LT2662 Loctite Design Guide Bonding Rubber Thermoplastic Elastomers

Volume 2 2/05
Table Of Contents
Introduction Description Of Adhesives Cyanoacrylate Adhesives Epoxy Adhesives Hot Melt Adhesives Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives Polyurethane Adhesives Silicone Adhesives No-Mix and Static Mix Acrylic Adhesives Why Bond Elastomers With Loctite Brand Adhesives? How To Use The Rubber and TPE Bonding Chapters How to Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table Rubber and TPE Bonding Chapters Butyl Rubber (IIR) Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) Copolyester TPE Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO, GCO, GECO) Ethylene Acrylic Rubber (EEA) Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPM, EPDM) Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM) Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ) Halogenated Butyl Rubber (BIIR, CIIR) Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (H-NBR, HSN) Melt Processible Rubber (MPR) Natural Rubber (NR) Neoprene Rubber (CR) Nitrile Rubber (NBR, XNBR) Polyether Block Amide (PEBA) Polyacrylate Rubber (ACM) Polyisoprene Rubber (IR) Polyolefin Elastomers (POE) Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber (GPO) Polysulfide Rubber (TM) Silicone-Modified EPDM Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Styrenic TPE (S-B-S, S-I-S, S-EB-S) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Adhesive Joint Design Test Methodology Index of Trade Names Acknowledgements Disclaimer
Page Number
2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 69 73 76 76
The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs, Volume 2
The Problem
From the discovery of natural rubber to the development of modern day thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), elastomeric materials have found a wide variety of uses that make them an integral part of an industrial society. In a diverse variety of products ranging from automobile tires to lifesaving implantable medical devices, their unique ability to be greatly deformed and return to their original shape fills an important niche in the world of engineering materials. It would be difficult to identify a manufacturing process which does not use elastomers in one form or another. Elastomeric materials have achieved widespread acceptance due to the virtually limitless combinations of elastomer types, fillers and additives which can be compounded at relatively low costs and processed by a wide variety of methods. This gives end-users the ability to develop specific formulations with properties tailored to their needs. By properly selecting the base elastomer, additives and fillers, as well as the appropriate cure method, the physical, chemical and thermal properties of an elastomer can be made to meet or exceed the performance requirements of almost any application requiring elastomeric properties. However, while the limitless variety of elastomers is an invaluable asset to a designer selecting an elastomer, it is the designers biggest limitation when selecting an adhesive. The countless adhesives available, coupled with the virtually limitless elastomer formulations possible, make it highly unlikely that there will be bond strength data for the specific adhesive/elastomer combination in the designer's application.
Adhesive Information
An adhesive cannot be selected for an application solely on the basis of bond strength information. Other factors such as the cure speed, environmental resistance, thermal resistance, and suitability for automation of an adhesive will play a critical role in determining the best adhesive for a specific application. To give a designer insight into these design parameters, an in-depth description of the seven adhesive types, namely cyanoacrylates, no-mix/static mix acrylics, hot melts, epoxies, polyurethanes, silicones and light curing acrylics, has been included in this guide. These adhesive sections contain a general description of each adhesive, a detailed discussion of the chemical structure and cure mechanism of each adhesive, and the benefits and limitations of using each adhesive.
Elastomer Information
Manufacturers may have the flexibility to select the elastomers which are best suited for their applications in terms of performance and bondability. To aid the designer, an in-depth discussion of each of the elastomer types is included. Information covered includes a general description of the elastomer and its properties, as well as a list of trade names, suppliers and typical applications.
Cure Process Effects

For thermoset rubbers, the ultimate bond strength might be improved by stopping the vulcanization process before all cross-linking sites available have been consumed. Stopping the vulcanization process before the rubber has achieved its ultimate modulus will leave unreacted cross-linking sites on the rubber backbone and form a polymer with a lower cross-link density. As a result, the unreacted cross-linking sites may improve bond strength by reacting with the adhesive. In addition, the lower cross-link density of the rubber may facilitate adhesive penetration of the rubber polymer network. To investigate this phenomenon, each of the thermoset rubbers, except the PEBA, was cured to 80% of their ultimate modulus (noted as T80 cure in the adhesive shear strength tables), and tested for bond strength. These results were then compared with those of the control for statistically significant differences.
The Solution
Bond Strength Information
This guide is designed to indicate the bondability of the 26 most commonly used families of elastomers. This was accomplished using two approaches. The majority of elastomers which were evaluated were compounded specifically to determine the effect different additives and fillers had on the bondability of these materials. Once the designer identifies the elastomer formulations containing the same fillers and additives that are desired to be bonded, the adhesives can then be pinpointed which performed best on those materials. Although this will probably not tell the designer the exact bond strength that will be achieved by that specific adhesive on that specific material, it will give the designer a general idea of what bond strengths can be achieved. For the other elastomers, bond strength testing was performed on commercially available grades which were selected to represent each major category of the elastomer based on the major end-use applications, and/or the chemical structure of that elastomer.
2
Bond Design Information

Finally, a manufacturer may have a design in which he desires to incorporate an adhesively bonded joint. To effectively design that joint, the designer must know which parameters are critical to the bond strengths achieved by a bonded joint and the effect that changing these parameters will have. A bond design section which reviews the basics of designing an adhesively bonded single lap joint is included in an attempt to give the designer insight into this area. Although most real world bond geometries are more complex than single lap joints, this information can be extrapolated as a general indicator of the effects caused by changing bond geometries.
Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
General Description
Cyanoacrylates are one-part, room-temperature-curing adhesives that are available in viscosities ranging from water-thin liquids to thixotropic gels. When pressed into a thin film between two surfaces, cyanoacrylates cure rapidly to form rigid thermoplastics with excellent adhesion to most substrates. One of the benefits cyanoacrylates offer is the availability of a wide variety of specialty formulations with properties tailored to meet particularly challenging applications. For example, rubber-toughened cyanoacrylates offer high peel strength and impact resistance to complement the high shear and tensile strengths characteristic of cyanoacrylates. Thermally resistant cyanoacrylates are available which offer excellent bond strength retention after exposure to temperatures as high as 250F for thousands of hours. Moreover, Surface-insensitive cyanoacrylates offer rapid fixture times and cure speeds on acidic surfaces, such as wood or dichromated metals, which could slow the cure of a cyanoacrylate. In some cases, the use of a general-purpose cyanoacrylate adhesive was hampered by the appearance of a white haze around the bond line. This phenomenon is known as blooming or frosting and occurs when cyanoacrylate monomer volatizes, reacts with moisture in the air, and settles on the part. To eliminate this problem, Low Odor/Low Bloom cyanoacrylates were developed. They have a lower vapor pressure than standard cyanoacrylates and therefore are less likely to volatize. Ultraviolet curing (UV) cyanoacrylates are the latest advancement in cyanoacrylate technology. UV cyanoacrylates utilize proprietary photoinitiators to allow cyanoacrylates to surface cure in seconds when exposed to ultraviolet or visible light of the appropriate wavelength. Light Cure Technology makes cyanoacrylates cure even faster, overcome blooming, and limiting or eliminating stress cracking. While advances in cyanoacrylate formulating technology have played a key role in offering additional benefits to the end user, there have also been important developments in cyanoacrylate primer and accelerator technology. Accelerators speed the cure of cyanoacrylate adhesives and are primarily used to reduce cure/fixture times, to cure fillets on bond lines and/or excess adhesive. Accelerators consist of an active ingredient dispersed in a solvent. The accelerator is typically applied to a substrate surface prior to the application of the adhesive. Once the carrier solvent has evaporated, the
cyanoacrylate can immediately be applied and its cure initiated by the active species that the accelerator has left behind. Depending on the particular solvent and active species present in the accelerator, the solvent can require 10 to 60 seconds to evaporate, and the active species can have an on-part life ranging from 1 minute to 72 hours. Accelerator can also be sprayed over a drop of free cyanoacrylate to rapidly cure it. This technique has been widely used for wire tacking in the electronics industry. Another benefit offered by cyanoacrylates is the availability of primers which enable them to form strong bonds with polyolefins and other difficult-to-bond plastics such as fluoropolymers and acetal resins. Like the accelerators, polyolefin primers consist of an active ingredient dispersed in a solvent. Once the carrier solvent has evaporated, the surface is immediately ready for bonding, and the primer will have an on-part life ranging from minutes to hours. Depending on the plastic, bond strengths up to 20 times the unprimed bond strength can be achieved.
Chemistry
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are cyanoacrylate esters, of which methyl and ethyl cyanoacrylates are the most common. Cyanoacrylates undergo anionic polymerization in the presence of a weak base, such as water, and are stabilized through the addition of a weak acid. When the adhesive contacts a surface, the water present on the surface neutralizes the acidic stabilizer in the adhesive, resulting in the rapid polymerization of the cyanoacrylate.
Advantages
One-part system Solvent-free Rapid room temperature cure Excellent adhesion to many substrates Easy to dispense in automated systems Wide range of viscosities available Excellent bond strength in shear and tensile mode Primers available for polyolefins and difficult to bond plastics UV/Visible cure formulas available
Disadvantages
Poor peel strength Limited gap cure Poor durability on glass Poor solvent resistance Low temperature resistance Bonds skin rapidly May stress crack some plastics
Epoxy Adhesives
General Description
Epoxy adhesives are typically two-part systems (resin and hardener) which cure at room temperature, although one-part pre-mixes which utilize a heat cure are also available, as are UV curable one and two component epoxies. The two components react stoichiometrically, so maintaining proper mix ratio is important to ensure consistent performance. Upon mixing, the curing reaction of the epoxy can release a great deal of heat and result in a significant temperature rise in the adhesive. In some applications, such as deep section potting, this heat rise can be sufficient to char the adhesive. Upon cure, epoxies form tough, rigid thermoset polymers with high adhesion to a wide variety of substrates and good environmental resistance. The viscosities of epoxy adhesives can range from a few thousand centipoise to thixotropic pastes. The wide variety of chemical species that can react with the epoxide end group and the inherent stability of two-part adhesive systems lead to a wide variety of epoxy formulations available to the end-user. The performance properties of epoxies can be tailored to specific needs through a wide variety of techniques. Epoxy adhesives are typically rigid and formulating techniques must be employed to produce flexible epoxies. These techniques include the use of nonreactive plasticizers, the incorporation of rubber into the epoxy and the use of epoxy resins with flexible backbones. The properties of epoxy adhesives are also varied through the use of fillers. For example, quartz fillers can impart improved impact resistance, ceramic fillers can offer improved abrasion resistance, and silver can be used to produce epoxies which are electrically conductive.
Chemistry
Epoxy adhesives polymerize to form thermoset polymers when covalent bonds between the epoxy resin and the hardener are formed through the reaction of the epoxide ring with the ring-opening species on the hardener. Amines, amides, mercaptans, and anhydrides are some of the types of hardener that are commonly used. Catalysts can be employed to accelerate the reaction rate between the epoxy resin and hardener. In addition, heat will also accelerate the reaction. If heat is used to accelerate the cure of the epoxy, the increase in temperature can result in a drop of viscosity and an increased flow of the adhesive. In addition, curing the epoxy at a higher temperature will usually result in a stiffer material with a higher crosslink density and glass transition temperature.
Advantages
High cohesive strength High adhesion to a wide variety of substrates Good toughness Cure can be accelerated with heat Excellent depth of cure Good environmental resistance
Disadvantages
Two-part systems require mixing One-part systems require heat cure Long cure and fixture times Limited pot life and work time Exotherm may be problematic
Hot Melt Adhesives

General Description
Hot melt adhesives are one-part solvent-free thermoplastic adhesives that are solid at room temperature and a low to medium viscosity (750-10,000 cP) adhesive at dispense temperatures (typically greater than 195C). After dispense, hot melt adhesives rapidly cool to form a strong bond. In the cured or cooled state, hot melt adhesives can vary in physical properties from soft rubbery and very tacky to hard and rigid. Hot melts have excellent long term durability and resistance to moisture, chemicals, oils, and temperature extremes. The latest advancement in hot melt technology is the reactive polyurethane adhesive (PUR). PURs initially behave like standard hot melts. That is, heat is added to the soften the urethane prepolymer and it is dispensed hot. Once the PUR cools, it reacts with moisture to cross-link into a tough thermoset polyurethane adhesive that cannot be remelted by adding heat. Polyolefin hot melts are specially formulated for adhesion to polyolefin (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.) plastics. Compared to other chemistries, they have longer open times and they have excellent resistance against polar solvents. Reactive polyurethanes are supplied as an urethane prepolymer, behaving much like a standard hot melt until it cools. Once the PUR cools, it reacts with moisture over time (a few days) to cross-link into a tough thermoset polyurethane.
Advantages
One-part, solvent-free Fast fixturing High adhesion to plastics Wide variety of formulations available Low volumetric cost
Chemistry
Chemistries include ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyolefin and polyamide based hot melts. EVA hot melts are the original hot melt and are thought of as the low cost, low performance hot melt. EVAs provide good adhesion to steel aluminum, rubber, and many plastics. Typical EVA hot melt applications include box and carton sealing. EVA hot melts can be formulated to carry a FDA approval for use in food packaging. Out of all available hot melts, EVAs typically have the poorest high temperature resistance. Polyamide hot melts are a higher cost, higher performing adhesive with excellent high temperature resistance (up to 300F). Specialty formulations are available that carry a UL-94V-0 rating (flame resistance). Polyamide hot melts have a tendency to absorb moisture from the air and require special packaging and storage considerations.
Disadvantages
Hot dispense point Operator safety Hot dispense point Poor adhesion on metals Cools quickly Equipment is required Thermoplastic parts may deform Charring in reservoir Moisture sensitivity
Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives

General Description
Light curing acrylic adhesives are supplied as one-part, solvent-free liquids with viscosities ranging from 50 cP to thixotropic gels. Upon exposure to ultraviolet or visible light of the proper intensity and spectral output, these adhesives cure rapidly to form thermoset polymers with excellent adhesion to a wide variety of substrates. The cure times of light curing acrylic adhesives are dependent on many parameters, however, cure times of 2 to 60 seconds are typical and cure depths in excess of 0.5" (13 mm) are possible. Formulations of light curing acrylic adhesives are available which vary in cured properties from very rigid, glassy materials to soft, flexible elastomers. Light curing acrylic adhesives cure rapidly on demand, which minimizes work in progress and offers virtually unlimited repositioning time. In addition, the wide range of viscosities available facilitates the selection of a product for automated dispensing. These qualities make light curing acrylics ideally suited for automated bonding processes.
When the adhesive is cured in contact with air, the free radicals created by the decomposition of the photoinitiator can be scavenged by oxygen prior to initiating polymerization. This can lead to incomplete cure of the adhesive at the adhesive/oxygen interface, yielding a tacky surface. To minimize the possibility of forming a tacky surface, the irradiance of light reaching the adhesive can be increased, the spectral output of the light source can be matched to the absorbance spectrum of the photoinitiator, and/or the adhesive can be covered with an inert gas blanket during cure.
Advantages
Cure on demand Good environmental resistance Wide range of viscosities available Solvent-free Good gap filling One part Dispensing is easily automated Clear bond lines Rapid fixture and complete cure Wide range of physical properties UV/Visible cure systems available Fluorescent dyes can be added to ease inspection/detection
Chemistry
Light curing acrylic adhesives are composed of a blend of monomers, oligomers, and polymers containing the acrylate functionality to which a photoinitiator is added. Upon exposure to light of the proper intensity and spectral output, the photoinitiator decomposes to yield free radicals. The free radicals then initiate polymerization of the adhesive through the acrylate groups to yield a thermoset polymer.
Disadvantages
Light must be able to reach bond line Oxygen can inhibit cure Equipment expense for light source Ozone created by high intensity light source must be vented
Polyurethane Adhesives
General Description
Polyurethane adhesives are supplied as one and twopart systems which range in viscosity from self-leveling liquids to non-slumping pastes. They cure to form thermoset polymers with good solvent and chemical resistance. They are extremely versatile and can range in cured form from extremely soft elastomers to rigid, extremely hard plastics. Polyurethanes offer a good blend of cohesive strength and flexibility which makes them very tough, durable adhesives. Polyurethanes bond well to most unconditioned substrates, but may require the use of solvent-based primers to achieve high bond strengths. They offer good toughness at low temperatures, but typically degrade in strength after long-term exposure over 302F (150C). Since the cure of one-part, moisturecuring polyurethanes is dependent on moisture diffusing through the polymer, the maximum depth of cure that can be achieved in a reasonable time is limited at approximately 0.375''(9.5 mm). Two-part systems, on the other hand, offer unlimited depth of cure.
Advantages
Extremely tough Good resistance to solvents High cohesive strength Good impact resistance Good abrasion resistance
Disadvantages
Limited depth of cure for one-part polyurethanes Mixing required for two-part polyurethanes Primer may be needed for adhesion to some substrates Limited high temperature use
Chemistry
One-part polyurethane adhesives can react with moisture to polymerize. Another cure mechanism involves the evolution of species that inhibit the cure of the polyurethane. In either case, cure is dependent on a chemical species diffusing through the polyurethane matrix, so the depth of cure is limited. Two-part polyurethanes, which generally cure through the reaction of an isocyanate and a polyol, avoid this limitation and offer superior depth of cure. In either case, the polyurethane polymer forms rigid and soft domains that give the polymer its balance of flexibility and high strength.
Silicone Adhesives
General Description
Silicone adhesives are typically supplied as one-part systems which range in viscosity from self-leveling liquids to non-slumping pastes. They cure to soft, thermoset elastomers with excellent property retention over a wide temperature range. Silicones have good adhesion to many substrates, but are limited in their utility as structural adhesives by their low cohesive strength. Silicone adhesives are typically cured via reaction with ambient humidity, although formulations are also available which can be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light of the proper irradiance and spectral output. Since the cure of moisture curing silicones is dependent on moisture diffusing through the silicone matrix, the cure rate is strongly affected by the ambient relative humidity. Moisture curing silicones have a maximum depth of cure which is limited to 0.375 - 0.500". At 50% RH, moisture cure silicones will cure to a tack free surface in 5-60 minutes depending on the type used. Complete cure through thick sections of silicone can take up to 72 hours. It should be noted that adhesive strength may continue to develop for 1-2 weeks after the silicone has been applied. This occurs because the reaction between the reactive groups on the silicone polymer and the reactive groups on the substrate surface is slower than the cross-linking reaction of the silicone groups with themselves. Moisture curing silicones are categorized by the byproduct given off as they cure with moisture. For example, acetoxy cure silicones give off acetic acid. Alkoxy cure silicones give off alcohols, typically methanol or ethanol, and oxime curing silicones evolve oxime. Acetoxy cure silicones are known for their ability to cure rapidly and develop good adhesion to many substrates. Their largest limitation is the potential for the by-product acetic acid to promote corrosion. Alkoxy cure silicones, on the other hand, do not have this limitation because the alcohol by-products are noncorrosive. This makes them well suited for electronic and medical applications where the acetic acid could be a problem. Unfortunately, alkoxy silicones typically have lower adhesion and take longer to cure than acetoxy silicones. Oxime evolving silicones offer cure speeds and adhesion which rivals, and in some cases surpasses, that of acetoxy cure silicones. However, the oxime they evolve will not corrode ferric substrates, although it can stain copper or brass. Consequently, oxime silicones have found widespread use in automotive gasketing applications. The chief limitation of all moisture curing silicones is the difficulty associated with accelerating the cure rate. This concern was addressed through the development of UV cure silicones. Ultraviolet light curing silicones generally also have a secondary moisture cure mechanism to insure that any silicone which is not irradiated with ultraviolet light will still cure. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light of the proper irradiance and intensity, they will form a tack free surface and cure to a polymer with up to 80% of its ultimate physical strength in less than a minute. Initial adhesion can be good, but because ultimate bond strength is dependent on the moisture cure portion of the silicone, full bond strength can take 1-2 weeks to develop. The adhesive strength achieved by a UV/moisture cure silicone is typically a function of the type of moisture cure used. Silicones with a secondary acetoxy cure show good bond strength while those with a secondary alkoxy cure are lower.
Chemistry
Silicone formulations are available which can be cured through moisture, heat, mixing two components and exposure to ultraviolet light. The silicones used for adhesives are typically the one-part moisture curing and UV curing silicones. All silicones have a chemical backbone made up of silicone to oxygen bonds, known as siloxane bonds. It is the high energy of this bond that gives silicones their unique high temperature performance properties.
Advantages
One-part systems available Solvent free Room temperature cure Excellent adhesion to many substrates Extremely flexible UV Curing formulations available
Disadvantages
Poor cohesive strength Moisture cure systems have limited depth of cure Swelled by non-polar solvents
No-Mix and Static Mix Acrylic Adhesives

General Description
Acrylic adhesives consist of a resin and an activator/ hardener. The resin component is a solvent-free, highviscosity liquid, typically in the range of 10,000 to 100,000 cP, while the activator component can be a solvent dispersion of the cure catalyst (no-mix) or a high viscosity mix of the cure catalyst and performance additives. If the carrier solvent present in the activator solvent dispersion is undesirable, the pure catalyst is also available as a solvent-free activator. However, when using a solvent-free activator, the amount of activator applied must be tightly controlled, as excessive activator will detrimentally affect the performance of the adhesive. With static-mix acrylics, the viscosity of the resin and hardener are formulated to be very similar in order to ensure good mixing through the static mix tip. A primer may also be incorporated into the resin or hardener in order to enhance the bond strength on some substrates. The resin base of no-mix acrylic adhesives can also be heat cured. A typical heat cure cycle is ten minutes at 300F (149C). Heat curing normally offers higher bond strengths and shorter cure times. However, heating the adhesive lowers the resins viscosity and may result in some adhesive flow out of large gaps. In some instances, it is desired to use a combination of these two cure methods, fixturing the assembly with activator prior to heat cure. depth is limited. Typically, the maximum cure-throughdepth is 0.30" (0.76 mm) from this interface. Static-mix acrylic adhesives are dispersed using hand held applicators and the appropriate static-mix tip (typically 24 elements). Static-mix acrylics offer unlimited depth of cure but due to the exothermic nature of the reaction, caution must be exercised. The exotherm may deform temperature sensitive substrates or cause read-through on the opposite surface.
Chemistry
The resin base consists of an elastomer dissolved in acrylic monomers. Peroxides are then blended in to provide the resin with a source of free radicals. The elastomers form a rubbery phase which gives the adhesive its toughness, and the acrylic monomers form the thermoset polymer matrix which gives the adhesive its environmental resistance and strength. The type of cure catalyst used in the activator will vary depending on the cure chemistry of the adhesive. In no-mix acrylics, the catalyst(s) are often diluted in a solvent, although in some cases, they are supplied in solventless formulations. In static-mix acrylics the catalyst is blended in with a portion of the elastomer in order to match the viscosity of the resin. Upon contact of the cure catalyst(s) with the resin base, the peroxide in the resin base decomposes to yield free radicals. These radicals then initiate polymerization through the acrylate groups on the monomer in the resin base.
Application Method
When an activator is used, the adhesive is cured in the following manner:
Advantages
No mixing required (no-mix acrylics only) Good environmental resistance High peel and impact strength Bonds to lightly contaminated surfaces Fast fixture and cure Room temperature cure Good adhesion to many substrates Cure can be accelerated with heat
The resin is applied to one of the substrate surfaces. The activator is typically applied to the other surface. The activators carrier solvent is allowed to flash off. The two surfaces are mated together. The catalyst from the activator then initiates the polymerization of the resin. Typically, these systems develop fixture strength in two minutes and full strength in 4-24 hours. The activator serves only as a catalyst for the polymerization of the resin, so when using an activator, the ratio of activator to resin is not critical. However, this is not the case for solventless activators, because the activator is so concentrated that excess activator can prevent the adhesive from forming an intimate bond with the substrate. Since polymerization is initiated at the interface between the activator and resin, the cure
Disadvantages
Higher viscosity systems can make automated dispensing difficult Activator may contain solvents (no-mix acrylics only) Unpleasant odor Limited cure-through depth (no-mix acrylics only) High exotherm (static-mix acrylics) Short worklife of some formulations (static-mix acrylics)
9
Why Bond Elastomers With Loctite Brand Adhesives?

Advantages Over Other Assembly Methods
Adhesives offer an array of benefits to the manufacturer who needs to join elastomeric substrates to other substrates in their manufacturing process. These benefits are best understood by comparing adhesive joining processes with the other options a manufacturing engineer can consider. The design of joints is restricted to geometries which are favorable to the process. Ideally, they should have a small, uniform contact area to concentrate the ultrasonic energy. Adhesives can accommodate irregular bond lines. The capability of joining different thermoplastic elastomers in the same assembly is limited to those which are chemically compatible and have similar melting points. Adhesives are not restricted in this way. Ultrasonic welding requires investment in machinery as well as special tooling for each part. Adhesives require no machinery or tooling.
Advantages Versus Mechanical Fasteners

Mechanical fasteners are quick and easy to use, but have a number of significant drawbacks. They create stresses in the elastomer, which may lead to distortion or ripping of the part; adhesives do not. There are extra components which must be purchased and inventoried. Adhesives require no extra components. They require altering the design of the product to include bosses and holes. Adhesives require no special features. Their appearance often interferes with the styling of the product. Adhesives are invisible inside a bonded joint. They concentrate all of the holding power at the fastener location, causing the applied load to be carried by a small area of elastomer. Adhesives spread the load evenly over the entire joint area.
Advantages Versus Solvent Welding

Solvent welding can be a useful, low-cost method of bonding elastomers. However, its usefulness is limited by a number of disadvantages. Solvent welding cannot be used with dissimilar materials such as metals or glass. Adhesives do the job. Solvents will not work with thermoset rubbers. Adhesives will. Solvents are more likely to cause stress cracking than are adhesives. The time between application of the solvent and joining the parts is critical. The joints are weak if too much solvent remains in the bond area or if too much solvent has flashed off prior to assembly. Adhesives have a much less critical open time. Solvent cementing is not capable of joining parts with significant gaps between them. Adhesives tolerate much larger gaps.
Advantages Versus Ultrasonic Welding

Ultrasonic welding can be an excellent method for certain types of assemblies. There are, however, a number of factors which limit its usefulness. The dampening characteristics of most elastomers can make them poor candidates for ultrasonic welding. Adhesives are not limited in this fashion. Ultrasonic welding is not usable for thermoset rubbers. Adhesives are. Joining of elastomers to metal, glass, or other materials is not feasible in most cases. Adhesives do this easily.
10
How To Use The Bonding Chapters

A
Trade Names
Lists common suppliers of each elastomer and the trade names of their products.
Polysulfide Rubber
B
Typical Applications
Lists common markets where the elastomer is used and specific applications.
A
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
LP Thiokol
C
Manufacturer
Morton Thiokol Morton Thiokol
Aerospace Automotive Propellant binders, gas bladders, sealants, valves Gaskets, rubber washers
General Description
General Description
Provides information concerning the chemical structure, types available and cure method used (if appropriate).
Relative Adhesive Performance

Provides relative ranking of bond strengths achieved with adhesives tested.
E
The key factor that distinguishes polysulfide rubbers Construction Building caulk, window glazing from other rubbers is the high sulfur content of the polymer backbone. This results in a very flexible, D Relative Adhesive Performance virtually impermeable rubber. Polysulfide elastomers High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 are produced by the condensation reaction of an Super Bonder Instant Adhesive organic dihalide with sodium tetrasulfide. Examples Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite of organic dihalides used include ethylene dichloride 401 Prism Instant Adhesive and di-2-chloroethyl ether. Commercial grades vary in Primer - Loctite 401 Prism sulfur content from 37 to 84%; the sulfur content of Instant Adhesive with Loctite the resulting rubber being dependent on the base 770 Prism Primer monomer selected. In addition to the performance Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite benefits offered by the high sulfur content of the 480 Prism Instant Adhesive backbone, the various reactive sites on the polymer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite backbone facilitate cross-linking by a wide variety of 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive methods. Generally, a metal oxide or peroxide is used Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 to cross-link the terminal thiol groups, although Light Cure Adhesive terminal chlorine and hydroxide groups can also be used. Polysulfide polymers are available in viscosities Medium Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange ranging from pourable liquids to millable gum stock. Sealant, Heavy Body The strong odor of polysulfides, coupled with the need Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite to peptize some of the gum rubber stocks, can make 330 Depend Adhesive them difficult to process. Low Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant The key performance benefits of polysulfide elastomers are their outstanding chemical resistance and virtual F Effects of Formulation and Processing impermeability to most gases, hydrocarbon solvents Additives Carbon Black - Increase and moisture. This, coupled with their high flexibility Clay - Increase and long-term resistance to both polar and non-polar Silica - Increase solvents, makes them especially well suited for sealing Aromatic Oil - Decrease applications that require exceptional barrier and Antistatic - Increase resistance properties. Other performance characteristics include good performance at low T80 Cure Increase temperatures and good resistance to UV and ozone. Polysulfide elastomers do not have very good compression set resistance and have fair physical G Surface Treatments properties. The limited physical properties can be Loctite 770 Prism Primer No Trend Apparent addressed by compounding them with other rubbers, such as polychloroprene. Polysulfide rubber has a recommended service temperature of approximately 40 to 250F (-40 to -121C).
General Properties
General Properties
Describes the key characteristics of each elastomer.
Effects of Formulation and Processing

Highlights formulation or elastomer processing changes which had a significant effect on adhesive performance.
54
Surface Treatments
Summarizes the effect of Loctite 770 Prism Primer on cyanoacrylate adhesive performance.
11
How To Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table
Control
The control is an unfilled elastomer that was used as the base resin for all compounded formulations. It is listed at the top of the table and is indicated as the control. Each formulation of elastomer was produced by compounding the unfilled elastomer with a single additive or filler. That formulation was then compared to the control to determine statistically significant effects within 95% confidence limits. In some cases, a change in the process or the chemical composition was evaluated. In these cases, that specific formulation may not have been compounded using the control elastomers but was compared to the control to determine the effect of the change.
Shading
When the cell is shaded grey, the addition of the indicated additive or filler, the processing change or the change in the chemical makeup of the polymer resulted in a statistically significant increase in bondability when compared to the control. A statistically significant decrease is denoted by red shading. If there is a change in the failure mode, the cell is also shaded accordingly.
Single Line
A single line in the table indicates that the elastomer evaluated below the line was formulated from a control and compared back to that control to determine the effect of an additive, filler, processing change or change in chemistry. To determine the control, move up the table from the single line until a row has a double line on top of the table. That row will be the control and is often denoted as the control.
Elastomer Description
The elastomer formulations were selected in two ways. For five of the twenty-five elastomers evaluated, commercially available grades were evaluated which were selected to represent each of the major categories of that elastomer. The twenty remaining elastomers were specifically compounded for the purpose of determining the effect of individual additives and fillers on the bondability of that material. Commercially Available Grades If commercially available grades were evaluated, then the specific grades which were tested were listed in the left-hand column of this table. Specialty Formulations If special formulations were compounded, then the additive, filler, processing change or change in chemical structure was indicated, as well as the specific concentration and product used, in the left-hand column of this table.
Double Line
A double line in the table indicates that the elastomer evaluated below the line was not compared to a control to determine the effect of a filler, additive, processing change or change in the polymer chemistry.
T80 Cure (not shown)

Stopping the polymerization process before completion could theoretically increase its bondability for two reasons. The first reason being that the lower cross-link density of the polymer allows for increased diffusion of the adhesive into the rubber. The second reason being that the active species that were not utilized during vulcanization can now react with the adhesive. In this testing, the polymerization was stopped when the modulus was 80% of the modulus at full cure.
Notes
This section explains the superscripts and shading used in the table.
12
ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

(psi) (MPa)
Kraton by Shell Chemical and C-Flex by Concept Polymer Technology
Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive
Styrene Butadiene TPE

Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Loctite Brand Adhesives

100 phr
Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive
A
Kraton G 1650 N-550 Kraton G 1650 Dixie Clay Kraton G 1650 Hi Sil 233 Kraton G 1650 100 phr Precipitated Whiting 100 phr Kraton G 1650 Aromatic Oil Kraton G 1650 Naphthenic Oil Kraton G 1650 Dioctyl Phthalate Kraton G 1650 Carnauba Wax Kraton G 1650 EVA Kraton G 1650 Polyethylene Kraton G 1650 Armostat 550 100 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
Control: Kraton G 1650
S-EB-S
Carbon Black
Clay
Silica
Whiting
Aromatic Oil
Naphthenic Oil
Plasticizer
Processing Aid
EVA Blend
PE Blend
Antistatic
C-Flex
100 phr
Silicone Oil
290 2.00 530 3.65 220 1.52 440 3.03 50 0.34 140 0.97 80 0.55 10 0.07 290 2.00 130 0.90 520 3.59 220 1.52 140 0.97
>510 >3.52 >810 >5.59 510 3.52 >550 >3.52 180 1.24 >300 >2.07 300 2.07 <10 <0.07 510 3.52 240 1.65 510 3.52 190 1.31 >240 >1.65 370 2.55 570 3.93 580 4.00 >550 >3.79 >200 >1.35 150 1.03 >370 >2.55 20 0.14 370 2.55 370 2.55 550 3.79 160 1.10 220 1.52 230 1.59 360 2.48 320 2.21 390 2.69 40 0.28 150 1.03 90 0.62 10 0.07 390 2.69 180 1.24 370 2.55 230 1.59 80 0.55 230 1.59 620 4.27 340 2.34 510 3.52 40 0.28 140 0.97 80 0.55 20 0.14 230 1.59 140 0.97 550 3.79 230 1.59 100 0.69 90 0.62 50 0.34 50 0.34 30 0.21 30 0.21 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 90 0.622 20 0.14 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 60 0.41 30 0.21 50 0.34 50 0.34 <10 <0.07 110 0.76 40 0.28 80 0.55 100 0.69 20 0.14
170 1.17 280 1.93 230 1.59 390 2.69 30 0.21 40 0.28 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 210 1.45 170 1.17 350 2.41 120 0.83 30 0.21
660 4.55 660 4.55 >1090 >7.52 >660 >4.55 180 1.24 160 1.10 170 1.17 20 0.14 410 2.83 410 2.83 660 4.55 260 1.79 170 1.17
Kraton D 1101
Kraton D 1101 Polystyrene 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
S-B-S Linear
PS Blend
160 1.10 530 3.65 120 0.83 130 0.90
280 1.93 510 3.52
370 2.55 630 4.34 150 1.03
230 1.59 450 3.10 120 0.83
230 1.59 520 3.59 140 0.97
50 0.34 90 0.62 70 0.48
170 1.17 250 1.72 170 1.17
130 0.90 290 2.00 90 0.62

Cure System Used in All Formulations
None Required
>430 >2.96 1020 7.03 320 2.21
Kraton D 1118X
SB Type Branched
NOTES:
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant increase in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. = The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant decrease in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. = The force applied to the test specimens exceeded the strength of the material resulting in substrate failure before the actual bond strength achieved by the adhesive could be determined.
*This format is applicable to all substrates excluding PEBA (pg. 44-45).
13
Butyl Rubber (IIR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names Manufacturer
Exxon Butyl Polysar Butyl Exxon Chemical Bayer inner tubes and other industrial gas bladders. Butyl compounds have good damping and shock absorption characteristics which has led to their use in automotive body mounts.
General Description
Butyl rubber is poly(methylpropene-co-2-methyl-1,3 butadiene) or poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene). The rubber gum stock is produced through the cationic polymerization of isobutylene with 1-3% isoprene. The isoprene is incorporated into the polymer structure to provide unsaturated sites which can be utilized to form cured rubber from the gum stock. Butyl rubber is typically cross-linked using sulfur, however, two other methods are also available. The first method is to react the butyl gum stock with phenol-formaldehyde resin. The other involves reacting it with p-quinone dioxime, or p-quinone dioxime dibenzoate, in conjunction with lead oxide. The cross-link density and ultimate properties of the cured rubber can be controlled by varying the amount of unsaturation in the base polymer. The properties of the base polymer are also controlled by varying the molecular weight of the polymer and the degree of branching in the gum stock. Halogenation of these rubbers has been used to produce the family of halogenated butyl rubbers which are discussed in a separate chapter.
Automotive Electronics Industrial Tire inner liners, inner tubes, radiator hose, belts Electrical insulation Conveyor belts, curing bladders, membranes, freezer gaskets, tank linings, steam hose, diaphragms Dock fenders
Miscellaneous

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Medium
General Properties
The saturation of the polymer backbone and lack of reactive groups result in a combination of valuable properties that have made butyl polymers one of the most widely used synthetic elastomers. The aliphatic nature of the polymer gives it good resistance to ozone, UV light, moisture and mineral acids. This also contributes to its thermal resistance, which is limited more by the type of cross-link system used than the stability of the polymer backbone. Butyl rubber formulations cured using sulfur tend to degrade after long-term exposure to temperatures above 302F (150C). Formulations which utilize the phenol formaldehyde resin cure system offer much better thermal resistance. Butyl rubber is attacked by nonpolar solvents, such as hydrocarbon oils, greases and fuels. Alternatively, butyl rubbers have good resistance to polar liquids such as oxygenated solvents, ester type plasticizers, vegetable oils and synthetic hydraulic fluids. The lack of bulky pendant groups on the polymer chains allows them to pack closely and give a vulcanizate with extremely low gas permeability. This has resulted in the widespread use of butyl rubber in
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Paraffinic Oil - Decrease Processing Aid - Decrease Antistat - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
Loctite 770 Prism Primer Increase
14

(psi) (MPa)
Butyl Rubber by Exxon Chemical
Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
Butyl Rubber

100 phr 1.2% Unsaturation Butyl 165 100 phr
Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Control: Butyl 165
T80 Cure
Butyl 065 0.8% Unsaturation Butyl 268 1.6% Unsaturation Butyl 165 N-550 Butyl 165 Dixie Clay Butyl 165 Hi Sil 233 Butyl 165 Paraffinic Oil Butyl 165 Petrolatum Butyl 165 Vanox NBC Butyl 165 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 3.5 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure
>90 >0.62 >110 >0.76 100 0.69 80 0.55 100 0.69 >100 >0.69 170 1.17 150 1.03 160 1.10 110 0.76 >100 >0.69 340 2.34 150 1.03 200 1.38 >110 >0.76 >100 >0.69 430 2.97 >210 >1.45 >210 >1.45 >330 >2.28 >360 >2.48 >270 >1.86 >230 >1.59 >490 >3.38 >640 >4.41 >110 >0.76 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97
>110 >0.76 >130 >0.90
>140 >0.97 >140 >0.97
>110 >0.76 110 0.76
<10 <10 30 0.21 20 0.14 30 0.21 80 0.55 60 0.41 50 0.34
60 0.41 60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 130 0.90 100 0.69 70 0.48
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 170 1.17 140 0.97 90 0.62
90 0.62 60 0.41 80 0.55 90 0.62 300 2.07 160 1.10 120 0.83
Low Unsaturation
High Unsaturation
Carbon Black
Clay
Silica
Paraffinic Oil
Processing Aid
Antiozonant >120 >0.83
>80 >0.55 80 0.55 >120 >0.83 >140 >0.97
>110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76
>100 >0.69 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97
60 0.41 70 0.48 >140 >0.97 >130 >0.90
70 0.48 80 0.55 >110 >0.76 >160 >1.10
20 0.14 30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28
30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28 40 0.28
30 0.21 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Sulfur MBT TMTD
60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 70 0.48
Antistatic
NOTES:
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant increase in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits.
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant decrease in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits.
= The force applied to the test specimens exceeded the strength of the material resulting in substrate failure before the actual bond strength achieved by the adhesive could be determined.
1.00 phr 5.00 phr 2.00 phr 0.50 phr 1.00 phr
15
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Hypalon
Manufacturer
DuPont Dow Elastomers
Automotive Industrial Consumer Hoses, spark plug boots Hoses, coatings Pond liners, roof membranes
General Description
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) is produced via the simultaneous chlorination and chlorosulfonation of polyethylene in an inert solvent. The addition of the chlorine groups increases the molecular irregularity of the CSM which contributes to its flexibility. The pendant chlorine groups also increase chemical resistance and flame retardance, while the sulfonyl groups provide cross-linking sites. The sulfur content of CSM is normally maintained at approximately 1%, while the chlorine content varies over a wide range. Low chlorine content formulations retain some of the stiffer mechanical properties of PE due to their partial crystallinity. Increasing the chlorine content improves oil resistance and flame resistance.

Medium
General Properties
The most notable properties of CSM are its chemical resistance (especially to oxygen, oil and ozone), tensile properties and low temperature properties. The chemical resistance of CSM is much better than that of neoprene and nitrile rubbers. The extremely polar nature of the polymers backbone makes it especially well suited for non-polar service environments. The ozone resistance of CSM is such that antiozonants are not normally used. CSM is tougher than silicone and EPDM. This is illustrated by the high tensile strengths that are achieved by CSM without high filler levels. The properties of CSM are very dependent on the chlorine content. As the chlorine content increases, the heat resistance, low temperature flexibility and electrical resistance decrease. The ozone resistance also decreases, but the effect is much lower in magnitude than that of the aforementioned properties. On the other hand, as the chlorine content increases, the flame resistance and oil resistance increase. The electrical properties of CSM are better than most elastomers, but not as good as EPDM. Compounds of CSM can be formulated with excellent abrasion resistance and brittle temperatures as low as -76F (-60C). Other noteworthy properties of CSM are its excellent radiation resistance and color stability. Low

Additives Low Chlorine - Increase High Chlorine - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Titanium Dioxide - Increase Antistatic - Increase No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
16

(psi) (MPa)
Hypalon by DuPont Dow Elastomers
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene

100 phr 35% Chlorine Hypalon 40 100 phr
Control: Hypalon 40
T80 Cure
Hypalon 45 24% Chlorine Hypalon 48 43% Chlorine Hypalon 40 N-990 Hypalon 40 Calcium Carbonate Hypalon 40 Dixie Clay Hypalon 40 Hi Sil 233 Hypalon 40 Titanium Dioxide Hypalon 40 Sundex 790 Hypalon 40 Calsol 8240 Hypalon 40 AC617A Hypalon 40 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 75 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>510 >3.52 >510 >3.52 190 1.31 190 1.31 410 2.83 260 1.79 270 1.86 >520 >3.59 90 0.62 80 0.55 270 1.86 270 1.86 60 0.41 50 0.34 >660 >4.55 >510 >3.52 700 4.83 >610 >4.21 >870 >6.00 >550 >3.79
>610 >4.21 >610 >4.21
>550 >3.79 >550 >3.79
120 0.83 120 0.83 240 1.66 150 1.03
160 1.10 110 0.76 360 2.48 240 1.66
250 1.72 180 1.24 400 2.76 480 3.31
Low Chlorine
High Chlorine
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate >510 >3.52 >610 >4.21 >550 >3.79
>850 >5.86 >400 >2.76 540 3.72 390 2.69 190 1.31
>1010 >6.97 >450 >3.10
>870 >6.00 >410 >2.83
840 5.79 >390 >2.69 390 2.69
100 0.69 120 0.83 100 0.69
240 1.66 210 1.45 120 0.83
830 5.72 330 2.28 200 1.38
1030 7.10 >700 >4.83 930 6.41
Clay
Silica
Titanium Dioxide
Aromatic Oil >990 >6.83 >940 >6.48
>540 >3.72 >510 >3.52 160 1.10 >960 >6.62
>1000 >6.90 >800 >5.52 >610 >4.21
>550 >3.79 >750 >5.17 >550 >3.79
510 3.52 260 1.79 >190 >1.31 190 1.31
720 4.97 270 1.86 >270 >1.86 270 1.86
60 0.41 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 40 0.28
210 1.45 150 1.03 50 0.34 120 0.83
540 3.72 230 1.59 80 0.55 160 1.10
860 5.93 1050 7.24 90 0.62 250 1.72
Naphthenic Oil
Polyethylene Wax
Antistatic
>510 >3.52 >510 >3.52
>410 >2.83 >610 >4.21
>550 >3.79 >550 >3.79
120 0.83 430 2.97
270 1.86 >360 >2.48
120 0.83 60 0.41
50 0.34 140 0.97
200 1.38 250 1.72

Magnesium Oxide TMTD Rubber Makers Sulfur
250 1.72 550 3.79
NOTES:
4.00 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr
17
Copolyester TPE
thermoplastic elastomer
Trade Names
Ecdel Hytrel Lomod Riteflex
Manufacturer
Eastman DuPont GE Hoescht Celanese
Automotive Consumer Industrial Fuel tanks, gear wheels, boots, drive belts Ski boots Gears, belts, bellows, boots, coil tubing and cables
General Description
Copolyester TPE is composed of alternating hard poly-1,4-butanediol terephthalate and soft long-chain polyalkylene ether terephthalate block copolymers connected by ester and ether linkages. Copolyester has an -A-B-A-B- structure. However, the performance of copolyester TPE is analogous to that of three block copolymers such as styrenic TPEs.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
General Properties
The cost of copolyester TPE is above average, but the performance is also above average. They have 2 to 15 times the strength of conventional rubbers. This means that replacing a thermoset rubber with a copolyester TPE can result in a significant decrease in the part volume and weight. Consequently, the option of reducing the required size of the part while achieving the original mechanical and strength properties can significantly offset the higher cost of copolyester TPE. Copolyester TPE has very good resistance to organic solvents and aqueous solutions. However, they have poor resistance to halogenated solvents, acids and bases. They have moderate thermal resistance with recommended service temperatures ranging from -67 to 285F (-55 to 140C). Below their elastic limit, copolyester TPE has excellent physical properties. Tensile strength ranges from 3000 to 8000 psi (20.7 to 55.2 MPa). The elastic limit of copolyester TPE is only 25%, which is low for an elastomer. Above this elongation, the polymer will be permanently deformed. The low elongation is accompanied by an unusually high hardness. The hardness typically ranges from 40 to 75 Shore D. Plasticizer is not used when compounding copolyester TPEs. This makes copolyester TPE purer than most other TPEs which, consequently, makes them especially well suited for medical and food applications. Medium
Low
Surface Treatments
Loctite 770 Prism Primer Decrease
18

(psi) (MPa)
Hytrel by DuPont
Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive
Copolyester TPE

100 phr
Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive
Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
Hytrel G5544
100 phr
330 2.28 1180 8.14 1020 7.03 650 4.48
1570 10.83
1510 10.41
510 3.52 400 2.76
560 3.86 470 3.24
20 0.14 120 0.83
170 1.17 120 0.83
350 2.41 470 3.24

None Required
1220 8.41 1170 8.07
Hytrel 7246
NOTES:
19
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO, GCO, GECO)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Hydrin
Manufacturer
Zeon
Automotive Fuel pump diaphragms, hoses, motor mounts, boots, seals, o-rings, air conditioning system components Gaskets, rolls, belts, bladders Oxygen mask hoses
General Description
Epichlorohydrin polymers are available as a homopolymer (CO) of epichlorohydrin, epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide copolymer (ECO), epichlorohydrin/allyl glycidyl ether copolymer (GCO) and epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide/allyl glycidyl ether terpolymer (GECO). The ethylene oxide content varies from zero in the homopolymer, to 32 to 35% for terpolymers and up to 50% for copolymers. As ethylene oxide content increases, the halogen content and polarity of the polymer decreases. Blends of the various rubber types are used to obtain specific properties. The allyl glycidyl ether provides a cure site on the polymer backbone. This permits the use of other cure systems, such as peroxides, rather than the sulfur-based systems which are typically used for CO and ECO. Industrial Medical

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
General Properties
All epichlorohydrin polymers offer low temperature flexibility; resistance to oils, fuel and common solvents; low gas permeability; good weatherability and good dynamic properties. The specific degree to which these properties are manifested varies with each type of epichlorohydrin polymer. Because all epichlorohydrin polymers have a completely saturated backbone, they all have good resistance to UV, ozone and thermal degradation. For the lowest gas permeability, the homopolymer is the polymer of choice. The lower halogen content in the copolymers and terpolymer imparts a higher degree of flexibility to the backbone and results in improved low temperature performance of the material. This improvement is gained at the expense of an increase in permeability. If the ECO copolymer is difficult to cure, or the properties that result from the sulfur-based cure systems are unacceptable, copolymer or terpolymer containing the allyl glycidyl ether monomer can be used. The unsaturated site opens the door to cure by a peroxide system. This yields improved high temperature properties and compression set resistance over sulfur cured systems. The copolymers and terpolymer have a lower halogen content than the pure homopolymer. Consequently, the resistance to non-polar solvents, such as fuels and oils, is decreased. Aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes rapidly degrade the polar epichlorohydrin polymer. Medium
Low

Additives Hydrin C - Increase CA Hydrin T - Increase CA Carbon Black - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Increase CA
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
Loctite 770 Prism Primer No Trend Apparent
20

(psi) (MPa)
Hydrin by Zeon Chemical Corporation
Epichlorohydrin Rubber

100 phr
Control: Hydrin H
Hydrin H 100 phr
Homopolymer
T80 Cure
Hydrin C 100 phr
>120 >0.83 >150 >1.03 >310 >2.14 >140 >0.97 >150 >1.03 >140 >0.97 >100 >0.69 >150 >1.03 >160 >1.10 >120 >0.83
>110 >0.76 >160 >1.10
>140 >0.97 >140 >0.97
>100 >0.69 >130 >0.90
>120 >0.83 >120 >0.83 >120 >0.83 >110 >0.76
60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 40 0.28
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 70 0.48
100 0.69 100 0.69 80 0.55 >60 >0.41
>160 >1.10 >200 >1.38 160 1.10 >160 >1.10
Hydrin C
Hydrin T 100 phr
ECO copolymer
Hydrin T
Hydrin H N-550 Hydrin H 50 phr Hydrin H Dioctyl Phthalate 10 phr 100 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
GECO Terpolymer
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate >90 >0.62 >110 >0.76
Calcium Carbonate
>750 >5.17 >110 >0.76 >100 >0.69
>870 >6.00 >130 >0.90
>480 >3.31 >140 >0.97
330 2.28 >120 >0.83 >80 >0.55
290 2.00 >120 >0.83 >90 >0.62
90 0.62 30 0.21 30 0.21
140 0.97 60 0.41 50 0.34
140 0.97 100 0.69 70 0.48

Zinc Oxide ZO-9 Ethylene Thiurea
160 1.10 >160 >1.10 >130 >0.90
Plasticizer
NOTES:
3.00 phr 2.00 phr 2.00 phr
21
Ethylene Acrylic Rubber (EEA)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Vamac
Manufacturer
DuPont
Automotive Automotive fluid seals, gaskets, boots, grommets, vibration mounts, pads, cam covers, filters, o-rings, door seals, hose covers Wire and cable insulation
General Description
Ethylene acrylic rubber is manufactured exclusively by DuPont under the trade name Vamac. Vamac is a terpolymer of ethylene, methacrylate and a small quantity of a third monomer which contributes a carboxylate cure site. Raising the level of methacrylate monomer in the terpolymer blend improves oil resistance, at the expense of low temperature flexibility. Ester plasticizers are used to improve low temperature properties, but can be lost in heat aging or extracted by solvents at high temperatures. These rubbers tend to stick to processing equipment and generally contain processing aids such as release agents. These products can be cured with peroxide cure systems, although superior properties generally result from the use of multivalent diamine cure systems. Ethylene acrylic rubber is commonly reinforced with carbon black to obtain best performance properties. Electrical

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
Medium
General Properties
Ethylene acrylic rubbers have better heat resistance and low temperature flexibility than polyacrylate rubbers. Ethylene acrylic rubber also offers excellent resistance to water. This, coupled with its resistance to UV and ozone, give it excellent weathering resistance. These improvements are gained while offering equivalent oil resistance to polyacrylate rubber. Other less notable improvements include the improved oxidative, alkali and acid resistance of Vamac over polyacrylate rubbers. Ethylene acrylic rubber offers poor resistance to non-mineral oil brake fluid, esters or ketones. They do, however, offer excellent resistance to diesel fuel, kerosene, ethylene glycol and water. Vamac has combustion products that are have a very low smoke density, toxicity and corrosivity. Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Antistatic - Increase Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
22

(psi) (MPa)
Vamac by DuPont
Ethylene Acrylic Rubber

100 phr
Control: Vamac B-124

Vamac B-124 100 phr
T80 Cure
Vamac B-124 N-550 Vamac B-124 Dixie Clay Vamac B-124 Hi Sil 233 Vamac B-124 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
130 0.90 >400 >2.76 470 3.24 260 1.79 >420 >2.90 >320 >2.21 >410 >2.83 >790 >5.45 >860 >5.93 >420 >2.90 330 2.28 420 2.90 >810 >5.59 >970 >6.69 360 2.48 >320 >2.21 330 2.28 >360 >2.48
>330 >2.28 >330 >2.28 130 0.90 200 1.38
>420 >2.90 >420 >2.90
140 0.97 >370 >2.55 >740 >5.10 470 3.24 >600 >4.14 >360 >2.48
30 0.21 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 110 0.76
110 0.76 110 0.76 170 1.17 150 1.03 150 1.03 110 0.76
170 1.17 100 0.69 300 2.07 280 1.93 170 1.17 120 0.83
Armeen 18D HVA-2 Diak #1 (All Except Grade G) Vulcup R (Grade G only)
190 1.31 190 1.31 290 2.00 >710 >4.90 330 2.28 190 1.31
Carbon Black
Clay
Silica
Antistatic
NOTES:
0.50 phr 1.00 phr 1.25 phr 1.50 phr
23
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPM, EPDM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Nordel Polysar EPDM Royalene Vistalon
Manufacturer
DuPont Bayer Uniroyal Exxon Chemical
Automotive Consumer Electronic Hoses, belts, cable insulation, boots, seals, weatherstrip Garden hose, roof sheeting, ditch liners, coated fabrics Cable covers, underground wire, power cable insulation
General Description
EPDM is formed via the copolymerization of ethylene, propylene and a third comonomer in slurry or solution. The ethylene content of EPDM is typically 45 to 75%. The third comonomer is a non-conjugated diene. The three most prevalent in industry are dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), ethylidene norbornene (ENB) and 1,4 hexadiene (1,4 HD); the most commonly used being ENB. The polymerization of EPDM is catalyzed with a vanadium halide, halogenated aluminum alkyl and, in some cases, an activator. Due to the poor mechanical properties of unfilled EPDM, it typically requires reinforcing filler levels greater than 70 phr to be of practical value.

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Prism Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive
Medium
General Properties
EPDM is known for its superior resistance to ozone and oxidation as well as its relatively low cost. The low cost of compounded EPDM stems from its potential for high loading with low cost fillers. The aliphatic nature of the backbone results in the excellent weatherability of EPDM and also makes it extremely stable in color. Due to its non-polarity, EPDM has poor resistance to non-polar chemicals, such as aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and high resistance to polar solvents, such as ketones and alcohols. EPDM also exhibits good electrical properties due to the non-polar backbone and the amorphous regions of the polymer. EPDM responds well to loading, developing high tensile, tear and abrasion properties, and is frequently filled in high amounts (up to 700 phr). The most prevalent filler is carbon black. Other fillers that are commonly used are silicas, clays, talcs and ground whitings. EPDM has favorable thermal properties. Heat resistance of 300F (150C) can be achieved with sulfur accelerated cure systems, while 350F (177C) can be achieved using peroxide cure systems. In addition, peroxide cure systems result in EPDM rubbers with better compression set properties. Low

Additives Clay - Increase Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Paraffinic Oil - Decrease Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
24

(psi) (MPa)
Vistalon 2504 by Exxon Chemical, Nordel by DuPont, Royalene by Uniroyal
Ethylene Propylene Rubber

100 phr
Control: Vistalon 2504

Vistalon 2504 100 phr
EPDM, ENB Terpolymer
T80 Cure
100 phr
270 1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 80 0.55 230 1.59 >350 >2.41 140 0.97 >390 >2.69 >440 >3.03 >490 >3.38 >360 >2.48 >350 >2.41 60 0.41 80 0.55
>680 >4.69 >680 >4.69 230 1.59 >230 >1.59 240 1.66 >500 >3.45 80 0.55 <10 <0.07
>580 >4.00 >680 >4.69
140 0.97 190 1.31 140 0.97 170 1.17
130 0.90 160 1.1 80 0.55 220 1.52
110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 340 2.34
Vistalon 404
100 phr
EP Copolymer
Nordel 1040
100 phr
EPDM, HD Terpolymer
Royalene 301-T
100 phr
EPDM, DCPD Terpolymer
Vistalon 3708
Vistalon 2504 N-550 Vistalon 2504 Dixie Clay Vistalon 2504 Hi Sil 233 Vistalon 2504 Naphthanic Oil Vistalon 2504 Paraffinic Oil Vistalon 2504 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 200 phr 100 phr 65 phr 100 phr
EPDM, High Ethylene
>270 >1.86 190 1.31 230 1.59 230 1.59
>210 >1.45 410 2.83
>250 >1.72 >580 >4.00
>240 >1.66 340 2.34
80 0.55 50 0.34
40 0.28 70 0.48
130 0.90 130 0.90
110 0.76 110 0.76
Carbon Black
Clay
510 3.52 >290 >2.00
>680 >4.69 >270 >1.86
>410 >2.83 >250 >1.72
230 1.59 >280 >1.93
>540 >3.72 >220 >1.52
60 0.41 80 0.55
230 1.59 240 1.66
110 0.76 250 1.72
210 1.45 >290 >2.00
Silica
Naphthenic Oil
270 1.86 >380 >2.62
>530 >3.66 >510 >3.52
>580 >366 >580 >4.00
230 1.59 120 0.83
240 1.66 160 1.10
<10 <0.07 40 0.28
190 1.31 100 0.69
130 0.90 80 0.55
110 0.76 110 0.76
Paraffinic Oil
Antistatic
100 0.69 >470 >3.24
>500 >3.45 >400 >2.76
>580 >4.00 >390 >2.69
150 1.03 >400 >2.76
200 1.38 >420 >2.90
40 0.28 50 0.34
70 0.48 110 0.76

Cure System and Reinforcements Used in Vistalon 404
N-550 Zinc Oxide VAROX DBPH-50 VANAX MBM Zinc Stearate
90 0.62 130 0.90
70 0.48 110 0.76

Cure System and Reinforcements Used in All Other Formulations
25.00 phr 5.00 phr 5.00 phr 1.50 phr 1.00 phr N-550 Zinc Oxide CAPTAX Methyl TUADS0 Stearic Acid 25.00 phr 5.00 phr 1.50 phr .80 phr 1.00 phr
NOTES:
25
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA)

thermoset rubber or thermoplastic elastomer
Trade Names
Elvax Escorene Evazote Ultrathene
Manufacturer
DuPont Exxon Chemical B.P. Chemicals Quantum Chemicals
copolymers are generally readily soluble in a wide range of aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Grades offering good resistance to UV degradation and ozone are also available.
Appliances Electrical Industrial Packaging Medical Miscellaneous Freezer door gaskets, convoluted tube for vacuum cleaners Foams for static sensitive devices Hoses, tubes Shrink wrap film Disposable gloves, anaesthesia face masks and hoses Adhesives, coatings, sealants, solar cell encapsulants, baby bottle nipples
General Description
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is formed through the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate by continuous bulk polymerization or solution polymerization. Since bulk polymerization produces polymer too low in molecular weight to be useful in the rubber industry, solution polymerization is predominately used. Common grades have vinyl acetate contents ranging from 2% to 50%. As the vinyl acetate content changes, the crystallinity of the polymer decreases from 60% to 10%, respectively. Since EVA is a thermoplastic, it can be processed by methods common to thermoplastics such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, calendering, and rotational molding. Subsequent cross-linking with a peroxide cure system can yield thermoset EVA.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
General Properties
The properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer vary depending primarily on the level of vinyl acetate in the copolymer. At lower levels of vinyl acetate, the copolymer is a thermoplastic with properties similar to low density polyethylene. As the vinyl acetate content is increased, the copolymer takes on the performance characteristics of a thermoplastic elastomer until the crystallinity drops so low that the copolymer forms a soft rubbery material with minimal physical strength. The copolymer containing high levels of vinyl acetate is primarily used as a component in adhesives and coatings but can be vulcanized to obtain useful physical properties. As vinyl acetate content increases, polymer flexibility, toughness, solubility in organic solvents and clarity increase. The lowered crystallinity caused by the addition of the vinyl acetate contributes to good durability at lower temperatures and environmental stress cracking resistance. The enhanced flexibility is accompanied by lower softening point temperatures as the vinyl acetate content increases, which limits the upper service temperatures of these materials. EVA has good resistance to salt water and bases, but is not compatible with strong oxidizers. Grades offering good resistance to hydrocarbon greases are available, but EVA
Medium
Low

Additives Antistatic - Increase High Vinyl Acetate - Decrease Low Vinyl Acetate - Increase
Surface Treatments
26

(psi) (MPa)
Elvax by DuPont
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive

100 phr
Control: Elvax 560

Elvax 560 Armostat 550 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr
15% Vinyl Acetate
Antistatic
Elvax 150
100 phr
32% Vinyl Acetate
360 2.48 510 3.52 300 2.07 250 1.72 >870 >5.72 >660 >4.55 360 2.48
430 2.97 550 3.79 320 2.21
>470 >3.24 >830 >5.72 >830 >5.72 240 1.66 530 3.66 220 1.52
300 2.07 >580 >4.00 290 2.00 >410 >2.83
50 0.34 10 0.07 10 0.07 10 0.07
50 0.34 10 0.07 70 0.48 50 0.34
360 2.48 220 1.52 290 2.00 410 2.83

None Used
780 5.38 780 5.38 670 4.62 780 5.38
Elvax 760
9.3% Vinyl Acetate
NOTES:
27
Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Dai-el Fluorel Kalrez Tecnoflon Viton
Manufacturer
Daikin 3M DuPont Ausimont DuPont Dow Elastomers
attacked by bases and amines. To address these limitations, specialty formulations are available with improved chemical resistance.
Aerospace Appliances Automotive Electronics Industrial Fuel seals, manifold gaskets, fuel tank bladders, firewall seals Copier fuser rolls Shaft seals, fuel lines and seals, carburetor parts, gaskets Electrical connectors, wire and cable insulation Flue ducts, gaskets, hoses, oil well seals, pump linings
General Description
Fluoroelastomers are produced by the polymerization of various fluorine containing monomers. Commonly used monomers include vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, per fluoro (methyl vinyl ether) and tetrafluoroethylene. Generally, these monomers are used in conjunction with other non-fluorine containing monomers which contribute cure sites and help alter the fluorine content. The primary factors that influence the cured performance characteristics are the fluorine content and the cure system used. Fluoroelastomers of varying fluorine content are divided into the following groups: A-66%; B-68%; F-70% and a fourth group of specialty grades. The fluorine content of the rubber is controlled by monomer type and monomer ratio. Cure systems commonly used with fluoroelastomers include diamines, bisphenol and peroxide types.

General Properties
Fluoroelastomers are known for their outstanding thermal and chemical resistance. They are generally capable of long-term service at temperatures of 392F (200C). It has been reported that some grades can withstand intermittent exposure to temperatures as high as 644F (340C). These properties stem from the high polarity of the fluorine group, the high bond energy of the fluorine-carbon bond and the complete saturation of the fluorocarbon backbone. The physical properties of fluorocarbon elastomers are dependent on the ionic attraction between adjacent fluorine and hydrogen atoms. This attraction leads to brittle point temperatures as high as -13F (-25C). This tendency towards poor flexibility at low temperatures increases as the fluorine content of the polymer increases. Fluorosilicones or specialty grades of fluorocarbon elastomers are generally used where good low temperature flexibility is required. Fluoroelastomers show very good resistance to hydrocarbons, acids and chlorinated solvents. To improve the oil resistance of fluoro-elastomers, the fluorine content can be increased. Increasing the fluorine content will decrease its resistance to polar solvents due to the increased polarity of the polymer. Fluoroelastomers can also be
28
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Barium Sulfate - Increase Silica - Increase Processing Aid - Decrease Antistat - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
Viton by DuPont Dow Elastomers and Fluorel by 3M
Fluorocarbon Rubber

100 phr
Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
Control: Viton E-60C

Viton E-60C 100 phr
Group A: Dipolymer, 66% Fluorine
T80 Cure
100 phr
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 280 1.93 280 1.93
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07
>330 >2.28 >330 >2.28
>270 >1.86 270 1.86
70 0.48 70 0.48
120 0.83 120 0.83
130 0.90 130 0.90
>510 >3.52 >510 >3.52
Viton B
SMR-5 100 phr
Group B: Terpolymer, 68% Fluorine
Fluorel 5730Q
Viton E-60C MT N990 Viton E-60C Barium Sulfate Viton E-60C 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr
Group F: High Fluorine, 70% Fluorine
>300 >2.07 >280 >2.93 200 1.38 230 1.59
>300 >2.07 >350 >2.41
>280 >1.93 >280 >1.93
>210 >1.45 >270 >1.86
70 0.48 40 0.28
110 0.76 80 0.55
130 0.90 80 0.55
>400 >2.76 >510 >3.52
Carbon Black
Barium Sulfate
Silica
Viton E-60C Carnauba Wax Viton E-60C Dynamar PPA-790 Viton E-60C Armostat 550
Polyethylene Glycol
2.5 phr, Hi Sil 233
Processing Aid >120 >0.83 >150 >1.03 >140 >0.97 >200 >1.38
>440 >3.03 >240 >1.66 >660 >4.55 >250 >1.72 >150 >1.03 >180 >1.24
>530 >3.66 >300 >2.07 >750 >5.17 >300 >2.07
>520 >3.59 >280 >1.93 >730 >5.03 >280 >1.93
>520 >3.59 >330 >2.28 >690 >4.76 >330 >2.28 >110 >0.76 >160 >1.10
>560 >3.86 >270 >1.86 >790 >5.45 >270 >1.86 >140 >0.97 >270 >1.86
70 0.48 100 0.69 70 0.48 70 0.48 70 0.48 50 0.34
190 1.31 170 1.17 210 1.45 120 0.83 120 0.83 100 0.69
240 1.66 200 1.38 310 2.14 130 0.90 150 1.03 >170 >1.17
Maglite D Calcium Hydroxide
>830 >5.72 >510 >3.52 >1060 >7.31 >410 >2.83 >170 >1.17 >360 >2.48
Processing Aid
Antistatic
NOTES:
3.00 phr 6.00 phr
29
Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
FE FSE LS
Manufacturer
Shinetsu Chemical Company General Electric Dow Corning
Automotive Industrial Electronics O-rings, seals Shaft seals, gaskets, molded goods, duct hoses Wire and cable insulation
General Description
Fluorosilicone rubber has an inorganic silicone backbone, comprised of siloxane linkages (siliconoxygen bonds). This, coupled with the highly polar pendant trifluoropropyl groups, give fluorosilicones a unique combination of properties. The siloxane backbone provides superior flexibility at low temperatures compared to other fluoroelastomers. The pendant trifluoropropyl groups make the elastomer extremely polar which increases its resistance to nonpolar solvents. Silicone elastomers have one pendant methyl group and one pendant trifluoropropyl group for 40-90 mole % of the silicon atoms on the backbone depending on the fluorine content of the monomers selected. A small percent of silicon atoms with a pendant vinyl group will be incorporated into the polymer chain to serve as cross-link sites. Typically, it is required for fluorosilicones to be reinforced with silica to obtain useful physical properties.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Medium
Low
General Properties
Fluorosilicones are renowned for their fuel resistance and utility in extreme temperature service environments. The siloxane backbone results in a polymer with excellent UV, ozone and thermal resistance. The maximum recommended service temperature is in excess of 392F (200C) for most grades with brittle points as low as -85F (-65C). This results in better flexibility at low temperatures than fluorocarbon elastomers can offer. The polarity of the fluorosilicone elastomer results in very good resistance to non-polar solvents such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons commonly used in fuels. In comparison to silicone rubbers, the primary advantage of fluorosilicone rubbers is their exceptional resistance to non-polar solvents which would normally cause severe swelling of the PMVQ rubbers. On the other hand, the fluorosilicone will have less resistance to polar solvents than PMVQ rubbers.

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Fluorosilicone Oil - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
30

(psi) (MPa)
FSE 2620U by General Electric
Fluorosilicone Rubber

100 phr
Control: FSE 2620U

FSE 2620U 100 phr
T80 Cure
FSE 2620U N-550 FSE 2620U Calcium Carbonate FSE 2620U Aerosil 200 FSE 2620U Fluorosilicone Oil 10 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 100 0.69 60 0.41 260 1.79 >130 >0.90 >190 >1.31 >240 >1.66 >150 >1.03 >190 >1.31 >240 >1.66 210 1.45 >240 >1.66 120 0.83 90 0.62 70 0.48 50 0.34
>190 >1.31 230 1.59 70 0.48 70 0.48
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
110 0.76 110 0.76 120 0.83 110 0.76 110 0.76 80 0.55
110 0.76 80 0.55 110 0.76 170 1.17 110 0.76 110 0.76
160 1.10 160 1.10 240 1.66 160 1.10 160 1.10 160 1.10
90 0.62 60 0.41 90 0.62 90 0.62 90 0.62 <10 <0.07
120 0.83 120 0.83 120 0.83 190 1.31 120 0.83 70 0.48
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Silica
Fluorosilicone Oil
NOTES:
Cure System and Reinforcement Used in All Formulations

DiCup R Aerosil 200 2.00 phr 5.00 phr
31
Halogenated Butyl Rubber (BIIR, CIIR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Exxon Bromobutyl Exxon Chlorobutyl Polysar Bromobutyl Polysar Chlorobutyl
Manufacturer
Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Bayer Bayer
Automotive Electronics Industrial Tire inner liners, tire sidewalls, tire tread components, hoses, engine mounts Electrical insulation Conveyor belts, curing bladders, membranes, tank linings, steam hose, diaphragms, gas bladders Pharmaceutical closures
General Description
Halogenated butyl rubber is created by the halogenation of butyl rubber with either bromine or chlorine. Bromine or chlorine is added to the butyl polymer at a 1:1 molar ratio of halogen to isoprene. The addition of the halogen atoms to the butyl backbone increases the polarity of the non-polar butyl rubber. The increase in polarity yields rubber with better resistance to non-polar hydrocarbons and allows it to be blended with more polar rubbers which contain unsaturation. As a result, halobutyl rubbers can be covulcanized with natural rubber, neoprene, styrene butadiene, nitrile, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, butyl, EPDM, and epichlorohydrin elastomers. Another benefit of halogenation is that the allylic halogen structures formed facilitate cross-linking by cure systems other than sulfur. This avoids the thermal limitations of sulfur cured butyl rubber while retaining the low gas permeability and good environmental resistance inherent in butyl rubbers.
Medical
Miscellaneous Bridge bearing pads, ball bladders, pond-liner membranes, roofing

Medium
General Properties
The key performance feature of butyl rubber is its extremely low permeability to gas and moisture. This is attributed to the long aliphatic polymer backbone and absence of bulky pendant groups which allow the polymer chains to pack together very well. The primary difference between halogenated butyl and butyl rubbers is that the former can be cross-linked by a variety of different cure systems, while the latter cannot. This results in halogenated butyl rubbers having improved thermal resistance over butyl rubbers because they can be cross-linked with non-sulfur cross-link systems. Furthermore, the use of non-sulfur based cure systems also results in a purer rubber with less extractables. This makes halobutyl rubber compounds well suited for pharmaceutical closures. When formulated to offer good flex resistance, chlorobutyl covulcanizates with natural rubber are widely used as inner liners for tubeless tires, especially in steel-belted radial tires. Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aliphatic Oil - Increase Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Antistatic - Increase for CAs No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
32

(psi) (MPa)
Bromobutyl and Chlorobutyl by Exxon Chemical
Halogenated Butyl Rubber

100 phr
Control: Bromobutyl 2244

Bromobutyl 2244 100 phr
T80 Cure
Chlorobutyl 1066 100 phr
>170 >1.17 >170 >1.17 80 0.55 80 0.55 80 0.55 140 0.97 230 1.59 110 0.76 110 0.76 >130 >0.90 >130 >0.90 500 3.45 >560 >3.86 >540 >3.72 >130 >0.90 >130 >0.90
>190 >1.31 >190 >1.31
>180 >1.24 >180 >1.24
40 0.28 20 0.14 40 0.28 50 0.34
80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 130 0.90
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 140 0.97
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90
Chlorobutyl
Bromobutyl 2244 N-550 Bromobutyl 2244 Calcium Carbonate Bromobutyl 2244 Dixie Clay Bromobutyl 2244 Hi Sil 233 Bromobutyl 2244 Aliphatic Oil Bromobutyl 2244 Naphthenic Oil Bromobutyl 2244 Struktol 40 MS Bromobutyl 2244 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Clay >260 >1.79 >280 >1.93 >320 >2.21
>140 >0.97 190 1.31 120 0.83 160 1.10 150 1.03
>140 >0.97 240 1.66
>140 >0.97 180 1.24
>110 >0.76 150 1.03 180 1.24
60 0.41 80 0.55 50 0.34
80 0.55 140 0.97 100 0.69
100 0.69 140 0.97 100 0.69
190 1.31 320 2.21 210 1.45
Silica
Aliphatic Oil
Naphthenic Oil
Processing Aid >170 >1.17
>300 >2.07 >130 >0.90 140 0.97 >190 >1.31
>300 >2.07 >140 >0.97 >180 >1.24
>260 >1.79 >140 >0.97 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24
130 0.90 80 0.55 100 0.69 >130 >0.90
150 1.03 >110 >0.76 130 0.90 >140 >0.97
60 0.41 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28
80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 80 0.55
80 0.55 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Maglite D Sulfur TMTD
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90
Antistatic
NOTES:
33
Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (H-NBR, HSN)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Therban Zetpol
Manufacturer
Bayer Zeon Chemical
Automotive Industrial Lip seals, valve-stem seals, o-rings, gaskets Oil field valve seals, o-rings, piston cups, annular blowout preventers
General Description
Nitrile elastomer is produced through the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile monomer. Selective hydrogenation is then performed in a solvent with a noble metal catalyst to yield highly saturated hydrogenated nitrile polymer.

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
General Properties
Due to the aliphatic nature of the backbone, the thermal and chemical resistance are much improved over that of nitrile rubber. Hydrogenated nitriles are known for their exceptional oil, gasoline and solvent resistance, tensile properties and extreme temperature performance. These properties, coupled with their good abrasion and water resistance, make them suitable for a wide variety of applications. Hydrogenated nitriles react to filler loading, plasticizer loading and acrylonitrile content in much the same manner as unsaturated nitriles, except that the physical properties of hydrogenated nitriles are higher. The acrylonitrile content determines the performance characteristics of the rubber. For superior tensile properties and oil resistance, a high level of acrylonitrile should be used. If low temperature performance is more important, a low acrylonitrile level is more appropriate. Fillers can also be used to increase the performance of hydrogenated nitriles. The addition of carbon black and/or mineral fillers will increase the hardness at the cost of decreased elongation. These relationships occur in an almost linear fashion. Fillers can also be used to increase the tensile strength of halogenated nitriles, however, the effect is not as clear. Normally, the tensile strength will increase to a maximum and begin decreasing. Another way to increase the strength, particularly the abrasion resistance, is to carboxylate the polymer. This produces carboxylic acid groups on the backbone which form additional cross-link sites during vulcanization. These additional cross-link sites increase the cross-link density of the resulting nitrile elastomer which, consequently, increases the strength as well. To increase the heat resistance of nitrile elastomers, antioxidants may be permanently bound into the polymer molecule. Since the antioxidants cannot evaporate or be extracted by solvents, this dramatically prolongs the useful life of the material.
Medium Low

Additives Low Acrylonitrile - Decrease Carbon Black - Decrease Silica - Increase Antistat - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
Loctite 770 Prism Primer Decrease
34

(psi) (MPa)
Zetpol by Zeon Chemical
Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber

Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant

100 phr
Control: Zetpol 0020

Zetpol 0020 100 phr
50% Acrylonitrile, 10% unsaturation
T-80 Cure
Zetpol 2000L 100 phr
>930 >6.41 >930 >6.41 280 1.93 280 1.93 >960 >6.62 >430 >2.97 420 2.90 >750 >5.17 400 2.76 >500 >3.45 500 3.45 >880 >6.07 500 3.45 >500 >3.45 >760 >5.24 >530 >3.66 710 4.90 >660 >4.55 400 2.76 410 2.83 >1060 >7.31 >1240 >8.55 >500 >3.45 >700 >4.83
>1060 >7.31 >1060 >7.31
>500 >3.45 >830 >5.72
770 5.31 >990 >6.83 >770 >5.31 >490 >3.38 >770 >5.31 >770 >5.31 >400 >2.76
50 0.34 60 0.41 50 0.34 40 0.28 50 0.34 100 0.69 50 0.34
150 1.03 150 1.03 120 0.83 100 0.69 210 1.45 200 1.38 130 0.90
220 1.52 170 1.17 180 1.24 110 0.76 340 2.34 220 1.52 160 1.10
Zinc Oxide Naupard 445 Vanox ZMTI Struktol WB212 Vul Cup 40KE
1050 7.24 660 4.55 350 2.41 480 3.31 1050 7.24 770 5.31 1050 7.24
Low Acrylonitrile
Zetpol 0020 N-339 Zetpol 0020 Hi Sil 255 Zetpol 0020 Dibutyl Phthalate Zetpol 0020 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr
37% Acrylonitrile, 5% unsaturation
Carbon Black
Silica
Plasticizer
Antistatic
NOTES:
35
Melt Processible Rubber (MPR)

Trade Names
Alcryn
Manufacturer
DuPont
Construction Electrical Industrial Miscellaneous Weatherstripping Wire and cable jackets, electrical boots Seals, gaskets, tubing, hoses, conveyor belts, coated fabrics Suction cups, athletic field markers
General Description
Melt processible rubber is a single phase polymer alloy. The first and only commercially available single phase MPR was developed by DuPont and is known exclusively by the trade name Alcryn. It is a blend of ethylene interpolymers, chlorinated polyolefins with partial cross-linking of the ethylene components, plasticizers and fillers. Hydrogen bonding between the ethylene interpolymers and the chlorinated polyolefins is achieved by incorporating the proper functional groups on the ethylene interpolymer. The strong resulting attraction between the two polymer species enables Alcryn to function as a single phase system. Alcryn can be processed by typical methods used for thermoplastics such as extrusion, injection molding, calendering, vacuum forming and blow molding. Alcryn does not melt, but softens above 300F (149C) enough to be molded with sufficient shear and pressure.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
Medium
General Properties
Alcryn is a very soft rubber with a suppleness and feel similar to vulcanized rubber. The key benefits offered by Alcryn are oil resistance, good heat aging resistance and weatherability. Alcryn shows good resistance to hydrocarbon-based oils, as well as lithium- and silicone-based greases. In solvents and fuels, Alcryn has poor resistance to aromatic and chlorinated structures. Alcryn offers excellent property retention when exposed to water and aqueous solutions of inorganic acids up to 212F (100C). However, mineral acids degrade Alcryn, especially at elevated temperatures. It has a (continuous recommended) service temperature ranging from -40 to 225F (-40 to 107C). This is typical of many of the non-vulcanized elastomers. While Alcryn exhibits good property retention in this range, its low crystallinity and lack of a vulcanizate phase make it prone to unacceptable compression set at elevated temperatures. Alcryn is thermally stable below 360F (182C) but degrades above 400F (204C) to evolve hydrochloric acid. Alcryn has shown good property retention in both long-term exposure to outdoor weathering and simulated aging environments.
Low

Additives Titanium Dioxide - Increase Colorant - Decrease
Surface Treatments
36

(psi) (MPa)
Alcryn by DuPont
Melt Processible Rubber


100 phr
Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive
Control: Alcryn 2070 NC

Alcryn 2070 NC TiO2 Alcryn 2070 NC PVC-based yellow dye Alcryn 2070 NC Armostat 550 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 6 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr
Titanium Dioxide 210 1.45 280 1.93 >360 >2.48 >400 >2.76 370 2.55 >320 >2.21 190 1.31 >390 >2.69
250 1.72 400 2.76 370 2.55 >450 >3.10
>470 >3.24 >640 >4.41 190 1.31 360 2.48 370 2.55 370 2.55
>590 >4.07 >590 >4.07
60 0.41 10 0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07
170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17
230 1.59 230 1.59 150 1.03 230 1.59
540 3.72 540 3.72 540 3.72 360 2.48
Colorant
Antistatic
Alcryn 1070 BK
100 phr
Alcryn 2070 BK
100 phr
80 0.55 60 0.41
>680 >4.69 >400 >2.76
>700 >4.83 320 2.21
180 1.24 240 1.65
250 1.72 180 1.24
40 0.28 <10 <0.07
140 0.97 150 1.03
150 1.03 120 0.83
130 0.90 350 2.41
100 phr
Alcryn 2265 UT
Alcryn 3055 NC
200 1.38 60 0.41
>550 >3.79 250 1.72
>540 >3.72 >250 >1.72
240 1.65 80 0.55
300 2.07 110 0.76
30 0.21 10 0.07
170 1.17 110 0.76
120 0.83 170 1.17

None Required
200 1.38 >270 >1.86
NOTES:
37
Natural Rubber (NR)

thermoset rubber
International Types of Natural Rubber
Compo Crepe Estate Brown Crepe Flat Bark Crepe Pale Crepe Pure Smoked Blanket Crepe Ribbed Smoked Sheet Thick Blanket Crepe Thin Brown Crepe processed natural rubber are not as desirable. To increase the thermal stability and improve the low compression set, an efficient (EV) accelerated sulfur vulcanization system can be used. A semi-EV system can be used to help trade off the increase in cost with the increase in performance.
Industrial Engineering Latex Hoses, conveyor belts, gaskets, seals Springs, mountings, bushings Gloves, condoms, carpet backing, threads
General Description
Natural rubber is created by processing the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea brasiliensis is a plant indigenous to the Amazon valley and is the only known plant to produce high molecular weight linear polymer with 100% cis 1,4 polyisoprene. The average dry weight of latex is normally between 30 and 35%, typically ranging from 25 to 45%. To obtain the latex, the tree is tapped. This is the process of cutting the bark back in thin sections so that the latex flows. The latex is then collected, treated with a stabilizer to prevent premature coagulation and brought to a processing center. The collection and processing technique determines the grade of natural rubber. There are eight different types of natural rubber which are then classified into 35 technically specified international grades. The grade indicates the color, cleanliness, presence of bubbles and uniformity of appearance.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Medium
General Properties
Rapid crystallization on stretching gives natural rubber its exceptional tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance properties. The tensile strength of unfilled vulcanates ranges from 2,500 to 3,500 psi (17 to 24 MPa), while fillers can increase that in excess of 4,500 psi (31 MPa). The resilience of natural rubber is excellent. At large strains, the fatigue life of natural rubber is better than SBR. At low strains, the opposite is true. The strength characteristics of natural rubber decrease with increasing temperature. However, the strength at temperature of natural rubber is normally superior to that of other elastomers. Natural rubber has very good processing properties and can be processed by a variety of different techniques. Conventional processing yields natural rubber with excellent initial properties such as strength, abrasion resistance and fatigue resistance. The thermal resistance, creep and stress-relaxation properties of conventionally Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Antistatic - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
38

(psi) (MPa)
Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR)
Natural Rubber

SMR-5 100 phr
Control: SMR-5
SMR-5 100 phr
230 1.59 1.59 30 0.21 40 0.28 50 0.34 110 0.76 40 0.28 80 0.55 70 0.48 240 1.66
T80 Cure
SMR-10 100 phr
160 1.10 160 1.10 >200 >1.38 130 0.90 200 1.38 270 1.86 140 0.97 470 3.24 490 3.38 >470 >3.24 >300 >2.07 >200 >1.38
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 130 0.90 140 0.90 140 0.97 40 0.97
>270 >1.86 >270130 >1.86
30 0.21 50 0.28
50 0.34 40 0.34
40 0.28 230 0.28
SMR-10
SMR-5 N-550 SMR-5 Calcium Carbonate SMR-5 McNamee Clay SMR-5 Hi Sil 233 SMR-5 Naphthenic Oil SMR-5 Polyethylene 1702 SMR-5 Santoflex 13 SMR-5 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 3 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Clay 250 1.72 >300 >2.07 270 1.86
300 2.07 290 2.00 130 0.90
300 2.07 300 2.07
>390 >2.69 270 1.86 190 1.31 170 1.17
230 1.59 140 0.97 140 0.97
60 0.41 40 0.28 30 0.21
120 0.83 130 0.90 80 0.55
80 0.55 100 0.69 40 0.28
110 0.76 240 1.66 60 0.41
Silica
Naphthenic Oil
Processing Aid
Antiozonant >240 >1.66
160 1.10 160 1.10 >280 >1.93 300 2.07
300 2.07 >300 >2.07 >660 >4.55
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86
190 1.31 130 0.90 130 0.90 >360 >2.48
140 0.97 140 0.97 140 0.97 >280 >1.93
40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21
50 0.34 40 0.28 50 0.34 50 0.34
40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Sulfur Accelerator MBTS TMTD
230 1.59 50 0.34 80 0.55 230 1.59
Antistatic
NOTES:
1.00 phr 3.00 phr 1.50 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr 0.10 phr
39
Neoprene Rubber (Polychloroprene, CR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Baypren Butaclor Neoprene
Manufacturer
Bayer Enichem Elastomers DuPont
Aerospace Automotive Gaskets, seals, deicers Timing belts, window gaskets, fuel hose covers, cable jacketing, spark plug boots, hoses, joint seals Pipeline pigs, gaskets, hoses, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, escalator handrails Wire and cable jacketing Sponge shoe soles, foam cushions
General Description
Polychloroprene is manufactured by the emulsion polymerization of 2-chloro-1,3 butadiene monomer and can be modified with sulfur and/or 2,3 dichloro-1,3butadiene (ACR). The final structure and performance properties of the rubber are determined by three variables: the addition of chain transfer agents during the polymerization process; quenching the reaction through the addition of stabilizers; and breaking down the gel formed during the polymerization process through peptization. Consequently, the manufacturing technique used will strongly influence the performance properties of the resulting rubber. Industrial
Electronics Miscellaneous

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
General Properties
Neoprene offers better resistance to oxidation, ozone, weathering, water, oil and fuel than natural rubber. Although neoprene does not have any performance properties that are particularly outstanding, it does offer a good balance of various properties. The selection of the gum stock will determine the range of properties which can be attained in the final rubber. The cure method and selection of type and level of fillers, plasticizers, processing aids and antioxidants will determine where the properties will fall in that range. The differences between the most common grades used for molded assemblies can be explained in terms of their processing differences. Neoprene GN, for example, is produced by polymerizing chloroprene monomer in the presence of elemental sulfur. The resulting polymer is then broken down through peptization. This yields a rubber with the best tear strength, flex and resiliency. On the other hand, the T and W types of neoprene cannot be peptized, but offer superior stability in the uncured form as well as better heat aging and compression set resistance when cured. The T and W types of neoprene are similar but principally differ in terms of nerve, with the T type having much less than the W. This makes it much more suitable for extrusion and calendering processes. In general, neoprenes also offer high tensile strength, good abrasion resistance and less compression set. Neoprenes show good performance at low temperatures, although some types are more prone to crystallization than others. In recent years, the use of neoprene in automotive applications has decreased due to the demand for performance at higher temperatures.
40
Medium
Low

Additives Neoprene GN - Increase Neoprene TW - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Antistat - Increase Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
Neoprene by DuPont
Polychloroprene Rubber

100 phr
Control: Neoprene W
Neoprene W 100 phr
T80 Cure
Neoprene GN 100 phr
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >750 >5.17 >790 >5.45 >580 >4.00 >510 >3.52 >260 >1.79 >580 >4.00 >570 >3.93 >350 >2.41 >450 >3.10 >280 >1.93
>310 >2.14 >310 >2.14
>270 >1.86 >340 >2.34
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>280 >1.93 >280 >1.93
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41
50 0.34 80 0.55 110 0.76 110 0.76
60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 60 0.41
200 1.38 >430 >2.97 630 4.34 >440 >3.03
Neoprene GN
Neoprene TW 100 phr
Neoprene TW
Neoprene W N-550 Neoprene W Calcium Carbonate Neoprene W Dixie Clay Neoprene W Hi Sil 233 Neoprene W Aromatic Oil Neoprene W Naphthenic Oil Neoprene W Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate 340 2.34 420 2.90 350 2.41
>800 >5.52 >330 >2.28 380 2.62
>930 >6.41 >380 >2.62
>600 >4.14 >360 >2.48
>640 >4.41 >350 >2.41
>630 >4.34 >350 >2.41 380 2.62
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55
150 1.03 130 0.90 180 1.24
100 0.69 110 0.76 310 2.14
>980 >6.76 >540 >3.72 >870 >6.00
Clay
Silica
Aromatic Oil
Naphthenic Oil >270 >1.86
>700 >4.83 >200 >1.38 >270 >1.86 >310 >2.14
>990 >6.83 >250 >1.72 >310 >2.14
>510 >3.52 >210 >1.45 >270 >1.86 >360 >2.48
>580 >4.00 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>570 >3.93 >180 >1.24 >280 >1.93 >280 >1.93
60 0.41 40 0.28 40 0.28 60 0.41
130 0.90 50 0.34 50 0.34 50 0.34
110 0.76 60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62
>1190 >8.21 >390 >2.69 >940 >6.48 >460 >3.17

Cure Systems Used in All Neoprene W Formulations
Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Magnesium Oxide Ethylene Thiourea Vanax NP 0.50 phr 5.00 phr 2.00 phr 4.00 phr 0.60 phr 1.00 phr
Antistatic
NOTES:
41
Nitrile Rubber (NBR, XNBR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Breon Chemigum Humex Krynac Nipol Nysen Perbunan
Manufacturer
B.P. Chemicals Goodyear Huels Mexicanos Polysar International Nippon Zeon Copolymer Rubber Mobay
the heat resistance of nitrile elastomers, antioxidants may be permanently bound into the polymer molecule. Since the antioxidants cannot evaporate or be extracted by solvents, this dramatically prolongs the useful life of the material. Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers are also available which contain little or no unsaturated groups in the polymer backbone. These elastomers show improved resistance to severe environments and are covered in more detail in a separate chapter.
General Description
Nitrile elastomers are produced via the copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile monomers. The properties of the resulting elastomer are dependent on the acrylonitrile/butadiene ratio of the elastomer. The acrylonitrile content typically ranges from 15 to 50%. Although thiazole and sulfenamide cure systems (the cure systems typically used to process SBR and natural rubber) can be used to vulcanize nitrile rubber, thiurams and peroxides are normally the preferred cure systems due to the increased thermal resistance.
Automotive Consumer Miscellaneous Seals, hoses, tubing, belts, electrical jacketing, gaskets Shoe products, coated fabrics, flooring Adhesives, cements, PVC and ABS additive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Low Acrylonitrile - Decrease Carboxylated - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Decrease

High
General Properties
Nitriles are known for their superior high and low temperature performance and their exceptional oil, gasoline and solvent resistance. These properties, coupled with their good abrasion resistance, water resistance and compression set make them suitable for a wide variety of applications. Their thermal resistance allows them to be used at service temperatures ranging from -49 to 300F (-45 to 149C). Since the monomer ratio has a large effect on the properties of the elastomer, the ratio is dictated by its end use. For superior tensile properties or oil resistance, a high level of acrylonitrile should be used. If low temperature performance is paramount, a low acrylonitrile level is more appropriate. Fillers can also be used to increase the performance of nitrile elastomers. The addition of carbon black and/or mineral fillers will increase the hardness at the cost of decreased elongation. These relationships occur in an almost linear fashion. Fillers can also be used to increase the tensile strength of nitrile elastomers, however, the effect is not as clear. Normally, the tensile strength will increase to a maximum at approximately 50 phr of reinforcing filler and begin decreasing. Another way to increase the strength, particularly the abrasion resistance, is to carboxylate the polymer to form carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR). This produces carboxylic acid groups on the backbone which form additional cross-link sites during vulcanization. These additional cross-link sites increase the cross-link density of the resulting elastomer thereby increasing its strength. To increase
42
Medium
Low

Additives
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
Chemigum by Goodyear
Nitrile Rubber

100 phr
Control: Chemigum N687B

33% Acrylonitrile Chemigum N687B 100 phr
T80 Cure
Chemigum N984B 20% Acrylonitrile Chemigum 386B 40% Acrylonitrile Chemigum NX775 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 220 1.52 220 1.52 >170 >1.17 270 1.86 280 1.93 >340 >2.34 >310 >2.14 >200 >1.38 >300 >2.07 >270 >1.86 >370 >2.55 >300 >2.07 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >280 >1.93 >360 >2.48 300 2.07 >290 >2.00 >330 >2.28 >450 >3.10 >370 >2.55 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >260 >1.79
>290 >2.00 >290 >2.00
>290 >2.00 >240 >1.66
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
60 0.41 60 0.41 50 0.34 60 0.41 90 0.62 100 0.69 80 0.55
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 200 1.38 190 1.31
240 1.66 150 1.03 130 0.90 170 1.17 250 1.72 280 1.93 >330 >2.28
>240 >1.66 240 1.66 240 1.66 240 1.66 430 2.97 240 1.66 530 3.66
Low Acrylonitrile
High Acrylonitrile
Carboxylated
Chemigum N687B FEF N-550 Chemigum N687B Dixie Clay 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 2.5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 120 phr 100 phr 60 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Clay
Silica
Chemigum N687B Dibutyl Phthalate Chemigum N687B Strurktol WB-16 Chemigum N687B Armostat 550
Chemigum N687B
Hi Sil 233
Plasticizer
Processing Aid >210 >1.45
>970 >6.69 >210 >1.45 >260 >1.79 >290 >2.00
>950 >6.55 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00
>710 >4.90 >250 >1.72 >240 >1.66 >220 >1.52
670 4.62 >240 >1.66 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52
>680 >4.69 >200 >1.38 >240 >1.66 >230 >1.59
60 0.41 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48
190 1.31 130 0.90 130 0.90 100 0.69
240 1.66 110 0.76 180 1.24 150 1.03

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Rubber Makers Sulfur Accelerator MBTS
240 1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 240 1.66
Antistatic
NOTES:
43
Polyether Block Amide (PEBA)

Trade Names
Pebax
Manufacturer
Arkema Inc.
Industrial Medical Consumer Conveyor belts, gears, packaging Catheters, surgical gowns, bags Sportswear, clothing
General Description
Polyether block amide (PEBA) is a thermoplastic elastomer formed via the copolymerzation of polyether and polyamide. The PEBA resin family is commonly referred to by the trade name Pebax. PEBA is a two-phase linear chain of polyamide segments interconnected with flexible polyether segments. Hence, PEBA is a flexible polyamide without plasticizers.

High Medium Low Cyanoacrylates, Epoxies, Urethanes Acrylics, Reactive Urethane Hot Melt Silicones, Hot Melts
General Properties
The core characteristics of PEBA include outstanding flexibility and impact resistance at wide range of temperatures, its low density, high elastic memory, and superior chemical resistance. It is melt processable and accepts various colors, filler, and reinforcement systems. PEBA is available in a variation of durometers from 70 Shore A to 72 Shore D. This thermoplastic elastomer has high load bearing capabilities, high tensile strength, good hydrolytic stability, and is biocompatible and chemically resistant, with high mechanical properties. PEBA has low water absorption, although it can be formulated for high absorption and can be welded and sterilized.
Relative Resin Performance

High Medium Low 7233, 6333 5533 4033, 2533
Surface Treatments
Loctite 770 Prism Primer No Trend Apparent Loctite 793 Prism Primer Increase
44

LIGHT CURE ACRYLIC EPOXIES
Loctite E-00CL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-90FL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-30CL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-20HP Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-40FL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-214HP Hysol Epoxy Adhesive Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive
ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY CATEGORY
FLEXIBLE CYANOACRYLATES
Loctite 4851 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 4861 Prism Instant Adhesive
Loctite Brand Industrial Adhesive

Loctite 3311 Light Cure Adhesive Loctite M-31CL Hysol Medical Device Epoxy Adhesive Loctite E-21HP Hysol Medical Device Epoxy Adhesive
Loctite Brand Medical Adhesive 240 180 225 615 100

CYANOACRYLATES
Loctite Loctite 401 Prism 401 Prism Loctite Loctite Instant Adhesive Instant Adhesive 414 Super 401 Prism with Loctite 770 with Loctite 793 Bonder Instant Adhesive Prism Primer Prism Primer Instant Adhesive

Pebax 6333 Pebax 7233 Pebax 4033 Pebax 5533 Pebax 2533
535 495 210 225 170
695 445 165 670 100
365 430 140 520 120
635 380 115 395 40
295 385 60 415 40
200 285 60 355 60

FLASHCURE CYANOACRYLATE
915 815 135 445 395
680 625 260 595 490

SILICONES
Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive
Loctite 4305 Flashcure Light Cure Adhesive
Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant
Loctite Superflex RTV
Loctite Brand Medical Adhesive 840 1030 395 580 455 630 750 485 910 305
ACRYLICS

Loctite 4011 Prism Medical Device Instant Adhesive
Loctite 4011 Prism Medical Device Adhesive with Loctite 7701 Prism Primer
Loctite 4305 Flashcure Light Cure Adhesive
Pebax 6333 Pebax 7233 Pebax 4033 Pebax 5533 Pebax 2533
985 1275 690 830 505
590 690 645 285 460
480 520 90 440 310
670 680 95 455 275

HOT MELTS
680 845 625 560 405
199 116 107 113 49

MRO
122 107 61 55 37
Loctite H3000 Speedbonder Structural Adhesive
Loctite H4500 Speedbonder Structural Adhesive
Loctite 3030 Adhesive
Loctite 3631 Hysol Reactive Urethane Hot Melt Adhesive
Loctite 7804 Hysol Hot Melt Adhesive
Loctite 1942 Hysol Hot Melt Adhesive
Loctite Fixmaster Epoxy Adhesive
Loctite Fixmaster Rapid Rubber Repair Urethane Adhesive
45
Loctite Brand Medical Adhesive Pebax 6333 Pebax 7233 Pebax 4033 Pebax 5533 Pebax 2533 280 185 116 124 69
594 326 349 864 133
436 193 162 592 128
201 228 207 377 97
902 947 375 870 192
158 174 46 175 128
164 159 51 14 95
335 198 331 754 100
493 550 483 511 309
NOTES:
Polyacrylate Rubber (ACM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Europrene Hycar HyTemp
Manufacturer
Enichem Elastomers America B.F. Goodrich Zeon Chemical
Aerospace Automotive Rocket propellant binders Automotive fluid seals, high pressure hoses, seals, gaskets, boots Adhesives, caulks, hot melts
General Description
Polyacrylate rubber is produced by polymerizing acrylic monomers. Since acrylic monomer only contains a single double bond, polyacrylate rubber has a saturated or aliphatic backbone. A comonomer is required if vulcanization is desired because, otherwise, the polymer would lack the reactive species necessary for cross-linking. Typically, an active halogen or epoxide cure system is used to vulcanize polyacrylate rubber. Varying the size of the pendant carboxylate group on the polymer backbone has a dramatic effect on the properties of the elastomer. Acrylate rubbers are commonly reinforced with carbon black and/or silica to achieve acceptable physical properties. Miscellaneous

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
General Properties
Polyacrylate rubbers belong to the family of special purpose, oil resistant rubbers which have service temperatures in excess of 300F (149C). The aliphatic nature of the polymer backbone results in superior performance properties highlighted by resistance to UV, thermal degradation, ozone and oxidation. The size of the pendant carboxylate group has a significant effect on the properties of the resulting polymer. Increasing the length of the alkane chain on the carboxylate group improves the low temperature properties of the polyacrylate. However, this decreases the overall polarity of the polymer which, consequently, reduces its resistance to non-polar solvents. An important characteristic of polyacrylate rubbers is compatibility with sulfur-bearing, extreme-pressure gear lubricants. The tear strength and abrasion resistance of polyacrylate rubbers are not exemplary, while the flame resistance and resistance to acids and bases are poor.
Low

Additives Medium Alkane Chain - Decrease Long Alkane Chain - Decrease Carbon Black - Increase Synthetic Graphite - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
46

(psi) (MPa)
HyTemp by Zeon Chemical
Polyacrylate Rubber

100 phr
Control: HyTemp 4051

HyTemp 4051 100 phr
Short Alkane Chain
T80 Cure
HyTemp 4052 100 phr
>80 >0.55 >80 >0.55 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 >50 >0.34 >40 >0.28 >50 >0.34 >60 >0.41 >30 >0.21 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34
>80 >0.55 >80 >0.55
>70 >0.48 >90 >0.62
>70 >0.48 >90 >0.62
>90 >0.62 >110 >0.76
60 0.41 70 0.48 50 0.34 40 0.28
>70 >0.48 >70 >0.48 >40 >0.28 >40 >0.28
>110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >80 >0.55 >80 >0.55
Medium Alkane Chain

HyTemp 4054 100 phr
Long Alkane Chain

HyTemp 4051 N-550 HyTemp 4051 A99 Graphite HyTemp 4051 50 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Synthetic Graphite
>440 >3.03 >120 >0.83 >210 >1.45 >200 >1.38 >210 >1.45 >200 >1.38
>370 >2.55 >140 >0.97
>490 >3.38 >140 >0.97
>380 >2.62 >130 >0.90
>450 >3.10 >140 >0.97 >220 >1.52
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 20 0.14
110 0.76 80 0.55 90 0.62
110 0.76 >110 >0.76 110 0.76
350 2.41 >200 >1.38 >280 >1.93
Clay
HyTemp 4051
Carbowax 3350 3 phr, Dixie Clay
Silica
HyTemp 4051 Paraplex G-25 HyTemp 4051 Vanfre A1-2 HyTemp 4051 Armostat 550
Carbowax 3350 3 phr, Diethylene Glycol 2 phr, Hi Sil 233
Plasticizer
Processing Aid >60 >0.41 >80 >0.55
>140 >0.97 >60 >0.41 >80 >0.55
>130 >0.90 >70 >0.48 >80 >0.55
>120 >0.83 >70 >0.48 >80 >0.55 >90 >0.62
>140 >0.97 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48
>160 >1.10 >70 >0.48 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 20 0.14
60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 60 0.41
>120 >0.83 30 0.21 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48

NPC-50 Sodium Stearate
>210 >1.45 >100 >0.68 >110 >0.76 >130 >0.90
Antistatic
NOTES:
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant decrease in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. 1.50 phr 1.00 phr
47
Polyisoprene (IR)
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Isolene Natsyn Nipol SKI-3
Manufacturer
Hardman Goodyear Goldsmith and Eggleton Alcan
Automotive Tires, motor mounts, gaskets, bushings, hoses, coatings, tubes, belts Rubber bands, baby bottle nipples, footwear, sporting goods, fabric threads Adhesives, conveyors
Consumer
General Description
Polyisoprene is formed via the polymerization of isoprene in a hydrocarbon solution. When the isoprene monomer is added to the backbone, it can be added in either an R or S configuration. As a result, the polymerization addition can proceed in several different ways. In isotactic addition, the monomer groups are exclusively added in the same configuration (RRRRRR). In syndiotactic addition, the monomer groups are added to the backbone in alternating configurations (RSRSRS). Finally, in atactic addition, the addition is random (RSSSRRS). Consequently, in order to create a stereoregular polymer matrix which would have physical properties similar to NR, a stereospecific catalyst is required. This stereospecific catalyst, Al-Ti, was developed in 1960 which resulted in the first commercially viable synthetic polyisoprene. Miscellaneous

General Properties
Natural rubber and synthetic isoprene both have high tensile properties, good hysteresis and good hot tear properties. The main advantages that synthetic polyisoprenes have over natural rubbers are their increased process control and processability. These process characteristics arise from the fact that natural rubber is harvested from a natural source while synthetic polyisoprene is produced using a highly controlled manufacturing process. The primary processing benefits offered by synthetic isoprene are its increased processing speeds and extrusion values. Other advantages of synthetic polyisoprene are that it does not contain water-sensitive residues or contaminants, and it cures more consistently. In addition, synthetic polyisoprene can be used at a higher loading than natural rubber in SBR and EPDM blends. The disadvantages of synthetic polyisoprene are its decreased green strength, cure speed and aging properties when compared to NR.
Medium Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Decrease CA Clay - Increase Silicones and Acrylics Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Antioxidant - Decrease Antistatic - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
48

(psi) (MPa)
Natsyn by Goodyear
Polyisoprene

Control: Natsyn 2200

Natsyn 2200 100 phr
T80 Cure
Natsyn 2200 N-550 Natsyn 2200 Calcium Carbonate Natsyn 2200 Dixie Clay Natsyn 2200 Hi Sil 233 Natsyn 2200 Naphthenic Oil Natsyn 2200 Venox 2-AZ Natsyn 2200 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 2 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
>240 >1.66 >270 >1.86 >450 >3.10 >190 >1.31 140 0.97 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >290 >2.00 >240 >1.66 >290 >2.00 240 1.66 180 1.24 100 0.69 170 1.17 130 0.90 >240 >1.66 >290 >2.00 >250 >1.72 >480 >3.31 >480 >3.31 >370 >2.55 360 2.48 >200 >1.38 120 0.83 >150 >1.03 >200 >1.38
>240 >1.66 >300 >2.07
>290 >2.00 >290 >2.00
>250 >1.72 >250 >1.72
>200 >1.38 >290 >2.00
50 0.34 50 0.34 60 0.41 70 0.48 60 0.41 50 0.34 40 0.28
60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 110 0.76 120 0.83 70 0.48 40 0.28
50 0.34 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48 100 0.69 60 0.41 40 0.28
100 0.69 100 0.69 100 0.69 >280 >1.93 220 1.52 100 0.69 40 0.28
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Clay
Silica
Naphthenic Oil
Antioxidant
Antistatic
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
>290 >2.00 >210 >1.45
>250 >1.72 >220 >1.52
>200 >1.38 >280 >1.93
40 0.28 30 0.21
40 0.28 30 0.21
40 0.28 10 0.07
Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Superlite Sulfur Durax TMTM
100 0.69 70 0.48
NOTES:
49
Polyolefin Elastomers (POE)

Trade Names
Engage Hercuprene Sarlink
Manufacturer
DuPont Dow Elastomers J-Von DSM
Automotive Electrical Rub strips, fascias, bumper covers, molding, trim Wire and cable insulation and jacketing
General Description
Polyolefin elastomers can be divided into two major categories. The first type is a two-phase polymer system consisting of a thermoplastic matrix, such as polypropylene or polyethylene, with a dispersed second phase of an unvulcanized rubber, such as EPDM, natural rubber and SBR. Hercuprene is an example of this type of polyolefin elastomer. The second category is a family of ethylene-octene copolymers. They are produced by DuPont Dow Elastomers via a proprietary polymerization technique and marketed under the trade name Engage. These systems can be vulcanized using peroxides, silanes or irradiation to yield improved high temperature properties. High

Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
Medium
General Properties
Polyolefin elastomers are characterized by excellent low temperature properties, clarity and crack resistance. Engage has a brittle point below -60F (76C) for formulations with hardnesses ranging from 60 to 90 Shore A. In addition, they offer excellent UV, ozone and weatherability resistance. They also offer good resistance to polar fluids. Resistance to non-polar fluids is poor due to the aliphatic nature of the polymer backbone. Room temperature physical properties are good. Like most thermoplastic systems, the physical properties at temperature decrease with increasing temperature. This limitation can be addressed by vulcanizing the polymer. However, this extra processing step mitigates the economic benefits of the polyolefin elastomers over conventional vulcanized rubber. Polyolefin elastomers typically have very low specific gravities and can be utilized in applications where reducing weight is critical.
Low

Additives Antistatic - Decrease
Surface Treatments
50

(psi) (MPa)
Engage by DuPont Dow Elastomers
Polyolefin Elastomer

270 1.86 270 1.86 >550 >3.79 200 1.38 >500 >3.45 >540 >3.72 210 1.45 >440 >3.03 280 1.93 230 1.59
Engage EP 8100
70 0.48 70 0.48
200 1.38 150 1.03
210 1.45 210 1.45
>540 >3.72 400 2.76
Engage EP 8150
Engage EP 8200
Engage EP 8500
EP 8500 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr
Antistatic
310 2.14 230 1.59 230 1.59
>460 >3.17 >380 >2.62 >380 >2.62
>460 >3.17 >470 >3.24 >470 >3.24
180 1.24 190 1.31 70 0.48
>270 >1.86 200 1.38 200 1.38
60 0.41 60 0.41 <10 <0.07
190 1.31 130 0.90 70 0.48
170 1.17 180 1.24 180 1.24
>560 >3.86 330 2.28 330 2.28

None Required
NOTES:
51
Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber (GPO)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Parel
Manufacturer
Zeon Chemical
Automotive Motor mounts, body mounts, suspension bushings, dust seals, boots
General Description
Poly(propylene oxide) rubber is formed by the copolymerization of propylene oxide and allyl glycidyl ether. The allyl glycidyl ether monomer is present at lower quantities (approximately 6% by weight) and provides cross-link sites for the polymer via the unsaturated group. The propylene oxide provides flexibility in the backbone in several ways. First, the presence of the oxygen atom in the backbone aids polymer chain flexibility. Secondly, the propylene oxide monomer can polymerize with itself to form atactic as well as isotactic regions. The combination of these two regions results in irregular packing of the polymer chains which reduces crystallinity. Another factor contributing to the flexibility of PPO is the bulky allyl glycidyl ether pendant group which further reduces crystallinity by disrupting ordered packing of the polymer. Sulfur-based curative systems are generally used with these polymers, even though peroxides are capable of taking advantage of the unsaturation. Peroxide cure systems tend to cause chain scission, resulting in unacceptable properties.

Medium
Low
General Properties
The most notable characteristic of poly(propylene oxide) rubber is its ability to offer excellent hysteresis properties and dynamic properties over a wide temperature range. Even after exposure to elevated temperatures as high as 302F (150C) for a week, the dynamic properties of GPO rubber remain excellent. Typically, they offer good low temperature flexibility, good ozone resistance, fair fuel and oil resistance and good properties retention at high temperatures. GPO rubber has fair resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and oils and good hydrolysis and swelling resistance in polar solvents such as water and alcohol. GPO rubber does not have outstanding physical properties and tends to have poor compression set and flame resistance. The limited physical properties of GPO rubber can be improved using reinforcing fillers, such as carbon black or silica. However, the poor compression set of GPO rubber is a function of the sulfur cross-links and cannot be easily remedied.

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Plasticizer - Decrease Decrease
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
52

(psi) (MPa)
Parel 58 by Zeon Chemical
Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber

Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive

Parel 58 100 phr
Control: Parel 58
Parel 58 100 phr
T80 Cure
Parel 58 N550 Parel 58 Aromatic Oil Parel 58 Dioctyl Phthalate Parel 58 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
>120 >0.83 >80 >0.55 >330 >2.28 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62 >350 >2.41 >360 >2.48 >410 >2.83 >90 >0.62
>120 >0.83 >90 >0.62
>110 >0.76 >90 >0.62
>120 >0.83 >80 >0.55
>110 >0.76 >90 >0.62 >350 >2.41 >80 >0.55
40 0.28 40 0.28 50 0.34 40 0.28
50 0.34 50 0.34 100 0.69 50 0.34
50 0.34 50 0.34 70 0.48 50 0.34
>170 >1.17 >150 >1.03 170 1.17 >140 >0.97
Carbon Black
Aromatic Oil
Plasticizer
Antistatic
>80 >0.55 >110 >0.76
>80 >0.55 >100 >0.69
>90 >0.62 >110 >0.76
>90 >0.62 >100 >0.69
>80 >0.55 >100 >0.69
40 0.28 50 0.34
50 0.34 70 0.48
50 0.34 50 0.34
Zinc Oxide Sulfur TMTM MBT
>120 >0.83 >170 >1.17
NOTES:
5.00 phr 1.25 phr 1.50 phr 1.50 phr
53
Polysulfide Rubber
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
LP Thiokol
Manufacturer
Morton Thiokol Morton Thiokol
Aerospace Automotive Propellant binders, gas bladders, sealants, valves Gaskets, rubber washers
General Description
The key factor that distinguishes polysulfide rubbers from other rubbers is the high sulfur content of the polymer backbone. This results in a very flexible, virtually impermeable rubber. Polysulfide elastomers are produced by the condensation reaction of an organic dihalide with sodium tetrasulfide. Examples of organic dihalides used include ethylene dichloride and di-2-chloroethyl ether. Commercial grades vary in sulfur content from 37 to 84%; the sulfur content of the resulting rubber being dependent on the base monomer selected. In addition to the performance benefits offered by the high sulfur content of the backbone, the various reactive sites on the polymer backbone facilitate cross-linking by a wide variety of methods. Generally, a metal oxide or peroxide is used to cross-link the terminal thiol groups, although terminal chlorine and hydroxide groups can also be used. Polysulfide polymers are available in viscosities ranging from pourable liquids to millable gum stock. The strong odor of polysulfides, coupled with the need to peptize some of the gum rubber stocks, can make them difficult to process.
Construction Building caulk, window glazing

Medium
General Properties
The key performance benefits of polysulfide elastomers are their outstanding chemical resistance and virtual impermeability to most gases, hydrocarbon solvents and moisture. This, coupled with their high flexibility and long-term resistance to both polar and non-polar solvents, makes them especially well suited for sealing applications that require exceptional barrier and resistance properties. Other performance characteristics include good performance at low temperatures and good resistance to UV and ozone. Polysulfide elastomers do not have very good compression set resistance and have fair physical properties. The limited physical properties can be addressed by compounding them with other rubbers, such as polychloroprene. Polysulfide rubber has a recommended service temperature of approximately 40 to 250F (-40 to -121C).
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Antistatic - Increase Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
54

(psi) (MPa)
Thiokol by Morton Thiokol
Polysulfide Rubber

100 phr
Control: Thiokol FA
Thiokol FA 100 phr
Linear structure
T80 Cure
Thiokol ST 100 phr
150 1.03 >270 >1.86
>180 >1.24 >270 >1.86
>170 >1.17 >230 >1.59
>190 >1.31 >280 >1.93
>140 >0.97 >290 >2.00
80 0.55 80 0.55
150 1.03 150 1.03
110 0.76 140 0.97
>240 >1.66 >370 >2.55
Thiokol ST
Thiokol FA N-550 Thiokol FA Dixie Clay Thiokol FA Hi Sil 233 Thiokol FA Aromatic Oil Thiokol FA Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
Branched structure
Carbon Black
>180 >1.24 >390 >2.69
>180 >1.24 >380 >2.62
>170 >1.17 >470 >3.24
>190 >1.31 >470 >3.24
>180 >1.24 >500 >3.45
70 0.48 110 0.76
150 1.03 250 1.72
150 1.03 290 2.00
>300 >2.07 240 1.66
Clay
Silica >90 >0.62 100 0.69 180 1.24 >190 >1.31 80 0.55
250 1.72 330 2.28
>290 >2.00 340 2.34 310 2.14 290 2.00
280 1.93 350 2.41 110 0.76
310 2.14 330 2.28 90 0.62
130 0.90 110 0.76 60 0.41
230 1.59 240 1.66 110 0.76
260 1.79 310 2.14 60 0.41
>460 >3.17 420 2.90 >140 >0.97
Aromatic Oil
Antistatic
>220 >1.52
>190 >1.31
>220 >1.52
80 0.55
150 1.03
Polysulfide Cure Systems
180 1.24
>340 >2.34
NOTES:
Thiokol FA formulations Stearic Acid 0.5 phr MTBS 0.3 phr DPG 0.1 phr Zinc Oxide 10.0 phr Maglite D 4.0 phr
Thiokol ST formulations Stearic Acid 1.0 phr Calcium Hydroxide 1.0 phr Zinc Peroxide 5.0 phr Maglite D 4.0 phr
55
Silicone-Modified EPDM
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Royaltherm
Manufacturer
Uniroyal Chemical
Automotive Industrial Ignition cables, seals, gaskets, weatherstripping Steam hoses, gaskets, seals
General Description
Silicone-modified EPDM represents a unique combination of the benefits offered by silicone and EPDM rubbers. The inorganic polysiloxane backbone of the silicone contributes low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance, while the EPDM contributes good mechanical properties. The resulting polymer has better physical properties than a silicone and better thermal resistance and strength at temperature than EPDM. Silicone-modified EPDM can be vulcanized by sulfur-based curatives or peroxide cure systems. Peroxide cure systems are generally utilized to maximize heat resistance and compression set resistance. Specialty purpose base compounds offering non-halogen flame retardancy, translucency, FDA approval or utility in sponge applications are also available.

General Properties
The performance properties of silicone-modified EPDM are best understood in terms of the properties of each of the pure components. In general, it has the good mechanical properties of EPDM rubber with the improved thermal resistance of silicone elastomers. However, there are some trade-offs. For example, the service life at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400F (149 to 204C) is an order of magnitude longer than that achieved by EPDM and at least an order of magnitude less than that achieved by silicone. Silicone-modified EPDM offers much better strength retention than silicone when exposed to steam at 327F (164C), but only slightly less than EPDM. Tensile strength and abrasion resistance follow the same trend. Silicone-modified EPDM also offers the excellent chemical resistance and wet electrical properties of EPDM. The hot tear strength of silicone-modified EPDM exhibits a synergistic effect between the two phases since it has hot tear strengths superior to that of either of its pure components.
Medium
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Antistatic - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
56

(psi) (MPa)
Royaltherm by Uniroyal Chemical Company
Silicone Modified EPDM
Control: Royaltherm 1411

Royaltherm 1411 100 phr
T80 Cure
Royaltherm 1721 Improved heat resistance Royaltherm 1411 N-330 Royaltherm 1411 VN-3 silica Royaltherm 1411 Dioctyl Phthalate Royaltherm 1411 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 12 phr 100 phr 45 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>380 >2.62 >380 >2.62 >260 >1.79 >380 >2.62 580 4.00 >260 >1.79 >230 >1.59 >290 >2.00 >280 >1.93 >260 >1.79 >160 >1.10 >720 >4.97 >720 >4.97 >640 >4.41 >620 >4.27 >480 >3.31 >470 >3.24 >270 >1.86 200 1.38 >350 >2.41 >310 >2.14 >270 >1.86
>350 >2.41 >420 >2.90
>310 >2.14 >420 >2.90
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86
>250 >1.72 >250 >1.72 >250 >1.72 >610 >4.21 >540 >3.72 >250 >1.72 >250 >1.72
40 0.28 40 0.28 60 0.41 110 0.76 90 0.62 30 0.21 40 0.28
110 0.76 110 0.76 160 1.10 210 1.45 210 1.45 70 0.48 90 0.62
110 0.76 110 0.76 140 0.97 210 1.45 240 1.66 70 0.48 90 0.62
>350 >2.41 >350 >2.41 350 2.41 350 2.41 860 5.93 >350 >2.41 350 2.41
Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Di Cup 40C 1.50 phr 4.00 phr 7.00 phr
Royaltherm 1721
Carbon Black
Silica
Plasticizer
Antistatic
NOTES:
57
Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Blensil Elastosil Silastic
Manufacturer
G.E. Silicones Wacker Chemical Corp. Dow Corning STI
General Description
Silicone rubber is characterized by an inorganic polymeric backbone made up of silicon to oxygen bonds which are known as siloxane linkages. The majority of silicon atoms in the silicone polymer backbone have two pendant methyl groups, which forms the most common silicone polymer used in silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxane (MQ). By replacing a portion of the methyl groups with other species, the silicone rubber can be given cross-link sites or properties tailored for specific needs. For example, in peroxide cured silicone rubber systems, a small percentage of the methyl groups are replaced with vinyl groups (VMQ). The vinyl group containing polymers is also used in conjunction with a platinum catalyst and suitable hydride cross-linkers to produce addition cure silicone formulations. In RTV silicone adhesives and condensation cure compounds, hydrolyzable groups are capped onto the terminal ends of the silicone polymer to provide sites for cross-linking to occur when moisture reacts with these sites to leave reactive silanol sites. As was mentioned, replacing a portion of the methyl groups with other species can also provide properties for specific needs. For example, replacing 5-10% of the methyl groups with bulkier phenyl groups will dramatically drop the brittle point of the silicone (PMQ). Replacing a portion of the methyl groups with trifluoropropyl groups will increase the polarity of the silicone rubber, thus improving its resistance to non-polar solvents. These types of silicones are known as fluorosilicone elastomers and are discussed in a separate chapter.
volume of the silicon atom also results in a polymer with a large amount of free space and flexibility. Consequently, silicone polymers have high gas permeation rates and remain flexible to temperatures as low as -60F (-51C). With the addition of phenyl groups on the backbone, the brittle point can be lowered to -120F (-84C). The lack of polarity in the silicone elastomer results in very good resistance to polar solvents such as water and alcohols. Non-polar solvents such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons tend to swell silicones 200-300% and often require the use of the more polar fluorosilicone elastomers. Resistance to many acids and salts is good, though strong bases will degrade the polymer.
Automotive Industrial Medical Hoses, gaskets, seals, ignition cable insulation Adhesives, oven door gaskets, seals, sponges Implantable devices, tubing

High Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive
Medium
Low
General Properties
The unique properties of polydimethyl siloxane elastomers arise primarily from the high bond energy of the silicon oxygen bonds along the backbone, and from the non-polar nature of the two methyl groups which are pendant from each of the silicon atoms. The result is an elastomer with good flexibility and compression set resistance over a wide temperature range. The silicone oxygen bond results in a polymer with excellent resistance to UV and ozone, as well as long-term exposure to temperatures of 400F (204C) and intermittent exposure to temperatures as high as 600F (316C). More importantly, silicone elastomers retain much of their tensile strength and compression set resistance at these high temperatures. The large
58

Additives T80 Cure All Except Plasticizer - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
SE 456U by General Electric
Silicone Rubber

100 phr
Control: SE 456U
SE 456U 100 phr
<10 <0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 80 0.55 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 170 1.17 210 1.45 70 0.48 110 0.76 130 0.90 290 2.00 >390 >2.69 220 1.52 190 1.31 110 0.76 350 2.41 >300 >2.07 >320 >2.21 70 0.48 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 170 1.17 190 1.31 >310 >2.14 40 0.28 >250 >1.72 10 0.07 >320 >2.21 80 0.55 60 0.41 90 0.62 190 1.31 30 0.21 80 0.55 10 0.07 170 1.17 190 1.31 290 2.00 <10 <0.07 30 0.21
70 0.48
220 1.52
<10 <0.07
10 0.07
290 2.00 180 1.24 190 1.31 200 1.38 290 2.00 190 1.31 200 1.38 180 1.24 290 2.00 210 1.45
200 1.38 280 1.93 200 1.38 200 1.38 170 1.17 200 1.38 200 1.38 200 1.38 170 1.17 200 1.38
<10 <0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
230 1.59 230 1.59 140 0.97 >290 >2.00 140 0.97 250 1.72 230 1.59 230 1.59 60 0.41 230 1.59
T80 Cure
SE 456U N-550 SE 456U Calcium Carbonate SE 456U Whitex Clay SE 456U Aerosil 200 SE 456U Min-U-Sil 10 SE 456U Red Iron Oxide E-4182 30 phr SE 456U 1000 cP fluid SE 456U Armostat 550 4 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 11.5 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Clay
Polyethylene Glycol 3 phr,
Fumed Silica
Ground Silica
Iron Oxide
Silicone Plasticizer
Antistatic
NOTES:
Cure and Reinforcement System Used in All Formulations

DiCumyl Peroxide Aerosil 200 1.50 phr 5.00 phr
59
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Afpol Buna Copeflex Duradene Europrene Kraton Plioflex Pliolite Solprene Stereon
Manufacturer
Cal Polymers Bayer Coperbo Firestone Enichem Shell Chemical Goodyear Goodyear Housmex Firestone
hardness and dimensional stability of SBR. In addition, it can provide electrical and thermal conductivity, all while lowering cost.
Automotive Industrial Consumer Miscellaneous Tires, hoses, belts Foamed products, extruded goods Shoe soles, waterproof materials Adhesives, asphalt
General Description
SBR is formed via the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene. This can be performed as an emulsion or solution polymerization. In emulsion polymerizations, the monomer is emulsified in a medium, such as water, using an emulsifying agent, such as soap. This can be performed as a hot process at 122F (50C) or a cold process at 41-50F (5-10C). Solution polymerizations typically occur in a hydrocarbon solution with an alkyl lithium catalyst. Solution polymerizations offer improved properties due to the increased control of molecular weight and stereospecificity. In addition, emulsion SBR typically contains 4-7% of non-rubber emulsifier residues which solution SBR does not.

High Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant
Medium
General Properties
Approximately 75% of the SBR produced in the US is used in tires. This is due to the superior abrasion resistance and traction of SBR. For tire applications, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is critical. If the Tg is too high, the tires will become brittle in cold conditions. If the Tg is too low, the tire traction is compromised. Consequently, any rubber with a Tg which is not between -58 and -94F (-50 and -70C) must be mixed with at least one other rubber for tire applications. NR and SBR have Tgs which allow them to be used as the sole elastomer in a tire compound. The processing temperature of SBR has a large effect on the resulting properties of the material. Cold SBR has better abrasion resistance and dynamic properties, as well as a higher capacity to be extended, than hot SBR. Therefore, hot SBR is no longer used for tire applications. Due to the increased control of solution SBR, improved abrasion resistance, traction and hysteretic properties have been realized. Consequently, solution SBR is rapidly replacing emulsion SBR for tire production. The addition of carbon black has many advantageous effects on the properties of SBR. In particular, it increases the strength properties,
60
Low

Additives High Styrene - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Styrene Resin - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Processing Aid - Increase Antioxidant - Increase No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
Plioflex by Goodyear
Styrene Butadiene Rubber

100 phr
Control: Plioflex 1502

Plioflex 1502 100 phr
Cold Emulsion Polymer, 23.5% Styrene
>220 >1.52 60 0.41 60 0.41 50 0.34 60 0.41 >350 >2.41 >190 >1.31 270 1.86 300 2.07 370 2.55 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 270 1.86 >330 >2.28 450 3.10 >190 >1.31 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 90 0.62 40 0.28 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52 >310 >2.14 >550 >3.79 >220 >1.52 >410 >2.83 460 3.17 >460 >3.17 >160 >1.10 >170 >1.17 >510 >3.52 >510 >3.52 >570 >3.93 >490 >3.38 >460 >3.17 >390 >2.69 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >180 >1.24 >560 >3.86 >530 >3.65 >360 >2.48 >340 >2.34 >260 >1.79 >270 >1.86 >290 >2.00 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >180 >1.24 >110 >0.76 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >180 >1.24 >110 >0.76
>260 >1.79
>260 >1.79
>180 >1.24
>190 >1.31
60 0.41 100 0.69 100 0.69 90 0.62 140 0.97 140 0.97 150 1.03 130 0.90 170 1.17 60 0.41
60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 130 0.90 110 0.76 140 0.97 170 1.17 60 0.41 130 0.90 60 0.41
110 0.76 110 0.76 70 0.48 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 210 1.45 110 0.76 180 1.24 110 0.76
T80 Cure
100 phr
Cold Solution Polymer Firestone SBR 710

Plioflex 1513 100 phr
High Styrene Content

Plioflex 1502 FEF N-550 Plioflex 1502 Calcium Carbonate Plioflex 1502 Dixie Clay Plioflex 1502 Hi Sil 233 Plioflex 1502 Resin S6B Plioflex 1502 Aromatic Oil Plioflex 1502 Struktol WB212 Plioflex 1502 DMQ Plioflex 1502 Armostat 550 5 phr 100 phr 3 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 37.5 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 60 phr 100 phr 60 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr
Cold Emulsion Polymer, 40% Styrene
Carbon Black
Calcium Carbonate
Clay
Silica
Styrene Resin
Aromatic Oil
Processing Aid
Antioxidant
Antistatic
>220 >1.52 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52
>310 >2.14 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>180 >1.24 >250 >1.72 >180 >1.24
>240 >1.65 >250 >1.72 >270 >1.86
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41
90 0.62 90 0.62 120 083
80 0.55 80 0.55 60 0.41

Cure System and Reinforcement Used in All Formulations
Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Sulfur MBTS TMTD Carbon Black FEF N-550
110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76
NOTES:
61
Styrenic TPEs (S-B-S, S-I-S, S-EB-S)

Trade Names
C-Flex Coperflex Dynaflex Europrene SOL K-Resin Kraton Rimflex Solprene
Manufacturer
Concept Coperbo GLS Corp. EniChem Phillips Shell Chemical Co. Synthetic Rubber Tech. Housmex
weatherability. Compounds based on S-EB-S normally contain polypropylene which increases the solvent resistance, service temperature and processability. Useful service temperatures are low for styrenic TPEs ranging from -70 to 200F (-57 to 93C).
Automotive Consumer Electrical Miscellaneous Hoses, tubing Footwear soles Insulation and jackets for wire and cable Sealants, coatings, caulking adhesives, modified thermoplastics Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Carbon Black - Increase Silica - Increase Whiting - Decrease Aromatic Oil - Decrease Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Plasticizer - Decrease EVA Blend - Decrease PE Blend - Increase Antistat - Decrease C-Flex - Decrease No Trend Apparent
General Description
Styrenic TPEs are block copolymers of styrene and a diene. In block copolymers, there are two distinct phases present. Each phase is composed of repeating segments of the same molecule. The simplest arrangement being A-B-A or a three-block structure. The dienes most commonly used are butadiene (S-BS), isoprene (S-I-S) and ethylene-cobutylene (S-EB-S), an olefinic pair. The A indicates the hard copolymer blocks, and the B indicates the soft blocks. A block copolymer with an A-B or B-A-B backbone would not have the desired properties of a TPE because the ends of the elastomeric regions would not be anchored in crystalline regions of the TPE.

High
Medium
General Properties
Styrenic TPEs are typically the lowest cost TPEs but also have the lowest performance. Specific gravities range from 0.9 to 1.1, hardnesses range from 33 Shore A to 55 Shore D, and ultimate tensile strengths range from 500 to 4000 psi (3.5 to 27.6 MPa). Due to the non-polar nature of the backbone, styrenic TPEs can be extended with hydrocarbon-based oils and have excellent chemical resistance to polar solvents such as aqueous solutions, acetones and alcohols. However, this results in poor resistance to such non-polar solvents as oils, fuel and hydrocarbon solvents. As the styrene content is increased, the TPE changes from a weak, soft material to a strong elastomer and then will eventually become leathery. At styrene contents above 75%, they are hard, clear, glass-like products which are used as impact resistant polystyrene. Increasing the styrene content hardens the polymer, while the addition of extending oil softens the polymer. Both increase its processability. The weathering resistance of styrenic rubbers is dictated by the soft elastomer segment. S-B-S and S-I-S structures have a double bond per original monomer unit in the backbone. This unsaturation limits their thermal, chemical and weathering resistance. Alternatively, S-EB-S has a completely aliphatic backbone resulting in its superior
62
Low

Additives
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments

(psi) (MPa)
Kraton by Shell Chemical and C-Flex by Concept Polymer Technology
Styrene Butadiene TPE

Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite with Loctite 770 480 Prism Prism Primer Instant Adhesive Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body

100 phr
Control: Kraton G 1650

Kraton G 1650 N-550 Kraton G 1650 Dixie Clay Kraton G 1650 Hi Sil 233 Kraton G 1650 100 phr Precipitated Whiting 100 phr Kraton G 1650 Aromatic Oil Kraton G 1650 Naphthenic Oil Kraton G 1650 Dioctyl Phthalate Kraton G 1650 Carnauba Wax Kraton G 1650 EVA Kraton G 1650 Polyethylene Kraton G 1650 Armostat 550 100 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
S-EB-S
Carbon Black
Clay
Silica
Whiting
Aromatic Oil
Naphthenic Oil
Plasticizer
Processing Aid
EVA Blend
PE Blend
Antistatic
C-Flex
100 phr
Silicone Oil
290 2.00 530 3.65 220 1.52 440 3.03 50 0.34 140 0.97 80 0.55 10 0.07 290 2.00 130 0.90 520 3.59 220 1.52 140 0.97
>510 >3.52 >810 >5.59 510 3.52 >550 >3.52 180 1.24 >300 >2.07 300 2.07 <10 <0.07 510 3.52 240 1.65 510 3.52 190 1.31 >240 >1.65 370 2.55 570 3.93 580 4.00 >550 >3.79 >200 >1.35 150 1.03 >370 >2.55 20 0.14 370 2.55 370 2.55 550 3.79 160 1.10 220 1.52 230 1.59 360 2.48 320 2.21 390 2.69 40 0.28 150 1.03 90 0.62 10 0.07 390 2.69 180 1.24 370 2.55 230 1.59 80 0.55 230 1.59 620 4.27 340 2.34 510 3.52 40 0.28 140 0.97 80 0.55 20 0.14 230 1.59 140 0.97 550 3.79 230 1.59 100 0.69 90 0.62 50 0.34 50 0.34 30 0.21 30 0.21 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 90 0.622 20 0.14 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 10 0.07
170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 60 0.41 30 0.21 50 0.34 50 0.34 <10 <0.07 110 0.76 40 0.28 80 0.55 100 0.69 20 0.14
170 1.17 280 1.93 230 1.59 390 2.69 30 0.21 40 0.28 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 210 1.45 170 1.17 350 2.41 120 0.83 30 0.21
660 4.55 660 4.55 >1090 >7.52 >660 >4.55 180 1.24 160 1.10 170 1.17 20 0.14 410 2.83 410 2.83 660 4.55 260 1.79 170 1.17
Kraton D 1101
Kraton D 1101 Polystyrene 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
S-B-S Linear
PS Blend
160 1.10 530 3.65 120 0.83
280 1.93 510 3.52 130 0.90
370 2.55 630 4.34 150 1.03
230 1.59 450 3.10 120 0.83
230 1.59 520 3.59 140 0.97
50 0.34 90 0.62 70 0.48
170 1.17 250 1.72 170 1.17
130 0.90 290 2.00 90 0.62

None Required
>430 >2.96 1020 7.03 320 2.21
Kraton D 1118X
SB Type Branched
NOTES:
63
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV)

Trade Names
Geolast Santoprene
Manufacturer
Advanced Elastomer Systems Advanced Elastomer Systems
Automotive Construction Electrical Medical Air ducts, rack and pinion steering boots, motor drive belts Glazing seals, expansion joints Specialty wire and cable insulation Drug vial stoppers, grommets, syringe plunger tips, volumetric infusion pump tips Sander grips, squeegees, dust seals, clothes washer filter seals
General Description
Thermoplastic vulcanizates are elastomeric alloys of a continuous plastic phase and a fine dispersion of dynamically vulcanized rubber. Santoprene, for example, uses polypropylene as the plastic phase with EPDM as the rubber phase. Geolast also uses polypropylene for the plastic phase, however, nitrile rubber is used for the thermoset rubber phase. Generally, these compounds derive their physical properties from the interaction of the two phases and do not use the fillers and extenders commonly used with most thermoset rubber systems. Consequently, material properties are primarily a function of the type and level of vulcanizate and its degree of cross-linking. Even though TPVs contain a vulcanizate phase, these materials can still be processed by common thermoplastic processing equipment such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, thermoforming and calendering.
Miscellaneous

High Primer - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive with Loctite 770 Prism Primer Surface Insensitive CA - Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive Methyl CA - Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive Rubber Toughened CA - Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Acetoxy Silicone - Loctite Superflex RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealant Oxime Silicone - Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Heavy Body
Medium
General Properties
In general, TPVs offer the performance properties of a thermoset rubber with the processing ease of a thermoplastic. These properties include good tensile strength, good abrasion resistance and outstanding fatigue flex resistance. The saturated nature of the olefinic backbone in the Santoprene and Geolast plastic phases, coupled with the highly cross-linked nature of their vulcanizate phases, gives them excellent chemical resistance, as well as good thermal and weathering resistance. Santoprene has shown good property retention after long-term exposure to acids, bases, and aqueous solutions. Resistance to oils and other hydrocarbons varies with grade and fluid type. However, the higher the polarity of the fluid, the more likely it is to attack Santoprene. For increased oil resistance, Geolast offers superior performance because it utilizes nitrile as the vulcanizate phase rather than EPDM. Unlike most TPEs, which soften at high temperatures, TPVs have shown good property retention at temperatures as high as 275F (135C) and good compression set resistance at temperatures as high as 212F (100C). Their low temperature performance is also good with brittle points below -67F (-55C).
Low

Additives Grey Concentrate - Increase
Surface Treatments
64

(psi) (MPa)
Santoprene and Geolast by Advanced Elastomer Systems
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates

Santoprene 101-55 100 phr
Santoprene 101-55
30 0.21 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 30 0.21 30 0.21 140 0.97 >200 >1.38 <10 <0.07 70 0.48 210 1.45 <10 <0.07 30 0.21 30 0.21 180 1.24 1220 8.41 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 170 1.17 >390 >2.69 90 0.62 140 0.97 20 0.14 10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 20 0.14
80 0.55
220 1.52
20 0.14
20 0.14
20 0.14
60 0.41 60 0.41 30 0.21 <10 <0.07 60 0.41
50 0.34 110 0.76 230 1.59 50 0.34 70 0.48
120 0.83 210 1.45 610 4.21 180 1.24 180 1.24
Santoprene 101-73
Santoprene 103-50
Santoprene 201-55 100 phr Santoprene 201-55 Grey Concentrate Santoprene 201-73 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 100 phr
Santoprene 201-55
Santoprene 201-55 w/Grey Concentrate
Santoprene 201-73
Santoprene 201-73 Grey Concentrate Santoprene 203-50 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr
Santoprene 201-73 w/Grey Concentrate
90 0.62 <10 <0.07
230 1.59 320 2.21
>390 >2.69 330 2.28
230 1.59 230 1.59
240 1.66 50 0.34
10 0.07 10 0.07
10 0.07 10 0.07
10 0.07 100 0.69
280 1.93 280 1.93
Santoprene 203-50
Santoprene 203-50 Grey Concentrate Geolast 701-70W183 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr
Santoprene 203-50 w/Grey Concentrate 230 1.59 250 1.72
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
320 2.21 430 2.97
1020 7.03 1070 7.38 >250 >1.72
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 150 1.03
<10 <0.07 130 0.90 >270 >1.86
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 60 0.41
40 0.28 50 0.34 70 0.48
<10 <0.07 170 1.17 120 0.83
310 2.14 800 5.52 280 1.93
Geolast 701-70W183
100 phr
Geolast 701-80W183 Geolast 701-80W183

Geolast 701-87W183 100 phr
Geolast 701-87W183
Geolast 703-45 100 phr
Geolast 703-4045
320 2.21 430 2.97 420 2.90
360 2.48 380 2.62 390 2.69
>350 >2.41 360 2.48 470 3.24
320 2.21 >240 >1.66 430 2.97
400 2.76 270 1.86 550 3.79
30 0.21 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
70 0.48 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
180 01.24 40 0.28 230 1.59

Cure System Used in All Information
None Required
320 2.21 750 5.17 250 1.72
NOTES:
65
Adhesive Joint Design

Introduction
In this section, the terms and concepts related to joint design are divided into three categories which include: Types of Joints Joint Stress Distribution Design Guidelines Before looking at different types of joints, a few terms need to be explained. Joint: A joint is the location where an adhesive joins two substrates. Joint Geometry: Joint geometry refers to the general shape of an adhesive bond. Is the shape of the bond long and narrow, short and wide, thick or thin?
Types of Joints
The specific types of joints which will be examined in this section include: Lap/Overlap Joggle Lap Butt Joint Scarf Joint Strap/Double Strap Cylindrical Lap/Overlap Joint: A lap joint, also called an overlap joint, is formed by placing one substrate partially over another substrate.
Joggle Lap Joint: The joggle lap joint is an offset joint and is very similar to the lap joint.
Butt Joint: A butt joint is formed by bonding two objects end to end.
Scarf Joint: A scarf joint is an angular butt joint. Cutting the joint at an angle increases the surface area.
Strap Joint (Single or Double): A strap joint is a combination overlap joint with a butt joint.
Cylindrical Joint: A cylindrical joint uses a butt joint to join two cylindrical objects.
66
Joint Stress Distribution

Joint stress distribution is the location of stresses within a bond. Stress: Usually expressed as Newtons per square meter ( N/m2), which is equivalent to a Pascal (Pa.) In the English system, stress is normally expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).
Types of Stresses
There are several types of stresses commonly found in adhesive bonds which include: Shear Tensile Compressive Peel Cleavage
Shear Stress: A shear stress results in two surfaces sliding over one another.
Tensile and Compressive Stress Distribution: When a bond experiences either a tensile or a compressive stress, the joint stress distribution is illustrated as a straight line. The stress is evenly distributed across the entire bond. Tensile stress also tends to elongate an object.
Peel Stress: A peel stress occurs when a flexible substrate is being lifted or peeled from the other substrate. NOTE: The stress is concentrated at one end.
Cleavage Stress: A cleavage stress occurs when rigid substrates are being opened at one end. NOTE: The stress is concentrated at one end.
A B A B
67
Design Guidelines
Engineers must have a good understanding of how stress is distributed across a joint which is under an applied force. There are several design guidelines which should be considered when designing an adhesive joint. Maximize Shear/Minimize Peel and Cleavage Note from the stress distribution curve for cleavage and peel, that these bonds do not resist stress very well. The stress is located at one end of the bond line. Whereas, in the case of shear, both ends of the bond resist the stress. Maximize Compression/Minimize Tensile Note from the stress distribution curve for compression and tension, that stress was uniformly distributed across the bond. In most adhesive films, the compressive strength is greater than the tensile strength. An adhesive joint which is feeling a compressive force is less likely to fail than a joint undergoing tension. Joint Width More Important Than Overlap Note from the shear stress distribution curve, that the ends of the bond resist a greater amount of stress than does the middle of the bond. If the width of the bond is increased, the bond area at each end also increases; the overall result is a stronger joint. In this same overlap joint, if the overlapping length is greatly increased, there is little, if any, change in the bond strength. The contribution of the ends is not increased. The geometry of the ends has not changed, thus their contribution to the bond strength has not changed. Bond Shear Strength Width vs Overlap As a general rule, increase the joint width rather than the overlap area (wider is better).
Mathematical Conversions
The following are some common conversions that might be helpful when utilizing Loctite brand products: 1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) 1,000 ml = 1 liter 29.5 ml = 1 fl. oz. 3.78 liters = 1 gallon 473 ml = 1 pint 454 grams = 1 lb. 947 ml = 1 quart 1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs. Weight to Volume: grams specific gravity = cc (ml) Volume to Weight: cc (ml) x specific gravity = grams Density = specific gravity x 0.99823 Centipoises = centistokes x density (at a given temp.) Temperature: degrees F - 32 x 0.556 = degrees C degrees C x 2 - 10% + 32 = degrees F Square Inches to Square Feet: by 144 Square Feet to Square Inches: x by 144 In./lbs. 12 = ft./lbs. Ft./lbs. x 12 = in./lbs. 16 in. oz. = 1 in. lb. 192 in. oz. = 1 ft. lb.
Area Coverage
Flat Parts: Length(in.) x Width(in.) x bond line Thickness(in.) x 16.4 = cc/ml requirement per part Non-threaded Cylindrical Parts: Diameter x Engagement Length x bond line Thickness (on radius/per side) x 3.14 x 16.4 = cc/ml requirement per part Potting/ Encapsulating Applications: Area (3.14 x R2 ) x Potting Depth x 16.4 = cc/ml requirement per part
For no induced gap, make the bond line thickness figure 0.001". 16.4 is a constant for converting cubic inches to cubic centimeters.
68
Test Methodology
Determining The Experimental Matrix
The Selection of Adhesives It was desired to evaluate adhesives from all families that are best suited for bonding elastomers. The families were identified as cyanoacrylates; no-mix and static mix acrylics; hot melts; epoxies; polyurethanes; silicones; and light curing acrylics. From each of these categories, an adhesive was then selected which was believed to be representative of the performance of that family of adhesives when bonding elastomers. The adhesives which were selected are tabulated in the table on the right: The Selection of Elastomers The various types of elastomers which are currently available were surveyed, and twenty-six of the most commonly used elastomers were selected for testing. The specific formulations of these elastomers which were evaluated were chosen in one of the two following ways: Specialty Formulations 1. A grade of the elastomer which had no fillers or additives was selected and tested for bond strength performance with the aforementioned adhesives. This was the control which was used to determine the effect of additives, fillers and processing changes on the bondability of an elastomer. 2. The most common additives and fillers used with each elastomer were identified. Variations in polymer structure which differentiate different grades of the elastomer were also identified. For example, acrylonitrile level in nitrile rubber or vinyl acetate level in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. 3. A separate formulation of the elastomer was compounded which represented a high level of additive or filler, a processing change or a variation in the polymer structure. 4. Adhesive bond strength evaluations were performed. 5. The results were analyzed to determine if the filler, additive or change in polymer structure resulted in a statistically significant change in the bondability of the elastomer in comparison with the unfilled control within 95% confidence limits. Commercially Available Grades For five elastomers, commercially available grades were selected to represent a cross section of the various grades which were available and tested for bond strength. Adhesive
Loctite 496 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive

Adhesive Description
Methyl cyanoacrylate
Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Surface sensitive ethyl MEDICAL: Loctite 4011 Prism cyanoacrylate Loctite 414 Super Bonder Instant Adhesive General-purpose ethyl instant adhesive
Loctite 480 Prism Instant Adhesive Rubber toughened ethyl cyanoacrylate Loctite 4204 Prism Instant Adhesive Clear, rubber toughened, surface insensitive, thermally resistant cyanoacrylate
Loctite 4851 Prism Instant Adhesive Flexible instant adhesive MEDICAL: Loctite 4851 Prism Loctite 4861 Prism Instant Adhesive Flexible instant adhesive MEDICAL: Loctite 4861 Prism Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Surface insensitive ethyl instant Loctite 770 Prism Primer adhesives used in conjunction MEDICAL: Loctite 4011 Prism with polyolefin primer Loctite 7701 Prism Primer Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive Surface insensitive ethyl instant Loctite 793 Prism Primer adhesives used in conjunction with polyolefin primer Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive Loctite 3030 Adhesive Loctite H3000 Speedbonder

Two-part no-mix acrylic adhesive Polyolefin Bonder Two-part acrylic Two-part acrylic Light cure acrylic adhesive
Loctite H4500 Speedbonder Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive MEDICAL: Loctite 3105
Loctite 4305 Flashcure Light Cure Light cure adhesive Adhesive FLUORESCENT: Loctite 4307 Flashcure Light Cure Adhesive Loctite E-00CL Hysol Epoxy Adh. Loctite E-90FL Hysol Epoxy Adh.

Fast setting epoxy Tough, flexible epoxy Clear, glass bonding epoxy High strength epoxy High strength epoxy One component heat cure epoxy Reactive urethane hot melt Polyamide hot melt EVA hot melt
Loctite E-30CL Hysol Epoxy Adh. MEDICAL: Loctite E-31CL Hysol
Loctite E-20HP Hysol Epoxy Adh. MEDICAL: Loctite E-21HP Hysol Loctite E-40FL Hysol Epoxy Adh. Loctite E-214HP Hysol Epoxy Adh. Loctite 3631 Hysol Hot Melt Adh. Loctite 7804 Hysol Hot Melt Adh.

Loctite 1942 Hysol Hot Melt Adh.

Loctite Fixmaster Rapid Rubber Repair Rapid rubber repair urethane two-part fast setting urethane OEM: Loctite U-04FL Hysol Loctite Fixmaster Epoxy Loctite Superflex RTV

High performance epoxy RTV silicone adhesive sealant Heavy body RTV flange sealant
Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant

69
Determining The Test Method

The lap shear test method (ASTM D1002) is typically used to determine adhesive shear strengths. However, because it was designed for use with metals, it has several serious limitations when evaluating elastomers. For example, because elastomers have much lower tensile strength than metals, the lap shear specimens are much more likely to experience substrate failure than the metal lap shear specimens. This makes the comparative analysis of different adhesives on an elastomer very difficult, since many of the adhesives will achieve substrate failure, rendering it impossible to make performance comparisons. Another major disadvantage to using the lap shear test method is that elastomers will deform more readily than metal as a result of their lower moduli. This results in severe part deformation which introduces peel and cleavage forces on the joint. While this cannot be avoided while testing elastomers, especially under high loads, providing a rigid support for the rubber can minimize this effect. For this testing, the rubber samples were bonded to steel lap shears to provide this rigid support. Proper selection of the joint overlap can also give bond strength results which more accurately reflect the adhesive bond strength. When testing flexible materials in a lap joint, it is desirable to minimize the overlap to produce as uniform a stress distribution as possible over the bond area. Due to the flexibility of elastomeric materials, stresses on a lap joint are concentrated on the leading edge of the bonded assembly. As a result, when the overlap length is increased, the measured bond strength appears to drop. This occurs because the area of the joint increases, but the force that the joint can withstand does not increase proportionately, since it is still concentrated on the leading edges of the joint. Through experimentation, it was found that decreasing the overlap below 0.25" did not significantly increase the measured bond strength. As a result, it was concluded that the stress distribution over this bond area was sufficiently uniform to use for comparative testing. The flexibility and low tensile strength inherent in elastomeric materials make it difficult to design a test specimen which will omit peel forces and not experience substrate failure at low loadings. This is particularly difficult when the test specimen must be compatible with a large-scale test program, that is, it must be amenable to consistent assembly in large numbers. The test assembly which was selected to address these concerns in this test program is shown in Figure 1.
1/4" overlap
1" x 4" x 1/16" steel lap shear specimen
1" x 1" x 1/8" rubber specimens
Figure 1 Rubber Bonding Test Specimen
Limitations
While the bond strengths in this guide give a good indication of the typical strengths that can be achieved with many elastomers, as well as the effect of many fillers and additives, they also face several limitations. For example, the additives and fillers were selected because they were believed to be representative of the most commonly used additives and fillers. There are, however, many types of each additive and filler produced by many different companies, as well as different types of the same additives and/or fillers. These additives and fillers may not influence the bondability of an elastomer consistently. In addition, the additives and fillers were tested individually in this guide. Consequently, the effect of interactions between these different fillers and additives on the bondability of materials could not be determined. Another consideration that must be kept in mind when using this data to select an adhesive/elastomer combination is how well the test method will reflect the stresses that an adhesively bonded joint will see in real world applications. Adhesively bonded joints are designed to maximize tensile and compressive stresses and to minimize peel and cleavage stresses. The optimum adhesive joint will have a much larger magnitude of the former two stresses than of the latter two. Thus, the shear strength of an adhesive is generally most critical to adhesive joint performance. However, since all adhesive joints will experience peel and cleavage stresses to some degree, their effects should not be disregarded. Finally, selecting the best adhesive for a given application involves more than selecting the adhesive which provides the highest bond strength. Other factors such as speed of cure, environmental resistance, thermal resistance, suitability for automation and price will play a large role in determining the optimum adhesive system for a given application. It is suggested that the reader refer to the chapters which explain the properties of the various adhesives in greater detail before choosing the best adhesive for an application.
70
Test Methods
Substrate Preparation 1. Substrates were cut into 1" by 1" by 0.125" block shear test specimens. 2. All bonding surfaces were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. Adhesive Application and Cure Method Cyanoacrylates (Loctite 496 Super Bonder, 401 Prism, 414 Super Bonder, 480 Prism, 4204 Prism, 4851 Prism and 4861 Prism Instant Adhesives) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one test specimen. 2. A second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.5" overlap (bond area = 0.5 in2). 3. The block shear assembly was clamped with two Brink and Cotton No. 1 clamps. 4. The bonded assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing. Cyanoacrylates with Polyolefin Primers (Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive and Loctite 770 Prism Primer, Loctite 401 Prism Instant Adhesive and Loctite 793 Prism Primer) 1. Polyolefin primer was brushed onto each bonding surface. 2. The polyolefin primers carrier solvent was allowed to flash off. 3. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one substrate. 4. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.5" overlap (bond area = 0.5 in2). 5. The block shear assembly was clamped with two Brink and Cotton No. 1 clamps. 6. The bonded assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing. Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic (Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive) 1. Loctite 7387 Depend Activator was sprayed on one test specimen. 2. The activators carrier solvent was allowed to flash off for more than two minutes. 3. Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive was applied in an even film to a second test specimen. 4. Within 30 minutes, the second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.5" overlap (bond area= 0.5 in2). 5. The block shear assembly was clamped with two Brink and Cotton No. 1 clamps. 6. The bonded assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for one week before testing. Light Cure Adhesives (Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive, Loctite 4305 Flashcure Light Cure Adhesive) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one test specimen. 2. A UV transparent, polycarbonate 1" by 1" by 0.125" test specimen was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. 3. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.5" overlap (bond area = 0.5 in2). 4. The block shear assembly was irradiated (through the polycarbonate) by an ultraviolet light source for 30 seconds to cure the adhesive. The ultraviolet light source used was a Fusion UV Curing System, equipped with an H-bulb having an irradiance of approximately 100 mW/cm2 @ 365 nm. 5. The assembly was left at ambient conditions for one week prior to testing.
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Block Shear Test Method 1. Assemblies were tested on an Instron 4204 mechanical properties tester, equipped with a 50 kN load cell, and a pull speed of 0.05"/minute. 2. Five replicates of each assembly were tested. Two-Part Static Mix Adhesives (Loctite E-00CL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive, Loctite E-90FL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive, Loctite E-30CL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive, Loctite E-20HP Hysol Epoxy Adhesive, Loctite E-40FL Hysol Epoxy Adhesive, Loctite 3030 Adhesive, Polyolefin Bonder, Loctite H3000 Speedbonder Structural Adhesive, Loctite H4500 Speedbonder Structural Adhesive, Loctite Fixmaster Rapid Rubber Repair, Loctite Fixmaster Epoxy) 1. The adhesive was dispensed onto the end of one lapshear through an appropriate static mixing nozzle to achieve thorough mixing of the two adhesive components. 2. A second lapshear was mated to the first with an overlap area of 0.5 in2. 3. The mated assembly was clamped with two clamps that exerted a clamping force of approximately 20 lb. 4. The bonded assembly was allowed to cure for one week at ambient conditions before conditioning and testing. One-Part Heat Cure Epoxy Adhesive (Loctite E-214HP Hysol Epoxy Adhesive) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to the end of one lapshear. 2. A second lapshear was mated to the first with an overlap area of 0.5 in2. 3. The mated assembly was clamped with two clamps that exerted a clamping force of approximately 20 lb. 4. The clamped assembly was heated at 350F (177C) for 1 hour. 5. The assembly was left at ambient conditions for one week prior to conditioning and testing.
Moisture Cure Products (Loctite Superflex 595 RTV, Loctite 5900 Flange Sealant, Loctite 3631 Hysol Hot Melt Adhesive) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to the end of one lap shear. 2. A short length of 10 mil thick wire was embedded in the sealant to induce a 10 mil gap between the bonded lap shears (except for Loctite 3631 Hysol Hot Melt Adhesive). 3. A second lapshear was mated to the first with an overlap area of 0.5 in2. 4. The mated assembly was clamped with two clamps that exerted a clamping force of approximately 20 lb. 5. The mated assembly was allowed to moisture cure for one week prior to conditioning and testing. Hot Melt Products (Loctite 7804 and 1942 Hysol Hot Melt Adhesives) 1. The adhesive was heated to its dispense temperature in the appropriate hot melt dispenser. 2. Adhesive was applied in an even film to the end of one lapshear. 3. A second lapshear was mated to the first with an overlap area of 0.5 in2. 4. The mated assembly was clamped with two clamps that exerted a clamping force of approximately 20 lb. 5. The assemblies were left at ambient conditions for one week prior to conditioning and testing.
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Index of Trade Names and Acronyms

Trade Name/Acronym ACM Afpol Alcryn Baypren BIIR Blensil Breon Buna Butaclor C-Flex Chemigum CIIR CO Compo Crepe Copeflex Coperflex CR CSM Dai-el Duradene Dynaflex Ecdel ECO EEA Elastosil Elvax Engage EPDM EPM Epsyn Escorene Estate Brown Crepe Europrene SOL Europrene Europrene EVA Evazote Exxon Bromobutyl Exxon Butyl Exxon Chlorobutyl FE FKM Flat Bark Crepe Fluorel Elastomer Type Polyacrylate Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Melt Processible Rubber Polychloroprene Halogenated Butyl Rubber Silicone Nitrile Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polychloroprene Styrenic TPE Nitrile Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Natural Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Polychloroprene Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Fluorocarbon Rubbers Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Copolyester TPE Epichlorohydrin Rubber Ethylene Acrylic Rubber Silicone Etylene-Vinyl Acetate Polyolefin Ethylene Propylene Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Etylene-Vinyl Acetate Natural Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polyacrylate Rubber Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Halogenated Butyl Rubber Butyl Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubber Natural Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubber Manufacturer/Comment Acronym for Elastomer Cal Polymers DuPont Bayer Acronym for Elastomer General Electric Silicones B.P. Chemicals Bayer Enichem Elastomers Concept Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR Coperbo Coperbo Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Daikin Firestone GLS Corporation Eastman Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Wacker Chemical Corporation DuPont DuPont Dow Elastomers Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Copolymer Rubber Co. Exxon Chemical International Type of NR Enichem Enichem Enichem Elastomers America Acronym for Elastomer B.P. Chemicals Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Shinetsu Chemical Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR 3M Page 46 60 36 40 33 58 42 60 40 62 42 32 20 38 60 62 40 16 28 60 62 18 20 22 58 26 50 24 24 22 26 38 62 60 46 26 26 32 14 32 30 28 38 28
73
Trade Name/Acronym FSE FVMQ GCO GECO Geolast GPO Hercuprene H-NBR HSN Humex Hycar Hydrin Hypalon HyTemp Hytrel IIR IR Isolene Kalrez Kraton Kraton K-Resin Krynac Lomod LP LS MPR MQ Natsyn NBR Neoprene Nipol Nipol Nordel NR Nysen Pale Crepe Parel Pebax Perbunan Plioflex Pliolite PMQ POE Polysar EPDM Polysar Bromobutyl Polysar Butyl
Elastomer Type Fluorosilicone Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber Polyolefin Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Nitrile Rubber Polyacrylate Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Polyacrylate Rubber Copolyester TPE Butyl Rubber Polyisoprene Polyisoprene Fluorocarbon Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrenic TPE Nitrile Rubber Copolyester TPE Polysulfide Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubbers Melt Processible Rubber Silicone Rubber Polyisoprene Nitrile Rubber Polychloroprene Polyisoprene Nitrile Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Natural Rubber Nitrile Rubber Natural Rubber Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber Polyether Block Amide Nitrile Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Silicone Rubber Polyolefin Ethylene Propylene Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Butyl Rubber
Manufacturer/Comment General Electric Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Advanced Elastomer Systems Acronym for Elastomer J-Von Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Huels Mexicanos B.F. Goodrich Zeon DuPont Zeon Chemical DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Hardman DuPont Shell Chemical Shell Chemical Phillips Polysar International General Electric Morton Thiokol Dow Corning Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer DuPont Goldsmith & Eggleton Nippon Zeon DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Copolymer Rubber International Type of NR Zeon Chemical Arkema Inc. Mobay Goodyear Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Bayer Bayer Bayer
Page 30 30 20 20 64 52 50 34 34 42 46 20 16 46 18 14 48 48 28 60 62 62 42 18 54 30 36 58 48 42 40 48 42 24 38 42 38 52 44 42 60 60 58 50 24 32 14
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Trade Name/Acronym Polysar Chlorobutyl Pure Smoked Blanket Crepe PVMQ Ribbed Smoked Sheet Rimflex Riteflex Royalene Royaltherm Santoprene Sarlink SBR S-B-S S-EB-S Silastic S-I-S Ski-3 Solprene Solprene Stereon Synthetic Natural Rubber Tecnoflon Therban Thick Blanket Crepe Thin Brown Crepe Thiokol TPV Ultrathene Vamac Vistalon Viton VMQ XNBR Zetpol
Elastomer Type Halogenated Butyl Rubber Natural Rubber Silicone Rubber Natural Rubber Styrenic TPE Copolyester TPE Ethylene Propylene Rubber Silicone-Modified EPDM Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Polyolefin Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrenic TPE Silicone Styrenic TPE Polyisoprene Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polyisoprene Fluorocarbon Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Natural Rubber Natural Rubber Polysulfide Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Acrylic Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubbers Silicone Rubber Nitrile Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber
Manufacturer/Comment Bayer International Type of NR Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR Synthetic Rubber Technologies Hoescht Celanese Uniroyal Chemical Uniroyal Chemical Advanced Elastomer Systems DSM Thermoplastic Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Dow Corning STI Acronym for Elastomer Alcan Housmex Housmex Firestone Common Name for IR Ausimont Bayer International Type of NR International Type of NR Morton Thiokol Acronym for Elastomer Quantum Chemicals DuPont Exxon Chemical DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Zeon Chemical
Page 32 38 58 38 62 18 24 56 64 50 60 62 62 58 62 48 60 62 60 48 28 34 38 38 54 64 26 22 24 28 58 42 34
The trade names mentioned above are the property of the manufacturing companies listed.
75
Acknowledgements
This design guide would not have been possible without the expertise, advice and material samples graciously provided by the companies listed below. Henkel Corporation would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their invaluable assistance in developing this resource. Advanced Elastomer Systems Wayne Buchheim Senior Marketing Technical Service Specialist Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. Krishna C. Baranwal, Ph.D. Executive Vice President, Technical Robert May Manager Compound Development Mixing and Processing Robert Samples Chief Executive Officer Malcolm Wilborn Vice President, Business Development Services Bose Corporation Robert Lituri Corporate Chemist Florida State University Joe Deforte Mechanical Engineer R. T. Vanderbilt Company Joseph DeMello Sales Representative
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is intended to be used solely as an indicator of the bondability of the evaluated elastomers. The information is believed to be accurate, and is well suited for comparative analysis; however, the testing was performed using a limited number of adhesive lots, elastomer lots, and replicates. Consequently, this makes the information contained herein inappropriate for specification purposes. All polymeric materials have the potential for swelling or stress cracking when exposed to uncured adhesive depending on the exposure time, part geometry, stresses, and composition variables. Consequently, it is important that the end user evaluate the suitability of the adhesive in their process to insure that the adhesive does not detrimentally affect the performance of the plastic or elastomer. Henkel cannot assume responsibility for the results obtained by others over whose methods we have no control. It is the users responsibility to determine suitability for the users purpose of any production method mentioned herein and to adopt such precautions as may be advisable for the protection of property and of persons against any hazards that may be involved in the handling and use thereof. In light of the foregoing, Henkel Corporation specifically disclaims all warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose arising from sale or use of Henkel Corporations products. Henkel Corporation specifically disclaims any liability for consequential or incidental damages of any kind, including lost profits. The discussion herein of various process or compositions is not to be interpreted as representation that they are free from domination of patents owned by others or as a license under any Henkel Corporation patents which may cover such processes, or compositions. We recommend that each prospective user test the proposed application in its manufacturing process, using this data as a guide. This product may be covered by one or more United States or foreign patents or patent applications.
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For more information, please call 1-800-LOCTITE (562-8483) in the U.S.; 1-800-263-5043 in Canada; 01-800-901-8100 in Mexico
Henkel Corporation
Industry and Maintenance 1001 Trout Brook Crossing, Rocky Hill, CT 06067 U.S.A. 800-562-8483 www.henkel.us www.loctite.com Loctite, Depend, Fixmaster, Flashcure, Prism, PST, Speedbonder Super Bonder, Superflex, 222MS, 242, 262, 290, 330, 334, 366, 382, 401, 403, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 420, 422, 480, 496, 609, 635, 675, 640, 770, 793, 1942, 3030, 3105, 3106, 3631, 4011, 4203, 4204, 4211, 4305, 4307, 4471, 4851, 4861, 5140, 5699, 5900, 7701, 7804, and E-00CL, E-20HP, E-21HP, E-30CL, E-31CL, E-40FL, E-90FL, E-60HP, E-214HP, U-04FL, H3000, and H4500, are trademarks of Henkel Corporation, U.S.A. Karo is a registered trademark of ACH. Hershey is a registered trademark of Hershey Foods Corporation. Copyright 2005. Henkel Corporation. All rights reserved. 2696/LT-2662A 2/05

LT2662 Loctite Design Guide Bonding Rubber Thermoplastic Elastomers

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Volume 2 2/05

Cure Process Effects

Bond Design Information

Hot Melt Adhesives

Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives

No-Mix and Static Mix Acrylic Adhesives

Why Bond Elastomers With Loctite Brand Adhesives?

Advantages Versus Mechanical Fasteners

Advantages Versus Solvent Welding

Advantages Versus Ultrasonic Welding

How To Use The Bonding Chapters

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

How To Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table

T80 Cure (not shown)

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

Styrene Butadiene TPE

Loctite Brand Adhesives

Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive

Control: Kraton G 1650

160 1.10 530 3.65 120 0.83 130 0.90

280 1.93 510 3.52

370 2.55 630 4.34 150 1.03

230 1.59 450 3.10 120 0.83

230 1.59 520 3.59 140 0.97

50 0.34 90 0.62 70 0.48

170 1.17 250 1.72 170 1.17

130 0.90 290 2.00 90 0.62

>430 >2.96 1020 7.03 320 2.21

*This format is applicable to all substrates excluding PEBA (pg. 44-45).

Butyl Rubber (IIR)

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

Loctite Brand Adhesives

Loctite 330 Depend Adhesive

Loctite 3105 Light Cure Adhesive

Control: Butyl 165

Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure

>110 >0.76 >130 >0.90

>140 >0.97 >140 >0.97

>110 >0.76 110 0.76

<10 <10 30 0.21 20 0.14 30 0.21 80 0.55 60 0.41 50 0.34

60 0.41 60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 130 0.90 100 0.69 70 0.48

60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 170 1.17 140 0.97 90 0.62

Antiozonant >120 >0.83

>80 >0.55 80 0.55 >120 >0.83 >140 >0.97

>110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76

>100 >0.69 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97

60 0.41 70 0.48 >140 >0.97 >130 >0.90

70 0.48 80 0.55 >110 >0.76 >160 >1.10

20 0.14 30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28

30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28 40 0.28

30 0.21 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41

60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 70 0.48

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH