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4 - OpenBSD 5.1 Installation Guide

Table of Contents

4.1 - Overview of the OpenBSD installation procedure 4.2 - Pre-installation checklist 4.3 - Creating bootable OpenBSD install media o 4.3.1 - Creating a boot CD o 4.3.2 - Creating floppies on Unix o 4.3.3 - Creating floppies on Windows 4.4 - Booting OpenBSD install media 4.5 - Performing a simple install o 4.5.1 - Starting the install o 4.5.2 - The Install Questions o 4.5.3 - Setting up disks o 4.5.4 - Choosing installation media and file sets o 4.5.5 - First Boot! o 4.5.6 - One Last Thing... 4.6 - Details for a more complex install o 4.6.1 - Setting up the network o 4.6.2 - Setting the time zone o 4.6.3 - Custom fdisk(8) layout o 4.6.4 - Custom disklabel layout 4.7 - What files are needed for installation? 4.8 - How should I partition my disk? 4.9 - Multibooting OpenBSD (amd64, i386) 4.10 - Sending your dmesg to dmesg@openbsd.org after the install 4.11 - Adding a file set after install 4.12 - What is 'bsd.rd'? 4.13 - Common installation problems o 4.13.1 - My Compaq only recognizes 16M RAM o 4.13.2 - My i386 won't boot after install o 4.13.3 - My machine booted, but hung at the ssh-keygen process

4.13.4 - I got the message "Failed to change directory" when doing an install o 4.13.5 - My fdisk partition table is trashed or blank! o 4.13.6 - I have no floppy or CD-ROM on my machine o 4.13.7 - I got an SHA256 mismatch during install! 4.14 - Customizing the install process 4.15 - How can I install a number of similar systems? 4.16 - How can I get a dmesg(8) to report an install problem?
o

4.1 - Overview of the OpenBSD installation procedure

OpenBSD has long been respected for its simple and straight forward installation process, which is consistent across all platforms. All platforms use a very similar installation procedure, however there are some minor differences in details on a few platforms. In all cases, you are urged to read the platform-specific INSTALL document in the platform directory on the CD-ROM or FTP sites (for example, i386/INSTALL.i386,macppc/INSTALL.macppc or sparc/INSTALL.sparc). The OpenBSD installer is a special kernel with a number of utilities and install scripts embedded in a pre-loaded RAM disk. After this kernel is booted, the operating system is extracted from a number of compressed tar(1) (.tgz) files from a source other than this pre-loaded RAM disk. There are several ways to boot this install kernel:

Floppy disk: OpenBSD can be installed on many platforms by booting an installer from a single floppy disk. However, due to space constraints, some larger platforms (sparc64, amd64, alpha) do not have some utilities which may be important to you, such as a DHCP client to configure the network. For these platforms, you may do better with the CD install. However, for platforms like i386 and sparc, you will find the boot floppy very complete. Floppy disk images are provided which can be used to create an install floppy on another Unix-like system, or on a Windows system. Typical file names are floppy51.fs, though several platforms have multiple floppy images available.

CD-ROM: On several platforms a CD-ROM image (cd51.iso for just booting, or install51.iso for the entire install) is provided allowing creation of a bootable CD-ROM.

Existing partition: The RAM disk kernel can be booted off an already existing partition for an upgrade or reinstall. Network: Some platforms support booting over a network (for example using PXE or other network boot). Writing a file system image to disk (miniroot): a filesystem image that can be written to an existing partition, and then can be booted. Bootable Tape: Some platforms support booting from tape. These tapes can be made following the INSTALL.platform instructions.

Not every platform supports all boot options:

alpha: Floppy, CD-ROM, network, writing a floppy image to hard disk. amd64: Floppy, CD-ROM, network. armish: Varies by machine. hp300: CD-ROM, network. hppa: Network. i386: Floppy, CD-ROM, network. landisk: miniroot, installed using another computer. macppc: CD-ROM, network. mvme68k: Network, bootable tape. mvme88k: Network, bootable tape. sparc: Floppy, CD-ROM, network, writing image to existing swap partition, bootable tape. sparc64: Floppy (U1/U2 only), CD-ROM, network, writing image to existing partition. vax: Floppy, network. zaurus: Boot bsd.rd from Linux partition. See INSTALL.zaurus for details.

All platforms can also use a bsd.rd to reinstall or upgrade. Once the install kernel is booted, you have several options of where to get the install file sets. Again, not every platform supports every option.

CD-ROM: Of course, we prefer you use the Official CD-ROM set, but you can also use install51.iso or you can also make your own. FTP: Either one of the OpenBSD FTP mirror sites or your own local FTP server holding the file sets. HTTP: Either one of the OpenBSD HTTP mirror sites or your own local web server holding the file sets. Local disk partition: In many cases, you can install file sets from another partition on a local hard disk. For example, on i386, you can install from a FAT

partition or a CD-ROM formatted in ISO9660, Rock Ridge or Joliet format. In some cases, you will have to manually mount the file system before using it. NFS: Some platforms support using NFS mounts for the file sets. Tape: File sets can also be read from a supported tape. Details on creating the tape are in the INSTALL.platform document.

4.2 - Pre-installation checklist

Before you start your install, you should have some idea what you want to end up with. You will want to know the following items, at least:

Machine name Hardware installed and available o Verify compatibility with your platform's hardware compatibility page o If ISA, you also need to know hardware settings, and confirm they are as OpenBSD requires. Install method to be used (CD-ROM, FTP, etc.) Should an important bug be found, how will the system be patched? o If done locally, you will need to have sufficient space available for the source tree and building it. o Otherwise, you will need access to another machine to build a patched release on. Desired disk layout o Does existing data need to be saved elsewhere? o Will OpenBSD coexist on this system with another OS? If so, how both will be booted? Will you need to install a "boot manager"? o Will the entire disk be used for OpenBSD, or do you want to keep an existing partition/OS (or space for a future one)? o How do you wish to sub-partition the OpenBSD part of your disk? Network settings, if not using DHCP: o Domain name o Domain Name Server(s) (DNS) address o IP addresses and subnet masks for each NIC o Gateway address Will you be running the X Window System?

4.3 - Creating bootable OpenBSD install media

As examples, we will look at the installation images available for the i386 and sparc platforms.

The i386 platform has six separate installation disk images to choose from:

is an ISO9660 image that can be used to create a bootable CD with most popular CD-ROM creation software on most platforms. This image has the widest selection of drivers, and is usually the recommended choice if your hardware can boot from a CDROM. cdemu51.iso is an ISO9660 image, using "floppy emulation" booting, using a 2.88M floppy image. It is hoped that few people will need this image -- most people will use cd51.iso, only use cdemu51.iso if cd51.iso doesn't work for you. install51.iso is an ISO9660 image, containing all the standard install files. This file can be used to create a CD that can do a stand-alone OpenBSD install. floppy51.fs (Desktop PC) supports many PCI and ISA NICs, IDE, SATA and simple SCSI adapters and some PCMCIA support. Most users will use this image if booting from a floppy floppyB51.fs (Servers) supports many RAID controllers, and some of the less common SCSI adapters. However, support for many standard SCSI adapters and many EISA and ISA NICS has been removed. floppyC51.fs (Laptops) supports the CardBus and PCMCIA devices found in many laptops.
cd51.iso

The sparc platform has four separate installation disk images to choose from:

Supports systems with a floppy disk. cd51.iso An ISO image usable to make your own CD for booting SPARC systems with a CD-ROM. miniroot51.fs Can be written to a swap partition and booted. install51.iso is an ISO9660 image, containing all the standard install files. This file can be used to create a CD that can do a stand-alone OpenBSD install.
floppy51.fs:

On modern platforms, you are best advised to use the CDROM boot images, as in some of the "bigger" platforms (such as amd64, sparc64), the floppy images have had to have a lot of drivers and utilities cut out, which can make installation much more difficult. Older platforms, such as i386 and sparc, are still quite installable from floppy. 4.3.1 - Making a CD-ROM You can create a CD-ROM using the cd51.iso or install51.iso files. The exact details here are left to the reader to determine with the tools they have at their disposal.

In OpenBSD, you can create a CD from an ISO image using cdio(1):

# cdio tao cd51.iso

Most CD recorders sold for Windows and Macintosh systems come with software that can burn ISO images to blank media. If yours does not, there are various no-cost applications that can do this for you. Other Unix-like systems use applications such as cdrkit. 4.3.2 - Creating floppies on Unix Precise details and device names may vary from Unix variant to Unix variant; use what is appropriate for your system. To create a formatted floppy, use the fdformat(1) command to both format and check for bad sectors.
# fdformat /dev/rfd0c Format 1440K floppy `/dev/rfd0c'? (y/n): y Processing VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV done.

If your output is like the above example, then the disk is OK. However, if you do not see ALL "V"'s then the disk is most likely bad, and you should try a new one. To write the image file to the disk, use dd(1). An example usage of dd(1) is below:
# dd if=floppy51.fs of=/dev/rfd0c bs=32k

Once the image is written, check to make sure that the copied image is the same as the original with the cmp(1) command. If the diskette is identical to the image, you will just see another prompt.
# cmp /dev/rfd0c floppy51.fs

4.3.3 - Creating floppies on Windows To prepare a floppy in Windows, first use the native formatting tools to format the disk, verifying that the disk has no bad sectors. To write the installation image to the prepared floppy you can use ntrw.exe, which can be downloaded from the tools directory on any of the FTP mirrors. Example usage of ntrw:

C:\> ntrw floppy51.fs a: 3.5", 1.44MB, 512 bytes/sector bufsize is 9216 1474560 bytes written

4.4 - Booting OpenBSD install media

Booting i386/amd64 Booting an install media on the i386 and amd64 PC platforms is nothing new to most people. Your system will have to be instructed to boot from whatever media you have chosen to use, usually through a BIOS setup option. If you want to boot from CD, your system BIOS must be able to and be set to boot from CD. Some older systems do not have this option, and you must use a floppy for booting your installation image. Don't worry though; even if you boot from floppy you can still install from the CD if it is supported by OpenBSD (i.e., almost all IDE drives). You can also install by booting bsd.rd from an existing OpenBSD partition, or over the network using the PXE boot process. Booting sparc/sparc64 NOTE: On the sparc64 platform, only the SBus machines (Ultra 1, Ultra 2) are bootable from floppy. You will need the system to be at a monitor ROM prompt, which typically looks like "ok ". If you are using a Sun keyboard, press and hold "STOP" while tapping "A". If using a serial console, a BREAK should return you to the monitor prompt. Use the following command to boot from the floppy:
ok boot floppy

Usually, you can boot from the CDROM drive of a Sun system from the boot prompt by typing 'boot cdrom':
ok boot cdrom

4.5 - Performing a simple install

OpenBSD's new installer is designed to install and configure OpenBSD in a very usable default configuration with very little user intervention. In fact, you can often

just hit ENTER a number of times to get a good OpenBSD install, moving your hands to the rest of the keyboard only to enter the root password. The installer will create a partitioning plan based on the size of your hard disk. While this will NOT be a perfect layout for all people, it provides a good starting point and a good overall strategy for figuring out what you need. We will start with a very simple install, with brief discussions of the options provided, and using the magic of hypertext links, allow you to read more on the topics that interest you and explore your options. Installation notes for each platform are on the install CDs and FTP servers, in the file INSTALL.<plat>, where <plat> is your platform, for instance, i386. 4.5.1 - Starting the install Whatever your means of booting is, it is now time to use it. During the boot process, the kernel and all of the programs used to install OpenBSD are loaded into memory. Once the install kernel is booted, the boot media is no longer needed, everything runs from the RAM disk. You can actually remove the CD or floppy you booted from at this point, assuming you don't need the CD for installation files. At almost any point during the OpenBSD install process, you can terminate the current install attempt by hitting CTRL-C and can restart it without rebooting by running install at the shell prompt. You can also enter a "!" at most places in the installation to get to a shell prompt, then exit the shell to return to the installer. When your boot is successful, you will see a lot of text messages scroll by. This text, on many architectures in white on blue, is the dmesg, the kernel telling you what devices have been found and how they are hooked to other devices. A copy of this text is saved as /var/run/dmesg.boot. Then, you will see the following:
... root on rd0a swap on rd0b dump on rd0b erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T Welcome to the OpenBSD/i386 5.1 installation program. (I)nstall, (U)pgrade or (S)hell? i

And with that, we reach our first question. You have the three options shown:

Install: load OpenBSD onto the system, overwriting whatever may have been there. Note that it is possible to leave some partitions untouched in this process, such as a /home, but otherwise, assume everything else is overwritten. Upgrade: Install a new set of install files on this machine, but do not overwrite any configuration information, user data, or additional programs. No disk formatting is done, nor are the /etc or /var directories overwritten. A few important notes: o You will not be given the option of installing the etc51.tgz file. After the install, you will have to manually merge the changes of etc51.tgzinto your system before you can expect it to be fully functional. This is an important step which must be done, as otherwise certain key services (such as pf(4)) may not start. o The Upgrade process is not designed to skip releases! While this will often work, it is not supported. For OpenBSD 5.1, upgrading 5.0 to 5.1 is the only supported upgrade. If you have to upgrade from an older version, upgrade to intermediate versions first, or if the system is very out-of-date, consider a complete reinstall. More information on upgrading between releases can be found in the OpenBSD Upgrade Guide 5.1.

Shell: Sometimes, you need to perform repairs or maintenance to a system which will not (or should not) boot to a normal kernel. This option will allow you to do maintenance to the system. A number of important utilities are available on the boot media.

We are assuming you are choosing "(I)nstall" here. 4.5.2 - The Install Questions Now we start getting the questions that will define how the system is set up. You will note that in most cases, all the questions are asked up front, then the installation takes place. If you have a slow computer or a slow Internet connection, you will be able to answer these questions, walk away, come back later and only have to reboot the system to complete the install.
At any prompt except password prompts you can escape to a shell by typing '!'. Default answers are shown in []'s and are selected by pressing RETURN. You can exit this program at any time by pressing Control-C, but this can leave your system in an inconsistent state. Choose your keyboard layout ('?' or 'L' for list) [default] Enter

In most cases, the default keyboard layout (or terminal type if a serial console install is being done) is appropriate; however don't just take the default, respond appropriately.
System hostname? (short form, e.g. 'foo') puffy

This value, along with the DNS domain name (specified below), will be saved in the file /etc/myname, which is used during normal boot to set the hostname of the system. If you do not set the domain name of the system, the default value of 'my.domain' will be used.
Available network interfaces are: fxp0 vlan0. Which one do you wish to configure? (or 'done') [fxp0] Enter

is the VLAN virtual interface. For our purposes here, we are going to ignore this option and stick to the physical interfaces. If you have multiple physical interfaces, they will be listed here. Note that they are identified by driver name, not generic Ethernet devices. In this case, "fxp0" refers to the first device using the fxp(4) driver, fxp1 would be the second device, etc. More on device naming is in FAQ 6.
vlan0

After selecting the device you wish to configure, you will now configure it. In many cases, you will want to configure it using DHCP:
IPv4 address for fxp0? (or 'dhcp' or 'none') [dhcp] Enter Issuing hostname-associated DHCP request for fxp0. DHCPDISCOVER on fxp0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 1 DHCPOFFER from 192.168.1.250 (08:00:20:94:0b:c8) DHCPREQUEST on fxp0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 DHCPACK from 192.168.1.250 (08:00:20:94:0b:c8) bound to 192.168.1.199 -- renewal in 43200 seconds.

DHCP will configure the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS domain name and DNS servers. If you are not using DHCP, you will need to specify all these things manually; see the more detailed discussion below. If you have any IPv6 configuration to do or there are other interfaces to configure (or you don't like how you configured the previous one), you can do that now, but in our case, we are done:
IPv6 address for fxp0? (or 'rtsol' or 'none') [none] Enter Available network interfaces are: fxp0 vlan0. Which one do you wish to configure? (or 'done') [done] Enter Using DNS domainname example.org Using DNS nameservers at 192.168.1.252 Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] Enter

If you answer "yes" to the "manual network configuration" question, you will be placed at a shell prompt, where you can configure anything else that needs configuration, then type "exit" to return back to the install program.
Password for root account? (will not echo) PaSsWoRd Password for root account? (again) PaSsWoRd

Use a secure password for the root account, remember: on the Internet, they ARE out to get into your computer, they will be trying lots of common passwords people think are really clever. You will later be given a chance to create an administrative account and disable remote (SSH) access to the root account, but you still want a good password on your root account.
Start sshd(8) by default? [yes] Enter

Usually, you will want sshd(8) running. If your application has no need for sshd(8), there is a small theoretical security advantage to not having it running.
Start ntpd(8) by default? [no] y NTP server? (hostname or 'default') [default] Enter

You are here given an option of running OpenNTPD, OpenBSD's NTP implementation. OpenNTPD is a low-impact way of keeping your computer's clock accurately synchronized. The default configuration, using pool.ntp.org, uses a large number of free-access time servers around the world. One reason you may NOT want to run ntpd(8) is if you are running a dualboot system mostly using another OS which doesn't use a GMT-set hardware clock, as you wouldn't want OpenBSD altering the time for your other OS.
Do you expect to run the X Window System? [yes] Enter

Not all platforms will ask if you expect to run X, those that do require a sysctl to be set to use X. Answering "y" here will modify /etc/sysctl.conf to include the line machdep.allowaperture=1 or machdep.allowaperture=2, depending on your platform. If you do not intend to run X on this system or are not sure, answer 'N' here, as you can easily change it by editing /etc/sysctl.conf and rebooting, should you need to later. There is a potential security advantage to leaving this aperture driver xf86(4) disabled, as the graphics engine on a modern video card could

potentially be used to alter memory beyond the processor's control. Note that nongraphical applications that require X libraries and utilities to run do NOT need this sysctl to be set.
Do you want the X Window System to be started by xdm(1)? [no] y

xdm(1) starts the X environment at system boot. We'd recommend doing this at install only if you are very confident that X will work on your system by default. Otherwise, configure X before setting up xdm(1).
Change the default console to com0? [no] Enter

If you wish to configure a serial console rather than your system's default (usually a keyboard and monitor), this is your chance. If you change the default to "y", you will be prompted to set the bit-rate. Note that for serial consoles, faster is not always better, taking your platform's default is highly recommended.
Setup a user? (enter a lower-case loginname, or 'no') [no] Enter

You are being given an opportunity to create a user OTHER than root for system maintenance. This user will be a member of the "wheel" group so they can run su(1) and receive mail addressed to root. You will be prompted for a password. Note that if you wish to create the user, enter the user's name, not "y" or "yes".
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] US/Michigan

OpenBSD assumes your computer's real-time clock (RTC) is set to GMT, but you also have to specify what time zone you are in. There may be several valid answers for your physical location. Hitting "?" at the prompt will help guide you to finding a valid time zone name. Note that the installer will quite often guess correctly for your time zone, and you can then just hit "Enter". More on setting the time zone here. 4.5.3 - Setting up disks Important Note: Users with a large hard disk (larger than was commonly available when your computer was made) will want to see this sectionbefore going any further.

Laying out your disk appropriately is probably the most difficult part of an OpenBSD install. Setting up disks in OpenBSD varies a bit between platforms. For i386, amd64, macppc, zaurus and armish, disk setup is done in two stages. First, the OpenBSD slice of the hard disk is defined using fdisk(8), then that slice is subdivided into OpenBSD partitions using disklabel(8). Some users may be a little confused by the terminology used here. It will appear we are using the word "partition" in two different ways. This observation is correct. There are two layers of partitioning in the above OpenBSD platforms, the first, one could consider the Operating System partitioning, which is how multiple OSs on one computer mark out their own space on the disk, and the second one is how the OpenBSD partition is sub-partitioned into individual filesystems. The first layer is visible as a disk partition to DOS, Windows, and any other OS that uses this disk layout system, the second layer of partitioning is visible only to OpenBSD and those OSs which can directly read an OpenBSD filesystem. OpenBSD's new installer attempts to make your disk layout tasks easier by having a sane default for "general" use. Note that many people will still want to customize the default, or use their own disk layout, but new users should probably start with this configuration until they see what they need to do differently. Note that the default layout will vary depending on how large your disk system is. For now, we'll take the defaults on our 40G disk.
Available disks are: wd0. Which one is the root disk? (or 'done') [wd0] Enter Use DUIDs rather than device names in fstab? [yes] Enter Disk: wd0 geometry: 5221/255/63 [40960 Megabytes] Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] -----------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 06 0 1 1 521 254 63 [ 63: 8385867 ] DOS > 32MB 1: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused Use (W)hole disk or (E)dit the MBR? [whole] Enter Setting OpenBSD MBR partition to whole wd0...done.

Note that this disk has a pre-existing partition on it -- using "whole" disk will remove it!.

Setting up the "whole" disk for OpenBSD does a number of important things:

erases any existing partitions on the disk creates an MBR and disk signature so the disk can be booted Creates an OpenBSD partition using the entire disk Sets that partition as "active".

There are many times when you won't want to do that, including:

You wish to retain other OS partitions You wish to retain "setup", "suspend to disk", or other system partitions You wish to build a multi-booting system

Note that it is critical that a new (or never-used for booting) drive has a valid MBR, a valid signature, an OpenBSD partition, and a partition flagged as "active". If you don't do these things using the "Use whole disk" option, you need to make sure they get done manually. More information on fdisk partitioning your disk below. Now we will break up our OpenBSD fdisk partition into OpenBSD disk partitions using disklabel(8):
Setting OpenBSD MBR partition to whole wd0...done. The auto-allocated layout for wd0 is: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 1024.0M 64 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # / b: 199.0M 2097216 swap c: 40960.0M 0 unused d: 2822.9M 2504768 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /tmp e: 4295.0M 8286112 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /var f: 2048.0M 17082240 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr g: 1024.0M 21276544 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/X11R6 h: 5426.7M 23373696 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/local i: 1699.7M 34487520 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/src j: 2048.0M 37968576 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/obj k: 20367.4M 42162880 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /home Use (A)uto layout, (E)dit auto layout, or create (C)ustom layout? [a] Enter

The installer has presented us with its proposed "Auto layout" for OpenBSD partitions on our disk, which we are going to accept. If the proposed layout is not appropriate for your needs, you can, of course, edit the default or customize it completely, more details on the disklabel partitioning below.

NOTE for re-installers: The new installer will not clear your old disklabel if you chose "(C)ustom Layout", but you will need to re-specify each mount point using the 'm' option in disklabel(8). The installer now creates those partitions and creates file systems on them using newfs(8), and mounts them for installation:
/dev/rwd0a: 1024.0MB in 2097152 sectors of 512 bytes 6 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0k: 20367.4MB in 41712448 sectors of 512 bytes 101 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0d: 2822.9MB in 5781344 sectors of 512 bytes 14 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0f: 2048.0MB in 4194304 sectors of 512 bytes 11 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0g: 1024.0MB in 2097152 sectors of 512 bytes 6 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0h: 5426.7MB in 11113824 sectors of 512 bytes 27 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0j: 2048.0MB in 4194304 sectors of 512 bytes 11 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0i: 1699.7MB in 3481056 sectors of 512 bytes 9 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0e: 4295.0MB in 8796128 sectors of 512 bytes 22 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local) /dev/wd0k on /mnt/home type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0d on /mnt/tmp type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0f on /mnt/usr type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0g on /mnt/usr/X11R6 type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0h on /mnt/usr/local type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0j on /mnt/usr/obj type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0i on /mnt/usr/src type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0e on /mnt/var type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid)

You will note there is a c partition we seem to have ignored. This partition is your entire hard disk; don't attempt to alter it. 4.5.4 - Choosing installation media and file sets Next, you will get a chance to choose your installation media. In this case, we will install from an FTP server.
Location of sets? (cd disk ftp http or 'done') [cd] ftp HTTP/FTP proxy URL? (e.g. 'http://proxy:8080', or 'none') [none] Enter Server? (hostname, list#, 'done' or '?') [mirror.example.org] obsd.cec.mtu.edu

If you can't remember your favorite (or any!) mirror's location, the installer will often be able to come up with a default of a mirror which will work well for you.

Otherwise, hit "?" to have a list of mirrors displayed, and select the number of a mirror that will work well for you.
Server directory? [pub/OpenBSD/5.1/i386] Enter Login? [anonymous] Enter

The public FTP mirrors all support anonymous downloads, of course, but you may have a local machine which requires a login and password. You can now adjust the list of file sets.
Select sets by entering a set name, a file name pattern or 'all'. De-select sets by prepending a '-' to the set name, file name pattern or 'all'. Selected sets are labelled '[X]'. [X] bsd [X] etc51.tgz [X] xbase51.tgz [X] xserv51.tgz [X] bsd.rd [X] comp51.tgz [X] xetc51.tgz [ ] bsd.mp [X] man51.tgz [X] xshare51.tgz [X] base51.tgz [X] game51.tgz [X] xfont51.tgz Set name(s)? (or 'abort' or 'done') [done] Enter

At a bare minimum, you need to have a kernel (bsd), the base51.tgz and etc51.tgz file sets. Unless you know what you are doing, stick with the default sets. You can add and remove file sets using "+" and "-" chars in front of the file set name, and also use wildcards:

removes comp51.tgz +bsd.mp adds bsd.mp -x* removes all X components

-comp51.tgz

But again, we'll take the default. This machine is a single-processor system, so bsd.mp is not installed, but everything else is. If it could later be upgraded to a multiprocessor system, you might want to install bsd.mp as well. And now, we start our install! This is the point at which you might want to come back later if you have a slow computer or Internet connection, though with a fast computer and local files, this process may take just a couple minutes or less!
bsd bsd.rd base51.tgz etc51.tgz comp51.tgz man51.tgz game51.tgz xbase51.tgz xetc51.tgz 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| |*************************************| 8782 6277 54043 512 57250 9494 2568 11350 63821 KB KB KB KB KB KB KB KB 00:05 00:03 00:26 00:00 00:28 00:06 00:02 00:06 00:00

xshare51.tgz 100% xfont51.tgz 100% xserv51.tgz 100% Location of sets?

|*************************************| 3363 KB |*************************************| 38869 KB |*************************************| 25246 KB (cd disk ftp http or 'done') [done] Enter

00:04 00:17 00:15

Yes, it is asking us again where we wish to install things from. This is so either missed, forgotten or failed file sets can be re-installed, and also so custom file sets can be installed. Again, we just take the default, we are done installing files
Saving configuration files...done. Generating initial host.random file...done. Making all device nodes...done. CONGRATULATIONS! Your OpenBSD install has been successfully completed! To boot the new system, enter 'reboot' at the command prompt. When you login to your new system the first time, please read your mail using the 'mail' command. #

4.5.5 - First boot! OpenBSD is now installed on your system and ready for its first boot, but before you do... Before you reboot At this point, your system is installed and ready to be rebooted and configured for service. Before doing this, however, it would be wise to check out theErrata page to see if there are any bugs that would immediately impact you. After you reboot On your first boot, SSH keys will be generated. On modern computers, this will take a few seconds, you may not even notice it happening. On older systems, it may take many minutes, potentially even an hour or more for really slow systems. One of your first things to read after you install your system is afterboot(8). You may also find the following links useful:

Adding users in OpenBSD Initial Network Setup Man Pages of popular/useful commands

OpenBSD man pages on the Web The OpenBSD Packages and Ports system for installing software

4.5.6 - One last thing... The OpenBSD developers ask you to Send in a copy of your dmesg. This is really appreciated by the developers, and ultimately, all users.

4.6 - Details for a more complex install

Sometimes you can't just take the defaults. Here are some more details on parts of the installation process. 4.6.1 - Setting up the network If you don't have a DHCP server available, you will have to set up your network adapter(s) manually. Here's an example:
Which one do you wish to configure? (or 'done') [xl0] Enter IPv4 address for xl0? (or 'dhcp' or 'none') [dhcp] 192.168.1.37 Netmask? [255.255.255.0] 255.255.254.0 IPv6 address for xl0? (or 'rtsol' or 'none') [none] Enter

After that set of questions, you will be given a chance to configure any other network adapters that your machine has. If you specify another network adapter here, the above questions repeat.
Available network interfaces are: xl0 vlan0. Which one do you wish to configure? (or 'done') [done]

Now, you will set up the default gateway and DNS servers, things that impact all network adapters:
Default IPv4 route? (IPv4 address, 'dhcp' or 'none') 192.168.1.1 add net default: gateway 192.168.1.1 DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [my.domain] example.org DNS nameservers? (IP address list or 'none') [none] 192.168.1.250 192.168.1.251

Note that multiple DNS servers can be listed, separated by spaces. Sometimes, you will have to do something more, for example set up a wireless access key or hard-set a duplex or speed setting (don't do this unless you absolutely HAVE to, fixing your switch configuration is a much better idea!). You are now given a chance to drop to the shell and do any manual configuration that you would like.

Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] y Type 'exit' to return to install. # ifconfig xl0 media xl0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 lladdr 00:08:74:2c:df:9c groups: egress media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex) status: active supported media: media 10baseT media 10baseT mediaopt full-duplex media 100baseTX media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex media autoselect inet 192.168.1.37 netmask 0xfffffe00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 # ifconfig xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex # ifconfig xl0 xl0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 lladdr 00:08:74:2c:df:9c groups: egress media: Ethernet 100baseTX full-duplex status: active inet6 fe80::208:74ff:fe2c:df9c%xl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.1.37 netmask 0xfffffe00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 # exit ...setup resumes...

(back to where we might have been) 4.6.2 - Setting the Time Zone Time in Unix is not a simple thing (or put another way, time in Unix is a really simple thing, human time is a politically manipulated mess). Time zone files help the system convert Unix time (the number of seconds past midnight GMT, Jan 1, 1970) to human time, taking into account things like time zones, daylight savings time (DST), DST rule changes, etc. They also include the history of changes. Multiple time zone definition files will sometimes give the same current time, but may have different history. For example, EST5EDT and US/Michigan have the same time NOW, but back in 1975, the rules were different, so if you were doing math with dates and times that involved 1975, you would care about the differences. You should use the most specific and accurate timezone file you can for your region, rather than one that just gives the correct time at this moment. OpenBSD's installer will help you find an appropriate time zone file for you if you are not sure. Simply hit "?" at each prompt, and the installer will show you options. If the first level of answers doesn't suite you, pick a continent or country, and look at your options there:

What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [right/EST5EDT] ? Africa/ Chile/ GB-Eire Israel NZ-CHAT America/ Cuba GMT Jamaica Navajo Antarctica/ EET GMT+0 Japan PRC Arctic/ EST GMT-0 Kwajalein PST8PDT Asia/ EST5EDT GMT0 Libya Pacific/ Atlantic/ Egypt Greenwich MET Poland Australia/ Eire HST MST Portugal Brazil/ Etc/ Hongkong MST7MDT ROC CET Europe/ Iceland Mexico/ ROK CST6CDT Factory Indian/ Mideast/ Singapore Canada/ GB Iran NZ Turkey What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [right/EST5EDT] US What sub-timezone of 'US' are you in? ('?' for list) ? Alaska Central Hawaii Mountain Aleutian East-Indiana Indiana-Starke Pacific Arizona Eastern Michigan Pacific-New What sub-timezone of 'US' are you in? ('?' for list) Michigan

UCT US/ UTC Universal W-SU WET Zulu posix/ posixrules right/

Samoa

We've now set the time to "US/Michigan". This creates a symbolic link in /etc pointing to the appropriate zoneinfo file in /usr/share/zoneinfo, something like this:
/etc/localtime -> /usr/share/zoneinfo/US/Michigan

Note the directory "right/", this directory includes leap second adjustments, but otherwise duplicates the standard zoneinfo choices. More here. (back to where we might have been) 4.6.3 - Custom fdisk(8) layout Note: only some OpenBSD platforms use fdisk at all, and usually, only i386 and amd64 users will have to worry about getting fancy with fdisk. Users of most other fdisk(8) using platforms generally don't have to worry about multibooting or setup/diagnostic partitions. For this reason, this section is focused on i386 and amd64. fdisk(8) is used to mark off the OpenBSD part of your hard disk. It helps mark off the part of the disk used by OpenBSD from the parts used by other OSs or system functions. If you have a partition on your disk you wish to retain or wish to leave space for another partition, you will NOT want to chose "(W)hole disk", but will need to edit the partition table with fdisk(8). More information on manually running fdisk(8) can be found here. Before working with any system that has data you don't wish to lose, make sure you have a good backup. It is very easy in this process to clobber important data, so make sure you are ready to get it back, if need be.

If you are adding OpenBSD to an existing system, you will probably need to create some free space on your system before installing OpenBSD. This will usually involve deleting or possibly reducing the size of existing partitions. The program gparted has been found useful for shrinking the partitions of many popular OSs, making it possible to install OpenBSD on the freed space. In this example, we will assume we are starting with a blank 40G disk and wish to create a multi-boot system, reserving 5G at the beginning of the disk for Windows, and the rest for OpenBSD. Note that a blank drive has to have valid MBR boot code and signature written to the disk before it can be booted. The process is very much the same for working around an existing partition, you just need to skip over the parts where we create the Windows partition and worry about installing the MBR boot code.
Available disks are: wd0. Which one is the root disk? (or 'done') [wd0] Enter MBR has invalid signature; not showing it.

IF the disk had a valid MBR in place, it would show you the existing partition table, which can be a good way to show if a disk may have data on it already.
Use (W)hole disk or (E)dit the MBR? [whole] e You will now create a single MBR partition to contain your OpenBSD data. This partition must have an id of 'A6'; must *NOT* overlap other partitions; and must be marked as the only active partition. Inside the fdisk command, the 'manual' command describes all the fdisk commands in detail. geometry: 4998/255/63 [80293248 Sectors] Signature: 0x0 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 1: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused Enter 'help' for information fdisk: 1> Disk: wd0 Offset: 0

First of all notice the fdisk prompt. The number "1" indicates the first level of partition tables -- if you were editing an extended partition, it would be "2" (or bigger). Extended partitions are partitions which have their own sub-partition table, getting around the IBM AT four partition design limit. Extended partitions won't be covered here.

First, we will make partition "0" a 5G Windows partition (using NTFS), and partition "1" will be our OpenBSD partition using the rest of the disk.
fdisk: 1> e 0 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused Partition id ('0' to disable) [0 - FF]: [0] (? for help)

Since we don't know by memory what the partition ID is for NTFS, we hit "?" here to get a list.
Partition id ('0' to disable) [0 Choose from the following Partition 00 unused 20 Willowsoft 01 DOS FAT-12 24 NEC DOS 02 XENIX / 27 Win Recovery 03 XENIX /usr 38 Theos 04 DOS FAT-16 39 Plan 9 05 Extended DOS 40 VENIX 286 06 DOS > 32MB 41 Lin/Minux DR 07 NTFS 42 LinuxSwap DR 08 AIX fs 43 Linux DR 09 AIX/Coherent 4D QNX 4.2 Pri 0A OS/2 Bootmgr 4E QNX 4.2 Sec 0B Win95 FAT-32 4F QNX 4.2 Ter 0C Win95 FAT32L 50 DM 0E DOS FAT-16 51 DM 0F Extended LBA 52 CP/M or SysV 10 OPUS 53 DM 11 OS/2 hidden 54 Ontrack 12 Compaq Diag. 55 EZ-Drive 14 OS/2 hidden 56 Golden Bow 16 OS/2 hidden 5C Priam 17 OS/2 hidden 61 SpeedStor 18 AST swap 63 ISC, HURD, * 19 Willowtech 64 NetWare 2.xx 1C ThinkPad Rec 65 NetWare 3.xx Partition id ('0' to disable) [0 FF]: [0] (? for help) ? id values: 66 NetWare 386 A9 NetBSD 67 Novell AB MacOS X boot 68 Novell AF MacOS X HFS+ 69 Novell B7 BSDI filesy* 70 DiskSecure B8 BSDI swap 75 PCIX BF Solaris 80 Minix (old) C0 CTOS 81 Minix (new) C1 DRDOSs FAT12 82 Linux swap C4 DRDOSs < 32M 83 Linux files* C6 DRDOSs >=32M 84 OS/2 hidden C7 HPFS Disbled 85 Linux ext. DB CPM/C.DOS/C* 86 NT FAT VS DE Dell Maint 87 NTFS VS E1 SpeedStor 8E Linux LVM E3 SpeedStor 93 Amoeba FS E4 SpeedStor 94 Amoeba BBT EB BeOS/i386 99 Mylex EE EFI GPT 9F BSDI EF EFI Sys A0 NotebookSave F1 SpeedStor A5 FreeBSD F2 DOS 3.3+ Sec A6 OpenBSD F4 SpeedStor A7 NEXTSTEP FF Xenix BBT A8 MacOS X FF]: [0] (? for help) 07

Now we define its starting and ending points:

Do you wish to edit in CHS mode? [n]

CHS mode allows you to specify disk space in Cylinders, Heads and Sectors. Keep in mind that for modern hard disks, the CHS numbers are completely bogus, just three numbers that translate to a sector on the disk, which is translated to your drives physical geometry (which probably varies across the disk anyway).

If you answer "y" here, you will be prompted for the starting and ending cylinder, head and sector. If you answer "no" here (as we will), you will be prompted for starting sector and the size. Editing by CHS is often easier when working around an existing partition, starting sector and size is often easier when you want to quickly create a partition of a given size.
offset: [0] 64

The fdisk platforms need gap before the first partition. The exact amount will not matter on modern machines, OpenBSD defaults to 64 sectors. This is recommended for performance reasons on modern disks, and does not matter on older disks.
size: [0] 5g Rounding to nearest cylinder: 10490382

The "Size" value can be the number of sectors (512 bytes each), or the desired capacity when followed by a "k", "m" or "g". When editing using offset and size, fdisk will round your partition so it ends on a cylinder boundary (OpenBSD doesn't care about this, and it is possible no modern OS cares about this, but some might have at one time). Now, let's look at our new partition:
fdisk:*1> p Disk: wd0 Offset: 0 geometry: 4998/255/63 [80293248 Sectors] Signature: 0x0 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 07 0 1 1 652 254 63 [ 63: 10490382 ] NTFS 1: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused fdisk:*1>

Note that the prompt now includes an "*", this means there are unsaved changes. We've now created our Windows partition. Note that this partition is so far just reserved space on the disk, it isn't formatted; no file system exists here. You will worry about that when you install Windows; we've accomplished our goal of reserving space for the Windows partition to be created later. Now we create our OpenBSD partition. In this case, the partition ID will be "A6".
fdisk:*1> e 1 Starting Ending LBA Info:

#: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused Partition id ('0' to disable) [0 - FF]: [0] (? for help) a6 Do you wish to edit in CHS mode? [n] Enter offset: [0]

uh-oh! What's our offset? Simple -- the offset of the previous partition plus the size of the partition, in this case, 63+10490382 = 10490445.
offset: [0] 10490445 size: [0] * fdisk:*1>

Note that here, we entered "*" as the size, meaning "rest of the disk". Again, we could have entered the size in sectors, "m" or "g" if we wanted to leave space for something else. Now we look at our partition table:
fdisk:*1> p Disk: wd0 Offset: 0 geometry: 4998/255/63 [80293248 Sectors] Signature: 0x0 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 07 0 1 1 652 254 63 [ 63: 10490382 ] NTFS 1: A6 653 0 1 4998 5 63 [ 10490445: 69802803 ] OpenBSD 2: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused fdisk:*1>

WE AREN'T DONE YET! This disk is not yet bootable! As it was a brand new disk, the disk's MBR was completely blank. The "Signature: 0x0" message there shows there is not a valid signature (0xAA55), which indicates there definitely is not a valid boot code. Of course, you could have a valid signature without valid boot code, through either random bad luck or damage to the existing boot code, but an invalid signature pretty well indicates you are lacking boot code, so we will install it now using the "update" command:
fdisk:*1> update Machine code updated. fdisk:*1>

We also have to "flag" a partition as "active" so the boot ROM knows what partition to boot from:

fdisk:*1> f 1 Partition 1 marked active.

Now, let's see how it looks:

fdisk:*1> p Disk: wd0 Offset: 0 geometry: 4998/255/63 [80293248 Sectors] Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------0: 07 0 1 1 652 254 63 [ 63: 10490382 ] NTFS *1: A6 653 0 1 4998 5 63 [ 10490445: 69802803 ] OpenBSD 2: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused fdisk:*1>

A checklist of things you want to make sure about before you exit fdisk(8):

Valid signature? non-overlapping partitions? OpenBSD partition with an "A6" id? Proper partition (probably OpenBSD) flagged active?

(Back to where we may have been) 4.6.4 - Custom disklabel layout Inside the OpenBSD fdisk(8) partition, we use disklabel(8) to create OpenBSD file system partitions. OpenBSD labels its file system partitions using sixteen letters, "a" through "p". Partition "a" on the boot disk is defined as the root partition, "b" on the boot disk is the default swap partition. "c" on all disks is the "whole disk" partition, it is used by programs that have to have raw access to the physical disk, such as fdisk(8) and disklabel(8). The "c" partition is created automatically for you, and should not be deleted or changed. The remaining letters are available for you to define mount points on. You may skip letters, you can define them in any order, and they can be in any order on the disk (although some platforms do have a requirement for where the "a" partition is). You can also leave gaps in the disk that are unallocated, and allocate them later, or potentially enlarge existing partitions later into that unallocated space usinggrowfs(8). All partitions which have native FFS partitions on them should be within the OpenBSD fdisk(8) partition, however non-OpenBSD partitions can (and usually should) be outside the OpenBSD fdisk partition.

More information on using disklabel can be found here. More information on the why partitioning is good and strategy for a good partitioning plan are below. The OpenBSD installer will attempt to auto-partition your disk in a usable, "general purpose" configuration, based on the size of your disk. If your disk is big enough, unused space will be allocated to the /home partition. While this is often quite useful, it doesn't satisfy all users' needs. For our example, we'll assume we are building a static web server for some of our friends to use. We have a machine attached to a modest Internet connection, with a 40G disk, with most of it used for OpenBSD (with the same 5G Windows partition as the example above. Why? Maybe this system has a RAID controller which is supported by OpenBSD, but manageable only from within Windows. More likely, because the FAQ editor doesn't feel like maintaining lots of different example systems). The web pages served by an OpenBSD web server will be in /var/www, and very little will be stored in /home, so this indicates a definite change from the default that needs to be made. For the sake of discussion, we'll also assume that we won't need to rebuild the OS from source on this machine (we'll do that elsewhere). The system will not run X, however being that some web applications expect X to be installed, we will have X installed. The machine is not overly powerful, it can't have more than 1G RAM in it, and it is unlikely our application will ever desire more than that. So, after a bit of thought, our plan is to partition the system like this:
/ - root:

100m. This will be 'a'. swap: 1G (so we'll always have enough space for a core dump), this will be partition 'b' /usr: 2g, partition d /tmp: 100m (we don't anticipate much use of this), partition e /usr/local: 2g, partition f /usr/X11R6: 1g, partition g /home: 1g, partition h /var: 1g (that's a lot of system log files), partition j /var/www: rest of disk, partition k
fstype [fsize bsize 4.2BSD 2048 16384 swap cpg] 1 # /

The auto-allocated layout for wd0 is: # size offset a: 1024.0M 10490445 b: 252.1M 12587597

c: 39205.7M 0 unused d: 2319.3M 13103933 4.2BSD e: 3653.9M 17853877 4.2BSD f: 1149.8M 25337016 4.2BSD g: 1024.0M 27691862 4.2BSD /usr/X11R6 h: 3422.6M 29789014 4.2BSD /usr/local i: 5122.3M 63 NTFS j: 1848.7M 36798433 4.2BSD k: 1848.7M 40584654 4.2BSD l: 17540.2M 44370875 4.2BSD Use (A)uto layout, (E)dit auto layout, or create

2048 2048 2048 2048

16384 16384 16384 16384

1 1 1 1

# /tmp # /var # /usr #

2048 16384

1 #

2048 16384 1 # /usr/src 2048 16384 1 # /usr/obj 2048 16384 1 # /home (C)ustom layout? [a] c

If we had only minor revisions, we'd probably opt to "Edit" the custom layout rather than starting from a clean slate, but we are going to do things the hard way here.
You will now create an OpenBSD disklabel inside the OpenBSD MBR partition. The disklabel defines how OpenBSD splits up the MBR partition into OpenBSD partitions in which filesystems and swap space are created. You must provide each filesystem's mountpoint in this program. The offsets used in the disklabel are ABSOLUTE, i.e. relative to the start of the disk, NOT the start of the OpenBSD MBR partition. Label editor (enter '?' for help at any prompt) > p OpenBSD area: 10490445-80293248; size: 69802803; free: 69802803 # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] c: 80293248 0 unused i: 10490382 63 NTFS >

Note there are already two partitions here -- the "c" partition which is always there and created for you, but disklabel(8) has also noticed the existing NTFS partition and assigned it a disklabel partition so it could potentially be accessed by OpenBSD (note, at this time, NTFS support is experimental and requires a custom kernel but FAT/FAT32 support is quite good). We will now create our partitions. We will start with the "a" partition, our root partition:
> a a offset: [10490445] Enter size: [69802803] 100m Rounding to cylinder: 208845 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] / >

Note that disklabel defaulted to the first available OpenBSD sector on the disk, which is what we want. It also defaulted to a size of all available space, which is NOT what we want. Here we overrode it with our preferred size, which can be specified in sectors, "M" or "G". You will usually want to use the default FS type of "4.2BSD" for a FFS (Fast File System) or FFS2 partition, though other types you may find useful include "swap" and "RAID". Finally is the mount point. Our "a" partition is the root partition, by definition. Now, we do swap, which is our 'b' partition (again, this is a requirement -- 'b' on your boot disk is swap):
> a b offset: [10699290] Enter size: [69593958] 1g Rounding to cylinder: 2104515 FS type: [swap] Enter >

Again, disklabel correctly calculated our starting sector, and presented us with a suggested size of "entire remaining space", which we again overrode with our desired size. Since this is the 'b' partition, disklabel assumed it was to be used for swap, and when we confirmed that, it didn't bother to ask us a mount point. We are now ready to create the rest of the partitions.
> a d offset: [12803805] Enter size: [67489443] 2g Rounding to cylinder: 4209030 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /usr > a e offset: [17012835] Enter size: [63280413] 100m Rounding to cylinder: 208845 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /tmp > a f offset: [17221680] Enter size: [63071568] 2g Rounding to cylinder: 4209030 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /usr/local > a g offset: [21430710] Enter size: [58862538] 1g

Rounding to cylinder: 2104515 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /usr/X11R6 > a h offset: [23535225] Enter size: [56758023] 1g Rounding to cylinder: 2104515 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /home > a j offset: [25639740] Enter size: [54653508] 1g Rounding to cylinder: 2104515 FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /var > a k offset: [27744255] Enter size: [52548993] Enter FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter mount point: [none] /var/www >

Note that on the /var/www partition ("k"), we just took the default to use all remaining available disk space. With modern monstrously huge drives, this is usually a bad idea. If you know you will never use it, don't allocate it, and save it for some future use. Now, let's look at our results, using the "p" and "p m" commands:
> p OpenBSD area: 10490445-80293248; size: 69802803; free: 0 # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 208845 10490445 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # / b: 2104515 10699290 swap c: 80293248 0 unused d: 4209030 12803805 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr e: 208845 17012835 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /tmp f: 4209030 17221680 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/local g: 2104515 21430710 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/X11R6 h: 2104515 23535225 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /home i: 10490382 63 NTFS j: 2104515 25639740 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /var k: 52548993 27744255 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /var/www > p m OpenBSD area: 10490445-80293248; size: 34083.4M; free: 0.0M # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 102.0M 10490445 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # / b: 1027.6M 10699290 swap c: 39205.7M 0 unused d: 2055.2M 12803805 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr e: 102.0M 17012835 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /tmp f: 2055.2M 17221680 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 # /usr/local

g: /usr/X11R6 h: i: j: k: >

1027.6M 1027.6M 5122.3M 1027.6M 25658.7M

21430710 23535225 63 25639740 27744255

4.2BSD 4.2BSD NTFS 4.2BSD 4.2BSD

2048 16384 2048 16384 2048 16384 2048 16384

1 # 1 # /home 1 # /var 1 # /var/www

Like with fdisk, you don't want your OpenBSD disklabel partitions to overlap (other than the 'c' partition, which overlaps everything, of course). Write your changes and quit disklabel:
> w > q No label changes. newfs: reduced number of fragments per cylinder group from 13048 to 12992 to enlarge last cylinder group /dev/rwd0a: 102.0MB in 208844 sectors of 512 bytes 5 cylinder groups of 25.38MB, 1624 blocks, 3328 inodes each /dev/rwd0h: 1027.6MB in 2104512 sectors of 512 bytes 6 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each newfs: reduced number of fragments per cylinder group from 13048 to 12992 to enlarge last cylinder group /dev/rwd0e: 102.0MB in 208844 sectors of 512 bytes 5 cylinder groups of 25.38MB, 1624 blocks, 3328 inodes each /dev/rwd0d: 2055.2MB in 4209028 sectors of 512 bytes 11 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0g: 1027.6MB in 2104512 sectors of 512 bytes 6 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0f: 2055.2MB in 4209028 sectors of 512 bytes 11 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0j: 1027.6MB in 2104512 sectors of 512 bytes 6 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/rwd0k: 25658.7MB in 52548992 sectors of 512 bytes 127 cylinder groups of 202.47MB, 12958 blocks, 25984 inodes each /dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local) /dev/wd0h on /mnt/home type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0e on /mnt/tmp type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0d on /mnt/usr type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0g on /mnt/usr/X11R6 type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0f on /mnt/usr/local type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev) /dev/wd0j on /mnt/var type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/wd0k on /mnt/var/www type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid) Let's install the sets! ...

(Back to where we may have been)

4.7 - What files are needed for installation?

The complete OpenBSD installation is broken up into a number of separate file sets. Not every application requires every file set, however new users are recommended to install ALL of them. Here is an overview of each:

bsd - This is the Kernel. Required bsd.mp - Multi-processor (SMP) kernel (only some platforms) bsd.rd - RAM disk kernel base51.tgz - Contains the base OpenBSD system Required etc51.tgz - Contains all the files in /etc Required comp51.tgz - Contains the compiler and its tools, headers and libraries. man51.tgz - Contains man pages game51.tgz - Contains the games for OpenBSD xbase51.tgz - Contains the base libraries and utilities for X11 xetc51.tgz - Contains the /etc/X11 and /etc/fonts configuration files xfont51.tgz - Contains X11's font server and fonts xserv51.tgz - Contains X11's X servers xshare51.tgz - Contains manpages, locale settings, includes, etc. for X

The etc51.tgz and xetc51.tgz sets are not installed as part of an upgrade, only as part of a complete install, so any customizations you make will not be lost. You will have to update your /etc, /dev and /var directories manually. Why do I have to install X for my non-graphical application? Even if you have no intention of running X, some third party packages require the libraries or other utilities in X to be installed on your system. These applications can sometimes be satisfied simply by installing just xbase51.tgz, the rest of X is not always needed. Many people resist installing X on their system without valid reason:

By itself, installing X does not cause any program to execute on the system. By itself, installing X on a system does not change the risk of external security issues. If someone is already ON your system, they can most likely install whatever they wish, so the presence or absence of the X does not appreciably change the situation. The only parts of X that are running are the parts required by your application. The space required for X is relatively modest on modern hardware.

People sometimes waste a lot of time and effort trying to pick through xbase51.tgz and pull out just the files they need to install their application. This is not only pointless, but an effort that would have to be repeated for each upgrade cycle, which

probably means you will not upgrade your system properly, creating REAL security problems. IF you need X, just install it. It won't hurt you any more than the application you are needing it for will. I don't want to install the compilers Ok, don't, but please don't tell yourself this is for "security reasons". By the time someone is far enough into your system that the presence or absence of the compiler matters, they are far enough in they can install a compiler themselves. However, the compXX.tgz file set is relatively big and has a lot of files in it, so it can take a while to install and upgrade, and on slow or small systems, this can matter. If you do decide to not install the compiler, you will probably need another system to maintain and build updated software on. There are far more systems that have been compromised because of improper maintenance than there have been because a compiler was installed.

4.8 - How should I partition my disk?

Obviously, the answer to this question varies tremendously based on your use of the system. OpenBSD can be installed in as little as 512M, but installing to that small of a device is something for advanced users. Until you have some experience, a 4G to 8G HD is recommended to start with. Unlike many other OSs, OpenBSD encourages users to partition their disk into a number of partitions, rather than having just one or two big partitions. There are a number of reasons to partition your disk:

Security: You can mark some filesystems as 'nosuid', 'nodev', 'noexec', 'readonly', etc. This is done for you by the install process, if you use the recommended partitions. Stability: A user, or a misbehaved program, can fill a filesystem with garbage if they have write permissions for it. Your critical programs, which hopefully run on a different filesystem, do not get interrupted. Speed: A filesystem which gets written to frequently may get somewhat fragmented. (Luckily, the ffs filesystem that OpenBSD uses is not prone to heavy fragmentation.) Integrity: If one filesystem is corrupted for some reason then your other filesystems are most likely still OK.

Size: Many machines have limits on the area of a disk where the boot ROM can load the kernel from. In some cases, this limit may be very small (504M for an older 486), in other cases, a much larger limit (for example, 2G, 8G, or 128G on i386 systems). As the kernel can end up anywhere within the root partition, the entire root partition should be within this area. For more details, see this section. A good guideline might be to keep your / partition completely below 2G, unless you know your platform (and particular machine) can handle more (or less) than that. Read-only: You can mount partitions that you never or rarely need to write to as "Read-only" most of the time, which will eliminate the need for fsck(8) after a crash or power interruption, and may help prevent unintended data alteration. fsck(8): Very large partitions require more RAM to fsck(8), and on smallmemory systems, you can end up having to use swap, resulting in very long fsck times.

Given sufficient disk space, OpenBSD's installer will default to the following partitions:

/ - root: In addition to being where the other file systems are mounted, the root file system holds all the files needed to boot OpenBSD. This includes the kernel, plus the basic utilities in /sbin and /bin, the configuration files in /etc, and the device directory, /dev which are all used to bring up the system. The root file system can be as small as 60M, though 100M to 200M is easier for a machine that will last through many upgrade cycles. The 'a' partition of your boot drive becomes your root partition automatically. SOME platforms place restrictions on the physical location on the disk (i.e., must be at start of disk) in order to boot. Swap: In addition to swap, this partition is also used for storing core dumps after system crashes, so it is suggested that the swap space (if set up at all) be bigger than the largest amount of RAM you are likely to ever install on the machine. Read more about this in FAQ 14, Swap. /tmp: This is a world-writeable directory used for (as the name implies!) temporary storage. Most systems can get by with very modest amounts of storage here, 50M is usually many times what you should ever need, though there are a few applications which can use much, much more. While this directory is world-writable, when it is a separate partition, OpenBSD defaults to mounting it nodev and nosuid, which minimizes how it can be used to abuse your system Note that this directory is cleared on reboot, and files left untouched over 24 hours are cleared nightly. /var: This directory and mount point is used for a LOT of things, and depending on your uses, may be a prime candidate to subdivide into more

partitions. Some of the things that end up here (and potential additional mount points): o /var/log: System logs. o /var/mail: Incoming mail boxes. o /var/spool: Outgoing mail (and other things) o /var/www: OpenBSD's web server lives here. o /var/tmp: This is a "persistent" temporary file directory, as files placed here are NOT purged on reboot. For example, vi(1) uses this directory for temporary storage, so if your computer crashes or is rebooted while you are editing a file, the files here can be used to recover your editing session. Files left here over 24 hours though will be purged by the nightly cleanup scripts, daily(8). o /var/crash: If the system panics, it will attempt to save a core dump in the swap partition before rebooting. This core dump will then be saved to /var/crash upon reboot, so /var will need at least as much free space as the system has RAM for this to work automatically. /usr: This is where most of OpenBSD resides. Program binaries, libraries, documentation, manual pages, etc. are all located in the /usr directory. The files in this mount point are relatively unchanging -- in many cases, you could easily mount the /usr partition read-only with no other system changes until your next upgrade or update. /usr/X11R6: This is where the X Window system resides. The X binaries, font files, libraries, etc. all are here. The only part of X not here is the configuration files. /usr/local: On a default OpenBSD installation, this mount point/directory is completely empty. It is used for locally installed binaries and libraries for local applications. /usr/src: This directory holds the basic system source files, excluding X and ports. This directory is empty by default, you have to load it as detailed inFAQ 5. /usr/obj: This directory is populated during the build process with the object and binary files. Having this directory a separate mount point allows it to be formatted rather than erased file by file, which can be significantly faster. /home: This is where user files go. Having this a separate partition makes it easy to completely reinstall your system; simply don't format this partition on reload.

Some additional thoughts on partitioning:

For your first attempt at an experimentation system, one big / partition and swap may be easiest until you know how much space you need. By doing this

you will be sacrificing some of the default security features of OpenBSD that require separate filesystems for /, /tmp, /var, /usr and /home. However, you probably should not be going into production with your first OpenBSD install. A system exposed to the Internet or other hostile forces should have a separate /var (and maybe even a separate /var/log) for logging. A /home partition can be nice. New version of the OS? Wipe and reload everything else, leave your /home partition untouched. Remember to save a copy of your configuration files, though! A separate partition for anything which may accumulate a large quantity of files that may need to be deleted can be faster to reformat and recreate than to delete. See the building by source FAQ for an example (/usr/obj). If you wish to rebuild your system from source for any reason, the source will be in /usr/src. If you don't make a separate partition for /usr/src, make sure /usr has sufficient space. A commonly forgotten fact: you do not have to allocate all space on a drive when you set the system up! Since you will now find it a challenge to buy a new drive smaller than 100G, it can make sense to leave a chunk of your drive unallocated. If you outgrow a partition, you can allocate a new partition from your unused space, duplicate your existing partition to the new partition, change /etc/fstab to point to the new partition, remount, you now have more space. If you make your partitions too close to the minimum size required, you will probably regret it later, when it is time to upgrade your system. If you make very large partitions, keep in mind that performing filesystem checks using fsck(8) requires about 1M of RAM per gigabyte of filesystem size, and may be very time-consuming or not even feasible on older, slower systems (please also refer to this section). If you permit users to write to /var/www (i.e., personal web pages), you might wish to put it on a separate partition, so you can use quotas to restrict the space they use, and if they fill the partition, no other parts of your system will be impacted. You may also want to create an /altroot partition, as described in daily(8). This can make a daily copy of your / partition, giving you an extra copy of your kernel and /etc configuration files should something happen to your root partition. Obviously, the /altroot partition needs to be at least as big as /. If you have a second drive and have something else duplicating the rest of your disk, either software softraid(4) or a periodic copy usingdump(8)/restore(8), this disk can be bootable after the removal of the primary disk. Compiling some ports from source can take huge amounts of space on your /usr and /tmp partitions. This is another reason we suggest using precompiled packages instead.

At least some editors use /var/tmp for scratch space, and this often needs to be as big or bigger than the largest file you edit. If you plan on editing 500M files, your /var or /var/tmp partition will need to be much larger than your might have planned on.

4.9 - Multibooting OpenBSD (amd64, i386)

Multibooting is having several operating systems on one computer, and some means of selecting which OS is to boot. It is not a trivial task! If you don't understand what you are doing, you may end up deleting large amounts of data from your computer. New OpenBSD users are strongly encouraged to start with a blank hard drive on a dedicated machine, and then practice your desired configuration on a non-production system before attempting a multiboot configuration on a production machine. FAQ 14 has more information about the OpenBSD boot process. Preferably use one of the four primary MBR partitions for booting OpenBSD (i.e., extended partitions may not work). Note that Windows 7 and Vista can resize their system partitions: go to the Control Panel, search for "partition", and enter the corresponding system tool. Right click on a partition, and you will notice you can shrink it. Its main limitation is that the Windows Exchange File can't be moved, so if you need more space, you may have to move/disable it. Here are several options to multibooting: Setting active partitions This is probably the most overlooked, and yet, sometimes the best solution for multibooting. Simply set the active partition in whatever OS you are currently using to be the one you want to boot by default when you next boot. Virtually every OS offers a program to do this; OpenBSD's is fdisk(8), similar named programs are in Windows 9x and DOS, and many other operating systems. This can be highly desirable for OSs or systems which take a long time to shut down and reboot -- you can set it and start the reboot process, then walk away, grab a cup of coffee, and come back to the system booted the way you want it -- no waiting for the Magic Moment to select the next OS. Boot floppy If you have a system that is used to boot OpenBSD infrequently (or don't wish other users of the computer to note anything has changed), consider using a boot floppy. Simply use one of the standard OpenBSD install floppies, and create

an /etc/boot.conf file (yes, you will also have to create an /etcdirectory on the floppy) with the contents:
boot hd0a:/bsd

to cause the system to boot from hard drive 0, OpenBSD partition 'a', kernel file /bsd. Note you can also boot from other drives with a line like: "boot hd2a:/bsd" to boot off the third hard drive on your system. To boot from OpenBSD, slip your floppy in, reboot. To boot from the other OS, eject the floppy, reboot. (You can, of course, use this floppy to make a bootable CD, too.) The boot(8) program is loaded from the floppy, looks for and reads /etc/boot.conf. The "boot hd0a:/bsd" line instructs boot(8) where to load the kernel from -- in this case, the first HD the BIOS sees. Keep in mind, only a small file (/boot) is loaded from the floppy -- the system loads the entire kernel off the hard disk, so this only adds about five seconds to the boot process. Windows NT/2000/XP NTLDR To multiboot OpenBSD and Windows NT/2000/XP, you can use NTLDR, the boot loader that NT uses. To multi-boot with NT, you need a copy of your OpenBSD Partition Boot Record (PBR). After running installboot, you can copy it to a file using dd(1), following a process similar to:
# dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=openbsd.pbr bs=512 count=1

Note: this is a really good time to remind you that blindly typing commands in you don't understand is a really bad idea. This line will not work directly on most computers. It is left to the reader to adapt it to their machine. Now boot NT and put openbsd.pbr in C:. Add a line like this to the end of C:\BOOT.INI:
c:\openbsd.pbr="OpenBSD"

When you reboot, you should be able to select OpenBSD from the NT loader menu. There is much more information available about NTLDR at the NTLDR Hacking Guide. On Windows XP you can also edit the boot information using the GUI; see the XP Boot.ini HOWTO. Programs that do much of this for you are available, for example, BootPart. This program can be run from Windows NT/2000/XP, and will fetch the OpenBSD PBR, place it on your NT/2000/XP partition, and will add it to C:\BOOT.INI.

Note: The Windows NT/2000/XP boot loader is only capable of booting OSs from the primary hard drive. You can not use it to load OpenBSD from the second drive on a system. Windows Vista With Vista, Microsoft dropped NTLDR support in favor of their newer Boot Configuration Data (BCD) store used for controlling the boot environment. Since BOOT.INI is no longer available for customization, a command-line utility, bcdedit, takes its place. Once OpenBSD's PBR is copied to Vista's system partition, the following three commands are required to select and boot OpenBSD when the system is restarted:
C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /create /d "OpenBSD/i386" /application bootsector The entry {05a763ce-d81b-11db-b3ec-000000000000} was successfully created. C:\Windows\System32>

The GUID returned here, 05a763ce-d81b-11db-b3ec-000000000000, is shown for illustrative reasons. Take note of the GUID displayed when you run this command as this value will need to be copied into the following commands. Simply copying the GUID shown above will not work. The following two commands are also required:
C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /set {05a763ce-d81b-11db-b3ec-000000000000} device boot The operation completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /set {05a763ce-d81b-11db-b3ec-000000000000} path \openbsd.pbr The operation completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32>

This must be run in a shell with administrative privileges. Once you've located cmd.exe, right click to be able to select "run as administrator". Note the absolute pathname of the imported PBR file. Do not add a drive letter as it is assumed that the file is placed in the system partition. bcdedit will not complain about an explicit drive specification, but the boot manager will later balk claiming that it cannot resolve the designated pathname. Upon rebooting, Vista will be listed first in the boot manager ultimately followed by OpenBSD. Selecting either entry will boot the corresponding operating system.

If nothing happens, look around in the control panel for boot information. Most likely, your Windows boot is set up with no delay, so you don't see the boot menu. You can also use this to boot OpenBSD by default. For more information, consult bcdedit's help by issuing:
C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /?

or by searching Microsoft's documentation and Website. A good introduction can be found in this TechNet Frequently Asked Questions article. For those who find manual configuration daunting, EasyBCD provides a GUI alternative. Windows 7 Microsoft has enhanced BCD since releasing Vista to allow multiple versions of Windows to be booted through bcdedit. Because of this greater control, five commands are required to configure a multiboot environment with OpenBSD. After copying OpenBSD's PBR into Windows 7's system partition, issue the following command to initialize the needed registry hive:
C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /create /d "OpenBSD/i386" /application bootsector The entry {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} was successfully created. C:\Windows\system32>

As admonished before, the {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} GUID is system-dependent. Note the value you receive when executing, and copy it into the following commands:
C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} device boot The operation completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} path \openbsd.pbr The operation completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} device partition=c: The operation completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32> bcdedit /displayorder {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd677060316bbb1} /addlast The operation completed successfully.

C:\Windows\system32>

Other boot loaders Some other bootloaders OpenBSD users have used successfully include GAG, The Ranish Partition Manager, rEFIt, and GRUB. OpenBSD and Linux (i386) Please refer to INSTALL.linux, which gives in depth instructions on getting OpenBSD working with Linux. Time zone issues OpenBSD expects the computer's real-time clock to be set to UTC (Universal Coordinated Time). Some other OSs expect the real-time clock to be set to local time. Obviously, this can create a bit of a problem if you are using both OSs on the same computer. One or the other is most likely going to have to be adapted. More info on doing this is in FAQ 8 - Why is my clock off by several hours?

4.10 - Sending your dmesg to dmesg@openbsd.org after the install

Just to remind people, it's important for the OpenBSD developers to keep track of what hardware works, and what hardware doesn't work perfectly, including the hardware sensors that are found in machines. A quote from /usr/src/etc/root/root.mail
If you wish to ensure that OpenBSD runs better on your machines, please do us a favor (after you have your mail system configured!) and type something like: # (dmesg; sysctl hw.sensors) | \ mail -s "Sony VAIO 505R laptop, apm works OK" dmesg@openbsd.org so that we can see what kinds of configurations people are running. As shown, including a bit of information about your machine in the subject or the body can help us even further. We will use this information to improve device driver support in future releases. (Please do this using the supplied GENERIC kernel, not for a custom compiled kernel, unless you're unable to boot the GENERIC kernel. If you have a multi-processor machine, dmesg results of both GENERIC.MP and GENERIC kernels are appreciated.) The device driver information we get from this helps us fix existing drivers. Thank you!

Make sure you send email from an account that is able to also receive email so developers can contact you if they have something they want you to test or change in order to get your setup working. It's not important at all to send the email from the same machine that is running OpenBSD, so if that machine is unable to receive email, just
$ (dmesg; sysctl hw.sensors) | mail your-account@yourmail.dom

and then forward that message to

dmesg@openbsd.org

where your-account@yourmail.dom is your regular email account. NOTES

Please send only GENERIC kernel dmesgs. Custom kernels that have device drivers removed are not helpful. If you have a supported multiprocessor system and normally run the GENERIC.MP kernel, it is helpful to developers to see the dmesg output of both the GENERIC kernel and the GENERIC.MP kernel, so please send both of them in separate emails. The dmesgs are received on a computer using the spamd spam rejection system. This may cause your dmesg to not be accepted by the mail servers for a period of time. Be patient, after half an hour to an hour or so, it will get through.

The method above is very easy, but if you have chosen not to configure mail on your OpenBSD system, you should still send your dmesg to the developers. Save your dmesg output to a text file.
$ (dmesg; sysctl hw.sensors) > ~/dmesg.txt

Then transfer this file (using FTP/scp/floppydisk/carrier-pigeon/...) to the system you normally use for email. Since the dmesg output you send in is processed automatically, be sure to check the following when using alternate email clients/systems:

Configure your email client to send messages as plain text; do not use HTMLformatted email. Turn off any forced line break feature. Many email clients are configured to insert line breaks at 72 columns (the norm for mailing lists). Make sure your email client does not reformat messages into "text-flow" nonsense. Do not send the dmesg output as file attachment. Put the dmesg output into the body of the message.

4.11 - Adding a file set after install

"Oh no! I forgot to add a file set when I did the install!" Sometimes, you realize you really DID need comp51.tgz (or any other system component) after all, but you didn't realize this at the time you installed your system. Good news: There are two easy ways to add file sets after the initial install: Using the upgrade process Simply boot your install media (CD-ROM or Floppy), and choose Upgrade (rather than Install). When you get to the lists of file sets to install, choose the sets you neglected to install first time around, select your source, and let it install them for you. Using tar(1) The install file sets are simply compressed tar files, and you can expand them manually from the root of the filesystem:
# cd / # tar xzvphf comp51.tgz

Do NOT forget the 'p' option in the above command in order to restore the file permissions properly! One common mistake is to think you can use pkg_add(1) to add missing file sets. This does not work. pkg_add(1) is the package management tool to install third party software. It handles package files, not generic tar files like the install sets. If you are installing the xbase file set on your system for the first time using tar(1) and without rebooting, the shared library cache must be updated after the installation using ldconfig(8). To add all the X libraries to the cache:
# ldconfig -m /usr/X11R6/lib

Alternatively, you can just reboot your system, and this will be done automatically by the rc(8) startup script.

4.12 - What is 'bsd.rd'?

is a "RAM Disk" kernel. This file can be very useful; many developers are careful to keep it on the root of their system at all times.
bsd.rd

Calling it a "RAM Disk kernel" describes the root filesystem of the kernel -- rather than being a physical drive, the utilities available after the boot of bsd.rdare stored in the kernel, and are run from a RAM-based filesystem. bsd.rd also includes a healthy set of utilities to allow you to do system maintenance and installation. On some platforms, bsd.rd is actually the preferred installation technique -- you place this kernel on an existing filesystem, boot it, and run the install from it. On most platforms, if you have a running older version of OpenBSD, you can FTP a new version of bsd.rd, reboot from it, and install a new version of OpenBSD without using any removable media at all. Here is an example of booting bsd.rd on an i386 system:
Using Drive: 0 Partition: 3 reading boot..... probing: pc0 com0 com1 apm mem[639k 255M a20=on] disk: fd0 hd0+ >> OpenBSD/i386 BOOT 3.17 boot> boot hd0a:/bsd.rd . . . normal boot to install . . .

As indicated, you will be brought to the install program, but you can also drop to the shell to do maintenance on your system. The general rule on booting bsd.rd is to change your boot kernel from /bsd to bsd.rd through whatever means used on your platform.

4.13 - Common installation problems

4.13.1 - My Compaq only recognizes 16M RAM Some Compaq systems have an issue where the full system RAM is not detected by the OpenBSD second stage boot loader properly, and only 16M may be detected and used by OpenBSD. This can be corrected either by creating/editing /etc/boot.conf file, or by entering commands at the "boot>" prompt before OpenBSD loads. If you had a machine with 64M RAM, but OpenBSD was only detecting the first 16M, the command you would use would be:
machine mem +0x3000000@0x1000000

to add 48M (0x3000000) after the first 16M (0x1000000). Typically, if you had a machine with this problem, you would enter the above command first at the install floppy/CD-ROM's boot> prompt, load the system, reboot, and create an /etc/boot.conf file with the above line in it so all future bootings will recognize all available RAM.

It has also been reported that a ROM update will fix this on some systems. 4.13.2 - My i386 won't boot after install Your install seemed to go fine, but on first boot, you see no sign of OpenBSD attempting to boot. There are a few common reasons for this problem:

No partition was flagged active in fdisk(8). To fix this, reboot the machine using the boot floppy or media, and "flag" a partition as "active" (bootable). See here and here. No valid boot loader was ever put on the disk. If you hit "Enter" or answer "w" to the "Use (W)hole disk or (E)dit the MBR?" question during the install, or use the "reinit" option of fdisk(8), the OpenBSD boot record is installed on the Master Boot Record of the disk; otherwise, the existing master boot code is untouched. This will be a problem if no other boot record existed. One solution is to boot the install media again, drop to the shell and invoke fdisk(8) to update the MBR code from the command line:
# fdisk -u wd0

Note: the "update" option within the interactive ("-e") mode of fdisk will not write the signature bytes required to make the disk bootable.

In some rare occasions, something may go wrong with the second stage boot loader install. Reinstalling the second stage boot loader is discussed here.

4.13.3 - My (older, slower) machine booted, but hung at the ssh-keygen steps It is very likely your machine is running fine, just taking a while to do the ssh key generation process. A SPARCStation2 or a Macintosh Quadra may takeseveral hours to complete the ssh-keygen(1) steps. Just let it finish; it is only done once per install. Users of very slow machines may wish to generate their keys on another computer, place them in a site51.tgz file, and install them with the rest of the file sets. 4.13.4 - I got the message "Failed to change directory" when doing an install When doing an FTP install of a snapshot during the -beta stage of the OpenBSD development cycle, you may see this:
Display the list of known ftp servers? [no] yes Getting the list from 192.128.5.191 (ftp.openbsd.org)... FAILED Failed to change directory. Server IP address or hostname?

This is normal and expected behavior during this pre-release part of the cycle. The install program looks for the FTP list on the primary FTP server in a directory that won't be available until the release date, so you get the above message. Simply use the FTP mirror list to find your favorite FTP mirror, and manually enter its name when prompted. Note: You should not see this if you are installing -release or from CD-ROM. 4.13.5 - My fdisk partition table is trashed or blank! Occasionally, a user will find a system will work, but when doing an fdisk wd0, they see a completely blank (or sometimes, garbage) partition table. This is usually caused by having created a partition in fdisk(8) which had an offset of zero sectors, rather than the one track offset it should have (note: this is assuming the i386 or amd64 platform. Other platforms have different offset requirements, some need NO offset). The system then boots using the PBR, not using the MBR. While this configuration can work, it can be a maintenance problem and should be fixed. To fix this, the disk's file systems must generally be recreated from scratch (though if you REALLY know what you are doing, you may be able to recreate just your disklabel and MBR, and only lose and have to rebuild the first OpenBSD partition on the disk). 4.13.6 - I have no floppy or CD-ROM on my machine Some computers people might want to run OpenBSD on lack any obvious way to install OpenBSD, having no floppy or CD-ROM drive. Either the machine was designed without it (for example, many laptops and "flash" based machines, like Soekris and ALIX systems), or the boot devices have failed or been removed, and would be difficult to replace. Here are some tips and techniques you can use to get OpenBSD installed on these systems.

Network boot, using PXE (i386 or amd64) or diskless(8) (other platforms). External USB CD-ROM or USB floppy, if your machine can boot from one. USB Flash disk or hard disk, again if your computer can boot from a USB device. Prepare the device on another computer as described in FAQ 14. Boot from it, but chose the bsd.rd kernel, then install as normal. You could also have the file sets pre-loaded on the flash media, as well. Worst case, if none of the above is suitable, you can usually pull the disk out of the target system, use suitable adapters to install it in a "normal" computer, install OpenBSD, then replace the disk back in the target system. OpenBSD

will then boot nicely in the target machine, though you will very possibly have to adjust the network configuration. You may also have to adjust /etc/fstab if you (for example) did your install using a USB->IDE/SATA adapter or your target or install machine uses ahci(4) and the other does not. IDE and some SATA disks will normally be recognized aswd(4) devices, but if attached to a USB adapter, will come up as sd(4). A SATA disk attached to a pciide(4) interface will come up as wd(4), but attached to an ahci(4) interface, will come up as a sd(4) device. However, once you correct the /etc/fstab file, the system will generally boot just fine. In all cases, remember that the machine had an OS installed on it before, and it was usually intended that the OS could be reloaded in the field. How this was originally intended to be done will often provide you a good idea how you can install OpenBSD now. 4.13.7 - I got an SHA256 mismatch during install! Checksums are embedded in the install kernels for the file sets that are used for the system install. Actual -release file sets should all match their stored checksums. At times, snapshots may not have proper checksums stored with the install kernels. This will happen for various reasons on the building side, and is not reason to panic for development snapshots. If you are concerned about this, wait for the next snapshot.

4.14 - Customizing the install process

siteXX.tgz

file

The OpenBSD install/upgrade scripts allow the selection of a user-created set called "siteXX.tgz", where XX is the release version (e.g. 51). ThesiteXX.tgz file set is, like the other file sets, a gzip(1) compressed tar(1) archive rooted in '/' and is un-tarred like the other sets with the options xzphf. This set will be installed last, after all other file sets. This file set allows the user to add to and/or override the files installed in the 'normal' sets and thus customize the installation or upgrade.

You can also create and use hostname-specific install sets, which are named siteXX<hostname>.tgz, for example, "site51-puffy.tgz". This allows easy per-host customized installations, upgrades, or disaster recovery. Some example uses of a siteXX.tgz file:

Create a siteXX.tgz file that contains all the file changes you made since first installing OpenBSD. Then, if you have to re-create the system you simply select siteXX.tgz during the re-install and all of your changes are replicated on the new system. Create a series of machine specific directories that each contain a siteXX.tgz file that contains files specific to those machine types. Installation of machines (e.g. boxes with different graphics cards) of a particular category can be completed by selecting the appropriate siteXX.tgz file. Put the files you routinely customize in a same or similar way in a siteXX.tgz file -- /etc/skel files, /etc/pf.conf, /var/www/conf/httpd.conf,/etc/rc.conf.loca l, etc. scripts

install.site/upgrade.site

As the last step in the install/upgrade process, the scripts look in the root directory of the newly installed/upgraded system for install.site orupgrade.site, as appropriate to the current process, and runs this script in an environment chrooted to the installed/upgraded system's root. Remember, the upgrade is done from a booted file system, so your target file system is actually mounted on /mnt. However, because of the chroot, your script can be written as if it is running in the "normal" root of your file system. Since this script is run after all the files are installed, you have much of the functionality of the full system when your script runs. Keep in mind that you are running a minimal kernel, not all features are available, and due to space constraints, things that work today may not work in a future release. Note that the install.site script would have to be in a siteXX.tgz file, while the upgrade.site script could be put in the root directory before the upgrade, or could be put in a siteXX.tgz file. The scripts can be used to do many things:

Remove files that are installed/upgraded that you don't want present on the system. Remove/upgrade/install the packages you want on the installed system (may not work for all packages!).

Do an immediate backup/archive of the new system before you expose it to the rest of the world. Use rdate(8) to set the system time. Have a set of arbitrary commands be run after the first boot. This will happen if install.site is used to append any such commands to an rc.firsttime(8)file (appending to this file is neccessary since the installer itself may write to this file). At boot time, rc.firsttime is executed once then deleted.

The combination of siteXX.tgz and install.site/upgrade.site files is intended to give users broad customization capabilities without having to build their own custom install sets. Note: if you will be doing your install from an http server, you will need to add your site*.tgz file(s) to the file index.txt in the source directory in order for them to be listed as an option at install time. This is not needed for FTP or other installs.

4.15 - How can I install a number of similar systems?

Here are some tools you can use when you have to deploy a number of similar OpenBSD systems.
siteXX.tgz

and install/upgrade.site files

See the above article. Restore from dump(8) On most platforms, the boot media includes the restore(8) program, which can be used to restore a backup made by dump(8). Thus, you could boot from afloppy, CD, or bsd.rd file, then fdisk, disklabel, and restore the desired configuration from tape or other media, and install the boot blocks. More details here. Disk imaging Unfortunately, there are no known disk imaging packages which are FFS-aware and can make an image containing only the active file space. Most of the major disk imaging solutions will treat an OpenBSD partition as a "generic" partition, and can make an image of the whole disk. This often accomplishes your goal, but usually with huge amounts of wasted space -- an empty, 10G /home partition will require 10G of space in the image, even if there isn't a single file in it. While you can typically install a drive image to a larger drive, you would not be able to directly use the extra space, and you would not be able to install an image to a smaller drive.

If this is an acceptable situation, you may find the dd command will do what you need, allowing you to copy one disk to another, sector-for-sector. This would provide the same functionality as commercial programs without the cost.

4.16 - How can I get a dmesg(8) to report an install problem?

When reporting a problem, it is critical to include the complete system dmesg(8). However, often when you need to do this, it is because the system is working improperly or won't install so you may not have disk, network, or other resources you need to get the dmesg to the appropriate mail list. There are other ways, however:

Floppy disk: The boot disks and CD-ROM have enough tools to let you record your dmesg to an MSDOS floppy disk for reading on another machine. Place an MSDOS formatted floppy in your disk drive and execute the following commands:
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt dmesg >/mnt/dmesg.txt umount /mnt

If you have another OpenBSD system, you can also write it to an OpenBSD compatible floppy -- often, the boot floppy has enough room on it to hold the dmesg. In that case, leave off the "-t msdos" above.

Serial Console: Using a serial console and capturing the output on another computer is often the best way to capture diagnostic information - particularly if the computer panics immediately after boot. As well as a second computer, you will need a suitable serial cable (often a null-modem cable), and a terminal emulator program that can capture screen output to file. General information on setting up a serial console is provided elsewhere in the FAQ; in order to capture a log of the install, the following commands are usually sufficient. i386 At the boot loader prompt, enter
boot> set tty com0

This will tell OpenBSD to use the first serial port (often called COM1 or COMA in PC documentation) as a serial console. The default baud rate is 9600. Sparc/Sparc64

These machines will automatically use a serial console if started without a keyboard present. If you have a keyboard and monitor attached, you can still force the system to use a serial console with the following invocation at the ok prompt.
ok setenv input-device ttya ok setenv output-device ttya ok reset

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