Electrical Engineering in Power Plants I

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus
Department of Decentralised Power Generation and Electrical Engineering in Power Plants

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Pfeiffer
Electrical Engineering in Power Plants I
LG 3 Walther-Pauer-Strae 5 03046 Cottbus Phone: (0355) 69-4035 klaus.pfeiffer@tu-cottbus.de
February, 2009
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Network connection of power plants Basic circuits Reliability requirements to the power plant auxiliaries system Single-line diagrams Low-voltage distributions Auxiliary voltage supply Parameter of the main electrical equipment Selective protection in the auxiliaries system
Exercises
Brandenburg University of Technology Pfeiffer Department of Decentralised Power Generation and Electrical Engineering in Power Plants
1.
Network connection of power plants
Overview English A B C Direct generator bus connection Unit connection Group unit connection German Sammelschienenschaltung Blockschaltung Gruppenblockschaltung
Figure 1.1: Direct generator bus connection
Figure 1.2: Unit connection
Figure 1.3: Group unit connection
Application Network connection type A B C Direct generator bus connection Unit connection Group unit connection Generator power PrG [MW] 50 100
> 100
100 200
Properties Advantage of the unit connection (B) Disadvantage of the direct generator bus connection (A) Faults doesnt affect other generators in the power plant 1. For faults on the power plant busbar the transformer the line between transformer and grid switchgear all the generators will be switched off. 2. High short-circuit currents at power plant busbar. Disadvantage of the group unit connection (C) 1. For faults on the power plant busbar the line between power plant busbar and grid switchgear all the generators will be switched off. 2. High short-circuit currents at power plant busbar.
System voltages at normal operation Un [kV] MIN 110 220 380 100 200 360 Un [kV] MAX 123 245 420
Type of constructions Electrical equipment Eng Ger Eng Ger Generator leads Generatorausleitung GAL Power plant busbar Kraftwerks-Sammelschiene Type
A B, C A C
Busbar of non-encapsulated type (indoor installation) Busbar of encapsulated type Busbar of non-encapsulated type (indoor installation) Outdoor installation with switching devices in the generator branches Cable or overhead line Overhead line or Cable inside the territory of the power plant, outside overhead line
Eng
Line between - transformer and switchgear (A and B) - power plant busbar and grid switchgear (C) Energieabfhrungsanlage (EAF)
A B
Ger
Cable inside the territory of the power plant, outside overhead line Vector group Yd5 (to avoid zero sequence system on the generator side) Vector group Yd5 (to avoid zero sequence system on the generator side)
Eng Ger
Transformer Transformator (T)
Eng Ger
Unit transformer Blocktransformator (BT)
B, C
Circuit breakers Terms English Generator circuit breaker Generator switch Grid circuit breaker German Generatorleistungsschalter (GLS) Generatorlastschalter (GLaS) Netzleistungsschalter (NLS)
Direct generator bus connection (A) and group unit connection (C): Generator circuit breakers (one c.b. in every generator branch) are absolutely required for the commissioning and withdrawal from service of each generator separately.
Figure 1.4: Direct generator bus connection
Figure 1.5: Group unit connection
Generator circuit breakers are not urgently required for the unit connection type. There exist some older installations where generator circuit breakers are not existent.
Figure 1.6: Unit connection
2.
Basic circuits
The basic circuits of power plants include the network connection and the circuits for the power plant auxiliaries system. Object of the power station auxiliaries: To supply the technological process in the power plant with electrical energy. Example: Coal-fired power station feed in of fuel, air, water (by coal-mills, induced-draught, forced draught, feed-water pumps)
disposal of flue gas and ash o flue gas cleaning system (desulphurisation) o o ash filter C02-capturing
Furthermore the power plant auxiliaries system is needed for the start-up of power station units (before connecting the generator to the grid) the shut-down of power station units (after disconnecting the generator from the grid)
In the following we examine only generators in unit connection (because this is the most favoured type of network connection of power plants) and its corresponding auxiliaries system. For the start-up or the shut-down process respectively the covering of the load demand of the power plant auxiliaries system is done by the unit auxiliary transformer or the visited network transformer (depends on the equipping with generator c.b.). The consumers (outgoing feeders) are connected to the unit distribution. The distribution for starting-up/shutdown can be coupled with the unit distribution.
Figure 2.1: Overview
There are two possibilities for the equipping with switching devices: 1. Application of generator circuit breakers or generator switches (fig. 2.2.1) 2. Renunciation of generator circuit breaker (fig. 2.2.2)
Figure 2.2.1: Overview about the basic circuit for the auxiliaries system with generator circuit breaker
Figure 2.2.2: Overview about the basic circuit for the auxiliaries system without generator circuit breaker
Breaker position GLS GLS or GLaS GLS GLaS ------------Note: Technological faults (no short-circuit!) disturbance in the boiler disturbance in steam pipe disturbance in the turbine all possible faults in the zone between generator and incoming feeder circuit breaker in the grid switchgear Starting-up procedure Normal operation after connecting the generator to the grid Technological fault Electrical fault Electrical fault Starting-up procedure Normal operation after connecting the generator to the grid Technological fault Electrical fault OFF ON OFF OFF ON ------------NLS ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ELS ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF KLS OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON Figure 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.10
Electrical faults
Generator circuit breakers are very expensive and usually applied for unit capacities greater than 500 MW only. They must have a very high reliability. Example: Power plant Jnschwalde (one generator: SrG = 588 MVA, UrG = 20 kV) IrG = 17 kA Terms English Unit auxiliary transformer Visited network transformer Unit distribution Distribution for starting-up/shut-down Bus coupler circuit breaker Incoming feeder circuit breaker German Blockeigenbedarfstransformator (BET) Fremdnetztransformer (FNT) Blockverteilung (BV) Anfahr-/Abfahrverteilung (AV) Kuppelleistungsschalter (KLS) Einspeiseleistungsschalter (ELS)
Figure 2.3: Starting-up of a power plant unit with generator circuit breaker or generator switch
Figure 2.4: Normal operation of a power plant unit with generator circuit breaker or generator switch
Figure 2.5: Breaker position after a technological fault (power plant unit with generator circuit breaker of generator switch)
Figure 2.6: Breaker position after an electrical fault (power plant unit with generator circuit breaker)
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Figure 2.7: Breaker position after an electrical fault (power plant unit with generator switch)
Figure 2.8: Starting-up of a power plant unit (power plant unit without generator switch)
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Figure 2.9: Normal operation of a power plant unit (power plant unit without generator switch)
Figure 2.10: Breaker position after a technological or electrical fault (power plant unit without generator switch)
12
Power rating of the visited network transformer Power plant unit with generator circuit breaker/generator switch Visited network transformer has to supply only these drives and machines which are necessary for the shut-down of the generator unit after electrical faults Power rating of the visited network transformer according to the required power for the shut-down process Power plant unit without generator circuit breaker/generator switch Power rating of the visited network transformer according to the required power in the auxiliaries system for the starting-up/shut-down process of the generator
Changeover procedures between unit distribution and distribution for starting-up/shut-down Eng Ger Instantaneous changeover Sofortumschaltung after technological faults (supply of the unit distribution via the distribution for startingup/shut-down after connecting the generator to the grid (at the end of starting-up process) after electrical faults
Eng Ger
Slow changeover Langsamumschaltung
Note: The determination of the making time for slow changeover procedures has to consider different phase angles of the voltages at the unit distribution and at the distribution for starting-up/shut-down. The slow changeover has to be processed out in that time window where the phase angles of the voltages at the unit distribution and at the distribution for starting-up/shut-down are in such a range that unacceptable high currents at re-acceleration of the machines will not occur. Measures for a successful changeover: short-circuit power of the visited network must be sufficient to keep the voltage drop at motor re-acceleration after changeover inside the limit range switch-off of some machines before the changeover procedure to reduce the total power to be changed over simultaneously
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Faults in the transmission grid Primary protection For faults in the transmission grid the grid circuit breaker performs the system decoupling. This means a sudden off-loading to the generator. Regardless of the availability of the generator circuit breaker or generator switch the generator output will be adjusted to the load demand of the auxiliaries system. The generator is only feeding into the distributions of the auxiliaries system. We speak about a generator in isolated operation. If the generator is incapable for the isolated operation, the unit has to be shutted-down, feeding the necessary drives and machines for the shut-down process over the visited network. Note: The ability of a generator unit for the isolated operation depends on the technological process. In most cases the isolated operation is limited to a certain time period only. Back-up protection The circuit breakers in the outgoing feeders of the grid switchgear have to be included into the back-up protection, if the grid circuit breaker fails. If no generator circuit breaker is existing and in case of a primary protection failure (grid circuit breaker fails) the generator would be remaining connected to the grid, if no back-up protection is available. Unit distribution All the consumers in the auxiliaries system (machines/drives) will be supplied from the unit distribution. The rating of the unit distribution is mostly done for a rated operational voltage of Ue = 10 kV (rated voltage Ur = 12 kV). The majority of the consumers have a rated voltage lower than 1 kV. Therefore the two low-voltage levels 690 V and 400 V were introduced (former 6 kV and 380 kV). The auxiliary voltage is formed from the low-voltage busbars (chapter 6).
Figure 2.11: Basic circuit of the unit distribution
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3.
Reliability requirements to the power plant auxiliaries system
General task of the auxiliaries system: Provide electrical energy for starting-up normal operation shut-down
of the power plant. Besides these general tasks the auxiliaries system has to meet the following requirements: to guarantee the system function to ensure a high availability of the power plant to ensure the safety function to avoid accidents with negative consequences (In case of an arbitrary breakdown or any other disturbance the necessary equipment for a safe shut-down of the power plant must be always available. Important for nuclear power plants: permanent availability of the circular pump of the first circulation.)
Note: To guarantee the safety function it is necessary to install two independent protection systems for the electrical circuits. The process engineering of the power plant influences the design specifications of the auxiliaries systems, considering type capacity significance
of the power plant to ensure system and safety function. The result is the number of systems which have to be realised by the electrical engineering. The following design specifications will be applied: n-criterion (n+1)-criterion (n+2)-criterion
n is the minimum number of systems or subsystems which are required for a 100%-system function, e.g. 1 x 100% or 2 x 50%. The (n+1)-criterion contains a redundancy (additional system function). In case of any random failure or disturbance the 100%-system function is still available. This criterion is also called individual failure criterion. The n-criterion and the (n+1)-criterion is applied to conventional power plants.
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The (n+2)-criterion considers random failures and additional the non-availability (outage) of equipment due to repair. This criterion is applied for the design of safety systems in nuclear power plants. The determination of the number of systems is as follows: Let n equal to 1 x 100% n-criterion (n+1)-criterion (n+2)-criterion Let n equal to 2 x 50% n-criterion (n+1)-criterion (n+2)-criterion 1 system 2 systems 3 systems 2 systems 3 systems 4 systems
i.e. the following systems are existent: n-criterion (n+1)-criterion (n+2)-criterion 2 x 50% 3 x 50% 4 x 50%
Important for the reliability of the auxiliaries system is also the number of independent (electrical) routes to a consumer (equipment). In figure 3.1 it is to be seen that the machines at the unit distributions A and B can be supplied either from the unit auxiliary transformer of from the visited network transformer.
Figure 3.1: Two-way supply (double circuit) (ger.: Zweistrngigkeit)
Variants: n = 2 x 50% n = 2 x 100% n-criterion (n+1)-criterion
In conventional power plants both of the criteria will be applied in one and the same power plant.
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Note: The term two-way supply or double circuit respectively does not contain a definition of the availability or power output of the power plant during operation. If the equipment (consumers) is installed in the 2 x 50%-variant and one equipment fails, the power plant can only operate at reduced (half) power output.
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4.
Single-line diagrams
Examples
Figure 4.1: Conventional coal-fired power plant with one generator unit Rated generator apparent power: SrG = (500 900) MVA
The distributions for the coal feeding are located in a distance (approx. 1000 m) from the plant building. For the supply of the distributions for the coal feeding exist sub-distributions. These sub-distributions are connected to the unit distributions. In the following table the 10-kV-consumers in a real existing 800-MW-coal-fired power plant with two boilers are shown (connection to the unit distributions A D).
Consumer type Unit distribution A Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Main condensate pump Coal mill (for boiler 1) Feed-water pump Forced draught (for boiler 1) Intermediate cooling circuit pump Sub-distribution 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 3,15 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 5 / 2,5 / 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 / 0,73 kV) 3,15 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,0 MVA (10 / 0,42 kV) 2 / 1 / 1 MVA (freq. converter transf.) 2 x 2 / 1,25 / 1,25 MVA (freq. converter transf.) 13,5 MW 4,1 MW 0,67 MW number Capacity
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Unit distribution B Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Main condensate pump Coal mill (for boiler 2) Feed-water pump Forced draught (for boiler 2) Intermediate cooling circuit pump Boiler circulating pump Sub-distribution Unit distribution C Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Absorbing pump Induced draught Oxi-Blower Main cooling-water pump Sub-distribution Sub-distribution Unit distribution D Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Distribution transformer Absorbing pump Induced draught Oxi-Blower Main cooling-water pump Sub-distribution Sub-distribution 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,0 MVA (10 / 0,42 kV) 6,4 / 3,2 / 3,2 MVA (10 / 0,73 / 0,73 kV) 0,7 MW 9,5 MW 0,6 MW 3,5 MW 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,0 MVA (10 / 0,42 kV) 6,4 / 3,2 / 3,2 MVA (10 / 0,73 / 0,73 kV) 0,7 MW 9,5 MW 0,6 MW 3,5 MW 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3,15 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 5 / 2,5 / 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 / 0,73 kV) 3,15 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,5 MVA (10 / 0,73 kV) 2,0 MVA (10 / 0,42 kV) 2 / 1 / 1 MVA (freq. converter transf.) 2 x 2 / 1,25 / 1,25 MVA (freq. converter transf.) 13,5 MW 4,1 MW 0,67 MW 1,0 MW
For comparison: examples for the 10-kV-drives in a 500-MW-coal-fired power plant

number Feed-water pump Cooling-water pump Condensate pump Coal mill Induced draught Forced draught 1 1 2 6 1 2 PrM [MW] 6,0 3,5 0,6 0,8 3,2 2,0
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Figure 4.2: Conventional coal-fired power plant with two generator units (A and B)
Figure 4.3: Nuclear power plant approx. rated generator apparent power: SrG = 1300 MVA Security relevant consumers connected to the unit sub-distributions: after-cooler pumps, emergency feeder pumps
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Figure 4.4: Combined cycle power plant AU: automatic changeover facility U changeover facility
Figure 4.5: Biomass power plant U changeover facility
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5.
Low-voltage distributions
Principles for the low-voltage distributions: 1. 2. Each low-voltage distribution has its own transformer infeed. Two neighbouring lowvoltage distributions can be coupled. The maximum power demand (total of the power of all the consumers connected to one low-voltage distribution does not exceed the half of the transformer capacity of the infeeding transformer. Sr consumer 0,5 SrT 3. In case of a failure of the transformer infeed an automatic changeover (ger.: automatische Umschaltung AU) to the neighbouring distribution will be executed. The transformer of the remaining transformer infeed can supply the coupled distribution without any problems due to principle 2 (German term: Halbschienenbauweise). The two transformers are not connected to the same upstream unit distribution.
4.
These principles can be realised by means of two variants (fig. 5.1 and 5.2).
Figure 5.1: Supply of low-voltage distributions; variant 1: with coupling
Figure 5.2: Supply of low-voltage distributions; variant 2: without coupling
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A comparison of variant 1 and variant 2 is to be seen in the following table and in figure 5.3. Criteria for the comparison are Selective protection Costs for the circuit breakers Switching capacity of the circuit breakers
Variant 1 Max. power demand of the low-voltage distribution Failure of one transformer infeed Sr consumer / SrT 0,5 Incoming feeder circuit breaker: OFF Bus coupler circuit breaker: ON Incoming feeder circuit breaker: IUmax / IrT = 1 Bus coupler circuit breaker: IUmax / IrT = 0,5 3 2 Incoming feeder circuit breaker: IkN 4 1 Incoming feeder circuit breaker: IkN + IkM Variant 2 Sr consumer / SrT 0,5 Incoming feeder circuit breaker 1: OFF Incoming feeder circuit breaker 2: ON All circuit breakers: IUmax / IrT = 0,5
Max. continuous current IUmax of circuit breaker
Number of circuit breaker Number of grading steps (for selective protection) Interruption of short-circuit currents (fig. 5.3)
Figure 5.3: Interruption of short-circuit currents Switching status: one transformer supplies two low-voltage distributions
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Three-winding transformers will be applied instead of two-winding transformers to save costs (fig. 5.4). A reduction of reliability or availability is not to be expected because transformer failures are very rare. The reason for a changeover in the low-voltage level (coupling of two low-voltage distributions) is in most cases a power outage at the unit distribution.
Figure 5.4: Supply of low-voltage distributions with three-winding transformers
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6.
Auxiliary voltage supply
Auxiliary supply voltages are 220 V DC 400 V AC
They are needed for the voltage supply of the following functions: actuation protection control signalling interlocking
Figure 6.1 presents the circuit for the generation of the auxiliary voltages.
Figure 6.1: Auxiliary voltage supply
Figure 6.2: Battery room
The 220-V-DC busbar can be supplied either from the rectifier or from the battery. The battery is feeding the 220-V-DC busbar in case of rectifier failure or an outage of the 400 V AC supply of the upstream switchgear . The duration depends on the capacity of the battery. In the second stage an inverter generates from 220 V DC the output voltage of 400 V AC (busbar ). Due to the battery back-up the 400-V-AC busbar is called safe busbar or busbar of uninteruptable power supply (UPS).
25
The electronic transfer switch (German: Elektronische Umschalteinheit EUE) is a thyristor switch which connects busbar and directly. The thyristor switches on in case of overload of the inverter fault in the connection between battery and inverter outage of the inverter
In case of maintenance work at the inverter or at the electronic transfer switch the doublethrow switch will be switched manually into position 2 (connecting upstream 400-V-AC switchgear with the safe busbar). The basic scheme for the auxiliary voltage supply according to figure 6.1 is multiple existent in the power plant due to redundancy concept covering the load demand of the necessary consumers
Other auxiliary voltage levels, e.g. 24 V DC will be generated locally by means of DC/DCtransformers. Examples: 220 V DC Low-voltage switchgears: 400 V AC Actuation of ACBs (supply voltage of the trip coil) Supply of the protection relays ( in some cases 24 V DC are needed for some electronic protection relays) Process I&C Substation automation (M.V. and L.V.)
Tolerance band for the auxiliary voltages: (0,85 1,1) U
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7.
7.1
Parameter of the main electrical equipment

Generator
Parameters Table 7.1 presents guidance values for rated (active) generator power rated generator voltage rated generator current PrG UrG IrG
The table also contains the initial three-phase short-circuit current for terminal fault, roughly calculated from the subtransient generator reactance x . d
The generator resistance can be neglected in most cases. PrG [MW]

25 50 100 200 500 800 UrG [kV] 6,3 10,5 10,5 15,75 20 27 IrG [kA] 3 4 7 9 17 21
I k
[kA] 30 35 60 60 70 85
x d
[%] 10 11 12 15 24 26
Table 7.1: Guidance values for generator parameters
The rated power output of the generator must be possible at continuous operation at rated voltage rated frequency UrG 5% frG 2%
At f = 47,5 Hz an immediate shutdown of the generator will be executed.
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Equivalent circuit
Figure 7.1: Equivalent circuit and corresponding phasor diagram Xh X Up

E
direct-axis magnetizing reactance stator leakage reactance synchronous generated voltage (synchronous internal voltage) armature voltage terminal voltage phase angle angular displacement
(Hauptfeldreaktanz) (Stnderstreureaktanz) (Polradspannung) (Ankerspannung) (Klemmenspannung) (Phasenwinkel) (Polradwinkel)
Synchronous reactance:
Xd = Xh + X
(Ger.: synchrone Reaktanz, Ankerreaktanz) Generator resistance:

R << X d
Figure 7.2: Simplified equivalent circuit and corresponding phasor diagram
U p = U + j Xd I
I= j
1 (U U p ) Xd
1 * * * S = 3 U I = 3 U - j X U Up d
* U2 U Up j S = 3 j Xd Xd
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U p = U p = U p (cos j sin )
*
U Up U Up U2 cos sin + j S = 3 X Xd Xd d
Active power:
P =3
U Up Xd
sin
Reactive power: Dependencies:
U Up U2 Q = 3 cos X Xd d
P ~ Pturb ~ Uq ~ Iw ~ Q ~ If ~ Ul ~ Ib ~ Up
Pturb If
for U, Up = const. for U, = const.

(Turbinenleistung) (Erregerstrom)
turbine power output excitation current
The equation for active and reactive power is presented in figure 7.3:
Figure 7.3: Power angle characteristic of the synchronous generator
From figure 7.3 the following is to be seen: The stationary operation is characterized by the balance between turbine power output (mechanical power output) and electrical power output of the generator (operating point A). The maximum active power output (pull-out power; Ger.: Kippleistung) P = 3
is achieved for = 90. This angle is called pullout rotor angle. Reactive power output (infeed of inductive reactive power into the grid) is only possible for Up > U (overexcitation). The reactive power output is decreasing with increasing active power output (increase of ).
U Up Xd
29
The capability curve of the generator can be drawn by means of the equation for the apparent power.
Figure 7.4: Capability curve of a synchronous generator
From the capability curve the permissible operating area is to be seen (fig. 7.5).
Legend: overexcited underexcited section A section B section C section D section E section F infeed of inductive reactive power consumption of inductive reactive power power limitation due to maximum turbine power output power limitation due to temperature rise of the stator power limitation due to limiting temperature rise of the rotor reverse power protection minimum excitation power limit due to stability (maximum angular displacement )
Figure 7.5: Operating area of a synchronous generator
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Parameter for short-circuit calculation Subtransient reactance
X d = xd 10
UrG [kV] >1 >1 1
U rG SrG
SrG [MVA] 100 < 100 RG / X d 0,05 0,07 0,15
Resistances according to VDE 0102
Impedance
ZG = RG + jX d
Correction factors kG according to VDE 0102 must be considered.
ZGK = kG (RG + jX )d kG = c max Un U rG 1 + xd sin rG
Subtransient three-phase shortcircuit current (neglecting resistance) Subtransient electromotive force (e.m.f.) Peak short-circuit current
I k =
E X d
E =
1,1 U rG 3
i p = 2 I k = f (RG /X d )
peak factor
The peak short-circuit current is given by the manufacturer. Tolerances of 30% are permissible.
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Load unbalance
Negative sequence currents I2 occur in the generators at asymmetrical faults in the grid. The negative sequence currents cause contrarotating fields which stress the generator windings thermally. The highest negative sequence currents occur at phase-to-phase short circuits. The percentage negative sequence current is called load unbalance:
s=
I2 100 I rG
[%]
Permissible values: continuous load unbalance: s = 5%
5s 2 short-term load unbalance: s = 100 t

t: duration of the load unbalance [s]
[%]
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7.2
Transformer
7.2.1 Unit transformer
Types of construction
Figure 7.6: Types of construction for unit transformers
Properties: Variant 1 in comparison with variant 2 and 3 Variant 3 in comparison with variant 1 and 2 reduced costs reduced losses one three-phase reserve transformer needed maximum space required one single-phase reserve transformer needed high expenses for the interconnection of the single-phase windings
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Figure 7.7: Interconnection of three single phase transformer windings (vector group Yd5)
For the unit connection type always transformers with vector group Yd5 are applied. Vector group Yd5 Neutral point connection: depends on the desired phase-to-ground short-circuit current in the grid Variants: ZME = 0 ZME = XD Rated power output: power output of the transformer depends on the cooling Solid earthing Low-impedance earthed neutral
rated power output for continuous operation is given for the designed (rated)
cooling overload capability is a function of the time and additional cooling transformer temperature is monitored continuously
Further important criteria: changing of the transformation ratio by on-load tap changer (reactive power consumption or infeed in dependency of the grid voltage) transport acoustic power level insulation level
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7.2.2 Unit auxiliary transformer
Determination of percentage impedance Three-winding transformers will be often applied for unit auxiliary transformers (figure 7.5).
Figure 7.8: Three-winding transformer
The determination of the percentage impedances uk has to consider the following: short-circuit currents at busbar 1 and 2 should not exceed defined values low mutual influence of the busbars 1 and 2
starting operations of machines connected at busbar 1 should cause only small

voltage drops at busbar 2 The equivalent circuit for three-winding transformers is shown in figure 7.6.
Figure 7.9: Equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer (Z0, Z1, Z2 are not symmetrical impedances)
For
uk 0 1 = uk 0 2 uk 1 2 = 2 uk 0 1
we get
Z0 = 0
For this case the sides US 1 and US 2 are independent from each other.
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Voltage control Unit auxiliary transformers will be often stressed by high motor starting currents. This is one of the reasons why unit auxiliary transformers are not equipped with a tap changer. The voltage at US 1 and US 2 can be only controlled by the generator voltage control. The following requirement has to be met:
UGmax Um
Um
maximum permissible voltage at sides US 1 and US 2
Further properties Vector group: Yy0 Dy0 Neutral point treatment: Low-impedance earthed neutral Isolated neutral
7.2.3 Distribution transformer
or
or
In case of application of three-winding transformers the above mentioned statements are valid too. Properties Three-winding transformer Vector group: Neutral point treatment: Maximum transformer power: Dy5y5 Solid earthing ZME = 0 2 MVA (0,4 kV) 3,15 MVA (0,69 kV) (due to limited arcing fault withstand capability of the lowvoltage switchgears) Two-winding transformer Dy5
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7.2.4 Guidance values for transformer parameter

Type Transformation ratio UrG / (Un 12%) 1) UrG / 10,5 2) 10,5 / 0,40 2x2,5% 3) 10,5 / 0,69 2x2,5%
3)
SrT [MVA] 600 1000 20 45 12 2 3,2
uk [%] 12 16 8 12 6 67
uR [%] 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,8 0,4 0,7
Unit transformer Unit auxiliary transformer Distribution transformer
Table 7.2: Guidance values for transformer parameters 1) on-load tap changer 2) change of the transformation ratio by generator voltage control 3) off-circuit tapping Un nominal voltage of the transmission grid
Permissible tolerances for the percentage impedances Impedances Two-winding transformer
principal tapping: 10% other tapping:

14%
ZT = RT + jXT
RT = uR 10 2
ZT = uk 10
2
U rT SrT
2
U rT SrT
2
XT = ZT RT
According to VDE 0102 correction factors have to be considered:
ZTK = kT (RT + jXT )

kT for maximum short-circuit currents:
kT = 0,95 c max X S 1 + 0,6 T 2 rT U rT
Three-winding transformer
For short-circuit calculation each side can be considered separately. According to figure 7.6 we get:
ZT = Z0 + Z1 ZT = Z0 + Z2
or
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7.3
Motor
For the drive of pumps, fans, mills etc. asynchronous motors are applied.
Un [kV] 10 0,69 0,40 PrM [kW] > 500 < 500 < (200 250)
Table 7.2: Guidance values for motor power
Requirements 1. Secure start-up at UN = 0,75 UrM and fN = 0,95 fr 2. No interruption of operation at short-term voltage deviations of UN = 0,70 UrM (no stall/pulling out) 3. Re-connection at UM = 0,4 UrM and phase opposition between motor voltage and grid voltage 4. Secure continuous operation at voltage deviations to UN = 0,85 UrM Parameters Rated motor current
I rM = PrM 3 U rM cos rM rM
Quasi-steady starting current
I AM = a I rM
a starting current ratio (given by the manufacturer) permissible tolerance: +20% guidance values: M.V.-motors: a = 4 5 L.V.-motors: a = 2,5 7,5 a = 2,5 for PrM < 1 kW Subtransient starting current (peak values of the starting current)
i AM = 2 M I AM M
peak factor (dependent on RM / XM) in most cases manufacturer information are not available
M max = 1,8
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Start-up
L.V.-motors: M.V.-motors:
direct start-up direct start-up application of frequency converters to reduce the motor starting currents (fig. 7.7)
the starting currents will be reduced

to 2 IrM
Figure 7.10: Connection of motors using frequency converters
Impedances
1 U ZM = rM a SrM
SrM =
cos rM rM
PrM
This impedance is the initial motor impedance (after switch-on, after fault begin)
XM = ZM R 1+ M X M
2
According to VDE 0102 the following values in table 7.3 can be applied.
UrM [kV] >1 >1 <1 PrM / p [MW] >1 <1 all RM / XM 0,10 0,15 0,42 XM [] 0,995 0,989 0,922
Table 7.3: Guidance values for motor resistances and reactances p number of pole pairs
39
Short-circuit current
I kM
U rM 3 ZM
a I rM
i pM = 2 M I kM
The impedances of the cable connections can be neglected. The motor short-circuit currents decay very fast. Hence the breaking current thermal equivalent short-circuit current
are very small compared to the short-circuit currents feeded from the grid.
7.4 Switchgears
Rated switchgear parameters Rated short-time withstand current Rated peak short-circuit current Icw(1s) Ipk
The switchgear parameters have to meet the following requirements: Withstand capability Icw(1s) Ipk > > > Stress parameter Ith(1s) ip
Safety factors will be applied to consider possible future changes (increases) in motor power. The arcing fault stress to the switchgear is not a formal selection criterion. The arcing fault withstand capability of a switchgear has to be proofed in a test field. The test parameters prospective I (three-phase, dead short circuit) k fault duration tag
are set by the user of the switchgear. The determination of these test parameters has to consider the real maximum short-circuit current and the total fault duration according to the protection concept.
40
The rated parameters for switchgears are given in table 7.4 and 7.5.
Un [kV] 10 10 10 10 Icw(1s) [kA] 25 31,5 40 50 Ipk [kA] 63 80 100 125 Un [kV] <1 <1 <1 Icw(1s) [kA] 50 80 100 Ipk [kA] 110 176 220
Table 7.4: Rated parameters of M.V.-switchgears Ipk = 2,5 Icw(1s)
Table 7.5: Rated parameters of L.V.-switchgears Ipk = 2,2 Icw(1s)
Rated M.V.-circuit breaker parameters Rated short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-circuit making capacity Rated short-time withstand current Circuit breakers with Iar = Icw(1s) Icm = Ipk are applied in M.V.-switchgears. Rated L.V.-circuit breaker parameters Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-circuit making capacity Rated short-time withstand current Ics Icm Icw(1s) Iar Icm Icw(1s)
The circuit breaker parameters have to meet the following requirements: Ics > I k Icm > ip Icw(1s) > Ith(1s)
41
8.
8.1
Selective protection in the auxiliaries system

Types of protection
The protection relays mentioned in the following are definite-time overcurrent-time relays (Ger.: UMZ-Schutz; Unabhngiger Maximalstrom-Zeitschutz).
8.1.1 Primary protection
(German: Hauptschutz)
The assigned circuit breaker (closest to the fault) will trip.
Figure 8.1: Principle of the primary protection I> threshold current t(I>) time delay
8.1.2 Back-up protection
(German: Reserveschutz)
In case of malfunction of the protective equipment in the outgoing feeder failure of the assigned circuit breaker (c.b. A)
the upstream circuit breaker (c.b. E) will trip.
Figure 8.2: Principle of the back-up protection
42
8.1.3 Breaker failure protection
(German: Schalterversagerschutz)
If the circuit breaker in the outgoing feeder (c.b. A) will not trip according to t(I>), then after t(I>) + t a trip command will be send from the same protective equipment to the upstream circuit breaker c.b. E.
Figure 8.3: Principle of the breaker failure protection
8.1.4 Second protective system
For the increase of the reliability of the feeder protection an additional protective system will be installed. The second protective system sends a parallel tripping command to the outgoing feeder circuit breaker (c.b. A). The second protective system is independent of the primary protection. Each protective system has its own current transformers and its own auxiliary voltage supply.
Figure 8.4: Principle of the protection with a second protective system inclusive breaker failure protection function
43
8.2
Definitions
tag
total break time or total fault duration time from the beginning until the end of the fault
(Gesamtausschaltzeit oder Kurzschlussdauer)
tag = tan + tv + tSE + tLi = ts + tSA tan tv tSE tLi ts response time of the protective device (adjustable) delay time mechanical delay of the circuit breaker (time to contact separation) arcing time operating time of the protection relay (Ansprechzeit) (Verzgerungszeit) (Eigenzeit des Leistungsschalters) (Lichtbogenzeit) (Kommandozeit)
ts = tan + tv tSA operating time of the circuit breaker (Schalterausschaltzeit)
tSA = tSE + tLi The grading time (selective time interval) t is the time difference between the operating times of two neighbouring protective devices (fig. 8.5)
Figure 8.5: Description of grading time tv1 tv2 tR tolerance of delay time tv1 tolerance of delay time tv2 release time (Rckfallzeit)
From figure 8.5 it is to be seen, that
t = t v1 + t v 2 + t R + t SA
Selectivity exists, if
tv2 tv1 + t
44
8.3
Types of selective protection
8.3.1 Time grading selectivity
Time grading of the delay times of the tripping devices in series tv4 > tv3 > tv2 > tv1 tv2 tv1 + t tv3 tv2 + t tv4 tv3 + t
Figure 8.6: Principle of time grading If selectivity between c.b. 2 and c.b.3 is not required, then tv2 = tv3
Back-up protection can be ensured, dependent on the threshold currents. Property: total fault duration is increasing in upstream direction to the infeed.
45
8.3.2 Zone selectivity
(German: Gesteuerte Selektivitt
GS)
Zone selectivity is a method to reduce the trip times of the protection relay closest to the fault in relation to the times foreseen by time grading selectivity. The word zone is used to refer to the part of the installation between two circuit breakers in series (fig. 8.7). The protection relays in series are connected by communication lines.
Function principle: Each protection relay that detects a fault, communicates this to the upstream protection relay using the zone selectivity communication line. This cause in the upstream protection relay a switchover of the time delay from tvGS (fixed value; time depending on the relay type;
tvGS 40 ms) to tv (adjustable). The protection relay closest to the fault does not receive a zone selectivity signal. The corresponding circuit breaker trips after tvGS. Therefore the fault zone is the zone immediately to the load side of the protection relay that detects the fault, but does not receive a signal from a downstream protection relay. The back-up protection is ensured similarly to the time grading selectivity. To ensure selectivity between primary protection and back-up protection within the back-up protection the delay times have to meet the following requirements: tv1 = tvGS tv2 tv1 + t tv3 tv2 + t
Figure 8.7: Principle of zone selectivity tvGS time delay of the zone selectivity
46
Properties of zone selectivity
the total fault duration (total break time) is the same in each zone the total fault duration is considerably lower compared to the total fault duration of the time grading selectivity
The zone selectivity function is an integrated part of the protection relays.

8.3.3 Requirements to the total fault duration
The thermal stresses and the arcing fault stresses define the requirements to the total fault duration. The times (total fault durations), for which the thermal withstand capability and the arcing fault withstand capability of an arbitrary electrical equipment has been verified, must not be exceeded by the protection system. The verification of arcing fault withstand capability of switchgears is carried out in a test lab with the following test durations tp: M.V.-switchgears: L.V.-switchgears: tp = 1 s tp = 0,3 s
These requirements to the total fault duration (tag tp) can be met usually with the following times: grading times U > 1 kV U < 1 kV (fix) delay time of zone selectivity operating times of circuit breaker U < 1 kV M.V.-c.b. L.V.-c.b.
t = (200 250) ms t = (70 100) ms
tvGS = (50 60) ms tSA = (60 70) ms tSA = (30 40) ms
It is to be seen, that due to tag - requirements the number of protection relays in a selectivity chain is limited. The application of zone selectivity yields to the following total fault durations: primary protection back-up protection tag 100 ms tag 300 ms (for each fault location) (at incoming feeder circuit breaker)
47
8.4
Zero current protection
Low resistance neutral point earthing usually is applied in the M.V.-level of the auxiliaries system. The goal of the neutral point earthing is the limitation of the earth fault current to
I k1 100 A .
The value of the star point resistance has to meet the requirement of Ik1. The earth fault current (= 3 x zero current) is measured by means of single-pole current transformers (star-point current transformers Ger.: Sternpunktwandler) and cable-type current transformers (Ger.: Kabelumbauwandler) in the outgoing feeders.
Figure 8.8: Principle of zero current protection
In the outgoing feeders usually exist two settings for the zero current protection: threshold current I0>> threshold current I0> for earth fault currents in the grid corresponding delay time: t(I0>>) < 50 ms for inner faults in electrical equipment (motors) corresponding delay time: t(I0>) some seconds The time grading for the zero current protection is done as for the time grading selectivity.
48
8.5
Selective protection of distribution transformers
8.5.1 Fundamental statements about operating currents and short-circuit currents
Principles
To find the settings for the protection relays, the maximum operating currents minimum short-circuit currents
are required. The maximum operating currents usually occur at changeover procedures. Starting currents (motors) and inrush currents (transformers) belong to the maximum operating currents too.
Figure 8.9: Explanation of maximum operating currents (changeover currents)
Figure 8.10: Explanation of minimum short-circuit currents IkLB minimum arcing fault current (Ger.: Lichtbogenkurzschlusstrom) Ik1 minimum single-pole short-circuit current
Note: Due to vector group Dy5 the single-pole short-circuit will be transformed by 1 ( 3 ) to the H.V.-side (see lecture note EDS 1).
49
Busbar impedances usually can be neglected for the calculation of minimum short-circuit currents, if the busbar length doesnt exceed 5 m. The minimum arcing fault currents will be calculated by means of the minimum three-phase short-circuit currents:
I kLB = k B I k3 min
The minimum short-circuit current for a fault at the H.V.-side of the transformer is the minimum phase-to-phase short circuit.
Figure 8.11: Explanation of maximum short-circuit currents IkM motor short-circuit currents (Ger.: Motorkurzschlussstrom) IkN short-circuit currents feeded from the transformer (Ger.: Netzkurzschlussstrom)
50
8.5.2 Protection of three-winding transformers
For the selective protection of three-winding transformers a differential protection relay is applied in addition to definite-time overcurrent protection relays.
Figure 8.12: Principle of the selective protection of three-winding transformers (without zero current protection) I differential protection relay UMZ definite-time overcurrent protection
Note: UMZ 4 and UMZ 5 protection relays as well as the corresponding current transformers are an integrated part of the L.V.-circuit breaker The detection of the short-circuit currents at different fault locations is shown in table 8.1.
Fault location K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 Primary protection UMZ 4 UMZ 5 I I I Back-up protection UMZ 2 UMZ 3 UMZ 1 UMZ 1 UMZ 1
Table 8.1: Effect of the protection relays in fig. 8.12
51
Requirements to the current threshold values of the protection relays

UMZ 1
Protection function: I>

sn I rT
H.V.
Back-up protection for faults at L.V.-side
(I > )
1 H.V. Ik s
IrT Ik
H.V. H.V.
rated current of the transformer (referred to the H.V.-side) minimum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side, referred to H.V.-side safety factor for non-starting the relay safety factor for starting the relay
sn s
A possible starting of the protection relay at changeover currents (maximum operating currents) has to be considered at the selection of the delay time t(I>).
t(I>) > t (Ichangeover)
Protection function: I>>

sn IU
H.V.
(t(I>>) 0)
(I >> )
IU
H.V.
changeover current for a changeover at L.V.-side (referred to H.V.-side) The simultaneous changeover of the two L.V-sides must be considered (see figure 8.9)
sn I k max (I >> )
H.V.
to ensure selectivity between UMZ2/4 or UMZ3/5 and UMZ 1
Ik
H.V. max
maximum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side (referred to H.V.-side)

1 . I kmin s
(I >> ) <
Ik min minimum short-circuit current for a fault at H.V.-side (fault location K5)
UMZ 2

sn IU
L.V. 1
(I > )
1 L.V.1 IkLB s
IU
L.V. 1 L.V. 1
changeover current at L.V.-side 1
IkLB arcing fault current for fault at L.V.-side 1

Protection function: I>> I>> - function is used for breaker failure protection. The I>> - threshold is the same as for I> - function, but the time delay is greater.
t(I>>) > t(I>)

52
UMZ 3
sn IU
L.V. 2
(I > )
1 L.V. 2 I kLB s
Protection function: I>> I>>-function is used for breaker failure protection. The I>> threshold is the same as for I>-function, but the time delay is greater
t(I>>) > t(I>)

8.5.3 Protection of two-winding transformers
In comparison with three-winding transformer only two definite-time overcurrent relays (UMZ) will be needed at H.V.-side (fig. 8.13). The definite-time overcurrent relays are responsible for the primary protection as well as for the back-up protection (table 8.2).
Figure 8.13: Principle of the selective protection of two-winding transformers (without zero current protection) Fault location K1 K2 K3 Primary protection UMZ 3 UMZ 1 UMZ 1 Back-up protection UMZ 1/2 UMZ 2 UMZ 2
Table 8.2: Effect of the protection relays in fig. 8.13
53
Requirements to the current threshold values of the protection relays

UMZ 1
Protection function: I> Back-up protection (for faults at L.V.-side)
sn IU
H.V.
(I > )
1 H.V. Ik s
IU Ik
H.V.
changeover current (referred to the H.V.-side) minimum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side (fault location K1 and K2), referred to H.V.-side
H.V.
t(I > ) 0,30 s

Protection function: I>> Primary protection
sn I kmax (I >> ) Ik
H.V. max
H.V.
1 I kmin s
maximum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side (referred to H.V.-side) minimum short-circuit current for a fault at H.V.-side (fault location K3)
Ik min
t(I >> ) 0,03 s Breaker failure protection: +t 0,30 s

UMZ 2
UMZ 2 is a second protective system and gets the same settings as UMZ 1. The breaker failure protection is being omitted at UMZ 2.
54
Exercises 1. Infeed of active and reactive power in the transmission grid

Given is the following single-line diagram:
The generator generates (according to its capability curve) PG = 920 MW QG = 400MVar

Find: PN QN UN Solution:
The calculation is referred to one phase of the three-phase system (Index 1p): PG 1p =
QG 1p =
920 MW = 306,67 MW 3
400 MVar = 133,33 MVar 3
SG 1p = UG Y
(306,67 MW )2 + (133,33 MVar )2

3 = 15,59 kV
= 334,4 MVA
27 kV
(Index Y: phase-to-ground voltage)
cos =
PG 1p SG 1p
306,67 MW = 0,917 334,4 MVar
sin =
QG 1p SG 1p =
133,33 MW = 0,399 334,4 MVar
IG =
SG 1p UG Y
334,4 MVA = 21,45 kA 15,59 kV
IG w = IG cos = 21,45 kA 0,917 = 19,67 kA IG b = IG sin = 21,45 kA 0,399 = 8,56 kA
55
RT = uRr 10
U rT SrT U rT SrT
2
= 0,17 10 2
(27 kV )2
1000 MVA
= 0,0012
ZT = ukr 10
2
= 19,6 10 2
(27 kV )2
1000 MVA
= 0,142
XT = ZT RT =
(0,142 )2 (0,0012 )2
= 0,142 = ZT
U T = Z T I G
(Ul + j Uq ) = (RT + j XT ) (IG w j IG b )

U l = RT IG w + XT IG b Uq = XT IG w RT IG b
(inductive generator current; see phasor diagram)
U l = 0,0012 19,67 kA + 0,142 8,56 kA = 1,243 kV

U q = 0,142 19,67 kA 0,0012 8,56 kA = 2,783 kV
NY
= U G Y U T + j UNb Y ) = UGw Y (U l + j Uq )
(UNw Y
UGb Y = 0 (see phasor diagram above)
U Nw Y = UGw Y U l = UG Y U l
U Nb Y = U q U Nw Y = 15,59 kV - 1,243 kV = 14,35 kV UNb Y = 2,78 kV
56
S N 1p = U N Y I N S N 1p = U
NY
1 * * IG = U N Y IG
IG = (IG w j IG b )
(inductive generator current)
(PN 1p + j QN 1p ) = (UNw Y + j UNb Y ) (IG w + j IG b ) PN 1p = UNw Y IGw U Nb Y IGb QN 1p = U Nb Y IGw + U Nw Y IGb PN 1p = 14,35 kV 19,67 kA ( 2,78 kV 8,56 kA ) = 306,06 MW QN 1p = 2,78 kV 19,67 kA + 14,35 kV 8,56 kA = 68,16 MVar PN = 3 PN 1p = 918,2 MW QN = 3 QN 1p = 204,5 MVar U N Y = (UNw Y + j UNb Y ) = 400 (14,35 kV + j ( 2,78 kV )) = 216,5 kV 27
U N = 3 U N Y = 375 kV
Result:
a reactive power of QN = 204,5 MVar is available for the infeed in the grid the voltage at the secondary side (gride side) of the unit transformer is UN = 375 kV
this operating state doesnt meet the requirement of the voltage tolerance band
(minimum level: 380 kV)
the transformation ratio of the unit transformer has to be adjusted (increased)

Selection of =
UN Y =
420 27
420 (14,35 kV + j ( 2,78 kV )) = 227,5 kV 27
U N = 3 U N Y = 394 kV
Conclusion:
the necessity of (on-load) tap changing for unit transformers is clearly to be seen the control band of the tap changing depends on the reactive power infeed
57
Power balance:
Reactive power demand of the unit transformer QT 1p = QG 1p QN 1p QT 1p = 133,33 MVar 68,16 MVar = 65,17 MVar
Check: QT 1p = XT IG = 0,142 (21,45 kA ) = 65,33 MVar
2 2
Unit transformer losses PT 1p = PG 1p PN 1p PT 1p = 306,67 MW 306,06 MW = 0,61 MW

Check: PT 1p = RT IG = 0,0012 (21,45 kA ) = 0,55 MW
2 2
(slight difference due to manual calculation)
58
2. Voltage drop at motor start-up

Given is the following single-line diagram:
The 13,5-MW-motor at unit distribution B is starting.

Find:
Voltage at unit distribution B during the motor start-up (rough calculation). For the rough calculation the complete single-line diagram can be simplified.
Assumptions: short-circuit power at the primary side (27 kV) of the unit auxiliary transformer is infinite base load of the equivalent motors (EM) will be neglected
hence the three-winding transformer can be transformed in a

two-winding transformer cable impedances will be neglected (ZK << ZT; ZK << ZM)
59
Simplified equivalent circuit:
ZT = 11 10 2
(10,5 kV )2
45 MVA
= 0,27
RT = 0,4 10 2
(10,5 kV )2
45 MVA
= 0,01
XT ZT 1 U ZM = rM a SrM
2
2
SrM =
cos rM rM
PrM
ZM =
1 (10 kV ) 0,88 0,97 = 1,58 4 13,5 MW
RM = ZM cos AN = 1,58 0,15 = 0,24 X M = ZM sin AN = 1,58 0,99 = 1,56 the resistances can be neglected and the equivalent circuit can be simplified
Derivation of formula for UB
ITM =
UQ XT + X M
U B = UQ ITM XT
60
UB I XT = 1 TM UQ UQ UB ITM XT XT =1 =1 UQ ITM XT + ITM X M XT + X M
U B =
U B =
U B =
UQ U B U =1 B UQ UQ XT XT + X M
XT 100 XT + X M
[%]
Calculation:
ITM = 10,5 kV = 3,31 kA 3 (0,27 + 1,56 )
UB =
10,5 kV 3
(3,31 kA 0,27 ) = 5,17 kV
U B = 5,17 kV 3 = 8,95 kV
U B = 1
8,95 kV = 14,8 % 10,5 kV

XT 0,27 100% = 100% = 14,8 % XT + X M 0,27 + 1,56
Test: U B =
61
3. Selective protection of a two-winding transformer

Given is the following single-line diagram. The single-line diagram includes the transformer parameter and the minimum short circuit currents.
Find
Maximum short-circuit current at L.V.-distribution Assumption: impedance of the grid and cable impedances can be neglected; transformer resistance can be neglected) Maximum operation current (changeover current) Settings for the UMZ 1 and UMZ 2 protection relays (according to chapter 8.5.3) Assumption: Safety factor s for starting the relay Safety factor sn for non-starting the relay s 1,3 (Ger.: Ansprechsicherheitsfaktor) sn 1,3 (Ger.: Nichtansprechsicherheitsf.)
62
Solution Maximum short-circuit current 3-phase short-circuit current
ZTk
U = kT uk rT SrT c max 1,05 = 0,95 = 0,963 1 + 0,6 xT 1 + 0,6 0,06
kT = 0,95
ZTk = 0,963 0,06 I kNmax = c max U n 3 ZTk
(0,72 kV )2
2,5 MVA
= 11,98 m
1,05 0,69 kV = 34,9 kA 3 11,98 m
Changeover current
The changeover current consists of two parts: steady-state operation current of L.V.-distribution A starting current of the motors connected to L.V.-distribution B after the changeover procedure
IU = 0,5 I rT + 0,5 a IrT IU = 3 IrT IU = 3 SrT 2,5 MVA =3 = 3 2004 A = 6,0 kA 3 U rT 3 0,72 kV
Settings for the protection relays UMZ 1 Protection function: I>
(Back-up protection for faults at L.V.-side)
sn IU
H.V.
(I > )
1 H.V. Ik s
IU Ik
H.V.
changeover current (referred to the H.V.-side) minimum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side (referred to H.V.-side)
15,1 kA 6,0 kA (I > )) 1,3 13,9 13,9
H.V.
1,3
0,56 kA (I > )) 0,84 kA

The determination of the setting values tends to the lower value. This increases the chance to detect inner faults of the electrical equipment with fault currents lower than the minimum short circuit current.
63
Determination of I>: I> = 0,6 kA Current transformer: 200/1

Protection function: I>>
sn I kmax (I >> )
H.V.
setting value: 3 ICT
(Primary protection for faults at H.V.-side)
1 I kmin s
Ik
H.V. max
maximum short-circuit current for a fault at L.V.-side (referred to H.V.-side) minimum short-circuit current for a fault at H.V.-side
Ik min
1,3
13,5 kA 34,9 kA (I >> )) 1,3 13,9
3,3 kA (I >> )) 10,4 kA

Determination of I>>: I>> = 4,5 kA Current transformer: 200/1
setting value: 22,5 ICT
Determination of the delay times: Conditions: total fault duration must be lower than the test duration at arcing fault tests
usually this yields to t(I>) 240 ms (tSA 60 ms for M.V.-circuit breaker)
time grading between I> and I>> - function
(t + t(I >> )) t(I > ) t p tSA Empirical values:
t(I>>) 30 ms
t 200 ms
begin of the time grading grading time
selection of t(I>) = 300 ms +t 300 ms
time delay of breaker failure protection
UMZ 2 is the second protective device (redundancy) and will get the same settings as UMZ 1.
64
Time grading schedule
65

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Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus

Department of Decentralised Power Generation and Electrical Engineering in Power Plants