD set consisting of a hexagon-shaped net (673.6 sq ft), a diamond-
ge net set shaped net (224.5 sq ft), and a net repair kit.

camoufla A plastic or aluminum disc or paddle that is supported by a lightweight pole and
ge net used to support camouflage nets above the ground, buildings, or vehicles.
spreader
cap capacity
CB counterbattery
CCD camouflage, concealment, and decoys. Methods and resources to prevent
adversary observation or surveillance; confuse, mislead, or evade the adversary;
or induce the adversary to act in a manner prejudicial to his interests.
CCD A combination of CCD equipment and techniques applied to a selected target
treatmen and/or its background to reduce or delay target acquisition.
t
chaff Material consisting of thin, narrow, metallic strips of various lengths and
frequency responses used as artificial clouds to scatter radar signals.

clu tter EM radiation from sources around the target that tend to hinder target detection.
CM countermortar
counterm Any technique intended to confuse or mislead hostile sensors.
easure
COMSE communications security
C
concealm The protection from observation or surveillance.
ent
consplcUl A term peculiar to the CCD community that denotes the perceived difference of
ty one feature in a scene as compared to other features in the scene.

corner An object that reflects multiple signals from smooth surfaces mounted mutually
reflector perpendicular and produces a radar return of greater magnitude than expected
from the size of the object the reflector conceals.
counterre All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force, an area, or a place.
connalssa
nce
counters All measures, active or passive, taken to counteract hostile surveillance.
urveillan
ce
cover Any natural or artificial protection from enemy observation and fire.
covered Any route that offers protection against enemy observation or fire.
approach
CP command post
CSS combat service support
cu cubic
DA Department of the Army
DC District of Columbia
deceive Any action that causes the enemy to believe the false or purposely causes the
enemy to make incorrect conclusions based on false evidence.

deception Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or

falsification of evidence, inducing him to react in a manner prejudicial to his
interests.
decoy An imitation in any sense of a person, an object, or a phenomenon that is intended
to deceive enemy surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation.
detection The discovery of an existence or presence.
disguise Any alteration of identity cues for items, signals, or systems sufficient to cause
misidentification by the enemy.
dispersal Relocation of forces for the purpose of increasing survivability.
disrupt Any action intended to interrupt the shape or outline of an object or an individual,
making it less recognizable.

div division
 DLSC Defense Logistics Service Center
DO D Department of Defense
DSN Defense Switched Network

ea each
ECCM electronic counter-countermeasure. Any action involving effective use of the EM
spectrum by friendly forces, despite the enemy's use of EW.
ECM electronic countermeasure. Any action involving prevention or reduction of an
enemy's effective use of the EM spectrum. ECMs include electronic jamming and
electronic deception.

electronic The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons
s security information of value that, when analyzed, might alert the enemy to the intentions
of friendly forces (for example, a signal security provided by encryption
equipment).

EM electromagnetic
EM electromagnetic spectrum. The range of frequencies from zero to infinity where
spectrum energy is transferred by electric and magnetic waves. EM waves at the lower end
of this spectrum (low-frequency navigation aids and AM and shortwave radio
services) are refracted back to earth by the ionosphere to frequencies as high as 50
MHz. At frequencies above 50 MHz, propagation is generally limited to LOS.
These frequencies are used by TV, FM radio, and land-mobile and point-to-point
communication services. They extend on to parts of the EM spectrum generally
termed as radar, IR, visible light, UV light, and cosmic rays.
EW electronic warfare. Any military action involving the use of EM energy to
determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the EM spectrum; action
which retains friendly use of the EM spectrum.
FAAS- V field artillery ammunition support vehicle
FARP forward arming and refueling point
FEBA forward edge of the battle area
fed federal
FLIRS Forward-Looking Infrared System. An imaging IR sensor used to acquire a
target's heat signature.

FLaT forward line of own troops

FM field manual
 FM frequency modulation
FOB forward operating base
FaD foreign object damage
fog oil Petroleum compounds of selected molecular weight and composition to facilitate
the formation of smoke by atomization, vaporization, and subsequent
recondensation.
FOS false operating surface. A simulated horizontal construction placed to represent
operating surfaces such as runways, taxiways, parking pads, and access roads.
freq frequency

ft foot, feet
gal gallon(s)
gen generator
GHz gigahertz
GI government issue
GSR ground-surveillance radar
hardenin The construction of a facility to provide protection against the effects of
g conventional or nuclear explosions. The facility may also be equipped to provide
protection against chemical or biological attacks. Construction usually involves
reinforced concrete placement and/or burying the structure.
HC hydrogen chloride
HEMTT heavy expanded mobility tactical truck
hiding The choice of a position or materials to obstruct direct observation.
HMMW high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
V
how howitzer
H Q headquarters
HTF how to fight
HUD heads-up display
HVT high-value target
hyperspe Refers to a sensor or data with many bands extending over a range of the EM
 ctr al spectrum.
Imagmg An electronic or optical process for recording or displaying a scene generated by a
radar radar sensor.
m inch(es)
indiv individual
inter visib The condition of the atmosphere that allows soldiers the ability to see from one
ility point to another. This condition may be altered or intelTupted by weather, smoke,
dust, or debris.

IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield. A systematic approach to analyzing the

enemy, weather, and telTain in a specific geographic area. It integrates enemy
doctrine with the weather and telTain conditions as they relate to the mission and
the specific battlefield environment. IPB provides the framework for determining
and evaluating enemy capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action.
IR infrared
IR smoke It produces obscuration in one or more of the transparent IR spectral bands
scr een between 0.7 and 14 microns. In most cases, an effective IR smoke screen is also
an effective visual smoke screen. However, effective visual smoke screens are not
necessarily effective IR smoke screens.

JCCD Joint Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception

J STARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
JT &E Joint Test and Evaluation
lb pound(s)
LCSS Lightweight Camouflage Screen System
LL TV low-light television
LOC lines of communication
LOS line of sight
low Paint used to lower the apparent temperature of a target (or nearby scene features),
emissivit thus making the hot target less conspicuous to a thermal target-acquisition sensor.
y paint Using a paint that has too Iowan emissivity (less than 0.6) causes the target to
become more visually conspicuous (or shiny).

maskirov The battlefield doctrine of the former Soviet Union.

ka
MCRP Marine Corps reference publication
 MCWP Marine Corps warfighting publication
mech mechanized
METT - mission, enemy, telTain, weather, troops, time available, and civilian
TC considerations

MHz megahertz

mil military

mm minute(s)

MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System

mm millimeter( s)

MOUT military operations on urbanized telTain

movemen The methods used by a unit to travel from one point to another (traveling,
t traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch) are considered movement
technique techniques. The likelihood of enemy contact determines which technique is used.
s
MTI moving-target indicator
multispec Refers to a sensor or data in two or more regions of the EM spectrum.
tral
NA not applicable
NBC nuclear, biological, chemical
NCO noncommissioned officer
NIR near infrared
No. number
NSN national stock number. A 13-digit number assigned to each item of supply
purchased, stocked, or distributed within the federal government.

NVD night-vision device

NWP Navy warfighting publication
obsc obscurant. Suspended particulates or entrained liquid droplets that can absorb
and/or scatter EM radiation in various parts of the EM spectrum (visual, IR,
radar).

obscurati The effects of weather, battlefield dust, and debris; the use of smoke munitions to
on hamper observation and target acquisition; and the concealment of activities or
 movement.
OPFOR opposing forces
OPORD operation order
OPSEC operations security. The process of denying adversaries information about friendly
capabilities and intentions by identifying, controlling, and protecting signatures
associated with planning for and conducting military operations and other
activities. It includes countersurveillance and physical, signal, and information
security.
oz ounce( s)
POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PSYOP psychological operations
pub publication

radar A device that uses EM waves to provide information on the range, the azimuth, or
the elevation of objects.
radar Any radar-absorbing or -reflecting material that changes the radar-echoing
camoufla properties of an object's surface.
ge

radar Unwanted signals, echoes, or images displayed by a radar unit that interfere with
clutter the observation of desired signals.
radar The picture produced on a radar screen by recording the EM waves reflected from
Imagery a given target surface.
radio The detection of a radio's presence by intercepting its signals without precise
detection determination of its position.
radio The act of determining the azimuth to a radio transmitter, from a specific location,
direction- using signal-detecting equipment.
finding

radio fix The location of a radio transmitter determined by simultaneously using two
direction-finding devices stationed at different locations and plotting the results on
a map. The intersection of the two azimuths indicates the transmitter's location.
radio The act of determining the distance to a radio transmitter. This technique involves
range- using electronic equipment to intercept and measure a transmitter's emissions and
finding then translating this information into a distance.
RAM radar-absorbing material. Material that absorbs and dissipates incident radar
energy as contrasted to radar-scattering material, which reflects the incident
energy in a different direction.
 RAP radar-absorbing paint. A coating that can absorb incident radar energy.
RA TEL radiotelephone operator
0
rckt rocket
RCS radar cross section. The size of a conducting square, metal plate that would return
the same signal to a radar sensor as a target, provided that the radar energy
received at the target is reradiated equally in all directions.
recon reconnaissance. An exploratory survey of a particular area or airspace by visual,
aural, electronic, photographic, IR, or other means. It may imply a physical visit
to the area.
redundan The use of multiple systems with similar perceived functional capabilities to
cy provide higher system survivability.

relocatab A military asset that normally stays in place for a short period of time relative to a
Ie asset fixed asset.
reverse- A position on the ground that is not exposed to direct fire or observation; for
slope example, a slope that descends away from the enemy.
position
revetmen A barrier used to protect assets against attack.
t
ROM refuel on the move
RST A reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition
RT rough terrain
S&S supply and service
SAM surface-to-air missile
SCSPP standard camouflage screening paint pattern
Scud A surface-to-surface missile.
signature Detectable indications that forces are occupying or operating in an area.
Signatures can be EM (visible, IR, NIR, radar) or mechanical (acoustic, seismic).
Common detectable EM signatures include visible vehicle tracks, thermal flames,
and radar signal returns. Common mechanical signatures include radio noise,
humans conversing, and seismic ground waves produced by tanks and heavy
vehicles.

SLAR side-looking airborne radar

 smk smoke. An artificially produced aerosol of solid, liquid, or vapor deposited in the
atmosphere that inhibits the passage of visible light or other forms of EM
radiation.
smky smoky

smoke A machine that produces large volumes of smoke to support hasty or deliberate
generator operations for screening, protecting, and/or sustaining airfields, ports, staging
areas, and bridge crossings. Present smoke generators vaporize liquid aerosol
materials such as fog oil, diesel fuel, and polyethylene glycol. These generators
consist of a heat source to vaporize the liquid aerosol material and an apparatus
for the production of airflow to efficiently disseminate the smoke vapor into the
atmosphere where it disperses and condenses.

smoke An expendable bucket- or pot-like munition that produces dense smoke by

pot burning combustible material.
smoke Smoke generated to deceive or confuse an enemy as to the activities of tactical
screen elements.
SOP standing operating procedure
SP self-propelled
sq square

STANAG standardization agreement

std standard
surveilla A systematic observation of airspace or surface areas by visual, aural, electronic,
nce photographic, JR, or other means.
survivabi Activities involving the development and construction of fighting and protective
lity positions (earth berms, defilade positions, overhead protection, camouflage) that
operation reduce the effectiveness of enemy detection systems.
s
TAA tactical assembly area
TACSOP tactical standing operating procedure
tar get The process involving the detection and identification of hostile operations and
acq uisitio equipment for subsequent engagement.
n
tar get The view of a target area that includes both the target and its surroundings.
scene
temp temporary
 terrain The process of examining a geographic area to determine what effects its natural
analysis and man-made features may have on military operations.
terrain A camouflage technique normally used in desert terrain. It involves scarring the
mottling earth with heavy equipment to expose patches of bare ground. Equipment and
supplies are placed on the bare patches to avoid detection by aerial
reconnaissance.

thermal The difference in radiance (as usually measured in the 8-to-14 micron band)
contrast between two features of a scene; for example, a target and its background.
thermal A temporary situation, in the morning or evening, when the target and background
crossover temperatures become equal.
thermal The ratio of the emissive power of a surface to that of a black body. The
emissivit emissivity is 1 for a black body and 0.9 for most natural and man-made materials.
y The apparent temperature of a target can be reduced by reducing its real
temperature and/or lowering its emissivity. Unfortunately, as the thermal
emissivity is lowered, its reflectivity in the visual portion of the spectrum
increases, thus making the target more conspicuous to a visual sensor. A typical
compromise is 0.7, which lowers the apparent target temperature but does not
make it too shiny in the visible spectrum.
TM technical manual
TMD tactical missile defense
tone The process of blending a target or other high-value asset with the background by
down reducing its brightness characteristics using nets or coatings. The recommended
reflectance of a target as compared with the surrounding scene is 10 percent or
less.
TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided
TRADO United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
C
TV television
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
US United States
USAES United States Army Engineer School
UV ultraviolet
V volt
VHF very high frequency
 wi with
wlo without
W SA weapons storage area

Jl micron(s)
 Bibliography
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. 1 February 1974.
FM 3-50. Smoke Operations. 4 December 1990.
FM 3-100. Chemical Operations Principles and Fundamentals {MCWP 3-3.7.lj. 8 May 1996.
FM 5-34. Engineer Field Data. To be published within 6 months.
FM 5-103. Survivability. 10 June 1985.
FM 21-10. Field Hygiene and Sanitation. 22 November 1988.
FM 21-26. Map Reading and Land Navigation. 7 May 1993.
FM 24-33. Communications Techniques: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures. 17 July 1990.
FM 34-1. Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations. 27 September 1994.
FM 34-3. Intelligence Analysis. 15 March 1990.
FM 90-10 (RTF). Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) (How to Fight). 15
August 1979.
FM 90-13. River-Crossing Operations {MCWP 3-17.lj. 26 January 1998.
FM 90-19. Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Camouflage, Concealment, and
Decoy (CCD) Employment in Command and Control Warfare (CW) {MCRP 3-36.4A, NWP 3-
58.1.1 TP, AFJPAM 10-223}. 4 April 1997.
Joint Pub 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 23 March
1994.
Joint Pub 3-13.1. Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (CW). 7 February 1996.
STANAG 2931 (Edition 1). Camouflage of the Red Cross and Red Crescent on Land in Tactical
Operations. 18 October 1984.
TM 5-1080-200-13&P. Operator's, Organizational and Direct Support Maintenance Manual,
Including Repair Parts and Special Tools for Lightweight Camouflage Screen Systems and
Support Systems. 29 January 1987.