English Nouns

Curriculum Specifications for English 1 Grammar Form 1
Term 1: Nouns Articles Adjectives Term 2: Pronouns Forms of the Verb Adverbs Term 3: Prepositions Sentence Connectors Sentences Punctuation Term 4: Clauses Suffixes Prefixes Homonyms Figurative language
1) Nouns a) Nouns are also known as naming words. They are actually the names of people, places, animals and things. b) The pictures below show a river, a frog, some boys and some cars. They are names of places, animals, people and things.
1. Concrete nouns: a. Common nouns: They are simply words that name people, places, things, or ideas. But they are not actual names of people, place or things. i. People: mother, father, baby, child, toddler, teenager, grandmother, student, teacher, minister, businessperson, salesclerk, woman, man ii. Animals: lion, tiger, bear, dog, cat, alligator, cricket, bird, wolf iii. Things: table, truck, book, pencil, computer, coat, boots, iv. Places: city, state, country, continent, coffee shop, restaurant, park, zoo v. Ideas: envy, love, hate, respect, patriotism, pride
b. Proper nouns: A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. It is useful to note that proper nouns always begin with capital letters

Common noun man, boy woman, girl country, town company shop, restaurant month, day of the week book, film Proper noun Alvin Christine Malaysia, Johor Proton, Sony Jusco, McDonalds January, Sunday Terminator, Titanic
2. Countable and Uncountable nouns: a. Countable nouns : Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted b. Uncountable nouns: Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted i. Group A: Can we count the nouns in group A?
Answer: Yes, we can. They are called countable nouns (e.g. bottles, books, and people) ii. Group B: Can we count the nouns in group B? (e.g. sand, sea and sugar)
Answer: No, we cant. They are called uncountable nouns.
3. Abstract Nouns: a. An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot sense; it is the name we give to an emotion, ideal or idea. b. They have no physical existence, you can't see, hear, touch, smell or taste them. The opposite of an abstract noun is a concrete noun.

4. Singular and Plural nouns a. Singular noun: A noun that stands for 1 (one) person, animal, thing or place is known as a singular noun. Examples: boy, girl, book, church, box b. Plural noun: A noun that stands for more than 1 person, animal, thing or place is known as a plural noun. Examples: boys, girls, books, churches i. Rule # 1 - The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular noun. Examples: son, sons; goat, goats; picture, pictures; table, tables
ii. Rule # 2 - Nouns ending in s, z, x, sh, and ch form the plural by adding - es. Examples: glass, glasses; watch, watches, box, boxes; brush, brushes.
iii. Rule # 3 - Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing - y to - ies. Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armies; baby, babies.
iv. Rule # 4 - Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding - s. Examples: boy, boys; day, days
v. Rule # 5 - Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding - es. Examples: hero; heroes; buffalo, buffaloes, potato, potatoes; mango, mangoes.
vi. Rule # 6 - Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by changing f or fe to - ves. Examples: leaf, leaves; wife, wives; knife, knives
vii. Irregular plurals (by changing the inside vowels) Examples: man, men; goose, geese; foot, feet; mouse, mice; tooth, teeth.

5. Collective nouns a. Collective nouns are those nouns that denote a group of people, animals, objects, concepts or ideas as a single entity These collective nouns are commonly used under the category of people. A class of students. An army of soldiers. A choir of singers. A crew of sailors. A band of musicians. A bunch of crooks. A crowd of people/spectators. A gang of thieves. A group of dancers. A team of players. A troupe of artists/dancers. A pack of thieves. A staff of employees. A regiment of soldiers. A tribe of natives. An audience of listeners. A panel of experts. A gang of laborers. A flock of tourists. A board of directors. Collective nouns are used for animals. A catch of fish. An army of ants. A flight of birds. A flock of birds. A haul of fish. A flock of sheep. A herd of deer/cattle/elephants/goats/buffaloes. A hive of bees. A litter of cubs. A host of sparrows. A team of horses. A troop of lions. A zoo of wild animals. A pack of wolves. A litter of puppies/kittens. A swarm of bees/ants/rats/flies. A team of horses/ducks/oxen. A murder of crows. A kennel of dogs. A pack of hounds.

The following collective nouns are used for things. A group of islands. A galaxy of stars. A wad of notes. A forest of trees. A stack of wood. A fleet of ships. A string of pearls. An album of stamps/autographs/photographs. A hedge of bushes. A library of books. A basket of fruit. A bowl of rice. A pack of cards. A pair of shoes. A bouquet of flowers. A bunch of keys. A chest of drawers. A pack of lies. A range of mountains. A cloud of dust. 6. Gender a. There are altogether 4 types of gender i. Masculine gender - A noun which represents the male sex (e.g. boy, man, brother, father) belongs to the masculine gender ii. Feminine gender A noun which represents the female sex (e.g. girl, woman, sister, mother) belongs to the feminine gender iii. Common gender Nouns which represent either the male or female sex belong to the common gender (e.g. baby, student, teacher) iv. Neuter gender Nouns which have neither sex nor life, they belong to the neuter gender (e.g. house, table, chair) Masculine Boy Brother Bull Father Fox Governor Hero Husband Nephew Actor Duke Boy-Scout Feminine Girl Sister Cow Mother Vixen Matron Heroin Wife Niece Actress Duchess Girl-Guide

Exercise 1 Nouns Underline the nouns in these sentences Example: The clumsy boy fell down the stairs
1. Is there any water in the pail? 2. She received a gift from her aunt. 3. Bears like honey very much. 4. When did you receive the letter Ali sent you? 5. The florist sells roses, tulip, sunflowers and carnations in her shop. 6. The women are cooking in the kitchen. 7. I went to the zoo with my mother. 8. Susan has five cats and a dog. 9. This book consists of a hundred pages. 10. The little boy found some money on the road. 11. Cows are very useful animals 12. I used to live in a small house in Jurong.
Exercise 2 - Nouns Fill in the blanks with the currency words in the box medicine orange juice doctor florist dress whale beach cats grass playground dog castle
1. I am sick. I need to see a ____________________. 2. The ___________ is the largest mammal on Earth. 3. The ___________ is someone who sells flowers. 4. The children are playing on the swing in the ________________. 5. Maria wore a beautiful ____________ to work.
Curriculum Specifications for English 7 Grammar Form 1 6. I like to drink ________________. 7. The king lives in a ________________. 8. Tom loves building sandcastles at the ___________________. 9. __________________ like to eat fish. 10. I need to take my __________________ because I am ill. 11. ____________ is green. 12. Jane brought her ________________ out for a walk.
Exercise 3 Countable and Uncountable nouns Put a tick for a countable noun and a cross for an uncountable noun.
1. Coins 2. Sugar 3. Pebbles 4. Boys 5. Medicine 6. Seeds
( ( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) ) )
7. Flour 8. Air 9. Tea 10.Elephants 11. Chalk 12. Dust
( ( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) ) )
Exercise 4 Countable and Uncountable nouns Example: ___ coin is made of metal. A coin is made of metal
1. Marilyn is drinking ___ cup of coffee. 2. I ate ____ apple and _______ banana just now. 3. _________ painter is one who paints. 4. Jennys duck lays _________ egg every morning. 5. She has eaten ___________ slice of strawberry cake. 6. He wrote her phone number on _________ piece of paper. 7. My grandfather used to work on __________ farm. 8. ______ book is made of paper

Exercise 5 Countable and Uncountable nouns Underline the correct word in the brackets Example: There are (much, many) eggs in the basket
1. There isnt (much, many) flour left. 2. I took (a few, a little) dollars from my mother. 3. Linda found (a few, a little) ants in the can. 4. Put (a few, a little) sugar. 5. (Much, Many) people came to my party. 6. There is (a large amount, large number) of apples. 7. We can only live (a little, a few) days without water. 8. There are (a lot of, a great deal of) oranges left. 9. I have (plenty of, a large number of) water in my bottle. 10. He went to the zoo with (plenty of, a lot of) friends. 11. There are too (few, little) plates for the guest. 12. What a (large amount, large number) of orange juice there is in the jug.
Exercise 6 Countable and Uncountable nouns Example: They caught _______ fish in the river. They caught some fish in the river.
1. There isnt ______ sugar left. 2. They did not find __________ prawns in the sea. 3. Do you have _____ money? 4. June needs ________ more sugar I her tea. 5. Have you eaten ____________ squirrels before? 6. They sowed ____________ seeds in the garden.
Curriculum Specifications for English 9 Grammar Form 1 7. My mother spent ____________ time looking for you. 8. Zoe went shopping with ____________ friends. 9. There arent ____________ worms in the apple. 10. Have you met _____ wise people before? 11. I have _______ homework left to do. 12. Charlie doesnt have ____________ oranges in his bag.
Exercise 9 Proper nouns Write down two special names for each of the following. Example: Countries: __________ Countries: Malaysia ____________ Japan
1. School: 2. Boys: 3. Girls: 4. Months: 5. Capital cities: 6. Oceans: 7. Hotels: 8. Mountains: 9. Watches: 10. Hand phones:
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
Exercise 10 Proper nouns Rewrite the following sentences using capital letter for Proper nouns Example: I brought my dog Jerry to the bird park in jurong I brought my dog Jerry to the bird park in Jurong
1. micheal went to switzerland last week. 2. I went to mr.beans house on Thursday. 3. He lives at 25 sunnie street. 4. My mother bought me a seiko watch. 5. Have you read little women?
Curriculum Specifications for English 10 Grammar Form 1 6. This book is written by charles dickens. 7. john reads the new paper every day. 8. I was born on the first of july. 9. My school is westview primary school. 10. bangkok is the capital of thailand. 11. He is as strong as hercules. 12. Last Christmas, I went to mount fiji.
Exercise 12 Collective nouns Fill in each blank with the correct collective nouns. Example: a ________ of tools. a set of tools.
1. a ___________ of players. 2. a ___________ of sheep. 3. a ___________ of cards. 4. a ___________ of sticks. 5. a ___________ of actors. 6. a ___________ of rabbits. 7. a ___________ of insects. 8. a ___________ of books. 9. a ___________ of furniture. 10. a ___________ of sailors. 11. a ___________ of musicians. 12. a ___________ of oxen.

Exercise 11 Collective nouns Fill in each blank with a suitable word Example: a bale of _____ a bale of cotton
1. a flight of ________ 2. a chest of ________ 3. a gang of ________ 4. a choir of ________ 5. a school of ________ 6. a herd of ________ 7. a tuft of ________ 8. a party of ________ 9. a brood of ________ 10. a bouquet of ________ 11. a troop of ________ 12. a litter of ________
Exercise 12 Singular and Plural nouns Write down the singular of each of these words. Example: days days
1. women 2. lice 3. boxes 4. armies 5. geese
Curriculum Specifications for English 12 Grammar Form 1 6. boys 7. oxen 8. teeth 9. glasses 10.goats 11. ladies 12. tables
Exercise 13 Singular and Plural nouns Write down the plural of each of these words. Example: story stories
1. key 2. radio 3. brush 4. cry 5. fox 6. mango 7. shelf 8. man 9. thief 10 mouse 11. deer 12. inch

Exercise 14- Singular and Plural nouns Rewrite these sentences changing the nouns underlined into plural and making any other necessary changes Example: The baby had a toy The babies had toys
1. The child asked for a pen. 2. The man cleaned the table. 3. The boy fell down from a chair. 4. The match belongs to Ivy. 5. I caught a fly and a bird yesterday. 6. The girl is eating an apple. 7. Our teacher told us a joke. 8. I have a cat and a dog. 9. I threw the leaf away. 10. She was chased by a goose. 11. My uncle has an ox to help him. 12 She had a maid-servent.
Exercise 15 Gender State whether these words belong to the masculine, feminine, common or neuter gender. Write them out in the brackets. Example: niece (feminine)
1. Husband 2. Book 3. Pupil 4. Actress 5. Sir
( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) )
Curriculum Specifications for English 14 Grammar Form 1 6. Infant 7. Princess 8. Heir 9. Hat 10. Monk 11. Parent 12. Rice ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Exercise 16 Gender Fill in the blanks with the masculine gender of the words given Example: Princess Princess _____ Prince
1. empress 2. bride 3. widow 4. vixen 5. tigress 6. milkmaid 7. aunt 8. goose
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

Assessment Common Nouns Identify (Underline) the Common Nouns in the following sentences.
1. They arrived early but at the wrong station. 2. We counted only six different colours in the rainbow. 3. The man was trying to steal a horse with a cart full of apples. 4. They have gone to the zoo to see the black sheep. 5. She put her head on her arms and cried loudly. 6. My mother is singing a religious song in the kitchen. 7. He threw some salted nuts to the monkeys. 8. The children are kicking a ball around in the field. 9. That temple was built before my grandfather was born. 10. He bought balloons for his children and their friends. 11. My father swims like a turtle. 12. She won a trophy for best dancer in the street. 13. Simply point your camera at the camel and press the button. 14. We watched seabirds flocking above our heads 15. He went to visit his homesick uncle at the hospital. 16. My brother wants to play hide-and-seek with us. 17. Let me look at your puppies and kittens. 18. The taxi broke down in front of my gate. 19. The boys are quarrelling noisily on the beach. 20. The monkey was hanging by its tail from a branch.

Proper Nouns Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
1. ms brown told me that paris is the capital of france. 2. william shakespeare was a famous English author. 3. 'war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy. 4. jack and jill had so much fun at disney park. 5. john's two dogs are named adam and eve. 6. david will travel to italy next week. 7. suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea. 8. republic of liberia is on the west coast of africa. 9. mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones. 10. mount fujiyama is the highest mountain in japan. Collective Nouns Fill in each blank with the right collective noun. 1. A _____ of birds flew over our heads. 2. He saw a _____ of roaring lions in his dream. 3. The farmer thinks he has the biggest _____ of cattle on his farm. 4. He ate a _____ of grapes all by himself. 5. Our friend likes to show off his _____ of stamps. 6. We took a picture of a _____ of sheep on our way home. 7. Police have arrested a _____ of bicycle thieves. 8. She bought a _____ of bananas for her pet monkey. 9. Not one of the _____ of pupils is listening attentively to their teacher. 10. How can you put my _____ of tools in your box?
Curriculum Specifications for English 17 Grammar Form 1 Singular and Plural Nouns Rewrite the following sentences making them plural. 1. The child asks for a toy hippopotamus. ____________________________________________________ 2. The baby cries; but its mother is missing. ____________________________________________________ 3. I look up, and a leaf falls from a branch and lands on my head. ____________________________________________________ 4. The lady uses a knife to cut a potato and a chilli. ____________________________________________________ 5. The man is sure a mouse bit his foot while he was asleep. ____________________________________________________ 6. I took this photo of an ox that is not mine. ____________________________________________________ 7. That goose belongs to his wife. ____________________________________________________ 8. My loaf of bread is enough to feed the fish. ____________________________________________________ 9. His lorry nearly collided with the boy's bicycle. ____________________________________________________ 10. He lost a tooth in a fight with a bully. ____________________________________________________ 11. A passerby stops to watch a dwarf performs a dance. ____________________________________________________ 12. She likes to cook spicy octopus with tomato. ___________________________________________________ 13. My mother-in-law owns a buffalo. ___________________________________________________
Curriculum Specifications for English 18 Grammar Form 1 14. The trio has been playing a piano for an hour. ____________________________________________________ 15. The child's pet is a gold fish. ____________________________________________________ 16. The tribal chief tells his wife to learn mathematics. ____________________________________________________ 17. The farmer has sheep, deer and a rhinoceros on his farm. ____________________________________________________ 18. He has a tattoo of a beauty on his arm. ____________________________________________________ 19. He uses a lasso to catch an elephant calf. ____________________________________________________ 20. The life of a fly and a mosquito is rather short. ____________________________________________________
Countable and Uncountable Nouns Complete each sentence by choosing the correct word. 1. There is so (many, much) smoke coming out of the chimney. 2. Mrs. Fisher keeps (plenty of, a large amount of) tropical fish in her pond. 3. Mr. Shaver takes only a (little, few) minutes to shave. 4. The postman put (a great deal of, a lot of) letters into the bag. 5. He threw (much, some) stones at the monkeys. 6. She uses only (a few, a little) cooking oil in her cooking. 7. My hens lay (a large amount of, several) eggs every morning. 8. (A great deal of, A large number of) dust has collected on the unused desk. 9. We saw (a large amount of, many) cows grazing in the field. 10. Those butchers eat (a large amount of, a large number of) meat every day.
Curriculum Specifications for English 19 Grammar Form 1 Gender Change the nouns in bold from the feminine to the masculine. 1. My aunt visits her niece every week-end. 2. The lady has several mares on her farm. 3. The daughter is more talkative than her mother. 4. Does any actress like to play the role of the princess? 5. Their queen is a widow. 6. The manageress is still a spinster. 7. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine. 8. His daughter-in-law is a postmistress. 9. The countess has one sister. 10. The authoress is writing a book about the empress.
Change the nouns in bold from the masculine to the feminine. 11. The bridegroom thanked the priest. 12. His brother works as a waiter. 13. The dog barked at the milkman. 14. A cock was killed by a fox. 15. The manservant has worked many years for the duke. 16. Her husband is a conductor. 17. He was a postman before he became a postmaster. 18. The lad wants to be a monk. 19. The sultan owns a stallion. 20. Her father-in-law is a landlord.
2) Articles a) Definite Article i) The is the definite article as it identifies a definite or particular noun that we know of. It is not about a noun that has not been mentioned beforehand or a noun that we are unaware of. Example: I received a letter. The letter is from a former classmate. (Correct usage) I received the letter. The letter is from the former classmate. (Incorrect usage) First sentence: I received the letter. Which letter is referred to? Second sentence: The letter is from the former classmate. We know 'The letter' as it refers to the letter I received (in the first sentence). / the former classmate There are many former classmates, which one?) This shows how easily we can confuse the reader if we do not exercise care in using the. ii) The is used. 1. When the same thing or person is mentioned again, that is, a particular thing or person. Example: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet. 2. When there is only one such thing. Examples: the earth, the sun, the moon.
3. Before the names of famous buildings, etc. Examples: The Eiffel Tower; The Great Wall of China.
4. When a singular noun is used to point out a whole class, race, group, etc. Example: The bear is a strong animal.
5. Before the special names of a rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, certain organizations, political parties, and countries such as the U.S.A., the U.K., the U.S.S.R. and the U.A.R. Examples: The Nile, The Dead Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The United Nations, The Republican Party, etc.
6. Before the names of holy or important books. Examples: The Koran, The Bible.
7. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Examples: The poor need help. No one seems to care for the homeless in the city.

More examples: This is the boy you are looking for. (This means this is the particular boy you are looking for, not any other boy.) That is the cinema I went to yesterday. (I remember and am sure that is the cinema I went to and not another cinema.) While they were there, they visited the science museum. (They visited the particular museum which is the only one in the country.)
b) Indefinite Article i) The indefinite articles are a and an. We use them to show an unspecified noun, and not a special one, or when we are speaking in general. ii) A is used: 1. Before a word which begins with a consonant. Example: There is a woman waiting for you. 2. Before a singular, countable noun. Example: A banana was all I had for lunch. 3. When we mention something for the first time. Example: I saw a dog. 4. Before a word with a long sound of u Examples: a university, a uniform, a useful book, a European, a unique opportunity. : It would be a unique opportunity to travel in space. 5. Before the word one because one is pronounced wun, as if it began with W. Examples: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, a one-year course, a one-day holiday, etc. : I have a one-way ticket to travel from one place to another as I don't intend to visit a place twice. iii) An is used: 1. Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Example: They say an apple a day keeps the doctor away. 2. Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent h. Examples: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable man, etc. An hour passed and she still hadn't arrived. c) When Articles are Not Used i) Articles are not used: 1. Before the name of a person: Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson) 2. Before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.) 3. Before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.) 4. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense. Example: You cannot buy happiness. (NOT: You cannot buy a/the happiness.)

d) Difference in Meaning with Use of Articles i) It helps to observe the following rules: 1. When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective. Example: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.) 2. When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective. Example: He talked to a tall and a blonde woman. (He talked to two women, one of whom was tall and the other was a blonde.) e) Difference in Meaning with or without the Use of Articles Examples: He is at the school. (We know which school.) He is at a school. (We don't know which school.) He is at school. (He is a student and is learning.) Exercise 1 Articles Complete the following sentences by filling in "a", "an" or "the".
1. _____ dog is _____ useful animal. 2. Honest people speak _____ truth. 3. Do you see _____ white clouds? 4. _____ world is _____ happy place to most people. 5. _____ sun shines brightly. 6. Our sun is in fact _____ sun in the universe.
Curriculum Specifications for English 23 Grammar Form 1 7. I first met him _____ year ago. 8. It is _____ island of great beauty. 9. To me, it is _____ only island of great beauty. 10. _____ horse is _____ noble animal. 11. Riding _____ horse is _____ great experience. 12. _____ lion is _____ king of beasts. 13. Some people keep _____ lion as _____ pet. 14. You are _____ untidy boy. 15. Look at me, I am always _____ tidy person. 16. I'll give him _____ good news. 17. French is _____ language of _____ people of France. 18. He looks as wise as _____ owl. 19. _____ Nile is _____ important river. 20. _____ European called at my office yesterday.
Exercise 2 Articles Put in a, an, or the in each blank space.
1. She's never been _____ sort of person to follow _____ herd. 2. _____ pilot requested clearance for _____ emergency landing. 3. _____ government has chartered _____ plane to carry supplies to _____ disaster area. 4. It is _____ worst disaster in _____ history of space travel. 5. _____ dog got out of _____ yard through _____ hole in _____ fence. 6. _____ child has had _____ unhappy home life. 7. He showed me a picture of _____ missing girl in _____ hope that I might recognize her. 8. _____ class teaches students how to plan _____ budget. 9. In _____ ideal world there would be no need for _____ police force. 10. With _____ little imagination, he could visualize _____ old house as _____ luxury hotel. 11. Lincoln had _____ inborn sense of _____ truth.
Curriculum Specifications for English 24 Grammar Form 1 12. Plant _____ seeds at _____ depth of ten centimeters. 13. She told us _____ incredible story of her 134 days lost in _____ desert. 14. Dawson received _____ invitation to speak at _____ scientific conference. 15. It would be doing him _____ kindness to tell him _____ truth. 16. In _____ vast majority of cases _____ disease proves fatal. 17. These findings make Britain _____ country with _____ worst record on pollution. 18. Their help has made _____ big difference to _____ team's success. 19. _____ other car was driving right in _____ middle of _____ road.
20. _____ board of directors wasn't convinced about _____ accuracy of _____ report. Assessment Articles Fill in articles (a, an, the) where required:
1. Buy me can of beer from store 2. Is that frog or toad? 3. Are you coming for drink with me? 4. Music is great source of enjoyment. 5. There wasn't soul to be seen in park. 6. He decided to enter priesthood. 7. This is latest news from Olympic stadium. 8. In rage, I tore letter to pieces. 9. Look! Billboard pictured handsome man smoking cigarette. 10. Factory had been built on piece of waste ground. 11. Mine has few remaining pockets of iron ore. 12. Firework display was high point of evening. 13. There's place on wall where paint is coming off. 14. World record was previously held by Spanish athlete. 15. Sample of blood was drawn from prick in skin. 16. As car drew nearer I realized man was stranger.
Curriculum Specifications for English 25 Grammar Form 1 17. We grew up in countryside, surrounded by beauties of nature. 18. Crowd of onlookers had gathered at scene of accident. 19. There's only just room for two of us on back seat. 20. Over period of ten years he stole million pounds from company.

3) Adjectives a) Adjectives: Adjectives are words that tell us something about nouns. Adjectives describe or give information about nouns or pronouns. Examples: The tall man The new dress The beautiful fairy The small dog
b) There are different types of adjectives in the english language: 1. Descriptive: short, red, wicked 2. Quantitative: many, a little, all, one 3. Interrogative: whose, which, what 4. Possessive: my, his, their, your, her, our 5. Distributive: each, either, neither, every, all 6. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these c) Descriptive adjectives: We can find out the color, shape, size, condition etc of a noun from descriptive adjectives Examples: Her dress is bright red. She has big, round eyes. The princess is very beautiful d) Quantitative adjectives: We can find out the amount or number of things from quantitative adjectives. They answer the question of How many? or How much? Examples: Ali gave us a few oranges. I drank a little milk. There are a dozen egg in the basket. e) Interrogative adjectives: We use interrogative to ask questions Examples: Whose bag is this? What does he do for a living? f) Distributive adjectives: Distributive adjectives tell us whether the person or things are taken individually or as a group Examples: Every boy is sick. All of them are girls. You can have either one of the cakes Ive baked. g) Demonstrative adjectives: The demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those. A demonstrative adjective is used to modify a noun to point out or demonstrate a specific item(s). Example: This bag is not mine. That one is mine.

h) Position of Adjectives i) We place an adjectives before a noun if we want to describe it Examples: Judith is wearing a green skirt. Her husband has a big dog ii) We place adjectives after a verb if we want to describe the subject. Examples: The bride is bashful. I felt very excited. i) Comparison of Adjectives i) Positive Form We use the positive degree when comparing two equal things or people. Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions. as as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as as / not so as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.
ii)
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est) 1. one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) 2. two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) Positive form Comparative form Superlative form
clean
cleaner
(the) cleanest
iii) Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est 1. silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest 2. final y after a consonant becomes i Example: easy-easier-easiest 3. final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest

iv) Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most) - Adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)
Positive form
Comparative form
Superlative form
difficult
more difficult
most difficult
v) Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparison)
Positive form
Comparative form
Superlative form
good
better
best
bad / ill
worse
worst
little (amount)
less
least
little (size)
smaller
smallest
much / many
more
most
far (place + time)
further
furthest
far (place)
farther
farthest
late (time)
later
latest
late (order)
latter
last
near (place)
nearer
nearest
near (order)
next
old (people and things)
older
oldest
old (people)
elder
eldest

Exercise 1 Adjectives Fill in the blanks with the suitable Adjectives. Example: The ____ boy could not run fast. The fat boy could not run fast
1. The ___________ man had to bend down to get through the door. 2. All the girls at the beauty pageant are _________________. 3. The clock is very _______________; it tells time flawlessly. 4. The ____________ man can lift weights much heavier than himself. 5. The ___________ had not eaten for days. 6. There are many _____________ students in the noisy classroom. 7. Can you help me carry these _________ books? 8. The __________ stars glimmer in the dark. 9. Her mother bakes _______________ cakes. 10. This __________ song enchanted all of us. 11. The ___________ boy forgot to bring his wallet. 12. There are no __________ mugs in this unhygienic restaurant.
Exercise 2 Adjectives Choose the correct word. Then underline it. Example: (A few, One) girls were sick. (A few, One) girls were sick.
1. How (much, many) water should I drink? 2. There are (two, one) in the garden. 3. (A few, one) cars are on the road. 4. There are (five, one) people in the room. 5. Give me (some, many) money.
6. How (much, many) time do you need? 7. Get (any, some) food for me. 8. Is there (any, some) food for me. 9. He wants (many, some) drinks. 10. There are (two, one) mangoes on the table. 11. There are going to buy (a, many) toy. 12. Mr. Chua has (two, one) cars.
Exercise 3 Adjectives Fill in the blanks with suitable Adjectives. Examples: I wore a jacket yesterday because I was ____. I wore a jacket yesterday because I was cold
1. There are _________ apples in the baskets. 2. He is a very ___________ boy who does very well academically. 3. The man has a ___________ car in his front porch. 4. These ___________ diamonds cost a bomb! 5. The _________ dog could not see properly because of its hair. 6. She is very ___________ and all the children are afraid of her. 7. The ink of this pen is ______________ and cannot be washed away by water. 8. Time is ________________ , so use it well. 9. Here comes the ______________ boy who thinks he is very clever. 10. The _________________ sound almost deafened me. 11. There are _____________ birds flying in the sky. 12. How can there be so _________ rice? Its definitely not enough.

Exercise 4 Comparison of Adjectives Form three comparisons from each adjective Examples: 1. Big as wide as wider than the widest of 7. Strong
2. Small
8. Clever
3. Smart
9. Hard
4. Beautiful
10. High
5. Fast
11. Tasty
6. Quick
12. Clear
Exercise 5 Comparison of Adjectives Give the correct form of the adjective in brackets. Example: She is as (short) as I am. She is as short as I am. She is (short) than I am She is shorter than I am. She is the (short) of us all. She is the shortest of us all. 1. He is the (clever) amongst us. 2. This is (big) than that ball. 3. That girl is as (pretty) as this girl. 4. This ruler is (long) than that ruler. 5. Are there any toys (cheap) than this. 6. There exist (long) snakes than this. 7. This dog runs (fast) than that dog. 8. He is the (strong) of us all. 9. The hammer is (heavy) than the other one. 10. That farmer is (hardworking) than this farmer.

Assessment Adjectives of Quantity Choose the correct words.
1. She has only (a few, a little) nuts to feed the monkeys. 2. I don't like answering so (much, many) stupid questions. 3. The stray dog has (little, few) food to eat. 4. (Few, Some) of the students had any knowledge of classical music. 5. We need (many, much) ice cubes for these drinks. 6. Anybody would be happy to get (a few, some) money. 7. Which of the (some, two) roads lead to the station? 8. There are (several, little) big cows on the small farm. 9. He bought (much, many) meat from the butcher. 10. We didn't buy (any, many) vegetables from the market.
Comparison of Adjectives Pick the correct words in the brackets.
1. My mother is as (strong, stronger, strongest) as her mother. 2. Not everyone agrees she is (pretty, prettier, prettiest) than her sister. 3. None of us can be (tall, taller, tallest) than a giraffe. 4. That pond is the (shallow, shallower, shallowest) in this area. 5. That has to be the (interesting, more interesting, most interesting) film I have seen. 6. Of the two paths, this is (short, shorter, shortest) to get there. 7. This clown is not as (funny, funnier, funniest) as the other one. 8. He is easily the (bad, worse, worst) player in the team. 9. The second half of the play was (little, less, the least) exciting. 10. What is (far, farther, the farthest) distance you have ever run?

4) Pronouns We use pronouns in place of nouns Examples: I met her yesterday. Did you go to the beach? She took his book. Can you pick out all the pronouns after reading the above sentences? The pronouns are I, her, you and his a) Personal pronouns We use personal pronouns in place of nouns in a conversation. The two types of personal pronouns are (1) those used as subjects and (2) those used as objects. Pronouns like I, you and she are used as subjects while pronouns like her and his are used as objects i) A personal pronoun can be used as the subject of a verb. Examples: He (She or They) bought some pens It is eating a bone A personal pronoun can be used as the object of a verb Example: I gave her (him) an apple.
ii)
iii) A personal pronoun can also be used as the objective form after prepositions and after let. Examples: John walked towards her (him or us). Let me (us, her or him) help you iv) A personal pronoun can be used as a determinative possessive pronoun which is places before a noun. Example: This is my (her, his, our or their) pen v) A personal pronoun can be used as an independent possessive pronoun at the end. Examples: The book is hers (his, ours, theirs or yours) b) Reflexive pronouns The Reflexive pronoun is used when the action done by the subject goes back to subject. In other words, the subject of the sentence is the same person as the object Examples: I go to school myself He goes to school himself I and he are the subjects of what the two children are saying. The words myself and himself are also pronouns. There are known as reflexive pronouns. Both I and myself refer to the same person just like he and himself. Reflexive pronouns always end in self. In other words, the subject of the sentence is the same person as the object.

Reflexive pronouns are words ending ending in self or selves Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves, ourselves ii) They usually refer back to the subject Examples: She made the skirt herself. We baked the cakes ourselves. iii) We use reflexive pronouns 1. After a verb She made herself a dress. 2. After a preposition He was very proud of himself after he passed his exams i) c) Relative pronouns - Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pronouns; they are used to join two sentences about the same person or thing. Example: I know the man who lives next door. Who refers to the noun man. Who is called a Relative Pronoun. It is placed at the beginning of the clause 'who lives next door'. This clause tells us more about the man. It is an adjective clause. A Relative Pronoun is therefore used to begin an adjective clause, which modifies the noun that precedes it. i) Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom and whose. 1. 'Who', 'whom' and 'whose' are used for people; 'which' and 'that' for animals or things; 'whom' is only used as the object of a sentence; and 'whose' is used as a possessive. 2. We use who to join two sentences. Example: "The man is an artist. He drew that picture." "The man who drew that picture is an artist." 3. We use whose to show possession or relationship. Example: "That is my uncle whose son is my cousin." 4. We use which or that in almost the same way as we use who but it refers to things, not human beings. There is one other difference in the way we use who and which. After who we put a verb. After which we can put a verb, a pronoun or a noun. Example: That is the camera which costs fifty dollars. (verb comes after 'which') Example: That is the camera which he bought. (pronoun comes after 'which') Example: That is the camera which John likes. (noun comes after 'which') 5. We use whom to make a statement about human beings. It is used in place of who (a) when it is the object of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition. Example: (a) The man whom they caught was sent to prison. (b) The man to whom you should speak is my uncle.

d) Demonstrative Pronouns i) The Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out a thing or a person. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. However, one has to exercise care when using demonstrative pronouns. The words this and that when used alone, are pronouns; when used with Nouns they are Adjectives. Examples: This is what I heard from him. (Pronoun) This car is still new. (Adjective, used before the Noun, car) That is not something I like. (Pronoun) That girl does look familiar. (Adjective, used before the Noun, girl) We can replace that with the one. Example: Where is the bill that I handed to you this morning? Where is the bill, the one I handed to you this morning?
e) Possessive Pronouns i) Possessive Pronouns are used to indicate ownership. They can be used without a Noun. Example: Take all those that are yours and don't touch anything that are mine. (Pronouns 'yours' and 'mine' are used without Nouns.)
Example: Don't borrow the books that are hers; read those that are ours. (Pronouns 'hers' and 'ours' are used without Nouns.) The Possessive Case Singular First Person Mine Second Person Yours Third Person His Hers Its
Plural Ours Yours Theirs Theirs Theirs

Exercise 1 Personal Pronouns Replace the underlined words with suitable pronouns. Example: Ken has a dog. The dog is called Blackie. Ken has a dog. It is called Blackie. 1. David takes care of the garden. David is a good gardener 2. Mary has a sweet voice. Mary is also a pretty girl. 3. Mr and Mrs Brown are here. Mr and Mrs Brown are talking to the hostess. 4. Look at my dog. My dog is wagging its tail. 5. My brother and I visited the zoo. My brother and I saw monkeys scratching each other. 6. The teacher said, "Give the teacher your book." 7. Put all these letters on the table and then sort these letters out. 8. When the bee saw the little boy, the bee stung the little boy. 9. I had a few stamps. I gave the stamps to Tom. 10. George walked to the door. Then George opened the door and went out. 11. John is five feet tall. Ann is only four and a half feet tall. John is taller than Ann. 12. Dick saw Nick. Dick called out to Nick. Then Dick and Nick walked together. Exercise 2 Reflexive Pronouns Put in a suitable reflexive or emphatic pronoun. Example: She _____ told me about it. She herself told me about it
1. The boys _____ want to start quite early. 2. He is not dangerous by _____ but he mixes with had company. 3. Look after _____ in London, boys. 4. They could not agree amongst _____. 5. The monkey hurt _____ when it fell from that tree. 6. The cat licked _____ thoroughly. 7. I dressed _____ and then went to have my breakfast. 8. The news _____ is not surprising but I am astonished that he should have brought it. 9. That beetle is digging a hole for _____ in the ground. 10. It was John _____ who told me about the fire.
Curriculum Specifications for English 37 Grammar Form 1 11. I'm sure that the men _____ would never agree with that plan. 12. We climbed up the mountain all by _____. Nobody helped us. 13. One must learn to protect _____ against bad people. 14. Can you do it by _____, Mary? 15. I can't do it _____ but I think my brother can.
Exercise 3 Relative Pronouns Use "who" to join each pair of sentences. 1. My sister is now hidding somewhere. She broke my only mirror. Answer: My sister who broke the mirror is now hiding somewhere. 2. The car salesman was arrested by the police. The car salesman punched me repeatedly. 3. The man said he was sorry. He stepped on my toes. 4. She did most of the talking. She was the hostess. 5. The fisherman was hailed as a new hero. He caught a small shark 6. The man was short-sighted. He saw a cheetah and thought it was a leopard. 7. Mr Tate was an unusual man. He had tattoos of snakes all over his face. 8. That was my uncle. He spent the day on the beach eating sandwiches and building sandcastles. 9. The engineer said he saw a one-eyed monster. He worked in the jungle. 10. Princess Eve wants to marry a clown. She likes funny men. Exercise 4 Possessive Pronouns Rewrite each of these sentences by using a possessive pronoun in place of a possessive adjective (e.g. my, your, his, her, its and their) and the noun that immediately follows it. Example: This is his watch and this is her ring. This is his and this is hers. 1. This is my pooch. That one is your pooch, and the other one must be her pooch. 2. These old worn out shoes cannot be our shoes. They must be their shoes. Where then are our shoes? 3. These marbles are mixed up. Which are his marbles, which are your marbles and which are my marbles. 4. Their coach is telling them what not to do, and our coach it telling us what we should do.

5. I think that is Bob's watch and this one is her watch. 6. Look at that big monkey. Its tail is the longest tail among the many there. 7. He said your shaved head is darker than my shaved head. We both nodded our shaved heads in agreement. 8. You must do your homework first before you can help them do their homework. 9. These are all his things, not even one item that is not his thing. 10. Take this if it is your book, don't take his book, tell her to take her book, and leave my book alone. The remainder are their books. They can collect their books later. Assessment Fill the blanks with suitable pronouns. They should agree with the nouns in the sentences. Example: Look at that monkey. _____ is scratching its head all the time. Look at that monkey. It is scratching its head all the time. 1. He thought one of the gold fish was hungry, so he fed _____. 2. We spoke to Michael and John when we met _____. 3. The duck can swim because _____ has webbed feet. 4. I looked for Niagara Falls, but could not find _____. 5. "These old socks aren't mine. Are _____ yours?" 6. I like you; _____ are best friends, aren't _____? 7. When you have finished your work, please pass _____ up to _____. 8. The dog barked at Alice and it ran after _____. 9. I met Sally with her pet parrot yesterday. I took a walk with _____. 10. I met Andy yesterday. _____ invited _____ to his house. 11. Jane has a cat; _____ likes to play with _____. 12. James dreamt he saw a dinosaur, so _____ ran as fast as _____ could. 13. Jack and Jill went up the hill. _____ said _____ was a lonely place. Fill in the blanks with these following pronouns: her; herself; himself; it; mine; myself; oneself; ours; ourselves; she; them; themselves; they; us; yours; yourself; yourselves. 1. My mother told her friends to make _____ at home. 2. _____ is still too young to go out on her own. 3. I am the one who found the missing wallet, so the reward is _____. 4. The teacher told the girls that she would help _____ if they needed help. 5. He hurt _____ by jumping over the fence.

6. He picked up a stone and threw _____ at the dog. 7. The house is _____. We bought it. 8. "You must practise by ______ whenever you can," he advised the players. 9. His sister helped ______ to the fruits on the table. 10. I hate _____ whenever I make a mistake. 11. I have bought my ticket. Have you bought _____ yet? 12. One can easily hurt _____ in a fight. 13. He likes to look at _____ in the mirror. 14. _____ often play football with their children. 15. I always remind _____ to pray before I go to bed. 16. My sister was able to bake the cake _____. 17. "You must always take care of _____," he advises me. 18. We asked the lawyer and he explained the procedure to _____. 19. We have only _____ to blame for not arriving at the station earlier. 20. The little girl screamed when the nurse gave _____ an injection.
Join each pair of sentences to make one longer sentence. Use 'who' or 'which' and leave out any unnecessary words. Example: The man was very pleased. He found the money. The man who found the money was very pleased.
1. Polly had been a policewoman for ten years. She was sentenced to four years in prison for robbery.
2. The girl lives in Hong Kong. She won the competition for having the longest hair.
3. The train never arrived. It was due to arrive at one o'clock.
4. The boy must be very brave. He rescued a litter of puppies from the blaze.
5. The farmer owns a herd of cows. He claims his cows are disappearing one by one.
6. They drove slowly by the house. One of them had described it as haunted.
7. The window lets the rain in during a storm. It faces to the south.

8. The pipes were very old ones. They had burst and flooded the house.
9. George rears pigs on his farm. He says he can know what the pigs think.
10. Two female passengers fought in the plane. They were both injured in the fight.
Fill each blank with the correct possessive pronoun. Example: Look at those women. They are wives of the tribal leader. They are _____. They are his.
1. Whose muddy footprints are these? They are Peter's footprints. They are _____ . 2. Listen! Someone's crying softly. It's granny's voice. It is _____. 3. These are your wacky ideas, not my wacky ideas. These are _____ not _____. 4. Where are our children? Those are their children. Where are _____. Those are _____. 5. "Look at that kite. It looks like your kite." "Yeah, it looks like my kite." "Look at that kite. It looks like _____." "Yeah, it looks like _____." 6. "I can't forget my horrible dream." "I had my horrible dream too." "I can't forget _____." "I had ______ too." 7. Their players are older than the referee. But their players are a gifted lot. _____ are older than the referee. But _____ are a gifted lot. 8. This is her seat, that is his seat, your seat is over there, and the other one is my seat. All these seats are our seats. This is _____, that is _____, _____ is over there, and the other one is _____. All these seats are _____. 9. The Carefree hotel has its own swimming pool too. Its swimming pool is said to be the largest in the city. _____ is said to be the largest in the city. 10. I asked the farmer if those cows are his cows. He said they are not just his cows, they are their cows as they belong to the whole family. I asked the farmer if those cows are _____. He said they are not just _____, they are _____ as they belong to the whole family.

5) Forms of the Verb a) A verb is a word or more than one word that is used to express an action or a state of being. Every sentence cannot be complete without a verb, thus making the verb the most important word as far as sentence construction is concerned. In a sentence, a verb has a subject who does the action and an object who receives the action. b) A verb shows what action has taken place whether the subject performs the action, called active voice (Example: Somebody stole my wallet) or receives the action called passive voice (Example: My wallet was stolen.).
c) Verbs express tense, that is the time the action happens, and also the continuance or completion of the action at the time of speaking. The verb tenses are past, present, and future. These tenses have continuous and perfect forms. d) A verb has four forms i) Presents tense/ Present form ii) Past tense/ Past form iii) Present participle iv) Past participle Example: I drink milk every morning. I am drinking milk now. I drank milk yesterday. I have already drunk milk Read the sentences above Do you realize that the four forms of the verb drink are used? Drink is in the Simple Present Tense. Drank is in the Simple Past Tense. Drinking is known as the Present Participle of drink. Drunk is known as the Past Participle. Drinking and Drunk cannot stand on its own. It needs a helping words such as is, are, am, has or have.
Exercise 1 Forms of the Verb Fill in the blanks with the correct from of the verb in the left column Example: Every day He plays 1. I stand 2. She sews 3. The sun rises 4. Tim digs 5. Sandy buys Now He is playing Yesterday He played Already He has Played

Every day 6. They Choose 7. Linda Sings 8. Mrs. Lee teaches 9. Ann draws 10. They tear Now Yesterday Already
Exercise 2 Forms of the Verb
Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense of the verbs in the brackets. Example:
She _____ up at nine oclock yesterday. (wake) She woke up at nine oclock yesterday. (wake)
1. I ______ really sad last week. (feel) 2. The bus _________ suddenly. (stop) 3. The eagle _________ away.(fly) 4. I ____________ late last night.(sleep) 5. Mrs. Chor ____________ fish in the market.(sell) 6. Felicia ____________ beautifully just now. (sing) 7. Peter ____________ his ruler. (lose) 8. He ______________ the ball into the basket. (throw) 9. I ___________ for three minutes. (think) 10. She ___________ in the sea last Friday. (swim) 11. Lily ____________ the whole bunch. (eat) 12. The thief _________ into the house. (creep)

Exercise 3 Forms of the Verb. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present Tense or the Present Participle of the verbs in the brackets. Example: This book _______________ to Mindy. (belong) This book belongs to Mindy. (belong) 1. June is ___________ an apple. (eat) 2. The bird is _________________ in the sky. (fly) 3. He ______________ very carefully. (drive) 4. She _____________ her nails when she is nervous. (bite) 5. Jack and Jill are ______________ up the hill. (go) 6. The girls _____________ to school every day. (walk) 7. I ___________ milk every morning. (drink) 8. They are ____________ to the music. (dance) 9. Molly ________ very hard. (study) 10. Leon _________ to me every night (talk) 11. Jackie is _________ behind the door. (hide) 12. The wind is ______________ very strongly. (blow)
Exercise 4 Forms of the Verb Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past tense or the Past Participle of the verbs in the brackets.
1. Mary ____________ some milk in the coffee. (add) 2. The man ______________ loudly as he was angry. (speak) 3. We have ___________ the car. 4. Amos has been ___________ by bee. (sting) 6. I ___________ some fruits for grandmother.(pick) 7. They have ___________ each other for years. (know) 8. The teacher has ____________ the headmaster about John. (tell) 9. We have _________ before. (meet) 10. I ____________ the telephone for Mother. (answer) 11. The nurse ___________ the thermometer before using it. (shake) 12. She has ___________ the flowers in the vase. (put)

6) Adverbs a) We use adverbs to add more meaning to a verb, and adjective or another adverb. Example: It is raining heavily Heavily adds more meaning to the verb raining It is called an adverb. We put the adverb after the verb in a sentence. b) Since heavily answers the question. How is it raining? We call it an Adverb of Manner. Adverbs of Manner are mainly adjectives with ly added to them. Examples: He ran quickly. Joan smiled sweetly. They clapped their hands loudly. c) Adverb of Time
Example: She came to my house yesterday Yesterday answer the question When? It adds more meaning to the verb came We call it an Adverb of Time It is place at the beginning or the end of the sentence. Examples: We went cycling yesterday I was sick last Tuesday They go for a walk every evening
d) An Adverb of Frequency or Mid-position Adverb answers the question How often? It is usually places before the verb. Example: She always comes to my house Always is the adverb. It is placed before the verb comes Its answers the question How often? This is known as Adverb of Frequency/Mid-position Adverb Examples: She seldom visits me. They are always making mistakes. He is very forgetful sometimes. e) An Adverb of Place answers the question Where? It is places after the verb Example: I climbed up the tree The adverb is up This adverb answers the question Where? It is called Adverb of Place. Examples: I live here. He ran up the stairs. She saw me there.

f) Example: Mary runs very fast The adverb is very. This adverb answers the question To what degree? It is called an Adverb of Degree. Other Adverbs of Degree include enough and too. An Adverb of Degree answers the question to what degree? It is usually placed before the adjectives and the adverb except enough which is place after them. Examples:
She is very diligent. The glass is too thick Mary is quite helpful.
Exercise 1 Adverbs Choose the most suitable adverb in bold to fill each blank: angrily, enough, never, outside, yesterday 1. She left _____ for the university where she is doing a degree course. 2. We are standing _____ his house waiting for him. 3. He told us _____ not to walk on the grass. 4. I am not strong _____ to help him carry that box. 5. She will _____ be happy in that job. down, last week, often, quickly, rarely 6. _____, I saw him walking to the church. 7. My father is _____late for work. 8. He drove _____to avoid being late. 9. I _____ play badminton with my sister. 10. This is the place where he fell _____. always, just, nearly, online, unusually 11. It took _____ two hours to get here. 12. They were _____ very friendly. 13. He has _____ strong hands. 14. She has _____ completed her degree course. 15. This dictionary went _____ in 2003.

Exercise 2 Adverbs Put the adverb in bracket in the correct position within the sentence. 1. He is tall. (very) 2. She looks tired to me. (rather) 3. This one is cheap. (enough) 4. The box is heavy for me to carry. (too) 5. This cord is strong. (quite) 6. Do you think he is old? (enough) 7. That pineapple is large. (unusually) 8. This tool is useful to a carpenter. (particularly) 9. The wind was not strong last night. (very) 10. That man does not work hard. (enough) 11. The announcer does not speak slowly. (enough) 12. The rope is not long. (enough) 13. Is the tea sweet? (enough) 14. Our school field is not flat. (perfectly) 15. We were sure we would win. (perfectly) 16. The problem was difficult to solve. (extremely) 17. Dinner is ready now. (nearly) 18. Ali's camera was cheap (surprisingly) 19. That wrestler has powerful arms. (extremely) 20. He looked exhausted after the race. (completely) Exercise 3 Adverbs Put the adverb in bracket in the correct position within the sentence. 1. She always reaches school at half past seven. (punctually) 2. He picked up the jug and some water came out. (carelessly) 3. He picked up the wrong bag. (carelessly) 4. The car stopped outside our house. (abruptly) 5. He arrived home. (unexpectedly)

6. She stared at it. (as if she had never seen a snake before) 7. He pulled a rope. (with all his strength) 8. He told us that we should not speak., (angrily) 9. He did his work so he had to do it again. (badly) 10. I asked my father for some money. (hopefully) 11. She opened the parcel. (most carefully) 12. I arranged all the stamps. (in their right order) 13. She looked at the letter. (thoughtfully) 14. That boy has been behaving recently. (in a strange way) 15. Tom waited for the train to arrive. (impatiently) 16. My father likes to go for a walk in the evening. (often) 17. He has finished the job you gave him. (just) 18. She goes to that shop now. (seldom) 19. I am sure there is something wrong with it. (quite) 20. He prefers tea to coffee. (usually)
Assessment Put the adverb in the correct position within the sentence. 1. The rain had stopped when I arrived. (already) 2. It is time for us to go. (almost) 3. I have finished my exercise book. (nearly) 4. Those men came back to repair the pipe. (never) 5. I go to bed before midnight. (nearly always) 6. I found it. (at school; last week) 7. She saw her friend. (at the station; yesterday) 8. There was a serious fire. (in the village; a few weeks ago) 9. I must go. (at eight o'clock; to the market) 10. There was a great flood; (in 1926; throughout the valley) 11. I left my stick. (a few minutes ago; by that tree) 12. I will leave my bicycle. (at John's house; in future) 13. Most of the boys decided to go. (away; after the game)

14. We can post the parcel. (at the post office; later on) 15. You can go. (wherever you like; when you have finished your work) 16. George is repairing a refrigerator. (at this very moment; at his uncle's house) 17. I have been waiting for you. (here; for ten minutes) 18. It is very hot. (in the afternoon; in this room) 19. It is unwise to go. (at night; into that part of the jungle) 20. Michael caught two fish. (yesterday; just over there) Put the adverb in the correct position within the sentence. 21. I met her. (in London; a few months ago) 22. I saw them walking. (last week; along the river) 23. He told us. (quickly; to go away) 24. The bag is light. (for you to carry; enough) 25. It was dark. (for us to see; too) 26. She sat. (for ten minutes; quietly; in the office) 27. We played badminton. (last night; at his house) 28. Danny spoke. (yesterday; at the debate; very well) 29. We were talking; (when the branch fell down; quietly; by the tree) 30. The fire started. (in the kitchen of that house; at about ten o'clock at night) 31. The men who came this morning worked; (all day long; at the back of our house; hard) 32. I planted them. (in the front garden; carefully; yesterday evening) 33. Ask him to come. (when he can; to see us) 34. They argued. (angrily; for some time; outside the house) 35. They decided to go. (to town; by car; the next day) 36. It is very cold. (during the winter; in Sweden) 37. They sawed down the trees (last week; near our school) 38. We fished. (until it was dark; from the bank; patiently) 39. The mosquitoes buzzed. (all night; around us) 40. He swam. (when he saw the sea-snake; quickly; towards the beach)

7) Prepositions a) We use prepositions to show time, position and direction. Prepositions are usually placed before nouns and pronouns. Examples: I am sitting under a tree I reached the airport at night. He went into the house. Read the three sentences above. Do you know the functions of the words under, at and into? Under under is used to show position At at is used to show time Into into is used to show direction i) Prepositions that show position: 1. At Example: They are having a picnic at the beach 2. Behind Example: The boy is hiding behind the curtain 3. Below Example: There is a cat below the table 4. Beside Example: She is standing beside her mother 5. Between Example: The boy is sitting between his parents 6. By Example: Mr. Jones lives in a cottage by the river 7. In front of Example: The man standing in front of John is Mr. Pang 8. Near Example: I live near the market 9. On Example: The pen is on the table 10. Above Example: The airplane flew above the clouds 11. Against Example: Ali is leaning against the wall
ii)
Prepositions that show directions 1. Down Example: He is climbing down the stairs

2. From Example: Larry is a tourist from Denmark 3. Into Example: He ran into the old house 4. Out of Example: She came out of the room at last 5. Off Example: The vast fell off the table and broke 6. Through Example: The thief got in through the window 7. To Example: We went to the zoo last week. iii) Prepositions that show time: 1. At Example: We arrived at 6pm exactly 2. By Example: Kennedy will be home by 4pm today
3. For Example: They went to Malaysia for 3 days. 4. After Example: She will be back after 4pm. 5. Before Example: I left the house before it started to rain 6. On Example: Ida went to school on Saturday. 7. In Example: Linda will be served in an hours time. iv) Prepositions that we use with modes of transport 1. By Example: I go to school by bus every day. 2. In Example: I have never sat in a tram before. 3. On Example: He rode on a big house. v) Prepositions that we use for comparison 1. As Example: John is as strong as Hercules. 2. Like Example: She really looks like a modal. 3. Than

Example: I am taller than Jill vi) We use the preposition by to introduce 1. A certain way of doing something Example: He woke his brother up by tickling him. 2. The doer using the passive voice Example: She was cheated by the nice-looking salesman. vii) We use preposition for when we want to show purpose Example: This medicine is for curing the cough. Judy works for Mr. Loo viii) We use the preposition of: 1. To express possession Example: Jack is a cousin of mine. 2. Before nouns to refer to containers or to units of a thing Example: May I have a glass of milk? 3. To join a part of a thing to its whole Example: The handles of the pot is made of plastic. 4. In an expression of quality Example: I drank a lot of water last night. 5. After group/collective nouns (e.g. crowd, troop, bouquet) Example: There is a troop of lions in the Jungle. ix) We use the preposition with to show companionship Example: I went to the market with my mother. b) Prepositional phrase i) It is a group of words which is made up of a preposition and a few words after it Examples: I bought a present for my uncle. July went to watch a movie with Pete. She was pleased with what her father bought her.
Exercise 1 Prepositions of Time Use one of the following at, in, on, before, until to fill each blank. 1. We had to wait _____ Friday to see the horror movie. 2. We visited the haunted castle _____ dawn last week. 3. We are moving house _____ about a month's time. 4. _____ that night there will be a torch-light procession. 5. He passed away _____ four o'clock _____ the afternoon _____ Monday. 6. _____ three days' time the derelict building will be demolished. 7. She was up _____ dawn and _____ leaving she said goodbye to each of them. 8. He continued coughing _____ his death.

9. We arrived _____ the railway station _____ time to meet him. 10. Once he starts to sing a song he won't stop _____ it's finished. 11. They live _____ mulberry Drive _____ that village _____ the Austrian border. 12. I got a terrible stomach ache _____ my birthday. 13. Our uncle is getting married _____ six weeks' time _____ the age of eighty. 14. The year _____ last he won a gold medal, and the year _____ that he won a silver. 15. I am going to watch the programme _____ owls _____ it finishes. 16. _____ Tuesday I must watch that comedy programme _____ six o'clock _____ the evening. 17. She always eats and sleeps more _____ winter especially _____ Christmas Day. 17. She always eats and sleeps more in winter especially on Christmas Day. 18. You should stay _____ the train _____ Manchester. 19. We have the whole weekend _____ us and our parents are staying with us _____ the end of the month. 20. She's sitting _____ the table and he was standing _____ the top of the stairs, and they were shouting _____ each other. Exercise 2 Prepositions of Place Use one of the following to fill each blank: at, from, in, of, on. 1. The little secret is written _____ page 99. 2. He was injured _____ the left arm _____ a fight with a dog. 3. He was absent _____ this year's ostrich racing event. 4. A number of uninvited guests were present _____ her wedding. 5. He is late again even though he lives within a mile _____ here. 6. Look closely _____ my eyes and you will find one is different _____ the other. 7. His lawyer said he is innocent _____ the crime of cannibalism. 8. I just can't beat him even if I pray. He's always excellent _____ playing board games. 9. Why do you have to tell me the advantages _____ using a computer? 10. I posted the parcel _____ the main Post Office _____ Market Road _____ Tuesday. 11. We parked our car _____ the side _____ the road. 12. Can you copy that sentence _____ the newspaper _____ this page? 13. My granny was _____ the zoo when the tiger escaped _____ its enclosure. 14. He got completely drunk _____ his sister's wedding. 15. This is the third time you stepped _____ my toes.

16. The unclaimed body is still _____ the mortuary. 17. We were bitten by all sorts _____ insects _____ the park. 18. Cheese is made _____ the pressed curds of milk. 19. They live _____ that old farmhouse _____ the hill. 20. We could hang this picture _____ a marble _____ the wall next to the door.
Exercise 3 - Prepositions of Direction Use each of the following to fill in each blank: after, at, by, during, in, of, off, on, past, round, though, under. 1. As it was getting dark, he ran _____ the cemetery _____ his way home. 2. _____ six years, the hospital is still _____ construction. 3. The police were chasing _____ a man who had driven _____ a red light. 4. The lorry was moving _____ full speed when the load of ducks' eggs fell _____. 5. My friend goes to school _____ his bicycle but _____ rainy season he goes _____ taxi. 6. We sat _____ the fire and sang songs _____ the top _____ our voices. 7. It won't fall _____ because I have twisted the wire _____ that post to keep it _____ position. 8. Three policemen went _____ us _____ horseback. 9. We rushed _____ _____ breakfast to avoid most of the traffic. 10. We enjoy riding _____ the tunnel _____ our bikes. 11. Every day _____ lunch he had a short nap _____ the bridge. 12. I live _____ Rainbow Road, just _____ the Governor's official residence. 13. The policemen found the burial plot which was _____ the back _____ the house. 14. Persistent rumours _____ an alien landing _____ his backyard are _____ investigation. 15. _____ the 1990s, he lived alone _____ an island _____ the coast of Africa. 16. This week she has to work _____ midnight Monday _____ Friday. 17. We waited until well _____ midnight for the comet to appear _____ the sky. 18. Acting _____ information, the police arrived shortly _____ and arrested him. 19. The deposed leader read about it _____ the newspaper that his country is now _____ martial law. 20. The wife has the face _____ an angel but the husband has got the brain _____ a donkey.
Exercise 4 Prepositions Use one of the following to fill in each blank: at, by, in, into, of, on, to

1. _____ Sunday I was woken up _____ the sound of the radio _____ my brother's room. It was _____ much too loudly. 2. He was injured _____ the left arm _____ the shooting accident. 3. I was shocked _____ the way he reacted _____ someone calling him 'fatty'. 4. The train whistled its way _____ the station _____ about ten o'clock _____ the morning. 5. There is still plenty _____ tin left _____ that mine. 6. Sunday is the day _____ which he goes _____ church where the congregation kneels _____ prayer. 7. Sometimes I talk ____ myself _____ my room lying awake _____ night. 8. You can catch plenty _____ octopuses _____ this method. 9. The passengers _____ the taxi were worried _____ the speed. They were travelling _____ a speed _____ 90 mph. 10. The soothsayer says _____ me that the world ends next Sunday which is _____ the fifth of May. 11. Some of us will be going _____ bus and some _____ our bicycles _____ the closing-down sale. 12. We arrived _____ the beach which is _____ the southern tip _____ the island. 13. I listened _____ a hair-raising tale of cannibalism _____ the radio. 14. I accompanied my uncle _____ a hunting trip _____ the jungle. 15. The heavy lorry knocked _____ the back of our bus ______ accident. 16. Can I interest you _____ our new range _____ kitchen fittings, madam? 17. _____ about two weeks we're going _____ holiday _____ the Sahara Desert. 18. _____ both sides _____ the lonely road there were endless rubber trees. 19. My front tyre was punctured _____ the way _____ a funeral _____ a friend who was a victim _____ a religious sacrifice. 20. Her house was full _____ things, and she still bought all sorts _____ things _____ the market.
Assessment Use one of the following to fill in each blank: at, by, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, onto, to, with

1. There is a waterfall farther _____ the river. You can see the foam floating down _____ us. 2. We cast the net _____ the middle _____ the river and sat down to wait _____ a good catch. 3. Some of the boxes _____ the lorry were not tied _____ firmly. 4. _____ most Saturdays I go fishing _____ my brother, who seems to have had a lot of good luck _____ fishing. 5. _____ the last two weeks I spent my time _____ my hobby which is chasing butterflies. 6. He turned _____ the radio and tuned _____ to BBC _____ news coverage _____ the tsunami. 7. I apologized _____ having called you an idiot _____ the weekend. 8. We camped _____ the foot of the mountain _____ two days. 9. When I went _____ a walk early _____ the morning, the breeze blew _____ my face. 10. We put the luggage _____ the back of the car and then set off _____ our journey. 11. We went to a surprise party _____ my sister. It broke up _____ midnight. 12. I took some photographs ______ my camera _____ a hippopotamus _____ its mouth open wide. 13. We ate our food _____ a shady spot and then packed everything _____ as we were ready _____ go home. 14. _____ the holidays I intend to visit many places which I have heard _____ from friends who have been _____ them. 15. The new dam that was built _____ the river produces electricity _____ many parts of the country. 16. I made an urgent request _____ their help to look _____ the key _____ the cupboard. 17. I expect to return _____ Shanghai _____ about a week's time to continue _____ my pioneering research _____ why frogs croak _____ night and not _____ the daytime. 18. I couldn't sit _____ some weeks after I had a minor surgery _____ my bum. 19. I hadn't seen my cousin _____ a long time, so I dropped in _____ his place, and we chatted _____ each other _____ an hour or so. 20. We decided to picnic and build sandcastles _____ the beach _____ the middle _____ a cold moonlit night. 21. Every one of us felt frightened _____ the anger _____ his voice. 22. He failed _____ his second attempt to pass her exam, and had to stay _____ _____ college _____ another year. 23. They are all _____ fifteen except _____ Peter whose fifteen birthday was _____ the fifth _____ last month. 24. When a mouse scurried ______ the floor, she jumped up _____ the table. 25. She tied the string securely _____ a branch and the balloons _____ the other end of the string.

26. We looked up _____ the sky _____ the sound of the plane. 27. The victory was a cause _____ celebration, and everyone joined in _____ the singing. 28. Every day she comes _____ school _____ a taxi but goes home _____ bus. 29. These powerful computers range _____ price _____ $1, 000 _____ $2,000. 30. His car swerved _____ the road when he tried to avoid a ghostly figure _____ a white dress standing _____ his way. 31. Despite living ____ the ripe old age ____ 100, she never experienced loss ____ hearing which often occurs ____ old age. 32. She went to live abroad after the break-up _____ her first marriage. She had two daughters _____ her first marriage. 33. I called _____ Ms Ant's house yesterday to see if she had recovered _____ her illness. She was still suffering _____ aches and pains. 34. Who was I dancing _____ at the party last night? I danced _____ Julia but _____ only about a minute or two. 35. Put that naked statue _____ me _____ the corner _____ the room, please. 36. While waiting _____ the bus, I saw a motorcyclist stopped _____ the police _____ speeding and _____ not wearing a helmet. 37. I stopped _____ his house to borrow a raincoat _____ the middle _____ a storm _____ Sunday. 38. You can rely _____ him to come _____ noon. 39. I saw him looking _____ some books _____ the library _____ weekend. His brother was _____ him. 40. The sea was too rough _____ sailing _____ our small boat, and we ended up heading _____ the open sea.
8) Punctuation

a) Capital letters i) A capital letter is used to begin the first letter (1) of a sentence, (2) after a speech mark, (3) of all proper nouns Examples: My sister, Jane, is studying in Australia. She is reading Treasure Island. They said, Your cat is sick. Pick out all the words beginning with Capital letters Answers: My, Jane, Australia, She, Treasure Island, They, and Your Capital letters are used for these words because My, She and They are the first words of the sentences. Jane, Australia and Treasure Island are proper nouns. Your is the first word after the speech mark. b) Full-stops i) We use full stops at the end of the sentences or an abbreviation. Examples: She opened the windows. The boys are playing football. Read the sentences above. Do you realize there is a dot after each sentence? This DOT is a full-stop. It is placed at the end of sentences. Full stops are also placed at the end of abbreviation. Example: Singapore Broadcasting Corporation S.B.C c) Question mark i) We use a question mark at the end of a question 1. A question mark (?) is a punctuation used at the end of the question. Example: Who is your father? How do you go to school? d) Comma i) We use a comma to 1. Separate the articles in a list Example: I like apples, oranges, pears, durians, papayas and bananas. Do you realize that we use a comma to separate each of the fruits? If we had not used any commas and had said I like apples oranges pears durians papayas and bananas, it would be confusing. We might think apples oranges pears durians, papayas, and bananas. 2. Indicate a pause in a sentence Examples: When he was reading a book, the telephone rang. One day, as I was sleeping, I was suddenly awakened by a load sound 3. Separate the actual words spoken from the other words in the sentence
4. Separate the name of the person addressed from the other words in the sentence
Examples: The nurse said, Molly, come and let me check you. We places a comma before the actual words are spoken. This is to separate them from the rest of the sentence We also place a comma after the name Molly ii) Apostrophes 1. We use apostrophes in possessive nouns and in short form (contractions) (a) An apostrophe is used in a possessive noun. Example: Marys cat, Tinas pillow, Mr. Wus book (b) We also use apostrophes for short term Example: will not wont cannot cant is not isn
Exercise 1 Punctuations Complete each sentence by adding a period (.), exclamation point (!), or question mark (?). 1. When is your birthday _ 2. I love ice cream _ 3. My favorite subject is writing _ 4. How far can you run _ 5. Ali walks to school _ 6. The dog is in the dog house _ 7. What is the title of the book _ 8. We had pizza for lunch _ 9. May I have a drink of water _ 10. The cat jumped on the fence _
9) Sentence Connectors

a) A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences. b) And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before. Example: A boy and a girl An elephant and a giraffe A toy or a book The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.
c) Types of connectors i) Coordinating conjunctions 1. Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance. Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or, Use of 'and' 'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal importance and both conditions exist. Other words that can be used in place of and are: moreover, in addition to, along with, plus, as well as, further more Examples: Tom and Harry play hockey. A lion and a fox live in this cave. We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats. The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader. We found the thief along with the bags. The gurgling stream along with the howling wind added to the charm of the place. Use of but - The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say the first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you quite a contradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used. Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but' Examples: He ran, but he missed the bus. She studied hard but could not score well in the test. The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily. Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not cry. The lion was hungry yet it did not attack the dear. He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.
Use of 'Or'

When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'. Here only one of the two conditions exists. Example: Would you take a cup of tea or coffee? Shall we buy a book or a toy? Sit on the bench or on the grass. Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk? We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.
ii)
Correlative conjunctions: 1. Conjunctions used in pairs are correlative conjunctions
Examples: Either..... or Neither.....nor Both.....and Whether..... or Not only..... but also Either Peter or John has taken the book. It is neither hot nor tasty. My sister is both smart and intelligent. Tell me whether you know the route or not. Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.
iii) Compound conjunctions 1. Compound conjunctions are groups of words that behave like conjunctions. In order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as Conjunction In order that Usage I bought all the books in order that you may study
On condition that The teacher excused him on condition that he would not repeat the mistake. Even if So that Provided that As though Sarah would not marry him even if he proposed to her. I kept away my work so that I could spend time with my daughters You can take leave provided that you work overtime later Rex behaves as though he is the boss.

As well as As soon as As if Monica as well as veronica was present there Mr. Ford plans to pay off his loan as soon as he gets his bonus. It looks as if there is going to be a storm.
iv) Subordinating conjunction 1. A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning. The chief subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless. I will not go to the market if it rains. The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependent on the condition 'if it rains'. You could go and play after you have done the dishes. King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold. You must dig the earth till you find water.
Exercise 1 - Coordinating conjunctions Join these sentences using and or but and remove any unnecessary words. 1. My aunty has four sons. My aunty has four daughters 2. The naughty boy took a stone. It hit his father. 3. The fisherman is poor. The fisherman is generous with his fish. 4. We hailed a taxi. The sleepy driver did not see us. 5. Eagles are birds. Hawks are birds, aren't they? 6. He ran very fast in the race. He slipped. He fell flat on his face. 7. I walked all the way to the grocery store. The grocery store was closed. 8. He opened his wallet. Some money dropped out. 9. He went to the plum tree. There were only a few plums to pluck. 10. The street musician began to play his music loud. Everyone around started dancing. 11. He owns three motor-cycles. He does not want to own a car. 12. She turned off the television. Then she turned it on again. 13. John stole Johnny's girlfriend. They have been enemies ever since. 14. We wanted to go to the zoo. We heard a tiger there escaped from its enclosure. 15. The clown has a big red nose. He's a really funny clown. 16. He always sleeps early. He always gets up late for work.

17. I met Debby at the dentist yesterday. Two hours later I met her again at another dentist. 18. Mrs. Collins is skinny while her husband is fat. She eats a lot more than her husband. 19. The police are looking for a blonde guy. The police are looking for his girlfriend who is bald. 20. The people screamed. The people ran in different directions when the lorry crashed into the roadside stall. Exercise 2 Correlative Conjunctions Answer each question with 'either...or' or 'neither...nor.' 1. Ask _____ Mary __ Lucy. One of them knows who ate your pizza. 2. She wants to scold the boys today. But _____ Ray __ Roy has been here. 3. "Can you answer with _____ a yes __ a maybe ?" asked Joan. 4. "Would you marry a man who has _____ fame __ money?" Mary asked her best friend. 5. You can watch the television series tonight _____ on panda bears __ the polar bears. 6. Mother said, "You _____ help me prepare dinner __ you prepare it yourself." 7. Everyone knows the children at the deaf-mute centre can _____ hear __ speak. 8. Bill was so worried about his coming examination results that he could _____ sleep peacefully without nightmares __ eat properly without choking. 9. We can cook a new type of curry. We can cook _____ duck curry __ turkey curry. 10. _____ the men __ their supervisor knows their new boss is gay. 11. We are required to sit for only one paper. We can sign up for _____ the American English paper __ the British English paper. 12. Each class is to present _____ a historical drama __ a modern drama for the concert. 13. "Why is the baby crying?" "_____ she is hungry __ her nappy needs changing." 14. You can colour the design with _____ black crayons __ black paints. 15. Our Yellow House was _____ first __ last in this year's crawling event.
Exercise 3- Subordinating Conjunctions Choose one word from the following to fill each blank: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, so, than, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while, yet. Each word is to be used only once. 1. _____ grandpa is old, he plays tennis like a young man. 2. _____ you leave the house, be sure that you let the dogs out. 3. _____ I went to bed, I remembered I had not said my daily prayer. 4. I have married again _____ I last wrote to you. 5. _____ the boss entered, a sudden silence fell over the whole office.

6. _____ we are having dinner, let's talk about who should wash the dishes. 7. _____ the princess appeared on the balcony, a thousand cameras clicked. 8. _____ there is a storm cloud I urgently seek shelter because very strong wind, heavy rain and often thunder and lightning are likely to follow. 9. Just _____ I said I like you doesn't mean I have to pay for your drink. 10. She was _____ angry with him that she punched him on the nose. 11. She drove her car into my car, and that's _____ we first met and got married. 12. I don't care _____ she likes it or not I am taking her daughter out. 13. We have to rob the bank again _____ we have finished the money. 14. My old car would stall _____ it was caught in a traffic jam. 15. Her beautiful sister is more intelligent _____ I thought. 16. My girlfriend and I often argue _____ past midnight. 17. It's only a little pizza and _____ it tastes absolutely delicious. 18. _____ you stop calling me 'baldy', I am not going to talk to you again. 19. Once she starts to scold someone she won't stop _____ she's satisfied. 20. _____ you look, there are people young and old. Assessment Join these sentences using and, but, or or so and exclude any unnecessary words.
1. I called her. She ignored me because she couldn't recognize me. 2. Tony changed his clothes. He now looks like James Bond. 3. Let's walk faster. We will be thought of as old people. 4. The child fell badly. He broke his toes. 5. I saw him flying kite an hour ago. I saw him flying kite two hours ago. 6. We were getting tired of building sandcastles. We lay on the beach for a rest. 7. Peter likes reggae music. He shakes his body uncontrollably whenever he listens to such music. 8. This must be the most expensive book in town. It is a very useful book. 9. Do you know what tools to use? Do you know how to use them? 10. Walk quickly. You will be caught in a heavy downpour. 11. You like to skip your lunch. Later you tell me you are starving. 12. He knows he has to tell the truth in court. He will be punished.

13. I heard a scratching noise. I turned the light on to see my dog scratching the door. 14. Why cry now? It happened years ago. Years ago. 15. Do you want me? Do you want my money? 16. I would like to be a circus clown. I am not that funny. 17. I thought everyone there was deaf because nobody answered my call. I hung up. 18. James had an accident. He spilled coffee on his new shirt. 19. He must be very tired. He wouldn't have fallen asleep on the couch. He snores. 20. You can invite Mr. Heavenly to the party. Please don't invite his wife. Answer each question with one of these: either...or / neither...nor / not only... but / not only...but also / both...and. 1. "Oh, dear! I have forgotten _____ my wife's _____ my mother's birthday is today," said Sean. 2. She employs a servant to do _____ the washing _____ cooking for her dogs and cats. 3. We are planning to trek _____ through forests _____ over mountains during the holidays. 4. You must have been _____ daydreaming _____ sleeping in class again. 5. I do not like her. She is _____ talkative _____ boastful. 6. The boys were _____ drug addicts _____ gambling addicts. 7. You shouldn't buy that blue suit. _____ the coat _____ trousers don't fit you well. 8. Alfred _____ got up late this morning _____ had a bad headache. 9. The teacher refused to mark his work because his book was _____ torn _____ dirty. 10. The boy is really talented. He _____ knows how to play the piano _____ can perform magic. 11. The invitation is for two females only, so _____ your wife _____ sister can attend the function. 12. You are _____ undersized _____ malnourished. 13. The beggar is _____ deaf _____ dumb, but he pretends to be. 14. The policemen found blood _____ on the bed _____ under the bed. 15. _____ grandpa _____ grandma would give in until he or she received a full apology.

Choose one word from the following to fill each blank: As, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, even though, in case, in order to, now that, provided that, seeing that, since, so that, though, while. Each word is to be used only once. 1. She's always sings the national anthem _____ she's taking her shower. 2. My grandmother gets skinnier _____ she gets older. 3. _____ my jalopy is twelve years old, it is very completely reliable. 4. I have been seeing the ghost of grandma _____ she passed away last month. 5. He's welcome to my farm, _____ he does not bring his pet monkey along. 6. We may as well go to the bullfight, _____ we have already bought the tickets. 7. _____ you have finished your talking, let me talk. 8. _____ you forget my telephone number, it's in the telephone directory. 9. Stop whisper and speak up _____ everyone can hear what you are saying. 10. She attends regular training weekends _____ improve her skills at drawing elephants. 11. His forehead was covered in tattoos and they stared at him _____ he was a being from another world. 12. You can go out to chase butterflies _____ you don't catch them. 13. You are looking quite pale _____ you have just seen a few ghosts. 14. I can still remember you owe $10, _____ you borrowed it so long ago. 15. _____ everyone is here at midnight, we can proceed to the haunted castle.

10) Sentences a) Negative and Positive Sentence i) A negative sentence is one with not or no added to it. A positive sentence is one without these words Examples: o o o o ii) I am sleepy Positive statement I am not sleepy Negative statement I have an apple Positive statement I have no apple Negative statement
We place not after the first word when the verb is made up of more than one word Example: I like oranges I do not like oranges or I dont like oranges The verb of the sentence is like It is an ordinary verb The negative of this verb is formed by adding to do + not to this verb. In speaking, short forms are often used (dont)
iii) In negative sentences we often use any in place of some and yet in place of any. Examples: She saw someone in the field. She didnt see anyone in the field. The show as has begun already. The show hasnt begun yet.
b) Question words i) Who, Whom and Whose
1. We used question-words when asking questions. Question-words such as Who and Whom are used for persons. Whose is used for possessors. Examples: Who are you? (Used for person) I am Samantha Whom did you meet? (Used for person) I met William. Whose pen did you take? (Used for possessor) I took Clements pen.
ii)
What and Which 1. We used What for persons and things. Which is also used for persons and things of number; Examples: When are you leaving? Where are you going? Why are you leaving? How are you going? Read the questions above; When asks for time. Where asks for place. Why answers the question for what reason. How asks for manner When, where, why and how are also questions words. When means at what time; where means at what place; how means for what reason.
Curriculum Specifications for English 67 Grammar Form 1 Exercise 1 Positive and Negative Sentences Make these sentences negative Example: He is in the class. He is not in the class.
1. She is sick. 2. They are angry. 3. Hui Xing was hungry. 4. John and Peter were absent. 5. I am happy. 6. He is Mikes brother. 7. They are rich. 8, We were cold. 9. That is my ruler. 10. The old man is sick. 11. It was raining. 12. Xinyi was doing her work.
Exercise 2 Positive and Negative Sentences

Make these sentences positive. 1. It isnt raining. 2. We werent in the library. 3. He wasnt sick. 4. The cats arent mewing. 5. They wont come here. 6. The shops arent closed. 7. You mustnt sit here. 8. I would like to go to England. 9. The baby hasnt finished her milk. 10. Jean cant dance. 11. We shant go by train. 12. I haven done my work

Exercise 3 Question-words
Fill in the blanks with Who, Which or What.

Example: ___________ pen is yours? Which pen is yours? 1. _________________ boy is your brother? 2. _________________ is your teacher? 3. _________________ of these dresses do you prefer? 4. _________________ are you doing? 5. _________________ is your ruler? 6. _________________ are you talking about? 7. _________________ is Kim Sengs father? 8. _________________ was in the bus? 9. _________________ is heavier, the bag or the basket? 10. _________________ have you been doing? 11. _________________ wrote this letter? 12. _________________ is your new principle?
Exercise 4 Questions-words Fill in the blanks with when or where e.g. ______________ are you going to school? When are you going to school? 1. ________________ is the Jurong Bird Park? 2. _________________ are you going tomorrow? 3. _________________ are the holidays? 4. _________________ did you see the doctor? 5. _________________ is Alis house?

6. _________________ do you what to get married? 7. _________________ will you come and visit me again? 8. _________________ does your Uncle live? 9. _________________ is your birthday? 10. _________________ is England? 11. _________________ do you park your car? 12. _________________ can you finish your work?
Exercise 5 Questionwords Fill in the blanks with How or Why. e.g. ___________________ is your sister? How old is your sister? 1.____________ must we come to school on Sunday? 2. ___________ are you crying? 3. ___________ must you drink so much of water? 4. ___________ do you bake a chocolate cake? 5. ___________ do you do? 6. ___________ do you make a kite? 7. ___________ didnt you attend the meeting? 8. ___________ do you grow roses? 9. ___________ do you make her tell the truth? 10. ___________ are you sad?

11) Clauses a) Introduction to Clauses i) Clause: A clause is a group of related words what has a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause. ii) Independent clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence. It has a subject and a verb. It is also known as a main clause. iii) Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It cannot stand alone in a sentence without being joined to an independent clause. iv) Adjective clause: An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes or gives more information about a noun. An adjective clause is the same as a relative clause. v) Adjective clause pronoun: An adjective clause pronoun connects the dependent clause that is the adjective clause, to the independent clause. Examples of an adjective clause pronoun are: who, whom, that, which, and whose. b) Adjective Clause i) An Adjective Clause describes or tells us more about a noun. Example: I have a friend who is a funny clown. In the example, "who is a funny clown" is an adjective clause. An adjective clause is a dependent clause and is never a complete sentence. An adjective clause is formed with the use of the following words: who, that, whom, Examples: a) This morning he fought with a little guy who was his best friend. b) The man who walks with a slight limp was an international footballer. c) I must say he is the most boring person who/that ever lives. d) The money that you gave me lasted only a week e) She is the only cousin whom I enjoy talking to. f) The man whom you met yesterday is our new next-door neighbour. In the examples, the adjective clauses are in bold. In (a), the adjective clause who was his best friend follows and modifies a noun. It gives more information about the noun. In (b), an adjective clause can come in the middle of a sentence. It immediately follows the noun it modifies. In (c), in many cases who or that can be used to start an adjective clause. In (d), only that can be used; that is used for animals or things; who is used for people. In (e), whom is an object pronoun, and comes at the beginning of an adjective clause. Here, it refers to cousin. In (f), the adjective clause beginning with whom can occur in the middle of a sentence. In (d), (e) and (f), the object pronouns that and whom can be omitted from the adjective clause as follow: The money you gave me lasted only a week. She is the only cousin I enjoy talking to. The man you met yesterday is our new next-door neighbour. Using which and that in adjective clause a) The fire broke out in the warehouse. It swept through the factories. b) The fire which broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. c) The fire that broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. In (a), we change It to which or that to make an adjective clause. It, which and that refer to the fire, which is not a person so who cannot be used. Which refers to things; that refers to people or things. In (b) and (c), which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause (which/that broke out in the warehouse), so they cannot be omitted

Example: The fire broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. (INCORRECT) However, which and that can be omitted if they are used as an object pronoun in an adjective clause, as follow: The fire which I saw swept through the factories. The fire that I saw swept through the factories. Example: The fire I saw swept through the factories. (CORRECT) Using whose in adjective clause Examples: The man made a police report. His wife went missing three months ago. The man whose wife went missing three months ago made a police report. Whose shows possession. His wife is changed to whose wife to create an adjective clause. The adjective clause here is whose wife went missing three months ago. My friend is a fireman. His house has burned down. My friend is a fireman whose house has burned down. The adjective clause is in bold. His house is changed to whose house to make an adjective clause. Using where and when in adjective clause The place where he flies his kites is very quiet. Where begins the adjective clause which is in bold. It is used to modify a noun of place. I'll never forget the day when she kissed me. When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time.
c) Restrictive Adjective Clause and nonrestrictive Adjective Clause i) A restrictive Adjective Clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence in which it appears. It cannot be omitted from a sentence, for without this clause, the basic meaning of the sentence changes. It is not set off by commas. ii) A nonrestrictive clause can be omitted from a sentence in which it appears without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. It merely gives more information about the noun it modifies. It is separated form the main clause by commas. d) Adverb Clause i) An adverb clause modifies a verb. It contains a subject and a verb. As a dependent clause, it cannot stand alone and must connect to an independent or main clause to form a complete sentence. ii) An adverb clause may come before or after the independent clause. When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. iii) Kinds of adverbial clause 1. Clauses of Time These clauses are used to show when something happens. Conjunctions used: after, as, as long as, before, since, until, while, when, whenever, as soon as, and so long as. Examples: You must clear up this mess before they arrive. When she heard the news, she started to cry.

2. Clauses of Condition These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation. Conjunctions used: if, unless, only if, even if, in case, and in the event that. Examples: If he wasn't such a heavy smoker, he would be alive today. I am going to take away your television unless you pay me back the money. 3. Clauses of Reason These clauses are used to show why something happens. Conjunctions used: because, as, since and now that. Examples: As we're both tired, we agreed to stop playing. She is very angry because of what you said. 4. Clauses of Manner These clauses are used to show the way something is done. Conjunctions used: as, and like. Examples: As I already mentioned, none of you is going to go with me. Don't treat me like you treat a slave. 5. Clauses of Purpose These clauses are used to show the purpose for doing something. Conjunctions used: so that, and in order that. Examples: I hold my pet cat up so that everyone can see it. We locked the gate in order that no uninvited persons could come in. 6. Clauses of Contrast These clauses are used to show direct contrast, 'this thing' is exactly the opposite of 'that thing'. Conjunctions used: while and whereas. Examples: Jack is short, while Jill is tall. His brother is rich, whereas he is poor. 7. Clauses of Place These clauses are used to show where something is or happens. Conjunctions used: where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere. Examples: Why do you follow me wherever I go? She is taking me to the farm where I can see lots of scorpions. e) Noun Clause i) A noun clause has a subject and verb and functions as a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who, whoever, or why. ii) A noun clause is a dependent clause Example: He knows where I live. This complete sentence has an independent clause with the main subject (He) and verb (knows). Where I live is a dependent clause called a noun clause connected to an independent clause (He knows).

iii) A noun clause has its own subject and verb. Example: He knows where I live. In this example, the noun clause is where I live. I is the subject of the noun clause; live is the verb of the noun clause.
iv) A noun clause can be used as a subject. Example: What she sang was a Hungarian folk song. What she sang is a noun clause, and is also the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject she and the verb sang. v) A noun clause can be used as an object. Example: I saw what he did. The noun clause is what he did. It is used as the object of the verb saw. vi) A noun clause can be used as the object of a preposition. Example: I always paid attention to what my father said. In the example, what my father said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the preposition to.
vii) A noun clause can start with a question word. Example: I don't know where my bunch of keys is. The noun clause is where my bunch of keys is. viii) A noun clause can begin with if or whether; Example: I don't know whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage. The noun clause: whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage. ix) We can begin a noun clause with that. Example: My mother-in-law insists that the world is oval. That the world is oval is the noun clause.
f)
Subjunctive in Noun Clause. i) We use subjunctive verbs in sentences to express or stress wishes, importance or urgency. A subjunctive verb is used in noun clauses beginning with that. It uses the simple form of a verb, and does not have present, past, or future forms. It is neither singular nor plural. Examples: The leader demands that we be early for the trip. We insisted that he honour the terms of the agreement. The father recommended that she not go to the cinema alone. It is important that everyone be told the truth. His mother suggested that he see/should see a doctor.

Exercise 1 - Adjective Clauses Correct the following sentences: 1. The man is friendly who lives next to me. 2. The man lives next to me is friendly. 3. The man was friendly whom I met. 4. The book is mine that is on the table. 5. The man whom I saw him was Mr. Jones. 6. The man I saw him was Mr. Jones. 7. She is the woman about who I told you. 8. The music to that we listened last night was good. 9. The girl who sitting next to me is Maria. 10. The books are on that shelf are mine. Exercise 2 - Adverbial Clauses The wrong conjunctions (in bold) are used. Substitute with the correct ones as follow: because, even if, like, when, while, since, so that, unless, whereas, wherever (each of which is to be used only once.) 1. Where we were in London, we visited the zoo. 2. They arrived after we were having dinner. 3. As long as she started that diet she's lost over 10 kilograms in weight. 4. Milk quickly turns sour in case it's refrigerated. 5. They qualify for the next round since they lose this match. 6. My uncle had to retire now that of ill health. 7. It's important to eat nutritious foods for eggs and fish. 8. They used the wrong colors, even if the piece of work had to be redone. 9. Why are some people very tall, since there are others who are very short? 10. Anyway possible jobs are given to local people. Exercise 3 Noun Clauses Correct the following sentences: 1. I don't know where does she live. 2. I hope so I didn't fail the medical test. 3. I wonder who is at the door? 4. Why she behaves the way she do surprises me. 5. He is taking action on all the problems of which you complained of.

6. Her mother demands that Julia been early for the first bus. 7. The teacher insisted that he finishes the homework for the next day. . 8. The parents recommended that she not goes to the bullfight. 9. It is important that they been told of the incident. 10. His doctor suggested that he saw a specialist.

12) Suffix a) Suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word. b) For example, the verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the suffix er; read can be made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able. c) Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. The table below defines and illustrates 26 common suffixes. d) Common Suffixes Noun Suffixes Suffix -acy -al -ance, -ence -dom -er, -or -ism -ist -ity, -ty -ment -ness -ship -sion, -tion -ate -en -ify, -fy -ize, -ise Meaning state or quality act or process of state or quality of place or state of being one who doctrine, belief one who quality of condition of state of being position held state of being Verb Suffixes Become Become make or become Become Adjective Suffixes capable of being pertaining to reminiscent of notable for pertaining to characterized by having the quality of having the nature of Without characterized by Example privacy refusal maintenance, eminence freedom, kingdom trainer, protector communism chemist veracity argument heaviness fellowship concession, transition eradicate enlighten terrify civilize
-able, -ible -al -esque -ful -ic, -ical -ious, -ous -ish -ive -less -y
edible, presentable regional picturesque fanciful musical, mythic nutritious, portentous fiendish creative endless sleazy

13) Prefixes a) Prefix (affix) is a word, or letter(s) placed at the beginning of another word (a base word) to adjust or qualify its usage or meaning. The opposite of prefix is suffix. List of English Prefixes Prefix a(n)abacacr(o)aden(o)aer(o)agr(o)anan(a)an(o)andranemAngloanteanthrop(o)ant(i)aut(o)bar(o)bathybeGeneral Meaning not , without away high, up air relating to farming out of man Example atonality , asexuality , amoral , anarchy abduction , absolutism , ablution Acropolis aeronautics , aerodrome , aeroplane , aerodynamics agriculture anachronism androgyny , androcentrism , android , androgen Anglo-Irish relations, anglophile antebellum anthropology , anthropocentrism , anthropomorphic antidote , antibody , anticlockwise autonomy , autobiography , automobile , autopilot Bathyscape , Bathysphere
English or British before relating to human beings against self atmosphere deep completely, thoroughly; excessively; on; around; about; used to form transitive verbs two life relating to books slow relating to breathing heart hundred or hundredth
bibi(o)bibli(o)blast(o)bradybrom(o)bronch(o)cac(o)cardi(o)cent-, centi cephal(o)chrom(o)-, chromat(o)chron(o)circumcion(o)cocolpocom-, con-, col-, corcontr(a)-,
bicycle , bijection , bilingual , bicameralism , bisexuality biology , biography , biosphere , biotechnology bibliophilia , bibliography bradycardia bronchitis cardiovascular centenary, centimeter, centipede
time around
chronology, chronograph circumcision, circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumference cooperative, cohabit conference , connotation , context , Congress , congregation contradiction , contraception ,
together with, together against, opposite

contr(o) cosm(o)countercrin(o)cry(o)crypt(o)cyt(o)dactyl(o)dedec(a)-, dek(a)deci dem(o)derm(o)-, derm(a)-, dermatdididact(o)dynam(o)disdox(o)dysecoecto(s)edaph(o)electr(o)embry(o)encephal(o)end(o)-, ent(o)enne(a)enter(o)eoep(i)-, epherg(o)erythr(o)erot(o)stom(o)-, stomat(o)ethn(o)euexex(o)extraflor(i)foregynhemihex(a)hyperagainst, opposite controversy cosmology , cosmopolitan , cosmotheism counterpoint , counterweight , CounterReformation cryogenics , cryoelectronics , cryostorage cryptography , cryptozoology cytoplasm , cytology decentralisation , deforestation , dehydration decamerous deciliter demographics , democracy dermatology , dermatitis
frost , icy cold hidden hollow, receptacle, cell taking something away, the opposite ten one tenth people, nation skin
two , double apt at teaching power , force reverse , opposite Doxology bad, deformed, abnormal house Outside electricity Full brain nine dawn, early above
dynamic , dynamite , dynamo dissent , discovery , disambiguation dyspepsia , dystrophy , dysarthria economy , ecology , ecosystem , ecotourism , ecotage ectoskeleton electrocution encephalitis enneastyle eobacterium epitaxy ergonomics
good former outside very, more than usual, outside, beyond relating to flowers before, in advance female half six excessive, (least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper)
ethnology , ethnolinguistics , ethnocentrism eulogy , euthanasia , eugenics , euphemism ex-wife, ex-president exoskeleton extra-thin, extra-special extraordinary, extraterrestrial florist foreskin , foreshadowing gynaecology , gynoid hemimetabolous hexapod hyperactive , hyperthyroidism

hyp(o)inin-, il-, im-, irinterintrakilo malmaximega -, megalmetamicro midmilli minimismon(o)multinonnonoct(o)-, oct(a)oo- (" oo -oh") outoverpent(a)postpreproquadr-, quartquin(que)quint(i)rerect(i)scler(o)semisept(a)sex(i)Sinospasm(o)sperm(o)-, spermat(o)spher(o)sphygm(o)splen(o)splanchn(o)schiz(o)-, schist(o)staphyl(o)styl(o)subbelow, (least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper) extremely not between, from one to another within, interior thousand bad, badly most, very, large million , very large after, beyond one millionth, very small in the middle of thousandth small bad , wrong one , single many not nine eight egg, ovum more, to a greater degree more than normal, too much five after before for, in favour of four five , into five parts fifth , five again, repeatedly proper, straight hard half seven six Chinese hypodermic inflammable , invaluable infallibility , illiteracy , immoral , irrelevant intervention , international intramural, intravenous kilogram , kilowatt malpractice , malnutrition maxi-dress megabyte , megaphone metacarpal , metaphysics microgram , microorganism , micronation mid-term elections , Mid-Autumn Festival , Mid-Atlantic Ridge milligram , milliliter miniskirt , miniscule miscarriage , misanthropy , misogyny monolith , monorail , monotony , monocle multiculturalism , multilingual nonsense, non-denial denial none, nonagon octane , octopod , octagon oocyte to outdo, to outrun overpopulation , over-consumption pentagon Post-Fordism , postpartum depression , postmodernity , postmodernism prediction , preview , precedent , prenatal care pro-choice, pro-life, promotion quadrangle , quadruplet , quartic , quartile quinquesection quintiped reduction , reflection , revolution rectify, rectangle scleroderma atherosclerosis semi-automatic , semi-detached heptachord sexivalent Sino-American relations
pulso
sphygmomanometer
split
schizophrenia , schistocyte
pillar below, less than, under,(least to
subset , subsonic , subway , subtitles

greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper) extremely, more than, (least to greatest in order: hypo, sub, super, hyper) along with, together, at the same time fast, speed far, over a long distance end, complete, mature across, beyond three extremely, beyond a certain limit not, opposite, take something away one , single first, original relating to animals
super-
superhuman , Superego , supersonic
syntach(y)-, tach(o)tel(e)-, tel(o)tel(o)-, tel(e)transtriultraununiurzoo- (" zoo -oh")
synergy , synchronicity tachycardia , tachometer telecommunications , television , telephoto lens , telodynamic teloblast transfer , transubstantiation , transatlantic , Trans-Siberian railway triangle , tricolor , triptych Ultramontanism , ultraviolet unconstitutional , undelete uniform , unification urtext zoomorphic , zoology
Exercise 1 - Prefixes Write a new word using a prefix: bi, un, mis, dis, in, mid, re, en 1.friendly ___________ 2.couragement ___________ 3.reasonable ___________ 4.weekly ___________ 5.even ___________ 6.place ___________ 7.informed ___________ 8.likely ___________ 9.agree ___________ 10.valuable ___________

14) Homonym a) Homonym is a word that sounds the same as another but is different in meaning.
air ail allowed arc ate bad bail bald ball bare beach bean bear beat bee beet bell berry birth blue boar board bough bow boy brake buy ceiling
Heir Ale Aloud Ark Eight Bade Bale Bawled Bawl Bear Beech Been Bare Beet Be Beat Belle Bury Berth Blew Bore Bored Bow Bough Buoy Break by/bye Sealing
loan made mail main meat medal missed muscle none oar one pail pain pair patience peace peal plain plane pore practice praise pray principal profit rain rap read
lone maid male mane meet meddle mist mussel nun ore won pale pane pear patients piece peel plane plain pour practise prays prey principle prophet reign wrap reed
cell cent cheap check coarse cord dear die dun dye ewe eye fair feat find flea flew flour flower fool fore forth foul fur gait grate groan hair hall
Sell Sent Cheep Cheque Course Chord Deer Dye Done Die You I Fare Feet Fined Flee Flu Flower Flour Full Four Fourth Fowl Fir Gate Great Grown Hare Haul
read right ring road role root rose sale scene sea seam sew sight soar sole son soot stair stake steal stile suite tail tear their threw throne tide to
red write wring rode roll route rows sail seen see seem sow site sore soul sun suit stare steak steel style sweet tale tier there through thrown tied two
heal hear heard here higher him hole hour idle key knew knight knot know lain lead leak lessen
Heel Here Herd Hear Hire Hymn Whole Our Idol Quay New Night Not No Lane Led Leek Lesson
told too towed urn vain vale vein waist wait way weak wear whole witch wood write yoke yore
tolled to, two toad earn vein veil vane, vain waste weight weigh week where hole which would right yolk your

15) Figurative language - Proverbs and Sayings; 1. A bad excuse is better than none. Giving a poor excuse is better than not having an excuse as a poor excuse may be believed. 2. A bad workman blames his tools. Workers who do not have the necessary ability to do something successfully blames their equipment or tools. 3. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. What you actually have now is more valuable than something you may get, so avoid risking what you have to get it. 4. A bully is always a coward. A bully is one who picks on someone who is weaker and cannot fight back. 5. A burnt child dreads fire. Someone who has a bad experience tends to always avoid such experience. 6. A dog is man's best friend. Dogs are more faithful than any human companion. 7. A chip off the old block. A person who has similar character or appearance as that of his or her parent. 8. A cold hand and a warm heart. This is used to say to someone with cold hands in order to stop them being shy or embarrassed. 9. A drowning man will clutch at a straw. When a person is desperate or in a very difficult situation, he will seize any opportunity to save or improve himself. 10. A fate worse than death An experience that is so bad that we wish we need not have to go through
11. A fool and his money are soon parted. There is a tendency for foolish people to be easily cheated or lose their money.
12. A friend in need is a friend indeed. If someone is your true friend, he will stand by you in times of difficulties.
13. A friend to all is a friend to none. A person who tries to be friends with everyone will end up being friends with no one.
14. A good beginning is half the battle A good start to an undertaking is halfway to making a success of it.
15. A good beginning makes a good ending Thorough preparation ensures a successful ending.
16. A good tale is none the worse for being told twice. It is all right to tell a story, joke, etc. a second time if it is a good story. This proverb is often used to justify repeating a story.

17. A good wife/husband makes a good husband/wife. A wife or husband who treats the family well will find her or his spouse doing the same.
18. A guilty conscience needs no accuser. People who have done wrong unconsciously express their guilt in what they say or how they behave, or think they are always the subject of other people's talk.
19. A heavy purse makes a light heart. People who have plenty of money are happy and free from worry.
20. A hungry man is an angry man. Hunger makes a man angry.
21. A man is as old as he feels; a woman is as old as she looks. A man may feel younger on a good day and older on a bad day, and a woman makes herself look younger or older by using clothing and make-up to make herself younger or older than she actually is.
22. A man is known by the company he keeps. People's judgement of you may be based on the reputation or character of the people you associate with.
23. A miss is as good as a mile. If you miss, you miss even though you almost hit the target.
24. A penny saved is a penny earned/gained. However small the amount you save, it is still wise to save.
25. A rich man's joke is always funny Wealthy people are surrounded by flatterers who strive to win their favour by laughing at all their jokes even though they are not funny.

26. A rolling stone gathers no moss. People who move or travel around freely or easily have less personal responsibility or attachment.
27. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet It the qualities inherent in someone or something that matter and not whatever name they are called.
28. A small leak will sink a great ship. Unimportant or insignificant problem can escalate into big or serious problem.
29. A stitch in time saves nine. It is better to deal with problems early than to wait until they get worse.
30. A watched pot never boils. When we watch impatiently to happen, it seems to take longer than usual to happen. Exercise 1 Proverbs and Sayings Write down the meaning of these Proverbs/Sayings 1. A bad excuse is better than none. 2. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 3. A bully is always a coward. 4. A dog is man's best friend. 5. A chip off the old block. 6. A drowning man will clutch at a straw. 7. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 8. A good beginning is half the battle 9. A heavy purse makes a light heart. 10. A hungry man is an angry man. Assessment 1 Proverbs and Sayings Fill in the blanks with the correct words 1. A man is as old as he ______; a woman is as old as she ______. 2. A man is known by the company he _______. 3. A miss is as good as a ________. 4. A penny saved is a penny __________. 5. A rich man's joke is always __________.

6. A rolling stone gathers no __________. 7. A rose by any other name would smell as _________. 8. A small leak will sink a great ___________. 9. A stitch in time saves __________. 10. A watched pot never __________.

English Nouns

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Curriculum Specifications for English 1 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 2 Grammar Form 1

Answer: No, we cant. They are called uncountable nouns.

Curriculum Specifications for English 3 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 4 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 5 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 6 Grammar Form 1

1. Coins 2. Sugar 3. Pebbles 4. Boys 5. Medicine 6. Seeds

7. Flour 8. Air 9. Tea 10.Elephants 11. Chalk 12. Dust

Curriculum Specifications for English 8 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 11 Grammar Form 1

1. women 2. lice 3. boxes 4. armies 5. geese

Curriculum Specifications for English 13 Grammar Form 1

1. Husband 2. Book 3. Pupil 4. Actress 5. Sir

1. empress 2. bride 3. widow 4. vixen 5. tigress 6. milkmaid 7. aunt 8. goose

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

Curriculum Specifications for English 15 Grammar Form 1

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Curriculum Specifications for English 28 Grammar Form 1

v) Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparison)

far (place + time)

old (people and things)

Curriculum Specifications for English 29 Grammar Form 1

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Curriculum Specifications for English 32 Grammar Form 1

Comparison of Adjectives Pick the correct words in the brackets.

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Plural Ours Yours Theirs Theirs Theirs

Curriculum Specifications for English 36 Grammar Form 1

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Curriculum Specifications for English 39 Grammar Form 1

3. The train never arrived. It was due to arrive at one o'clock.

Curriculum Specifications for English 40 Grammar Form 1

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Curriculum Specifications for English 42 Grammar Form 1

Exercise 2 Forms of the Verb

Curriculum Specifications for English 43 Grammar Form 1

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Curriculum Specifications for English 54 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 55 Grammar Form 1

Curriculum Specifications for English 56 Grammar Form 1