Case Study 1 - Hydraulic Jack Analysis
Case Study 1 - Hydraulic Jack Analysis
Case Study 1 - Hydraulic Jack Analysis
output piston against a constant 2kN load with different output speed values. The input cylinder is connected to the output cylinder with a 4 mm2 pipe of length L. The fluid used in the jack is water at 20 C (Density = 998 kg/m3 and viscosity is 1 x 10-3 Pa.s) Plot the force F needed on the input piston as a function of the steady output piston speed. Generate three different curves on the same plot corresponding to (i) L = 5 m, (ii) L = 10 m and (iii) L = 20 m. Identify all the critical inflection points on the plot. Under steady conditions, the acceleration of the weight is zero and using Newtons 2nd law we have Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe, [3] with ( )( But , and from continuity ( Where ) [4] [1] [2]
(motion starts)
with
L (m) 5 10 20
rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg C mu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg C Ap = 4e-6; %pipe area Dp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameter Ao = 40e-6; %output area Ai = 10e-6; %input area Wt = 2000; %Weight Lp = input('\n pipe length:'); % pipe length ReD = input('\n Reynolds number:'); % Reynolds Number Vp = ReD .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % pipe flow speed Vo = Vp .* (Ap/Ao); % output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD; % laminar friction factor f_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD .^ 0.25); % turbulent friction factor Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2; Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar force Fi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force fprintf('Lp = %-2.2f \n', Lp); fprintf('ReD = %-5.1f \n',ReD); fprintf('Vo = %-2.4f \n',Vo); fprintf('Fi_lam = %-5.4f \n',Fi_lam); fprintf('Fi_trb = %-5.4f \n',Fi_trb);
rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg C mu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg C Ap = 4e-6; %pipe area Dp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameter Ao = 40e-6; %output area Ai = 10e-6; %input area Wt = 2000; %Weight ReD_lam = 0:2300; % Range of Reynolds for laminar flow ReD_crt = 2300:4000 ; %Range of Reynolds for critical flow ReD_trb = 4000:6000; % Range of Reynolds for turbulent flow Vp_lam = ReD_lam .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % laminar pipe speed Vp_crt = ReD_crt .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % critical pipe speed Vp_trb = ReD_trb .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % turbulent pipe speed Vo_lam = Vp_lam .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speed Vo_crt = Vp_crt .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speed Vo_trb = Vp_trb .* (Ap/Ao); % turbulent output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD_lam; %laminar friction factor f_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD_trb .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor f_f_lam_crt = 64 ./ ReD_crt; %laminar friction factor in critical region f_f_trb_crt = 0.316 ./ (ReD_crt .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor in critical region
hold on for Lp = [5, 10, 20]; %pipe lengths Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_lam .^ 2; Pl_lam_crt = f_f_lam_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_trb .^ 2; Pl_trb_crt = f_f_trb_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar force Fi_lam_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam_crt); %laminar force in critical region Fi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force Fi_trb_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb_crt); %turbulent force in critical region plot(Vo_lam, Fi_lam, Vo_crt, Fi_lam_crt, '--', Vo_crt, Fi_trb_crt, '-', Vo_trb, Fi_trb); end xlabel ('output speed (m/s)'); ylabel ('Input Force (N)');
512
510
508
506
504
502
500
0.05
0.1
0.25
0.3
0.35
For F = 1 kN and L = 20 m, derive an expression for the transient output speed, v, as a function of time, t, and find the time needed for the piston to reach 95% of the steady speed. Plot v(t) using appropriate scale.
Under transient conditions, we have [5] [6] Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe, [7] with and using the results of the plot in part (a) when Fi = 1 kN, the flow becomes fully ( )( ), where is
turbulent short time after motion starts. It can then be assumed that independent of . ( From continuity ( ( )( ))
[8]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) and =
( )(
( )
[5]
Let
( )
[5]
[5] )
( )
[5]
2.5
output speed
1.5
0.5
0.5
1 time
1.5
To find the time needed for the output piston to reach a ratio, ( ) Solving for t ( (
Given, ( )
( )( )