Electrical Solved

AE14 ELECTROMAGNETICS AND RADIATION
1

TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART I

OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS

Each Question carries 2 marks.

Choose correct or the best alternative in the following:

Q.1 Two concentric spherical shells carry equal and opposite uniformly distributed charges over
their surfaces as shown in Fig.1.
Electric field on the surface of inner shell will be
(A) zero.
(B)
2
0
R 4
Q
.
(C)
2
0
R 8
Q
.
(D)
2
0
R 16
Q
.
Ans: A

Q.2 The magnetic field intensity (in
m
A
) at the centre of a circular coil of diameter 1 metre
and carrying current of 2 A is
(A) 8. (B) 4.
(C) 3. (D) 2.

Ans: A

Q.3 The polarization of a dielectric material is given by
(A)

= E P
r
. (B) ( )

= E 1 P
r
.
(C) ( ) 1 E P
r 0
=

. (D) ( )
0 r
1 P =
.

Ans: B

Q.4 In a travelling electromagnetic wave, E and H vector fields are
(A) perpendicular in space .
(B) parallel in space.
(C) E is in the direction of wave travel.
(D) H is in the direction of wave travel.

Ans: C

2

Q.5 For a broad side linear array which of the following is not correct
(A) the maximum radiation occurs perpendicular to the line of the array at
o
90 = .
(B) the progressive phase shift ( ) between elements is zero.
(C) width of principal lobe is less than that of an end fire array.
(D) the maximum radiation occurs along the line of array at
o
0 = .

Ans: D

Q.6 Two point charges
1
Q and
2
Q are located at A and B on a straight line as shown in the
Fig.1. The electric field will be zero at a point

(A) between A and B. (B) to the left of A.
(C) to the right of B. (D) perpendicular to AB.

Ans: B

Q.7 The ratio of conduction current density to the displacement current density is
(A)

j
(B)

j

(C)
j
(D)

j

Where symbols have their usual meaning.

Ans: A

Q.8 A wave is incident normally on a good conductor. If the frequency of a plane electromagnetic
wave increases four times, the skin depth, will
(A) increase by a factor of 2. (B) decrease by a factor of 4.
(C) remain the same. (D) decrease by a factor of 2.

Ans: D

Q.9 Electric field of a travelling wave is given by ( ) 4x t 10 cos 100
9
. The velocity and the
wavelength are
(A)
sec
m
10 3
8
and 4 m respectively.
(B)
sec
m
10 2.5
8
and
2
m respectively.
(C)
sec
m
10 4
9
and 8 m respectively.
(D)
sec
m
10
9
and
4
100
m respectively.

3

Ans: B

Q.10 In a dielectric-conductor boundary (interface), the tangential component of electric field is
(A)
t
E (B)
t
E 2
(C) zero (D) infinity

Ans: C

Q.11 Which of the following matching is incorrect:
(A) Amperes circuital law
t
D
J H
+ =
r
r r
.
(B) Displacement current density
t
D
J
=
r
r
.
(C) Poissons equation 0 V
2
= .
(D) Continuity equation
t

J

=
r
.
Ans: C

Q.12 For a transmission line terminated in its characteristic impedance, which of the following
statement is incorrect:
(A) It is a smooth line.
(B) The energy distribution between magnetic and electric field is not equal.
(C) Standing wave does not exist.
(D) Efficiency of transmission of power is maximum.

Ans: B

Q.13 For a line of characteristic impedance,
O
Z terminated in a load,
R
Z such that
O R
Z Z > , the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is given by
(A)
O
R
Z
Z
. (B)
O
Z .
(C)
R
Z . (D)
R
O
Z
Z
.
Ans: A

Q.14 The lower cut-off frequency of a rectangular wave guide with inside dimensions (3 4.5 cm)
operating at 10 GHz is
(A) 10 GHz. (B) 9 GHz.
(C)
9
10
GHz. (D)
3
10
GHz.
Ans: D

Q.15 The directive gain cannot be stated as
(A) the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the average radiated
power.
(B) the function of angles.
4

(C) the directivity of an antenna when directive gain is maximum.
(D) independent of angles.

Ans: D

Q.16 Electric field intensity due to line charge of infinite length is.
(A)
R 2
L
. (B)
R 4
L
.
(C)
R
2
L
. (D)
R 4
2
L
.

Ans: A

Q.17 With respect to equipotential surface pick the odd one out.
(A) Potential is same every where
(B) Work done in moving charge from one point to another is zero
(C) Potential is different every where
(D) No current flows on this surface

Ans: C

Q.18 Energy stored in a magnetic field is
(A) W=
4
H
2
1
. (B)
2
H
W
2
= .
(C) W=
2
H
2
. (D)
2
H
W

= .

Ans: C

Q.19 The intrinsic impedance of free space is
(A) 75 ohm. (B) 73 ohm.
(C) 120 ohm. (D) 377ohm.

Ans: D

Q.20 During night which layer does not exist?
(A) D layer (B) F
1
layer
(C) F
2
layer (D) E layer

Ans: A

Q.21 The characteristic impedance is given by
(A) Z
0
=
Zsc
Zoc
(B)
Zoc
Zsc

(C) Zoc Zsc (D) ( )
oc
Z Zsc

Ans: C
5

Q.22 Transverse electric wave traveling in z- direction satisfies
(A) E
z
= 0; H
z
= 0 (B) E
z
= 0; H
z
0
(C) E
z
0; H
z
= 0 (D) E
z
0; H
z
0.

Ans: B

Q.23 Radiation resistance of a /2 dipole is
(A) 73 . (B) 75 ohm
(C) 120 ohm (D) 377 ohm

Ans: A

Q.24 Poissons equation in CGS Gaussian system is
(A)
o
2
V
= (B) = 4 V
2

(C) = 4 V
2
(D) 0 V
2
=

Ans: C

Q.25 The electric potential due to linear quadrapole varies inversely with
(A) r (B)
2
r
(C)
3
r (D)
4
r

Ans: C

Q.26 In an electromagnetic wave, the phase difference between electric and magnetic field vectors
E
r
and B
r
is
(A) zero (B) 2
(C) (D) 4

Ans: A

Q.27 If the electrostatic potential is given by ( )
2 2 2
o
z y x + + = where
o
is constant, then the
charge density giving rise to the above potential would be
(A) zero (B)
o o
6
(C)
o o
2 (D)
o
o

Ans: B

Q.28 Find the amplitude of the electric field in the parallel beam of light of intensity 2.0
2
m W .
(A) 28.8 c N (B) c N 6 . 15
(C) c N 8 . 38 (D) c N 6 . 26

Ans: C
6

Q.29 The material is described by the following electrical parameters at a frequency of 10 GHz,
o
6
, m / mho 10 = = and 10
c
=
, the material at this frequency is considered to be

(A) a good conductor
(B) neither a good conductor nor a good dielectric
(C) a good dielectric
(D) a good magnetic material

Ans: A

Q.30 Consider a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 ohms and the line is terminated at
one end by +j50 ohms, the VSWR produced in the transmission line will be
(A) +1 (B) zero
(C) infinity (D) -1

Ans: C
Q.31 A very small thin wire of length
100
has a radiation resistance of

(A) 0 (B) 08 . 0
(C) 7.9 (D) 790

Ans: B

Q.32 Which one of the following conditions will not gurantee a distortionless transmission line
(A) R = 0 = G
(B) RC = LG
(C) very low frequency range (R>>L, G >> C)
(D) very high frequency range (R<<L, G << C)

Ans: C

Q.33 The dominant mode of rectangular wave guide is
(A)
11
TE (B)
11
TM
(C)
01
TE (D)
10
TE

Ans: D

Q.34 In a certain medium E = 10 Cos(10
8
t 3y)
x
a V/m. What type of medium is it?
(A) Free space (B) Lossy dielectric
(C) Lossless dielectric (D) Perfect conductor

Ans: C

Q.35 Which of the following statements is not true of waves in general?
(A) It may be a function of time only
(B) It may be sinusoidal or cosinusoidal
7

(C) It may be a function of time and space
(D) For practical reasons, it must be finite in extent.

Ans: A

Q.36 Plane y=0 carries a uniform current of 30
z
a mA/m. At (1, 10, 2), the magnetic field intensity
is
(A) 15
x
a mA/m (B) 15
x
a mA/m
(C) 477.5
y
a A/m (D) 18.85
y
a nA/m
Ans: A

Q.37 A loop is rotating about y-axis in a magnetic field B=B
0
sin t
x
a Wb/m
2
.
The voltage
induced in the loop is due to
(A) Motional emf
(B) Transformer emf
(C) A combination of motional & transformer emf
(D) None of the above

Ans: C

Q.38 A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates of area A separated by a distance d and
has a capacitance C. If another metal plate of area A is held parallel to either plate of the
capacitor at distance d/2 from either plate, the new capacitance will be
(A) C/2 (B) C
(C) 2C (D) 4C

Ans: A

Q.39 If E D = and E J = in a given material, the material is said to be
(A) Linear (B) Homogeneous
(C) Isotropic (D) Linear & Homogeneous

Ans: D

Q.40 Point charges 30 nC, 20 nC and 10 nC are located at (1, 0, 2), (0, 0,0) and (1, 5, 1)
respectively. The total flux leaving a cube of side 6m centered at the origin is

(A) 20 nC (B) 10 nC
(C) 20 nC (D) 30 nC
Ans: B

Q.41 Lorentz force law is

(A) E Q F
r r
= (B) B * V F
r r r
=
(C) ( ) B * V E Q F
r r r r
+ = (D) ( ) B * V Q F
r r r
=

8

Ans: C

Q.42 The equation
t
B
E

=
r
r
is the generalization of

(A) Amperes Law (B) Faraday Law
(C) Gausss Law (D) Biot-Saverts Law

Ans: B

Q.43 For a transmission line terminated by a load, the reflection co-efficient magnitude and the
voltage standing wave ration S are related as:

(A) ( ) + = 1 1 S (B) ( ) = 1 1 S
(C) ( ) ( ) + = 1 1 S (D) ( ) ( ) + = 1 1 S

Ans: D

Q.44 Unit of relative permeability is
(A) Henry (B) Henry/meter
(C) Henry/
2
meter (D) It is dimensionless

Ans: D

Q.45 Reciprocal of reluctance is
(A) Henry/meter (B) Henry
(C) meter/Henry (D)
1
Henry

Ans: B

Q.46 For a rectangular wave guide, 2.5cm x 1.2cm, dominant cut off wavelength is
(A) 5 cm (B) 2.5 cm
(C) 2.4 cm (D) 3.7 cm

Ans: A
Q.47 For a line of characteristic impedance, Z
0
terminated in a load Z
R
such that
3
Z
Z
0
R
= , the
reflection coefficient is
(A)
3
1
(B)
3
2

(C)
3
1
(D)
2
1

Ans: D

Q.48 Plane z=10m carries charge 20nC/m
2
. The electric field intensity at the origin is

(A) m / v i
10
z
(B) m / v i
18
z

9

(C) m / v i
72
z
(D) m / v i
360
z

Ans: D

Q.49 A positive charged pendulum is oscillating in a uniform electric field (Fig. 1). Its time period
as compared to that when it was unchanged

(A) will increase
(B) will decrease
(C) will not change
(D) will first increase and then decrease

Fig.1
Ans: B

Q.50 Field due to infinitely long line charge along z-axis varies with
(A) (B) z
(C) (D) both and z

Ans: C

Q.51 Which one of the following is correct?
(A)
v
E = (B)
o v
E =
(C)
v
E = (D)
v o
E =

Ans: B

Q.52 When a magnetic flux cuts across 200 turns at the rate of 2 s Wb , the induced voltage is
(A) 400 V (B) 100 V
(C) 600 V (D) 0 V

Ans: A

Q.53 When an EM wave is incident on a dielectric, it is
(A) fully transmitted
(B) fully reflected
(C) partially transmitted and partially reflected
(D) none of these.

Ans: C

Q.54 If a line is terminated in an open circuit, the VSWR is

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) (D) 1

Ans: C

10

Q.55 A hollow rectangular waveguide acts as a
(A) High pass filter (B) Low pass filter
(C) Band pass filter (D) Low frequency radiator

Ans: A

Q.56 For a 300 antenna operating with 5A of current, the radiated power is
(A) 7500 W (B) 750 W
(C) 75 W (D) 7500 mW

Ans: A

Q.57 If a current element is z-directed, vector magnetic potential is
(A) x-directed (B) y-directed
(C) -directed (D) z-directed

Ans: D

Q.58 Divergence theorem is applicable for
(A) static field only
(B) time varying fields only
(C) both static and time varying fields
(D) electric fields only

Ans: C

Q.59 Depth of penetration in free space is

(A) (B) 1
(C) 0 (D)

Ans: B

Q.60 When the separation between two charges increases, the electric potential energy of charges
(A) increases. (B) decreases.
(C) remains the same. (D) may increase or decreases.

Ans: B

Q.61 Which one of the following conditions will not guarantee a distortionless Transmission
Line?
(A) R=0, G=0 (B) LG=RC
(C) R >>L, G >>C (D) R <<L, G <<C

Ans: C

Q.62 A uniform plane wave in air is incident normally on an infinitely thick slab. If the refractive
index of the glass slab is 1.5, then the percentage of the incident power that is reflected from
the air-glass interface is
11

(A) 0% (B) 4%
(C) 20% (D) 10%

Ans: B
Q.63 Some unknown material has a conductivity of m mho 10
6
, and a permeability of
m H 10 4
7
. The skin depth for the material at 1 GHz is
(A) 15.9 m (B) 20.9 m
(C) 25.9 m (D) 30.9 m

Ans: A

Q.64 An electromagnetic wave is incident obliquely at the surface of a dielectric medium ( )
2 2
, 2
from dielectric medium ( )
1 1
, 1 . The angle of incidence and the critical angle are
i
and
c

respectively. The phenomenon of total reflection occurs when
(A)
2 1
> and
c i
< (B)
2 1
< and
c i
>
(C)
2 1
< and
c i
< (D)
2 1
> and
c i
>

Ans: D

Q.65 Poissons equation is
(A)

= V
2
(B) = 4 V
2

(C) = 4 V
2
(D) 0 V
2
=

Ans: A
Q.66 The radio wave is incident on layer of ionosphere at an angle of
o
30 with the vertical. If the
critical frequency is 1.2 MHz, the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is
(A) 1.2 MHz (B) 2.4 MHz
(C) 0.6 MHz (D) 1.386 MHz

Ans: D

Q.67 A transmission line with a characteristic impedance
1
Z is connected to a transmission line
with characteristic impedance
2
Z . If the system is being driven by a generator connected to
the first line, then the overall transmission coefficient will be
(A)
2 1
1
Z Z
Z 2
+
(B)
2 1
1
Z Z
Z
+

(C)
2 1
2
Z Z
Z 2
+
(D)
2 1
2
Z Z
Z
+

Ans: A

Q.68 A rectangular waveguide has dimension cm 5 . 0 cm 0 . 1 , its cutoff frequency for the dominant
mode is
12

(A) 5 GHz (B) 10 GHz
(C) 15 GHz (D) 20 GHz

Ans: C

Q.69 Poynting vector gives
(A) rate of energy flow.
(B) direction of polarization.
(C) intensity of electric field.
(D) intensity of magnetic field.

Ans:A
13

PART II
NUMERICALS

Q.1 Using Gausss theorem, show that a symmetrical spherical charge distribution is equivalent
to a concentrated point charge at the centre of the sphere as far as external fields are
concerned. (6)

Ans:Refer section 2.21 & 2.22 Pg No 109 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D
Prasad.

Q.2 A spherical volume of radius R has a volume charge density given by Kr = , where r is the
radial distance and K is a constant. Develop expressions for
E and V and sketch their

variation with respect to ( ) r 0 r . (8)

Ans:For r < R : Gausss law

Eds
o
= charge enclosed by sphere of radius r.
Or
= dv r E
r o

2
4
= dr r kr
2
4 .

= dr r k
3
4
=
4
kr
Or
r
o
r
i
kr
E
=
4
2
for r < R
At r = R,
r
o
R
i
kR
E
=
4
2
max value at r = R
For R r ;
=
R
r
dv r E
0
2
0
4
=
R
dr r k
0
3
4 =
4
KR
Or
r r
i
r
KR
E
2
0
4
4
= for R r .

Q.3 Give an example in which the current in a wire enclosed by a closed path is not a uniquely
defined. Is it correct to apply Amperes circuital law for the static case in such a situation?
Explain. (6)

Ans:Refer section 4.2, Page No 306 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.

Q.4 The electric field
E in free space is given as ( )

x m
i
z t cos E E = .
14

Determine

H and B , D . Sketch E and H at t =0. (8)

Ans: ( )
x m
i z t E E D = = cos
0 0

( )
(
(
(
(
=
0 0 cos z t E
z y x
i i i
t
B
E
m
z y x

Or ( ) [ ]
y m
i z t E
z t
B

cos
= ( )
y m
i z t E + sin
Integrating, in view of its being a static field, the constant of integration is treated as zero.
( )
y
m
i z t
E
B
= cos
Or ( )
y
m
i z t
E
B
= cos
( )
y
m
i z t
E B
H
= = cos
0 0
.

Q.5 What is the physical interpretation of Gausss law for the magnetic field? How gauss law
for the magnetic field in differential form can be derived from it integral form? (3 + 5)

Ans:Refer section 8.5, Page No 251 of Engineering Electromagnetics by William H Hagt,
6
th
edition.

Q.6 The one-dimensional Laplaces equation is given as 0
dx
V d
2
2
= . The boundary conditions
are V = 9 at x = 1 and V = 0 at x = 10. Find the potential and also show the variation of V
with respect to x. (6)

Ans: 0
2
2
=
dx
V d
(Laplaces eqn)
a
dx
dv
=
b ax V + = ------------------ (A)
(where a & b are content of integration and are to be determined by boundary conditions)
At
1
x x = , b ax V + =
1 1

And At
2
x x = , b ax V + =
2 2
------------------ (i)

2 1 2 1
) ( V V x x a =

2 1
2 1
x x
V V
a
= ------------------ (ii)
15

2 1
2 1 1 2
1 1
x x
x V x V
ax V b
= = ------------------ (iii)
Substituting values a & b in eqn (A)

2 1
1 2 2 1
) ( ) (
x x
x x V x x V
V

=
.

Q.7 State and explain Biot-Savarts Law relating the magnetic field produced at a point due to
current in a small elemental wire. (6)

Ans:Biot - Savarts Law:
Consider a differential current element of a
filamentary conductor carrying a current I as
shown in Fig.7.3. The law of Biot-Savart
then states that at any point P the magnitude
of the magnetic field intensity produced by
the differential element is proportional to the
product of the current, the magnitude of the
differential length, and the sine of the angle
lying between the filament and a line
connecting the filament to the point P where
the field is desired. The magnitude of the
magnetic field intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
differential element to the pint P. The direction of the magnetic field intensity is normal to
the plane containing the differential filament and the line drawn from the filament to the
point P. Of the two possible normals, that one is to be chosen which is in the direction of
progress of a right handed screw turned from dL, through the smaller angle to the line from
the filament to P.
The Biot - Savarts Law may be written using vector notation as

2
12
4 d
a dL I
dH
= ------------------ (7.1)
The unit of H is ampere I m. In terms of surface current density ( K ) and volume current
density ( J ) the expression for magnetic field intensity are

2
12
4 d
a dS K
dH
= ------------------ (7.2)
And

2
12
4 d
a dv J
dH
= ------------------ (7.3)
Where point 2 is that point at which magnetic field intensity is desired, point I is the point at
which differential current element is located and d is the distance between points 1 and 2.

Q.8 What is a uniform plane wave? Why is the study of uniform plane waves important?
Discuss the parameters
p
v and , associated with sinusoidally time-varying uniform plane
waves. (2 + 2 +4)

16

Ans:A uniform plane wave is defined as a wave whose value remains constant throughout a
plane which is transverse to the direction of propagation of the wave. For example, if the
wave is travelling in z a direction, then the plane z = constant will be perpendicular to the
direction of propagation. In the plane z = constant, the variables are x and y. Hence for this
uniform plane wave, the electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity are independent
of x and y coordinate and are the functions of z coordinates only.
UNIFORM PLANE WAVE OR TRANSVERSE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVE:
Transformation of a time varying quantity into phasor:
Let
x
E be the time varying quantity which is either a function of sine or cosine. Then the
phasor of
x
E is written as
xx
E and is obtained by dropping Re and suppressing
t j
e

. If
)] sin( ) Re[cos( ) cos(
0 0
+ + + = + = t j t E t E E
x

= ] Re[
) (
0
+ t j
e E
= ] Re[
)
0
j t j
e E
+

Then,

j
xx
e E E
0
=
Where Re means the real part of the following quantity is to be taken. Further it can be
proved that the phasor of
dt
dE
x
is given by multiplying the phasor of
x
E by j , i.e. phasor
of
xx
x
E j
dt
dE
= |
\
|
.
Transformation of phasor into a time varying quantity.
To transfer a phasor into a time varying quantity, multiply that phasor by
t j
e

and then
consider the real part (Re) of that product. If
j
o xx
e E E = , then
[ ] [ ] [ ]
) (
Re Re Re
+
= = =
t j
o
j t j
o
t j
xx x
e E e e E e E E
= ) cos( + t E
o

Maxwells equations in phasor form.
The four Maxwells equations in point form or differential form are

t
H
t
B
E
= .

t
E
E
t
D
J H
+ =
+ =
v D = .
0 . = B
These equations in phasor form may be written as

s s
H j E . = --------------- (10.1 a)

s s
E j H ) ( + = --------------- (10.1 b)
v D
s
= . --------------- (10.1 c)
0 . =
s
B --------------- (10.1 d)
Wave equation for electric field intensity.
Using the vector identity

s s s
E E E
2
) . ( =
17

LHS =
s
E
= ( )
s
H j [Q Using Eq 10.1a]
=
s
H j
= ( )
s
E j j + [Q Using Eq. 10.1b]
RHS = ( )
s
s
s s
E
D
E E
2 2
. .

|
|
\
|
=

=
s
E v
2
) (
1

[Q Using Eq. 10.1c]

Assuming v is equal to zero, we get
RHS =
s
E
2

( )
s s
E j j E + =
2
, or
( )
s s
E j j E + =
2

The quantity ( ) j j + is denoted by
2
. Hence

s s
E E
2 2
=
-------------------- (10.2a)
This is the wave equation for electric field intensity. Similarly it can be proved that, the
wave equation for magnetic field intensity is

s s
H H
2 2
=
-------------------- (10.2b)
Propagation constant, Attenuation constant and Phase constant
In the wave equation

s s
E E
2 2
=

The quantity is known as propagation constant and is defined by the equation
( ) j j + =
2

Or ( ) j j + =
The units of propagation constant is per m. It is a complex number. The real part is denoted
by and is known as attenuation constant. The unit is
p
N / m where
p
N stands for neper.
The imaginary part is denoted by

Q.9 . Distinguish between internal inductance and external inductance. Discuss the concept of
flux linkage pertinent to the determination of the internal inductance. (3 + 3)

Ans:Refer section 9.10 Page No 313 of Engineering electromagnetics by William H Hayt.

Q.10 Explain the following:
(i) Characteristic impedance.
(ii) Distortionless line.
(iii) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
(iv) Reflection coefficient. (8)

Ans:Refer section 8.13, 8.14, 8.27.1, 8.28 Page No 646 of Electromagnetic Field and
Waves by K D Prasad.

Q.11 Explain the impedance transformation property of a quarter wave transmission line. (7)
18

Ans:Refer section 8.29.2, Page No 646 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D
Prasad.

Q.12 Calculate the characteristic impedance
0
Z , propagation constant and the line constants of
an open wire loss less line of 50 Km long operating at f = 700 Hz if

=
=
o
o
16 1520 Z
40 286 Z
SC
C 0
(7)
Ans: 16 1520 40 286 = =
c oc o
Z Z Z

=
0
12 3 . 659

700
3 . 659
= Y .

Q.13. What is dominant mode? Which one of the rectangular waveguide modes is the dominant
mode? How do the dimensions of a rectangular cavity resonator determine the frequencies
of oscillation of the resonator? (4+6)

Ans:Refer section 9.14 and 9.7 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.

Q.14 A rectangular waveguide measures cm 5 . 4 3 internally and has a 10 GHz signal
propagated in it. Calculate the cut off frequency ( )
c
and the guide wavelength ( )
g
.
(4)
Ans:
2 2
2
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
b
n
a
m
c

10
TE mode m = 1, n = 0
m
m
a
c
090 . 0 045 . 0 2
2
= = =

2
1
|
|
\
|
=
c
g
where m 03 . 0
10 10
10 3
9
8
=
=
m
g
0318 . 0 = .

Q.15 What is a Hertzian dipole? Discuss the time variations of the current and charges associated
with the Hertzian dipole. Also discuss the characteristics of the electromagnetic field due to
the Hertzian dipole. (2 + 3 + 3)

Ans:Refer section 10.42, Page No 850 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D
Prasad.

Q.16 Deduce the radiation resistance and the directivity for a half wave dipole? (6)

Ans:Refer section 10.47, Page No 855 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D
Prasad.
19

Q.17 Distinguish between broadside and end fire radiation patterns with suitable sketches. What
is an array factor? Provide a physical explanation for the array factor. (4 + 4)

Ans:Refer section 10.3, Page No 781 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.

Q.18 Estimate the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for a critical frequency of 10 MHz and an
angle of incidence of
o
45 . (6)

Ans: sec fc MUF =
=
0
45 sec 10 MHz
= MHz 2 10

Q.19 What are the boundary conditions for static electric fields in the general form at the
interface between two different dielectric media? Explain. (8)

Ans:At the boundary between two dielectric media, the tangential and the normal
component electric displacement have to be analysed.
(i) Tangential component:
Let
1
E &
2
E are the permittivities for two dielectric media.

1
t
E &
2
t
E are the tangential components in media I & media II.
A rectangular closed path abcd has been considered.
For the closed path

+ + + =
a
d
d
c
c
b
b
a
dl E dl E dl E dl E dl E . . . . . = 0
Let ab = cd 0, at the boundary
So 0 0 0 .
1 1
= + + = cd E cd E dl E
t t

So
2 1
t t
E E =

(ii) Normal components of electric displacement
A small cylindrical pill box of height h and crosssectional area s has been
considered. We know that
Q ds D
s
=
. enclosed
Or Q ds D ds D ds D
sides bottom top
= + +

. . . (enclosed)
20

Let 0 h at the boundary and
s
be the surface charge density enclosed at the
surface of boundary.
Also,
1
n
D &
2
n
D are the normal components of D.
So, s s D s D
s n n
= + 0
2 1
s Q
s
= Q
Or
s n n
D D =
2 1

For free surface charge density, 0 =
s

2 1
n n
D D = , for 0 =
s
.

Q.20 Using Gausss law in integral form, obtain the electric field due to following charge
distribution in spherical coordinates:
Charge density,
( )
< <
< <
=
r R for
R r 0 for
0
r
K

, r,
2

Where, R is the radius of spherical volume,
K is constant & r is radial distance. (8)

Ans:For r < R, dv dQ
r
=
= dr r
r
K
2
2
4
= Kdr 4
So, total charge enclosed within radius r (r < R)
Kr Kdr dQ Q
r r
4 4 = = =

------------------------- (1)
21

From Gausss law, (r < R)

= dv ds E .
0

Kr r E
/
=
/
4 4
2
0

Or,
r
i
r
K
E
0
= , for r < R
At r = R,

= dv ds E
R
0
0
.
= dv r
r
K
R
2
0
2
4

Or, KR r E
/
=
/
4 4
2
0

r
i
R
K
E
0
= , for r = R
For r > R

= =
R R r
dr r
r
K
dv Eds
0
2
2
0 0
0
4
Or, KR r E
/
=
/
4 4
2
0

r
i
r
R K
E
2
0
= for r > R.

Q.21 State Poissons equation. How is it derived? Using Laplaces equation, for a parallel plate
capacitor with the plate surfaces normal to X-axis, find the potential at any point between
the plates. Given,
1
V V = at
1
x x = and
2
V V = at
2
x x = . (2+4+4)

Ans:From Maxwells first equation i.e. Gausss Law in differential form, we have
= D
r r
. E D
r r
=
Using V E =
r r
Where is the permittivity of the medium.
We obtain
= V .
Using vector identity
+ = . . . A A A
We get
= + V V
r r r r
. .
Or = + V V .
2

Or
=

V
2
as 0 = for uniform .
This is Poissons equation which governs the relationship between the volume charge
density in a region of uniform permittivity to the electric scalar potential V in that
region.
In carlesian coordinate. Poissons equation becomes
22

2
2
2
2
2
2
z
V
y
V
x
V

If V is a function of x only then we have

2
2
x
V

Laplace equation for a parallel plate capacitor is
0
2
2
=
x
V

0
2
2
=
dx
V d

On integration,
a
x
V
=

And again after integration
b ax V + = ------------------ (1)
Where a & b are constants of integration to be
determined by boundary condition.
Boundary conditions are

1
V V = at
1
x x =

2
V V = at
2
x x =
We then have

)
`
+ =
+ =
b ax V
b ax V
2 2
1 1
------------------ (2)
Equation (2)
2 1
2 1
x x
V V
a
= and
2 1
2 1 1 2
x x
x V x V
b
=
Putting the value of a and b in equation (1), we obtain

( ) ( )
2 1
1 2 2 1
x x
x x V x x V
V

=
Which gives potential at any point x between the plates i.e.
2 1
x x x < < .

Q.22 State and explain Biot-Savarts law. (2+4)

Ans:The Biot-Savart Law states that the magnetic flux density due to a current element
Idl(current I passing from an infinite-simal small length of conductor, dl) in free space is
given by
23

2
0
4 R
i dl I
B d
R
r

Where
0
is the permeability of free space which is equal to
7
10 4

.
R = distance from the element to the point P in meters.

R
i
= a unit vector directed from element to P.

The above equation can also be expressed as

i
R
Idl
dB
. sin
4
2
0
=
Where is the angle between the current element and the line joining it to p measured in the
same order ( )
R
i to dl
. The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane (

R
i dl ) containing
the element and the line joining the element to P as given by cross product (
R
i dl
).
For = 0, i.e. along a line in alignment with the element, no field ( 0 = dB ) is produced and
for
0
90 = i.e. along a line perpendicular to the element. Also the field is inversely
proportional to
2
R .

Q.23 What is Poynting vector? How is the Poynting theorem derived from Maxwells curl
equations? Explain Poynting theorem. (2+8)

Ans: The quantity H E
r r
as the power flow density
vector associated with the electromagnetic field. It is known as the poynting vector after
the name of J. H. Poynting and is denoted by the symbol P
r
. Thus,
H E P
r r r
=
It is instantaneous poynting vector, since E
r
and H
r
are instantaneous field vectors.
Poynting theorem:
From vector identity
( ) H E E H H E
r r r r r r r r r
= . . . ------------------------ (1)
And Maxwells curl equations,

+ =
+ =
=
t
E
E
t
D
J H
t
H
t
B
E
c
r
r
r
r r r
r r
r r
------------------------ (2)
Using Maxwells curl equations (2) in equation (1), we have
24

( )
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
t
E
E E
t
H
H H E
r
r r
r
r r r r
. . .
=
t
E
E E E
t
H
H
r
r r r
r
r
. . .
=
|
\
|
\
|
E E
t
E E H H
t
r r r r r r
.
2
1
. .
2
1

=
|
\
|
\
|

2 2 2
2
1
2
1
H
t
E
t
E ----------------------- (3)
Substituting P
r
for H E
r r
and taking the volume integral of both sides of equation (3) over
the volume V, we obtain
( ) dv H
t
dv E
t
dv E dv P
v v v v
|
\
|
\
|

=

2 2 2
2
1
2
1
.
Using divergence theorem on left hand side we have
dv H
t
dv E
t
dv E s d P
v v v
s

=
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
.
r
r
-------------------- (4)
Where s is the surface bounding the volume v. The equation (4) is called the pointing
theorem in which
The power dissipation density,
2
E P
d
=
The electric stored energy density,
2
2
1
E w
e
=
The magnetic stored energy density,
2
2
1
H w
m
=
And, the power flowing out of the closed surface s i.e. LHS of eqn (4) = ds P
s
.
.

Q.24 The conduction current density in a lossy dielectric is given as
2 9
C
m A t 10 Sin 0.02 J = ,
find the displacement current density if
m
mho
10
3
= , 5 . 6
r
= &
12
o
10 854 . 8

= .
Ans: (6)
t E J
c
9
10 sin 02 . 0 = =
= E
3
10
So, t E
9 5
10 sin 10 2

=
The displacement current density is given by
( ) t
t t
D
J
r d
9 5
0
10 sin 10 2

=
= t
9 9 5 12
10 cos 10 10 2 5 . 6 10 854 . 8

Thus, t J
d
9 6
10 cos 10 15 . 1

= A/m.

Q.25 Derive general expressions for reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient for
E and
H fields when an electromagnetic wave is incident normally on the boundary separating

two different perfectly dielectric media. (8)
25

Ans:When a plane electromagnetic wave is incident normally on the surface of a perfect
dielectric, part of energy is transmitted and part of it is reflected
A perfect dielectric is one with two conductivity so there is no loss of power in propagation
through the dielectric.
In the figure suffix i, r & t signify the incident, reflected and transmitted
components respectively for E and H. Intrinsic impedances
For medium 1,
1
1
1
=

& for medium 2,
2
2
2
=

The relationships for electric and magnetic fields are

i i
H E
1
= ------------------ (1)

r r
H E
1
= ------------------ (2)
(energy direction changed, so ve sign)
And
t t
H E
2
= ------------------ (3)
The continuity of components of E & H require that

)
`
= +
= +
t r i
t r i
H H H
E E E
------------------ (4)
(1) & (2) ( ) ( )
r i t r i r i
E E H E E H H + = = = +
2 1
1 1

Or ( ) ( )
r i r i
E E E E + =
1 2
------------------ (5)
Using eqn (4) & (5), the reflection coefficient,
1 2
1 2

+
= =
i
r
E
E
R
And transmission coefficient,
i
r i
i
t
E
E E
E
E
T
+
= =
=
2 1
2
2
1

+
= +
i
r
E
E

Or
2 1
2
2

+
= T
Similarly, we can get reflection and transmission coefficients for H as

2 1
2 1

+
= =
i
r
H
H
R
And
2 1
1
2
1
2

+
= = =
i
t
i
t
E
E
H
H
T

Q.26 Consider the volume current density distribution in cylindrical coordinates as
( ) a r 0 , 0 z , , r J < < =
= b r a , i
a
r
J
z o
< < |
\
|

< < = r b 0,
26

Where a and b are inner and outer radii of the cylinder. Find the magnetic field intensity in
various regions. (8)

Ans:For region: 0 < r < a, J(r, , z) = 0
Using Amperes law,
0 . .
0
2
0
= = =

= =
a
r
z
i rdrd J ds J dl H
r r

Or H.2r = 0
Or H = 0 for region I (0 < r < a)
Region II, a < r < b,
z
i
a
r
J J
0
|
\
|
=

Applying Amperes Law,

2
0
3
0
2
0
0
3
.
r
a
r
a r
r
a
J
rdrd
a
r
J dl H = =

= =

Or, ( )
3 3
0
3
2
2 . a r J
a
r H =

Or, ( )
i a r
ar
J
H
3
3 3 0
=
At r = b, ( )
i a b
ab
J
H
3
3 3 0
=
Region III, b < r < , J = 0
We have,
rdrd
a
r J
dl H
b r
a r

=
=
=
=
2
0
0
.
Or, ( )
i a b
ar
J
H
3
3 3 0
= .

Q.27 Calculate the electric field due to a line charge considering it a special Gaussian surface.
(5)
Ans:Assuming line charge along z-axis Electric field E or flux density D can only have an r
component can only depend on r.
A closed right circular cylinder or radius r, whose axis is z-axis, has been assumed for the
purpose of Gussian surface.
From Gausss Law,
27

= = =
+ + =
3 2 1
. . .
s s s
ds D ds D ds D Q
=
=
+ +
3
. 0 0
s
ds E
[as on the surface 1 & 2, E & ds are far so E.ds = 0.]
= rL E 2 ------------------ (1)

If is the charge per unit length and the length of Gaussian Cylindrical surface is, L,

L
Q
=

r
i
r
E rL E L
= =

2
2 ) 1 (

Q.28 Find out the magnetic field intensity at any point due to a current carrying conductor of
finite length using the Biot-Savart law. (5)

Ans:dH =
i
R
Idl
R
i Idl
R
2 2
4
) 90 sin(
4
+
=

28

Now cos dl Rd =

cos
Rd
dl =
So
i
R
d
IR
dH .
4
cos .
cos
2
=
=
i
r
Id
R
Id
.
cos
4
4
|
\
|
=
Or,
i d
R
H . cos
4
1
2
1
=
Or, ( )

i
R
H . sin sin
4
1
1 2
= .

Q.29 Find the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and velocity of propagation for a
transmission line having the following parameters:
R = 84 ohm/Km,
6
10 G

= mho/Km, L=0.01 Henry / Km,
C=0.061 F /Km and frequency = 1000 Hz. (6)

Ans:Characteristic impedance,

C j G
L j R
Y
Z
Z
+
+
= =
0

Where 01 . 0 1000 2 84 + = + = j L j R Z
=
0
8 . 36 9 . 104 83 . 62 84 = + j ohm/km
29

And
6 6
10 061 . 0 1000 2 10

+ = + = j C j G Y
=
6 6
10 27 . 383 10

+ j
=
0 6
85 . 89 10 27 . 383

mho/km

0 6
0
0
85 . 89 10 27 . 383
8 . 36 9 . 104

= =
Y
Z
Z
=
0
53 . 26 16 . 523 ohm.
Propagation Constant
) )( ( C j G L j R ZY + + = =
= 85 . 89 10 27 . 383 8 . 36 9 . 104
6 0

=
0
33 . 63 201 . 0
= 18 . 0 09 . 0 j + per km = j + .
So 18 . 0 = rad/km
Velocity of propagation,

6
3
10 9 . 34
10 18 . 0
1000 2

= =

p
v m/sec.

Q.30 How does dissipation-less transmission lines act as tuned circuit elements? Explain. (9)

Ans:At high frequencies (300 MHz to 3 GHz ), a transmission line can be used as circuit
element (like a capacitor or an inductor). At these frequencies the physical length of the
line is convenient to use.
For lossless line,
j = and
0 0
R Z =
And l j l h tan tan = .
The input impedance of the line
in
Z with load
L
Z becomes

(
+
+
=
l jZ R
l JR Z
R Z
L
L
in
tan
tan
0
0
0
---------------------- (1)
(i) Open circuited line ( )
L
Z
Equation (1) l jR
l
R
j Z
in

cot
tan
0
0
= = ---------------- (2)
=
0
jX (purely reactive)
So, the input impedance of an open circuited lossless line is purely reactive, i.e. the
line can be either capacitive or indirective depending on the value of l .
Now ) cot (
0 0
l R X = vs l is plotted as given below:
0
X can vary from to + .
For a very short length of the line 1 << l
i.e. l l = tan .
Cl
j
l LC
C L
j
l
R
j jX Z
in

1
0
0
= = = =
Which is capacitive reactance.
30

(ii) Short circuited line ( 0 =
L
Z )
Equation (1) l jR Z
in
tan
0
=
=
0
jX (which is purely reactive)
The value of tan l can vary from to + .
Similarly
in
Z is either purely inductive or purely capacitive depending upon the
value of l .
Now ) tan (
0
l R X
s
= vs l is plotted as given below:
When the length of a short circuited line is very short, 1 << l we have
Ll j l LC
C
L
j l jR jX Z
s in
= = = =
0

Which is inductive reactance.
For first quarter wave length, a short-circuited line acts as an inductance, where as
an open-circuited line appears as a capacitance. These reactances reverse each
quarter wave length.
The similarity of performance of open or short-circuited lines to that of series-
resonant or anti resonant circuits may be noted by comparing the above curves (for
open & short circuited lines) with the curves of resonant circuits which suggest the
use of lines as reactive circuit elements or as tuned circuits. For example, the input
of
4
short circuited line appears similar to that of a parallel resonant circuit &
4

open circuited as series resonant circuit.

Q.31 What do you mean by matched transmission line? What are the advantages of impedance
matching on high frequency lines? (7)

Ans:A transmission line is matched when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line and no reflection of waves takes place.
When a finite transmission is terminated with its own characteristic impedance, the voltage
and current distributions on the line are exactly the same as through the line has been
extended to infinity, i.e. a line of finite length, terminated in a load equivalent to its
characteristic impedance, appears to the sending-end generator as an infinite line, i.e. a
finite line terminated in
0
Z and an infinite line are indistinguishable by measurements at the
source.
For such lines,
0
Z Z
in
=
And reflection coefficient, k = 0
V S W R = 1.
There is no reflected wave, the incident power is fully absorbed by the load. The maximum
power transfer with minimum loss is possible when a transmission line is matched to the
load. Also efficiency of transmission is greater when there is no reflected wave.

Q.32 What is a linear array? Define a uniform array? Show that the width of the principal lobe of
a uniform end fire array is greater than that for a uniform broad side array of the same
length. (2+3+5)

31

Ans:An array is linear when the elements of the array are spaced equally along a straight
line as shown in the figure.
In a uniform linear array the elements are fed with currents of equal magnitude and having a
uniform progressive phase shift along the line. The pattern of such an array is obtained by
adding vectorially the field strengths due to each of elements.
) ....... 1 (
) 1 ( 3
0

+ + + + =
n j j j
T
e e e E E --------------------- (1)
=
N
n
n j
e E
1
) 1 (
0
, where, + = cos d
d = spacing between sources
= the progressive phase shift between
consecutive element (sources). i.e. is the
angle by which the current in any elements
lead the current in the preceding element.

Multiplying equation (1) by
j
e yields
( )
jn j j j j
T
e e e e E e E + + + + = .........
3 2
0
------------------- (2)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we have
( ) ( )
0
1 1 E e e E
jn j
T

=

( )
( )
2 / ) 1 (
2 sin
2 sin
1
1
0 0

=
|
|
\
|
= n
n
E
e
e
E E
j
jn
T

Keeping the centre of the array as reference for phase,( i.e. 2 / ) 1 ( n , phase angle = 0) &
for isotropic sources, as the principal maximum occurs at = 0.

T
E =
( )
( ) 2 sin
2 sin
0
n
E ------------------- (3)
For principal Maximum, = 0
d
= cos .
In broadside array, the direction of principal lobe

0
90 = i.e. 0 =
In end fire array, the direction of principal lobe is

0
0 = i.e. d =
For Minimum (nulls of patterns):
32

Equation (3) becomes zero at
m
n
=
2
m = 1, 2, 3, ...............
For Secondary Maximum:
Secondary maximum occurs approximately midway between nulls, when numerator of
equation (3) becomes maximum i.e.
When ( )
2
1 2
2
+ = k
n
, k = 1, 2, 3, .................
I Secondary Maximum occurs when n (k = 1) i.e.

2
3
2

=
n

(3)
3
2
2
3
sin
1
0
n
n
E
E
T
=
|
\
|
= (for large n) ----------------- (4)
Amplitude of principal maximum,
n
E
E
T
=
0
--------------------------- (5)
(4) & (5) so the first secondary maximum is
212 . 0
3
2
=
times the principal maximum.

Bandwidth of the principal lobe:
The principal lobe is measured between the first nulls. It is twice the angle between the
principal maximum and the first null. This is got by putting

2
n
or,
n
2
= (condition for Min)
In Broadside array:
Since = 0,
d
= cos and principal maximum occurs at

2
= . The first null occurs at

an angle ( )
+
2
where
( )
= =

=
= + sin
2
2
2
cos
nd d n d

For small ,
nd
= and the width ( 2 ) of the principal lobe is approximately twice

the reciprocal of the array length in wave lengths, i.e. the width of principal lobe,
nd
2
2 = . ------------------------ (6)
In endfire array:
( ) 1 cos = d , since d = sin .
The principal maximum is at 0 = and the first null at =
1
, ( )
n
d

2
1 cos
1 1
= =
Or
nd
= 1 cos
For small ,
( )
nd

=
2
2

( )
2
1 ) sin 1 (
1 cos
2
2
2
1
=
=

33

Or,
nd
2
=
Thus, the width of principal lobe,

nd
2
2 2 = --------------------- (7)
Equation (6) & (7) inculcates that the width of principal lobe of a uniform end fire array is
greater than that for a uniform broad side array of same length.

Q.33 Find the radiation resistance of a dipole antenna
10
long. Also, find the antenna

efficiency if the loss resistance is 1 ohm. (6)

Ans:We know that

2
2
80
|
\
|
=
l
R
rad

= =
|
\
|
9 . 7
10
1
80
2
2
, since
10
= l
If there is any heat loss in the antenna due to finite conductivity of the dipole or to losses in
the associated dielectric structure. So the terminal resistance,
+ =
rad loss
R R R where
loss
R loss resistance,

rad
R radiation resistance,
In this case of
10
dipole, =1
loss
R
Then the terminal resistance, = + = 9 . 8 9 . 7 0 . 1 R
The antenna effieciency,
=
loss rad
rad
R R
R
input Power
radiated Power
+
=
= % 89
9 . 8
9 . 7
=
i.e. A longer dipole with larger radiation resistance would be more efficient provided
loss
R
remains small.

Q.34 State and explain the different types of propagations possible between a transmitter and
receiver. Name the various layers of ionosphere and indicate their approximate height.
Which ionospheric layers disappear at night? (9)

Ans:The energy radiated from a transmitting antenna may reach the receiving antenna over
any of many possible paths as given below
Waves that arrive at receiving antenna after reflection or scattering in ionosphere are known
as sky waves which are ionospherically reflected/scattered in the troposphere (upto 10 km)
are termed as tropospheric waves. Waves propagated near the earths surface are called
ground waves. Ground waves can be divided into space wave and surface wave. The space
wave is made up of the direct waves from transmitted to receiver where as the ground
waves are the reflection waves from the earths surface & then reach to the receiver.
Ground or surface wave propagation :
34

Ground or surface wave propagation operates mainly in the three frequency bands, VLF, LF
and MF or 3 KHz to 3 MHz . The range over which the ground wave can be used with
realistic transmitter powers is determined by the attenuation of the fields and as attenuation
increases with frequency, VLF propagation is virtually world wide.
Space wave propagation :
Space wave propagation is extensively used in VHF and UHF for line of sight transmission.
The propagation is affected by refraction by troposphere, diffraction by obstacles along the
propagation path, scattering by urban environment and fading.
Ionospheric propagation:
The ionospheric is a region of the upper atmosphere extending from approximately 50 km
to more than 1000 km above earths surface. In this regions the continent gases are ionised
mostly because of ultraviolet radiation from the sun which results in the production of
positive ions (almost immobile) and electrons. The electrons are free to move under the
influence of fields of a wave incident on the medium. The electron motion produces a
current that influences the wave propagation. The ionospheric region is described as D-
layer, E-layer, F
1
-layer and F
2
-layers in which the ionization changes with the hour of the
day, the season and the sunspot cycle.
(i) D-Layer: it has low free electron density (10
9
/m
3
) compared to its molecular density
of 10
20
/m
3
. It occurs during daylight hours at a height of 60-90 km and responds very
quickly due to movement of sun. It has almost no effect on bending of high frequency
radio waves, but produces considerable attenuation at lower sky wave frequencies in
medium wave band. D-layer disappears in the night.
(ii) E-layer: the E-layer is located at 90-130 km above the ground level with free electron
density nearly 10
11
/m
3
. It causes some bending and attenuation mainly at lower sky
wave frequencies.
(iii) F-layer: the F-layer is in many respects the most useful part of the ionosphere. The
electron density has peak value between 250 and 350 km. The F-layer is located above
130 km (upto 400 km). During day times, F-layer splits into F
1
& F
2
layer.

Q.35 Find the following:
(i) the possible transmission modes in a hollow rectangular waveguide of inner
dimension 3.44 7.22 cm at an operating frequency of 3000 MHz.

(ii) the corresponding values of phase velocity, group velocity and phase constant.
(7)
Ans:Free space wave length,
6
8
0
10 3000
10 3
= =
f
c
metre
= 10 cm
Also, we know that the cut off wave length

2 2
2
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
b
n
a
m
c

Possible modes:
(i) For
00
TE mode i.e. m = 0, n = 0, =
c
, (i.e.
0
>
c
) and hence there will be no
propagation.
35

(ii) For
10
TE mode i.e. m = 1, n = 0 and 44 . 14 22 . 7 2 2 = = = a
c
cms. Hence this
mode will propagate because
0
>
c
.
(iii) For
01
TE mode i.e. m =0, n = 1, and 88 . 6 44 . 3 2 2 = = = b
c
cm. Hence this mode
will not propagate because
0
<
c
.
Obviously the higher TE mode will not propagate for
0
<
c
for other values of m & n.
Also for
mn
TM mode the lowest value of m & n is unity hence no TM mode is possible at
the frequency.
Since the guide wave length
2 2
0
0
144 . 0
1 . 0
1
1 . 0
1 |
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
c
g
= 0.141 metres.
We get phase velocity
8
0
10 3
100 . 0
141 . 0
=
|
|
\
|
= c v
g
p
=
8
10 23 . 4 m/sec.
And group velocity,
8 0
10 3
141 . 0
100 . 0
=
|
|
\
|
= c v
g
g
=
8
10 28 . 2 m/sec.
The phase constant, 7 . 44
141 . 0
14 . 3 2 2
=
= =
g
.

Q.36 Using Gauss theorem, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a line
charge of infinite length at distance R. (8)

Ans:
Figure
d = ds D.
= D ds
^ ^
. n r ( ) parallel are n r &
= D ds
n
R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
36

where
^
r is unit vector in the direction of flux density D and
^
n in the direction of normal
drawn to the surface.
Total flux from lateral surface.
=
s
L L
d
=
|
\
|
parallel are n r Dds

s
^ ^
& 0 cos
=
s
ds D
= D (2 Rl)
Total flux from Top surface

=
s
T T
d
=
\
|
s
parallel are n r Dds
^ ^
& 0 cos
0 =
T

Total flux from bottom surface
=
s
B B
d
=
\
|
=
s
er
other each to are n r because Dds
^ ^
0
& , 90 cos
B
= O
Therefore total flux coming one of the cylinder is given by.
=
L
+
T
+
B
= D 2 Rl
By Gauss law = Q, total charge enclosed
Q = D 2 Rl
l
L
= D 2 Rl
l
Q
=
( ) E D l R l
L
= = 2
E =
^
2
r
R
L

where
^
r is a unit vector normal to the line charge.

Q.37 A positive charge density of Q
v
C/m
3
occupies a solid sphere. At a point in the interior at a
distance r from the center a small probe charge of +q is inserted. What is the force acting
on the probe charge? (8)

Ans:
3 1
3
4
r X Q Q
=
Total flux over the surface = charge enclosed.
=
s
ds D. Q
1

37

)
`
=
s
parallel are n r because Dds
^ ^
0
& , 0 cos
=
s
Q Dds
1
0 cos
D 4 r
2
= Q
1

D 4
3 2
3
4
r X Q r
=
3 2
3
4
4 r X Q r
=

3
r Q
V
=
Since
q
F
E =
Force on the probe charge =
(
3
r Q
q
V
newton

Q.38 Prove Amperes circuital law for time varying field condition in differential form. (7)

Ans: = D .
( )
t
D
t
V

t t
V
=
|
|
\
|

.
{ } continuity of equation
t
J
V
=

.

|
|
\
|
=
t
D
J . .
0 . =
|
|
\
|
+
t
D
J
For time varying case . 0 . , 0 =
|
|
\
|
+ =
t
D
J to changed is J So J must be replaced by
t
D
J
+ .
becomes form po in law circuital s Ampere int '

t
D
J H X
+ =

Q.39 A circular conductor of 1cm radius has an internal magnetic field
38

H=
)
`
i ar cos
a
r
ar sin
a
1
r
1
2

where a = / 2 r
o
and r
o
is the radius of the conductor. Calculate the total current in the
conductor ( i is unit vector). (9)

Ans: I dl H =
.
r = r
o

dl = r
o
d
H = }
o
o
ar
a
r
ar
a
r
cos sin
1 1
0
2

I d r H dl H
o
= =

.
} I d r ar
a
r
ar
a r
o o
o
o
o
=
cos sin
1 1
2

data by
r
a
o 2
=

I d r
r a
r
r
r a
o
o
o
o
o
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|

2
cos
2
sin
1
2

( ) 0
2
4
2
2
= =
because I d
ro

= I d
r
o
2
4

( ) I
ro
=
2
4
2
2

2
8
o
r
I =
r = m
2
10

ro
d
dl
39

Since
2 1
E E
n

A I
4
10 55 . 2

=

Q.40 Prove the electric field normal components are discontinuous across the boundary of
separation between two dielectrics. (6)

Ans: Flux over top surface =
ds D . 1
Flux over bottom surface = ds D .
2

Since height of the box is vanishingly
Small the flux through the sides of box is ignored
Net flux = ds D ds D

.
2 1

Net flux = s D s D
r

2 1

From gauss law net flux = total charge which is equal to s
s

|
\
|
=
s
Q
because
s

s n D n D s
s
= ) . . (
2 2 1

( ) s D D s
n n s
=
2 1

s n n
D D =
2 1

s n n
E E =
2 2 1 1

Since it is dielectric-dielectric interface 0 =
s

0
2 2 1 1
=
n n

Q.41 Measurement made in the atmosphere show that there is an electric field which varies
widely from time to time particularly during thunderstorms. Its average values on the
surface of the earth and at a height of 1500m are found to be 100
m
V
and 25
m
V

n
)

1 D

2

2 D

2
n
)

40

directed downward respectively. Using Poissons equation calculate i) the mean space
charge in the atmosphere between 0 and 1500 m altitude ii) surface charge density on earth.
(10)
Ans:
o
V
=
2

V =

+
Adx xdx
0

V = B Ax
x
+ +
2
2
0

Using V = 0 at X = 0

We get constant B = 0

100 + = x
p
Ex
o

At
m
v
E m x 25 , 1500 = =
25 =
100 1500 + x
o

) 10 854 . 8 (
1500
100 25
12
= x x
3
13
10 427 . 4
m
c
x

=
To find surface charge density on cases
o
s
E
2

100 10 854 . 8 2
12
X X X
s

= 1.771 x 10
-9

2
m
c

Q.42 Derive an expression for equation of continuity and explain its
significance. (6)

Ans:
ds

Let the charge in elementary volume =
v

Entire charge within the closed surface =
v
v
dv
41

When there is a charge flow out of the surface, then, with time there will be reduction of charge
within the surface given by

v
v
dv
t

=
v
v
s
dv
t
s d J
r
r
.
s d J dv J s
v
r
r r
. . =

=
v v
v
dv
t
dv J V
r
.
t
v
J
=

r
. .
Significance : Divergence of current density J
r
represents the net charges which flows out of
the enclosed surface and it will be equal to reduction of charge within the surface with respect
to time.

Q.43 Do the fields , a t cos x cos
m
E
H and a t sin x sin E E
z
m
y m
= = satisfy Maxwells
equation? (10)

Ans:
t
H
t
B
E x

= 0
Ez Ey Ex
oz y x
z y x

= - [ ] z H y H x H
t
z y x
o + +

Since wave is traveling in x direction, Ex, Hx components are absent as well
y
and
z
produce null result. Hence

z
t
Hz
y
t
Hy
z
x
Ey
y
x
Ez
o o
|
\
|
\
|
= |
\
|
+ |
\
|

Equating the components along z-direction
) 1 (
t
Hz
x
Ey
o
Since Ey= ) ( sin sin data from y a t x Em E =
r

) ( sin cos A t x Em
x
Ey
=

H
y
= ) ( cos data from z a t Cosx
Em
H
o
=
r

42

If wave is travelling in x-direction H
x
and E
x
are absent, as well
y
and
y
produces null
result, hence
- z
t
Ez
y
t
Ey
z
x
Hy
y
x
Hz

|
\
|
+ |
\
|
= |
\
|
+ |
\
|

Equating components along y- direction
- ) 4 (
t
Ey
x
Hz

Similarly for z-direction
t
Ez
x
Hy

Solution for the wave equation for a travelling in x-direction is given by
E
y
= f(x-vt)
V=
1

Let u = (x-vt)
E
y
=f
1
()
t x
E
t
Hz
o
m
sin cos

From equation (A) & (B)

t
Hz
o
x
Ey

Thus the fields satisfy the maxwells equations.

Q.44 Write short notes on skin depth and skin effect (4)

Ans:
t
E
J H x
+ =
r
r r

It wave is travelling in free space where there are no free charges
t
E
H X
=
r
r

Z Y X
H H H
y y x
z y x

= ) ( z E y E x E
t
Z Y X
+ +
r

) ( sin cos B t x Em
t
Hz
=

43

t
u
u
u f
t
u f
t
Ey
) ( ) (
1 1

1
1
Vf
t
Ey
=

Substituting this in equation (A)
- x f Hz =
1
1
+ = C x f Hz
1
1

Differentiating Ey = f
1
(u) with respect to x we get
x
u
f
x
u
u
u f
x
u f
x
Ey
1
1
1 1
) ( ) (

1 =
x
u

x
Ey
f
=
1
1

hence Hz =
Ey+C
or
Ey = ) (B Hz

Similarly we can prove
E
Z
= - ) (C H
Y

Adding B & C after squaring we get
Ey
2
+Ez
2
= ) (
2 2
Z Y
H H +
=
H
E

because
2 2
Ez Ey E + =
r

&
2 2
Hz Hy H + =
r

Q.45 Prove for a travelling uniform plane wave

=
H
E

where E and H are amplitudes of
E and
H , respectively. (12)

44

Ans:
When an electromagnetic wave enters a
conducting medium its amplitude decreases exponentially and becomes practically zero after
penetrating a small distance. As a result, the current induced by the wave exists only near the
surface of the conductor.
This effect is called skin effect
The skin depth is defined as the depth of a conductor at which the amplitude of an incident
wave drops (1/e) times its value of amplitude at the time of incidence.
The depth of penetration expression is given by

f
1 2
= =

Q.46 Discuss the following terms
(i) Wavelength (ii) Phase velocity
(iii) Group velocity (iv) Propagation constant (8)

Ans:Wave length : It is defined as the distance in which the phase change of 2 radians is
effected by a wave travelling along the line.
2
=
Phase velocity : It is defined as the velocity with which a signal of single frequency
propagates along the line at a particularly frequency f.
V
p
=
sec
km

Group velocity : If the transmission medium is such that different frequencies travel with
different velocities, then the line or the medium is said to be dispersive. In that cases, signals
are propagated with a velocity known as group velocity , V
g
1 2
1 2

=
g
V
Propagation constant : It reveals the nature in which the waves are propagated along the line
that is the manners in which the voltage v and current I vary with distance x.
R
s
e
I
I
P log =
OR

E

x
45

R
s
e
V
V
P log =

Q.47 A high frequency transmission line consists of a pair of open wires having a distributed
capacitance of 0.01 F per Km and a distributed inductance of 3mH per Km. What is the
characteristic impedance and propagation constant at f=10MHz? (4)

Ans:Zo =
6
3
0 1 01 . 0
0 1 3
X
X
C
L
= = 547.7 ohms
IPI = LC
= ) 0 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 0 1 ( ) 01 . 0 ( 10 10 2
3 6 6
X X X X X
=
km
rad
156 . 344

Q.48 Comment on Impedance matching device. (4)

Ans:Impedance matching device : According to maximum power transfer theorem, for
maximum power transfer source or generator impedance real part to be equal real part of
load impedance and generator impedance imaginary part to be conjugate of imaginary part
of load impedance. When load impedance are fixed, one has to employ matching network
between source and load to match the impedance of source and load. These networks are
called matching impedance devices. For example quarter wave transformer is a impedance
matching device.

Q.49 Derive the condition for a distortionless line and comment on the result. (8)

Ans:

In order to eliminate frequency distortion the attenuation constant must be made independent
of frequency.
Thus the desired condition
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( LG RC LC RC + + = w
2
LC+K
Squaring on both and solving, we get
R
2
G
2
+
2
(R
2
C
2
+LG
2
) = K
2
+2
2
LCK
Which implies K = RG
And 2LCK = R
2
C
2
+LG
2

R
2
C
2
-2LCRG+L
2
G
2
= 0
(RC LG)
2
= 0

G
C
R
L
=

Substituting this in the equation we get = RG
( ) { }
2 2 2 2 2
) ( )
2
1
LG RC LC RC LC RG + + + =
46

If phase Vp to be independent of frequency must become function of frequency
( ) ( ) ) ( 2
2
2
2 2 2
LG RC LC RG RG LC K + + = +
Squaring and rearranging we get
(2K
2
-LC)
2
= L
2
C
2
K= LC
And 2 RG (2K
2
LC)= R
2
C
2
+L
2
G
2
(RC LG)
2
=0

RC = LG

Comment : Perfect transmission line is not practically possible. A well constructed
transmission line has very small value of G, which requires very large in order to satisfy RC
= LG.
If G is increased attenuation is increased . Resistance R cannot be reduced, because the
diameter of conductor increases and it becomes costlier affair. Thus increasing the value of
L is the only solution.

Q.50 An antenna array presents an impedance of 300 ohms to the transmission line feeding it.
The transmission line consists of two open wire lines whose spacing is 9 apart and the
diameter of the wire is 0.1, calculate the dimension of a quarter wave line required for
matching. (8)

Ans:The characteristic impedance of the feeder is given by Zo = 276 log
10

r
s

S = Spacing between two wires
R = Radius of the wire
Z
o =
276 log
10

05 . 0
9

= 704.6 ohms
Z
0
=
R s
Z Z
Z
0
= 300 6 . 704 X
Z
0
= 459.2 ohm
Practically spacing of quarter wave matching line would be same as that of the main line.
Hence, if r be the radius of the line, then
Z
0
= 276 log
10

r
9

Log
276
2 . 459
276
9
0
= =
Z
r

r = 0.1950
Diameter = 2xr = 0.3900 = 0.39 answer

Q.51 Derive the wave equation for a TE wave and obtain all the field components in a
rectangular wave guide. (11)
( ) [ ]
2 2 2 2 2
) ( )
2
1
LG RC LC RG RG LC + + + =
47

Ans:For a TE wave E
z
= 0, H
z
0
XY H
H h
y
H
x
H
z
z
z z
=
= +
0
2
2
2
2

where x is a pure function of x only and Y is a pure function of y only
H
z
= (C
1
cos B x + C
2
sin Bx) (C
3
cos Ay + Cy sin Ay) Where C
1,
C
2,
C
3
, C
4
are constants and
are evaluated using boundary conditions.
Boundary conditions are
1. E
x
= 0 at y = 0 a to x 0
2. E
x
=

0 at y = b a to x 0
3. E
y
= 0 at y = 0 b to x 0
4. E
y
= 0 at b to y a x 0 =
We know
E
x
= -
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
z z
2 2

E
x
= ( )( ) { } Ay AC Ay Sin AC X B Sin C X B C
h
j
cos cos
4 3 2 1
2
+ +

Substituting the first boundary condition

C
4
= 0, hence

H
z
= (C
1
cos B x + C
2
sin B x ) (C
3
cos Ay)
We also know E
y
=
x
H
h
j
y
E
h
z z
2 2

E
y
= [ ][ ] Ay c Bx BC Bx BC
h
j
cos cos sin ,
3 2
2
+

Substituting the second boundary condition
C
2
=0 hence,
H
z
=C
1
C
3
cos B x cos A
y

Again
E
y
=
x
Hz
h
j
y
Ez
h

2 2

Differentiating H
z
and then substituting we get
E
y
= Ay x B B C C
h
j
cos sin
3 1
2

Substituting 3
rd
boundary condition
B =
a
m

Again, E
x
=
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
z z

2 2

48

E
x
= Ay x B A C C
h
j
sin cos
3 1
2

Substituting 4
th
boundary condition
A =
b
n

H
z
= C
1
C
3
cos y
b
n
X
a
m
|
\
|
|
\
|
cos
H
z
=
z r t j
e y
b
n
X
a
m
C

)
`
\
|
|
\
|

cos cos "
Knowing H
z
, the field components of TE wave are.
Ex =
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
z z

2 2

Ex =
rz jwt
ye
b
n
X
a
m
b
n
C
h
j

|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
sin cos "
2

Ey =
x
H
h
j
y
E
h
z z

2 2

Ey = -
z t j
ye
b
n
X
a
m
a
m
C
h
j

|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
cos sin "
2

rz jwt
ye
b
n
X
a
m
b
m
C
h
Hx

|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
cos sin "
2

And

H
y
=
rz jwt
e y
b
n
Sin X
a
m
b
m
C
h
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
sin "
2

Q.52 Find the cut-off wavelength in a standard rectangular wave guide for the TE
11
mode.
(5)
Ans:
b =
2
a

( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
+ |
\
|
=
a
n
a
m
b
n
a
m
c
=
2 2
4
2
n m
a
+

For TE
11
mode m = 1, n = 1
c = 0.8944 a meters

Q.53 A long cylinder carries a charge of density kr = , find E
r
inside the cylinder. (6)

49

Ans:
3
0
3
2
2 r
kl
rl E
=

Or r kr E
3
1
2
0
=
r

0
.
in
q
ds E
r

Where dz d rdr kr dv q
r
in
.
0

= =
=
3
3
2
klr

Q.54 Enunciate and give a simple proof for Amperes circuital law. (9)

Ans: Refer Text Book II, Chapter 6.

Q.55 A closed current loop having two circular arcs (of radii a and b) and joined by two radial
lines as shown in Fig.1. Find the magnetic field B at the centre O.

(7)
Ans:The magnetic field at O due to inner arc AB is

|
\
|
|
\
|
=
a
i
B
2 2
0
1
r
(upward)
And the magnetic field at O due to circular arc DC is

|
\
|
|
\
|
=
b
i
B
2 2
0
2
r
(inward)
Thus the resultant magnetic field at O is

ab
a b i
B B B

4
) (
0
2 1
= =

Q.56 What are the speed, direction of propagation and polarisation of an electro-magnetic wave
whose electric field components are given as
( ) t 500 y 4 x 3 cos E 4 E
o x
+ =
( ) + + = t 500 y 4 x 3 cos E 3 E
o y

0 E
z
= (6+2+4)

50

Ans: 0
1
2
2
2
2
=

t
E
v
E
x
x
x
------------------------ (1)
And 0
1
2
2
2
2
=

t
E
v
E
y
y
y
------------------------ (2)
Now ) 500 4 3 cos( 4
0
t y x E E
x
+ =

x x
E E 36
2
=
And
x
x
E
t
E
2
2
2
) 500 ( 4 =

Substituting there in equation (1)
0 ) 500 (
4
36
2
2
= +
x
x
x
E
v
E

3
500
=
x
v
Also ) 500 4 3 cos( 3
0
+ + = t y x E E
y

So
y y
E E 48
2
=
And
y
y
E
t
E
2
2
2
) 500 ( 3 =

(2)
4
500
=
y
v
velocity,
2 2
y x
v v v =
=
2
10 08 . 2

m/s.
The divertion of propagation is perpendicular to z axis and in x y plane.
Polarization,
4
3
=
x
y
E
E

|
\
|
=

4
3
tan
1

Q.57 A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in the x-direction has a wavelength of 5.0 mm.
The electric field is in the y-direction and its maximum magnitude is 30 m V . Write
suitable equations for the electric and magnetic fields as a function of x and t. (4)

Ans:
|
\
|
=
c
x
t w E E sin
0
;
|
\
|
=
c
x
t w B B sin
0

We have
c
w
2
2 = =

(
= = ) (
5
2
sin ) / 30 ( ) (
2
sin
0
x ct
mm
m v x ct E E

T
s m
m v
C
E
B MaxB
7
8
0
0
10
/ 10 3
/ 30
,

=
= =
51

So
(
= ) (
2
sin
0
x ct B B

= ( )
(
) (
0 . 5
2
sin 10
7
x ct
mm
T

.

Q.58 Derive a general expression for reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient for E
r
and
H
r
fields when an electromagnetic wave is incident parallel (oblique incidence) on the
boundary separating two different perfectly dielectric media and also find the expression for
normal incidence. (8+4)

Ans:
02 01 01
H H H = +
( )
t i
E E E cos cos
02 01 01
=

But
1
1
01
= H

02
2
2
01
1
1
01
1
1
E E E

t i
t i
IIl
E
E
cos cos
cos cos
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
01
01
=
|
|
\
|

t i
i
IIl
E
E
cos cos
cos 2
1
1
2
2
1
1
01
02
=
|
|
\
|

For normal incidence 0 = =
t i

1 2
1 2

+
=
i
r
E
E
and
1 2
1
2

+
=
i
t
E
E
.
52

Q.59 Find the Laplace equation in spherical polar coordinates for

= =
= =
r 0
a r at V V
a
(4)

Ans: 0
1
2
2
= |
\
|
r
r
r r
(for spherical coordinate)

2
1
c
r
c
+ =
Given 0 = at
r
c
c r
1
2
0 = = =
When
a
= at
a
c
a r
a
1
, = =
And
a
a c =
1

r
a
a
= .

Q.60 What length of transmission line should be used at 500 MHz and how should it be
terminated for use as a
(i) parallel resonant circuit.
(ii) series resonant circuit. (6)

Ans:We have seen that for line to act as parallel circuit
cm 60
10 500
10 3
6
10
=
=
Then for short circuit line (odd multiple of
4
=
= =
cm
cm
45
4
3
15
4
60
4
short circuit
And for open circuited line the length is (even multiple of
4
=
=
=
cm
cm
60
4
4
30
4
60 2
4
2
open circuit

Q.61 In a rectangular waveguide for which a = 1.5 cm, b = 0.8 cm,
o
, 0 = = and
o
4 =
and
( )
m
A
z t 10 Sin
b
y 3
cos
a
x
sin 2 H
11
x
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
Find
(i) the mode of operation
(ii) the cut off frequency
(iii) phase constant
53

(iv) the propagation constant
(v) the intrinsic wave impedance (8)

Ans:
(i)
13
TM or
13
TE
(ii)
2
2
2
2
2 b
n
a
m
f
mn
c
+
=

,
2
1 c
=

Or
Z c
GH f 57 . 28
13
=
(iii)
2
1
|
|
\
|
=
f
f
W
c

=
2
1
|
|
\
|
f
f
C
r W
c

81 . 1718 = rad/m
Where
11
10 2 = = f W or
Z
GH f 50
2
100
= =
(iv) m j j / 81 . 1718 = =
(v) =
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= 7 . 154
50
57 . 28
1
377
1
2
1
2
13
r
c
TM
f
f

Q.62 What is a linear antenna? Find out the expression for effective length of linear antenna
when
(i) the current is distributed along its length and
(ii) there is sinusoidal distribution of current.
Also find the total power radiated. (8)

Ans: (i) Refer Text Book II, Chapter 18, 21.
(ii) Refer Text Book I, Chapter 11.

Q.63 A small dipole antenna is carrying a uniform r.m.s current of 10 amperes. Its r.m.s. electric
field at a distance r metre in a direction making an angle with the conductor is given
by
m V Sin
r
200
E =
Find the total power radiated and radiation resistance. (8)

Ans:Since ( )
c
r
t
r
dl l
E
o
=

cos
sin 60

= sin
200
r

2
2
sin
200
120
1
120
|
\
|
= = =
r
E
EH P
av

54

=
2
2
sin
3
1000
r

And total power,
d r P P
av
sin 2 .
2
0
=
=
d r
r
2 3
2
2 . sin
3
1000

= 8 . 888

Q.64 What is skip distance? Find the expression for skip distance and maximum usable
frequency considering flat surface and curved surface of earth. (10)

Ans:Refer text Book II Chapter 19
Flat Earth => i f f
c
cos =
1 2
2
2
=
c
skip
f
f
h D

h
D
i
2
tan =
Curved Earth

R D 2 =

cos
sin
tan
R R h
R
AT
BT
i
+
= =
Since 1 cos , 1 <<
R
h

h R
R
+
= cos &
R
h
= = 1
2
1 cos
2

55

(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
max
8
4
8
4
R
D
h
R
D
h D
f f
c

Q.65 Calculate the value of frequency at which an electro-magnetic wave must be propagated for
the D-region having an index of refraction of 0.5 (given N = 400 electrons/cc for D-region)
(6)
Ans:
2
6 . 80
1
f
N
=
For D-region, N = 400 electron/cc
Or
2
400 6 . 80
1 5 . 0
f
=
Or s kc f / 33 . 207 =

Q.66 Obtain the expression of electric field of an infinite sheet of charge in xy plane with charge
density
s
. (8)

Ans:
(
(
12
12
0
2
12
4
R
R
R
ds
dE
s

az d d ds =
d d ds =

1 2 12
r r R =
=
z
a a +

56

2 2
12
12
12
z
a a
R
R
a
z
+
+
= =

[ ]
[ ]
+
+
=
0
2 2 2
3
4 z
a a d d
dE
z s

( )

+
= =
0
2
0
0
3
2 2
4

z
a z d d
dE E
z s

=
z
s
a
z
z
0
2 2
0
2
1
) (
1
2

=
z
s
a
z
0

In general

N
s
a
z
E
r
=
0

Where
N
a
r
= unit normal vector.

Q.67 A line of length l carries charge
L
C/m. Show that the potential in the median plane can be
written as

+

=
sin 1
sin 1
ln
4
V
0
L

Refer to the Figure. (8)

Ans:
r
L
a
l A
dz
dE
2
4
=

2 2 2
z r l + =
cos dE dEr =
= l r dE / .

r
l
P

57

=
2 /
2 /
.
l
r
dE dEr
=

=
2 /
2 /
3
2 /
2 /
2
4
.
4
l
dz r
l
r
l
dz
L L

=

+
=
+
2 /
2 /
2 2
2 /
2 /
2 2 2
3
) (
4 4
z r
dz r
z r
dz r
L L

( )
r
L
r
a
r r
E
2
2
2
2
2 /

+
=
=
( )
r
L
a
r r
2
2
2
4

+

( )
2
2
2
4
.
= =

r
dr
r
dr E V
L

=
( )
) ( ) ( 4
2
4
2
2 a t
dt
a t
dt
r r
dr
L L
+

=
+

where
2 2 2
a r t + =
=
sin 1
sin 1
ln
4 +
L
.

Q.68 Given two mediums having permeabilities
1
,
2
, prove that

2
1
2
1
tan
tan

where
2 1
and represent the angles that the magnetic fields make with the normal to the
interface in the two mediums. (8)

Ans:Since the normal component of B is continuous and the normal component of H is
discontinuous by the ratio
2 1

1 2
BN BN = and

1
2
1
2
HN HN
=

1 1
2
1
2 2
cos cos
H H = ---------------------- (1)
Tangential component of H can be written as
K Ht Ht =
2 1

For zero current density
0
2 1
= Ht Ht
Thus
0 sin sin
2 2 1 1
= H H

2 2 1 1
sin sin H H = --------------------- (2)
Thus from (1) and (2)
58

2
1
2
1
2
1
cos
cos
sin
sin
=

2
1
2
1
tan
tan
=

Q.69 A solenoid of length l and radius a consists of N turns of wire carrying current I, as
shown in figure. Show that at point P along its axis (z-axis),
( )
z 1 2
a cos cos
2
nI
H =
where n=N/ , and
2 1
, are the angles subtended at P by the end turns. Also show that if
>>a, at the centre of the solenoid,
z
a nI H = (8)

Ans:Since solenoid consists of circular loops, so we can apply result of

[ ]
2
3
2 2
2
2
2 z a
a Id
dH
+
=

=
[ ]
2
3
2 2
2
2 z a
ndz za
+

The contribution to H
r
at P by element of solenoid of length
z
d .
Where ( )dz
N
ndz d
= = also
z
a
= tan

( )
d
a
a z
d ec a dz sin cos
2
2 2
2
2
3
+
= =
Hence,
d
nI
dH sin
2
2
=
2
1
sin
2
2
d
nI
H
Thus
( )
z
a
nI
H
1 2
cos cos
2
=
r

Substituting
N
n =

a
P
1

2

z
59

( )
z
a
NI
H
1 2
cos cos
2

=
r

However at the centre
1 2
cos cos = and
If >> a or
0
2
0 =
0
1
180 =

z z
a
NI
a nI H
= =
r

Q.70 Write down Maxwells equations in integral as well as differential forms for time-varying
fields. (8)

Ans:Maxwels Eqauations for time varying fields:
DIFFERENTIAL FORMS INTEGRAL FORMS
I.
0
1
.
= e

= dV da E
0
1
.
II. 0 . = B 0 . =
dA B
III.
t
B
E
= dA
t
B
dl E . .
IV.
t
E
J B
+ =
0 0 0
dA
t
E
J dl B . .
0
0 0

|
\
|
+ =

.

Q.71 In a medium characterized by the parameters =0,
0
and ,
0
and an electric field given
by
( )
z
8
a z t 10 sin 20 E = V/m, calculate . H and (8)

Ans: 0 . = =
y
y
d
dt
E
r
(as 0 . 0 = =
v
D
)
From Faradays law

dt
dH
E =
r
.
( )dt E H
1

But

z
z y x
E
dz
d
dy
d
dx
d
a a a
E
0 0
=
r

=
y z
z
x
z
a E
d
d
a
dy
dE

=
y z
a t ) 10 cos( 20 0
8

60

y
a dt z t H ) 10 ( cos
20
8
r

=
y
a z t ) 10 sin(
10
20
8
8

Also
dt H E
= ) (
1
r r

x x
y
a z t a
dz
dH
H ) 10 cos(
10
20
8
8
2
= =
r

=
x
a dt z t E ) 10 cos(
10
20
8
8
2
r

=
x
a z t ) 10 sin(
10 10
20
8
8 8
2

Comparing for E we get
20
10
20
16
2
=

16 2
10 =
=
8
10
=
0 0
8
10
=
C
8
10

=
8
8
10 3
10

=
3
1

y
a
z
t H |
\
|

=
3
10 sin
10 10 4
20
3
1
8
8 7
r

=
y
a
z
t |
\
|

3
10 sin
6
1
8
.

Q.72 Obtain an expression for the propagation constant in good conductors. Explain skin effect.
(8)
Ans:Helmholtz equation
0
2 2
= E y E
Let j y + = (propagation constant)
Since ) (
2
+ = j j y
Where = attenuation constant
= phase shift constant.
Uniform wave travelling in x direction
E y
x
E
2
2
2
=

61

yz
e E x E

=
0
) (
Time varying form
{ }
yx t j
e E t x E
+
=

0
Re ) , (
r

= { }
) (
0
Re
x t j ax
e E e

) ( + = + j j j Q
) ( 2
2 2
+ = + + j j j
=
(

j
j j 1
=
(

j
1
2

Equating real and imaginary part.
=
2 2 2

j = 2 .
Solving for and , we get

(
(
\
|
= 1 1
2
2

(
(
+
|
\
|
= 1 1
2
2

SKIN EFFECT:
Skin depth is defined as the distance it takes to reduce the amplitude to 1/e about 3.7%

k
1 1
= =
2

So, in good conductor, the depth of penetration decreases with frequency low. In term of
wave length
2
= i.e. about
th
1
of a wave length. So a wave gets attenuated even
before one cycle. This phenomena of conductor is known as skin effect. So what is a good
conductor at low or audio frequencies may become poor at high frequencies.

Q.73 A lossy dielectric has an intrinsic impedance of 200 30 at a particular frequency. If at
that frequency, the plane wave propagating through the dielectric has the magnetic field
component

y
x
a x
2
1
t cos e 10 H |
\
|
=

A/m, Find . and E Determine the skin depth and wave
polarization. (8)

Ans:Wave travels along
x
a so that
x
a K = ;
y
a H =
r

z y x
a a a H K E = = =
r r

z
a E =
r

62

Also 10 = Ho so
6 /
200 30 200

j
e
Ho
E
= = =

6 /
2000
j
e Eo =
[ ] E e e e E
t j yx j
r r
. . . 10 2 Re
6 / 3
=
So except for amplitude and phase difference E
r
and H
r
have same form

z
ax
a
x
t e E |
\
|
+ =

6 2
cos 10 2
3

r

Knowing that 2 / 1 = , so will be

2
1
1 1
1 1
2
2
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
\
|
+
\
|
+
=
t
t

Where 3 60 tan = =

So
3
1
1 2
1 2
2
1
=
(

3 2
1
3
1
2
1
= =
m 3 2
1
= =
.

Q.74 What are standing waves? How do they arise? Discuss their characteristics. (8)

Ans:When a line is terminated in an iimpedance other than
c
Z , there is a mismatch and
consequent reflection of voltage or current from the load end. If there is a mismatch at
sending end also, the wave is re-reflected. Thus, there will be multiple reflections and
standing waves on the line.
On a reflected wave, the distance between successive maxima or minima is
2
. Similarly,
the distance between a minimum and maximum is
4
.
1. The maximum amplitude is
ax ax
Be Ae V + =

max

Where n x = where 2 , 1 , 0 = n etc.
2. The maximum amplitude is
ax ax
Be Ae V
+
=
min

Where
2
) 1 2 (

= n where 2 , 1 , 0 = n etc.
3. The distance between any two successive maxima or minima is
2
;

n
n
x n x = = =

63

Q.75 A 30-m long lossless transmission line with Z
0
=50 operating at 2 MHz is terminated with
a load Z
L
=60+j40 . If the velocity of propagation on the line is 0.6 times that of light, find
the following without using Smith-chart:
(i) The reflection coefficient
(ii) The standing wave ratio S
(iii) The input impedance (8)

Ans:
(i) Reflection coefficient
50 40 60
50 40 60
+ +
+
=
j
j

=
40 110
40 10
j
j
+
+

=
0
56 3523 . 0
(ii) VSWR = 088 . 2
1
1
=

+

(iii)
(
+
+
=
) tan(
) tan(
0
0
0
d jZ Z
d jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
in

0
8
6
120
) 10 3 ( 6 . 0
) 30 )( 10 2 ( 2
=

= =

l
d
(
+ +
+ +
=
) 120 tan( ] 40 60 [ 60
) 120 tan( 50 40 60
50
j j
j j
Z
in

= 35 . 1 97 . 23 j + .

Q.76 What is a cavity resonator? Derive an expression for the frequency of oscillation of a
rectangular cavity resonator. (8)

Ans:Cavity Resonator:A cavity resonator is a hollow inductor blocked at both ends and
along which are electromagnetic wave can be supported. It can be viewed as a wave guide
short circuited at both ends. The cavity has interior surfaces which reflects a wave of a
specific frequency. Where a wave that is resonant with the cavity enters, it bounces back
and forth within the cavity, with low loss. As more wave energy enters the cavity, it
combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.

Q.77 In a rectangular waveguide for which a=1.5cm, b=0.8cm, , , 0
0
= =
( ) z t 10 x sin
b
y 3
cos
a
x
sin 2 H , 4 and
11
x 0
|
\
|
|
\
|
= = A/m
Determine
(i) The mode of operation
(ii) The cutoff frequency
(iii) The phase constant
(iv) The intrinsic wave impedance (8)

64

Ans:
(i) The wave guide is operating at
13
TM or
13
TE mode.
(ii)
2
2
2
2
2 b
n
a
m
fc
mm
+
=

=
[ ] [ ]
2
2
2
2
10 8 . 0
9
10 5 . 1
1
4

C

=
z
GH 57 . 28
(iii)
2
1
|
|
\
|
=
f
fc

=
2
1
|
|
\
|
f
fc
C
r

2
8
11
50
57 . 28
1
10 3
) 2 ( 10
|
\
|
=

= 1718.81 rad/m
(iv)
2
1
13 |
|
\
|
=
f
fc
TM

=
2
50
57 . 28
1
377
|
\
|
r

= 7 . 154 .

Q.78 Explain the principle of a phased array, and write a note on the log-periodic dipole array.
(8)
Ans:PHASED ARRAY:Phased Array is designed with more energy radiated in some
particular directions and less in other directions, i.e. the radiation pattern be concentrated
in the direction of interests.
A phased array is used to obtain greater directivity that cab be obtained with a single
antenna element.
A phased array is a group of radiating elements arranged so as to produce some particular
radiation characteristics. It is practical and convenient that the array consists of identical
elements, but this is not fundamentally required.
LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ARRAY:
The log periodic dipole array (LPDA) is one antenna that almost everyone over 40 years old
has seen. They were used for years as TV antennas. The chief advantage of an LPDA is that
it is frequency-independent. Its input impedance and gain remain more or less constant over
its operating bandwidth, which can be very large. Practical designs can have a bandwidth of
an octave or more.
Although an LPDA contains a large number of dipole elements, only 2 or 3 are active at any
given frequency in the operating range. The electromagnetic fields produced by these active
elements end of the array. The radiation in the opposite direction is typically 15 20 dB
65

below the maximum. The ratio of maximum forward to minimum rearward radiation is
called the Front-to-Back (FB) ration and is normally measured in dB.

The log periodic antenna is characterized by three interrelated parameters, , , and as
well as the minimum and maximum operating frequencies,
MIN
f and
MAX
f . The diagram
below shows the relationship between these parameters.

Unlike many antenna arrays, the design equations for the LPDA are relatively simple to
work with.
Q.79 A magnetic field strength of 5A/m is required at a point
2
= , 2 km from an antenna in
air. Neglecting ohmic loss, how much power must the antenna transmit if it is
66

(i) A Hertizian dipole of
25

(ii) A half-wave dipole
(iii) A quarter-wave monopole. (8)

Ans:
(i) For a Hertizian dipole
r
dl I
H
s
4
sin
0
= where
25
= l ------------------ (1)
25
2
25
.
2
= = dl
Thus from (1)
We get A I 5 . 0
0
=
2
2 2
2
0
2
2
) 25 (
) 5 . 0 ( 40
40

=
(
= I
dl
P
rad

= m 158
(ii) For a
2
dipole

sin 2
cos .
2
cos
0
r
I
H
s
|
\
|
=
mA I 20
0
=

6
2
2
0
10 .
2
) 20 ( 1
2
1

= =

rad av
R I P
= m 144 .
(iii) For a
4
monopole
mA I 20
0
=
As in part (b)
56 . 36 10 ) 20 (
2
1
2
1
6 2 2
0
= =

rad rad
R I P
= m 72

Q.80 Explain Poissons and Laplaces equations with suitable applications. (8)

Ans:POISSONS AND LAPLACES EQUATIONS:
Point form of Gauss Law

v
D = .
Relation between D & E
E D =
Relation between E & V
V E =
Hence ( ) ( )
v
V E D = = = . . .
67

=
v
V

. .
For a homogenous region in which is a constant. The last equation is known as poissons
equation. In cartessan co-ordinate system

z
A
y
A
x
A
A
z
y
x
= .

z y x
a
z
v
a
y
v
a
x
v
V
= .
And therefore

2
2
2
2
2
2
.
z
v
y
v
x
v
V
=
Usually the operation . is V
2
, hence

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
v
y
v
x
v
V
=
v
V

2

If 0 =
v

0
2
= V
Which is the Laplaces equation.
The V
2
is called the laplacian of V.

Q.81 The surface of the photoconductor in a xerographic copying machine is charged uniformly
with surface charge density
s
as shown in figure. When the light from the document to be
copied is focused on the photoconductor, the charges on the lower surface combine with
those on the upper surface to neutralize each other. The image is developed by pouring a
charged black powder over the surface of the photopowder, which is later transferred to
paper and melted to form a permanent image. Determine the electric field below and above
the surface of a photoconductor. (8)

Ans:Since 0 =
v
in this case, we apply Laplaces equation. Also the potential depends
only on x. Thus
0
2
2
2
=
=
x
V
V
Integrating twice gives
V = Ax + B
Let the potential above and below be
1
V and
2
V , respectively.

1 1 1
B x A V + = , x > a
d

a
E
1

E
2

recombination
photo
conductor
light
+ + + + +
+ + + + +

2

1

air
x
s

68

2 2 2
B x A V + = , x < a .1
The boundary condition at the grounded electrodes are
0 ) (
1
= = d x V
0 ) 0 (
2
= = x V .2
At the surface of the photoconductor,
) ( ) (
2 1
a x V a x V = = =

a x
s n n
D D
=
=
2 1
.3
We use the four conditions in eqs. (2) and (3) to determine the four unknown constants
1 2 1
, , B A A and
2
B . From eqs. (1) and (2),
d A B B d A
1 1 1 1
0 = + =
0 0 0
2 2
= + = B B
From eqs. (1) and (2),
a A B a A
2 1 1
= +
To apply eq. (2), recall that V E D = = so that

dx
dV
dx
dV
E E D D
n n n n s
2
2
1
1 2 2 1 1 2 1
+ = = =
Or

2 2 1 1
A A
s
+ =
Solving for
1
A and
2
A in eqs. (6.2.4) to (6.2.6), we obtain

(
+
= =
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
1
a
d
a
a A E
x s
x

(
+
|
\
|

= =
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
a
d
a
a
d
a A E
x s
x

Q.82 What is Gauss law? How gauss law is applicable to point charge and infinite line charge.
(4)
Ans:The generalization of Faradays experiment lead to the following statement known as
Gausss Law The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface. For a given fig if the total charge is , then of electric
flux pass through the enclosing surface. Let at point P,
n
a is a unit vector normal to
differential area s located at point P. Then
n
a s s =
= flux crossing s
= Ds noun s = Ds cos s
And the total flux is given by

ds Ds d
s
.

= =

Thus mathematical formulation of Gausss law is
ds Ds Q
s
. = =
69

For point charge:

d d r Ds Dsds ds Ds
spn s

= = =
2
0 0
2
sin .
= 4
2
r Ds.
Hence

2
4 r
Q
Ds
= . & ar
r
Q
E
2
0
4
=
For infinite line charge:

+ + = =
bottom top sides
cyc
ds ds ds Ds ds Ds Q 0 0 .
= L Ds dz d Ds
L

2
0
2
0
=

L
Q
Ds
2
=
Hence

L
L
L
Q
E
L
0 0
2 2
= =
=

0
2
L
.

Q.83 The spherical region 3 r 0 contains uniform volume charge density of
3
v
m / C 2 =
and
3
v
m C 1 = for 6 r 5 . Use law to find
r
D for
(i) 3 r
(ii) 5 r 3
(iii) 6 r 5
(iv) r>>6 (8)

Ans:
(i) For 3 r

= =
r r
v
d d r dv
0 0
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
sin 2

70

= 4
3
2
3
r

ar
r
r
r
area
Dr
3
2
4
4
3
2
2
3
=
= =

(ii) For 5 3 r
Will be same as (i)
ar
r
Dr
3
2
=
(iii) For 6 5 r

+ =
r
d d r
r
0 0
2
0
2
3
sin 4
3
2

= 4
3
4
3
2
3 3
+
r r

ar r ar
r
r
area
D = = =
2
3
4
4

(iv) For r >> 6 it will same as for r = 6 5 r
Thus ar r Dr . = .

Q.84 Write Laplaces equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical coordinates. (4)

Ans:CARTESIAN

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
V
y
V
x
V
V
=
CYLINDRICAL

2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
z
V V V
V
+
|
|
\
|

SPHERICAL

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1

+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
V
r
V
r r
V
r
r r
V .

Q.85 Define Biot Savert law. Calculate the magnetic field of line current along a thin straight
wire of infinite length. (6)

Ans:Biot-Savert Law may be written as

2
12
. 4 d
a dL I
dH
=
Where
d = distance of point where it is to be find out from element dl.

12
a = unit vector from point 1 to point 2.
I = current in the filamentary conductor.
FOR WIRE OF INFINITE LENGTH:
71

Suppose a wire of infinite length is kept on z axis carries a current I. Then any point 1(0,0,z)
on the z axis at which a differential length.

z z
a d dL = is located. The point at which H has to be calculated is ) , , ( 2

1 2 12
r r R =
=
z z
a z a z +
r

= ( )
z
a z z +
r

( )
2 2
12
z Z R d + = =

[ ]
( ) [ ]
2
3
2 2
4
) (
z Z
a z Z a Idz
dH
z z
+
+
=

( ) [ ]

+
=
2
3
2 2
4
) (
z Z
a Idz
H

=
( )

(
(
2
2
1
4
z Z
z Z a I
a
I
2

In general the magnetic field intensity due to infinitely long filamentary conductor is given
by ( )
12 1
2
a a
d
I
H =

Where
1
a , is a unit vector in the direction of current, point 2 is that point at which magnetic
field intensity is derived, point 1 is the foot of perpendicular from point 2 on the
filamentary conductor and d is the distance between the joints 1 & 2.

Q.86 Find the magnetic flux density and field intensity at a point P due to a straight conductor
carrying a current I as (10)

Ans:Magnetic field due to length element dl is

2
4 R
ar dL I
dH
=
=
2
4
) sin(
R
a dL I

Where sin dl Rd =
And
sin
h
R =

a
R
Id
R
a
d
IR
dH
4 4
sin
sin
2
=
=
=
( )

a
h
Id
sin
4

72

a d
h
I
H
=
2
1
sin
4

= [ ]
a
h
I
2
1
cos
4

= [ ]
a
h
I
2 1
cos cos
4

Q.87 Given that ) u ( e 50 E
x
) z t ( j
=
space free in ) u ( e H H
y
) z t ( j
m

= where
9
10 = .
( ) 0 and H Evaluate
m
> (8)

Ans:Given
9
10 =
3
10
10 3
10
8
9
=
= =
c

Now
0
1
= =
Q
r r r
dt H E

y z x y
H
x
a a H H

=
2
r v

=
( )
x
z t j
m
a e H

( )

=
x
z t j
m
a dt e H E

1
r

=
( )
x
z t j m
a e
H

Comparing with E
r
we get

50 =
m
H

= = 3
10
50 50
m
H
=
12 9
10 854 . 8 10 15

=
3
10 3 . 416

= 4163 . 0 A/m.

Q.88 Show that E and H fields constitute a wave travelling in Z-direction. Verify that the wave
speed and E/H depend only on the properties of free space. (8)

Ans:Relation between H & E for a wave propagation in z direction can be written as
) cos( ) , (
0
0
z k t E t z E
X x
= --------------------- (1)
Applying maxwells equation H can be easily found out as
) cos( ) , (
0
0
0
0
z k t E t z H
X y
=
--------------------- (2)
73

Therefore from above relations we find that for an X directed E field that propagates the
wave in z direction, the direction of H field comes out to be y directed. Thus a uniform
plane wave is transverse in nature.
Taking ratio of (1) & (2) we get

0
0
=
y
x
H
E
---------------------- (3)
Also
c
k

=
0
and
0
2
k
= v 0 0 =

0 0
1

= v
From above relation we find that wave speed and E/H depends only on the properties of
free space,

Q.89 Define polarization of waves, linear polarization, elliptical polarization, circular
polarization. (4)

Ans:Polarization refers to time varying behaviour of electric field strength vector at some
fixed point in space.
LINEAR POLARIZATION:
For a wave to have linear polarization, the time phase difference between two component
must be
n
y y
= =
Where n = 0,1,2,3,4----------
A linearly polarized wave can be resolved into a light hand circularly polarized wave and
left hand circularly polarized wave of equal amplitude.
ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION:
B a j A a E
y x
+ =
0
&
y x
a t B a t A t o E sin cos ) , ( =
t A E
x
cos = t B E
y
sin =
1
2
2
2
2
= +
B
E
A
E
y
x
END points ) , ( t o E traces out an Ellipse.
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION:
If y component leads x by
0
90
a
E = amplitude
( )
y x
a j a E + =
0
. ( )
a y x a
E a t a t t o E E sin cos ) , ( =

2 2 2
sin
cos
a y x
a y
a x
E E E
t E E
t E E
= +
)
`
=
=

End points of ) , ( t o E traces out a circle of radius
a
E .

Q.90 A magnetic field strength of
m
A
5 is required at a point on
2
= , 2 Km from an
antenna in air. Neglecting ohmic loss how much power must antenna transmit if it is
74

(i) a hertzian dipole of length
25
.
(ii) A half wave dipole. (4+4)

Ans:
(i) For a Hertzian dipole
r
dl I
H
s
4
sin
0
=
Where
25 = dl
25
2
25
2
= = dl
( )
5
0
3
0 6
10 10 2 4
) 1 ( 25 2 .
10 5
I I
=

A I 5 . 0
0
=
2
2 2
2
0
2
2
) 25 (
) 5 . 0 ( 40
40

=
|
\
|
= I
dl
P
rad

= 158 mw.
(ii) For a /2 dipole

sin 2
cos .
2
cos
0
r
I
H
s
|
\
|
=
) 1 )( 10 2 ( 2
1 .
10 5
3
0 6
I

mA I 20
0
=
6 2 2
0
10 ) 20 (
2
1
2
1

= =
rad av
R I P
= 144 mw.

Q.91 Find the characteristic impedance of lossless transmission line having R=5, L=40H and
C=10F having frequency of 10Hz. (4)

Ans:A transmission line is said to be lossless if both its conductor & dielectric loss are zero,
R = 0 and G = 0
Characteristic impedance =
C
L

= 4
10
40
=
= 2 .

Q.92 What is standing wave ratio? Calculate reflection coefficient having SWR of 1.5. (4)

Ans:Standing Wave ratio: The ratio of maximum to minimum voltages along a finite
terminated line is called standing wave ratio.
75

L
L
V
V
SWR

+
= =
1
1
min
max

=
L
reflection coefficient is
=
1
1
+
SWR
SWR

=
3
1
5 . 1
5 .
1 5 . 1
1 5 . 1
= =
+
.

Q.93 Define cut-off wavelength for a rectangular wave guide. A rectangular wave guide
measures 3 x 4.5 cm internally and has a 10GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate the cut-
off wavelength, the guide wavelength and characteristic wave impedance for TE
10
mode. (8)

Ans:For
10
TE mode

z
GH f 10 =

c g
8757 . 0 = for
10
TE mode
100
10 10
10 3
9
8
0

= =
f
c

= 3 cm.

2 2
0
1
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
c
g g

=
2
) 8757 . 0 ( 1+
= 1.767
329 . 1
0
=
g
&
0
329 . 1 =
g
= 4.00 cm
571 . 4
8757 . 0
4
8757 . 0
= = =
g
c
cm

3
4
120
10
=
TE
= 160 .

Q.94 Explain Hertizan dipole. Show time variation of current and charge in Hertizan dipole. (8)

Ans:Hertzian dipole By Hertzian dipole, we mean an infinite current element idl.
Although such a current element does not exist in real life, it serves as building block
from which the field of a practical antenna can be calculated by integration. Consider a
hertzian dipole as in figure.
Magnetic vector potential at point P, due to dipole is
z a
r
Idl
A
4
=
Where I is given by

|
\
|
=
a
wr
wt I I cos ] [
0

= ( ) r wt I cos
0

76

We find the E field using H as

r j
e
r r
dl I
Exs

=
3 2
0
1 1
cos
2

r j
e
r
j
r r
j dl I
Eys

+ =
3 2
0
1
sin
4

0 = Ezs
Power dissipated in fictitions Resistance
rad
R .

rad rad
R I P
2
0
2
1
=
Where
2
2
80
(
dl
R
rad
.

Q.95 Define radiation resistance and directivity. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna
having wavelength 5 = and length 25cm. (8)

Ans:
2
2
80
(
dl
R
rad

=
2
2
5
25
80
(

=
2
2000

Directivity
The directivity D of an antenna is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity to the average
radiation intensity.

Q.96 Write short notes
(i) Space wave propagation
(ii) Skip distance
(iii) Ground wave propagation
(iv) Antenna Array (16)

Ans:
(i) SPACE (DIRECT) WAVE PROPAGATION
Space Waves, also known as direct waves, are radio waves that travel directly from the
transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. In order for this to occur, the two
antennas must be able to see each other; that is there must be a line of sight path
between them. The diagram on the next page shows a typical line of sight. The
maximum line of sight distance between two antennas depends on the height of each
antenna. If the heights are measured in feet, the maximum line of sight, in miles, is
given by;
r t
h h d 2 2 + =
Because a typical transmission path is filled with buildings, hills and other obstacles, it
is possible for radio waves to be reflected by these obstacles, resulting in radio waves
that arrive at the receive antenna from several different directions. Because the length of
77

each path is different, the waves will not arrive in phase. They may reinforce each other
or cancel each other, depending on the phase differences. This situation is known as
multipath propagation. It can cause major distortion to certain types of signals. Ghost
images seen on broadcast TV signals are the result of multipath-one picture arrives
slightly later than the other and is shifted in position on the screen. Multipath is very
troublesome for mobile communications. When the transmitter and/or receiver are in
motion, the path lengths are continuously changing and the signal fluctuates wildly in
amplitude. For this reason, NBFM is used almost exclusively for mobile
communications. Amplitude variations caused by multipath that make AM unreadable
are eliminated by the limiter stage in an NBFM receiver. An interesting example of
direct communications is satellite communications. If a satellite is placed in an orbit
22,000 miles above the equator, it appears to stand still in the sky, as viewed from the
ground. A high gain antenna can be pointed at the satellite to transmit signals to it. The
satellite is used as a relay station, from which approximately of the earths surface is
visible. The satellite receives signals from the ground at one frequency, known as the
uplink frequency, translates this frequency to a different frequency, known as the
downlink frequency, and retransmits the signal. Because two frequencies are used, the
reception and transmission can happen simultaneously. A satellite operating in this way
is known as a transponder. The satellite has a tremendous line of sight from its vantage
point in space and many ground stations can communicate through a single satellite.
(ii) SKIP DISTANCE/SKIP ZONE
The SKIP DISTANCE is the distance from the transmitter to the point where the sky
wave is first returned to Earth. The size of the skip distance depends on the frequency of
the wave, the angle of incidence, and the degree of ionization present.
The SKIP ZONE is a zone of silence between the point where the ground wave
becomes too weak for reception and the point where the sky wave is first returned to
Earth. The size of the skip zone depends on the extent of the ground wave coverage and
the skip distance. When the ground wave coverage is great enough or the skip distance
is short enough that no zone of silence occurs, there is no skip zone.
Occasionally, the first sky wave will return to Earth within the range of the ground
wave. If the sky wave and ground wave are nearly of equal intensity, the sky wave
alternately reinforces and cancels the ground wave, causing severe fading. This is
caused by the phase difference between the two waves, a result of the longer path
travelled by the sky wave.
PROPAGATION PATH: The path that a refracted wave follows to the receiver
depends on the angle at which the wave strikes the ionosphere. You should remember,
however, that the rf energy radiated by a transmitting antenna spreads out with distance.
The energy therefore strikes the ionosphere at many different angles rather than a single
angle. After the rf energy of a given frequency enters an ionospheric region, the paths
that this energy might follow are many. It may reach the receiving antenna via two or
more paths through a single layer.
(iii) GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION
Ground Waves are radio waves that follow the curvature of the earth. Ground waves are
always vertically polarized, because a horizontally polarized ground wave would be
shorted out by the conductivity of the ground. Because ground waves are actually in
contact with the ground, they are greatly affected by the grounds properties. Because
ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow
the earths surface. This effect is more pronounced at higher frequencies, limiting the
78

usefulness of ground wave propagation to frequencies below 2 MHz. Ground waves
will propagate long distances over sea water, due to its high conductivity.
Ground waves are used primarily for local AM broadcasting and communications with
submarines. Submarine communications take place at frequencies well below 10KHz,
which can penetrate sea water (remember the skin effect?) and which are propagated
globally by ground waves.
Lower frequencies (between 30 and 3,000 KHz) have the property of following the
curvature of the earth via groundwave propagation in the majority of occurrences.
In this mode the radio wave propagates by interacting with the semi-conductive surface
of the earth. The wave clings to the surface and thus follows the curvature of the
earth. Vertical polarization is used to alleviate short circuiting the electric field through
the conductivity of the ground. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor,
ground waves are attenuated rapidly as they follow the earths surface. Attenuation is
proportional to the frequency making this mode mainly useful for LF and VLF
frequencies.
Today LF and VLF are mostly used for time signals, and for military communications,
especially with ships and submarines. Early commercial and professional radio services
relied exclusively on long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation. To
prevent interference with these service, amateur and experimental transmitters were
restricted to the higher (HF) frequencies, felt to be useless since their ground-wave
range was limited. Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at medium
wave and short wave frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military
purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to
authorized frequency segments in the range.
(iv) ANTENNA ARRAY
An antenna array is an antenna that is composed of more than one conductor. There are
two types of antenna arrays:
Driven arrays all elements in the antenna are fed RF from the transmitter.
Parasitic arrays only one element is connected to the transmitter. The other elements
are coupled to the driven element through the electric fields and magnetic fields that
exist in the near field region of the driven element.
There are many types of driven arrays. The four most common types are:
COLLINEAR ARRAY
The collinear array consists of /2 dipoles oriented end-to-end. The center dipole is fed
by the transmitter and sections of shorted transmission line known as phasing lines
connect the ends of the dipoles.
BROADSIDE ARRAY
A broadside array consists of an array of dipoles mounted one above another as shown
below. Each dipole has its own feed line and the lengths of all feed lines are equal so
that the currents in all the dipoles are in phase.
LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ARRAY
The lop periodic dipole array (LPDA) is one antenna that almost everyone over 40 years
old has seen. They were used for years as TV antennas. The chief advantage of an
LPDA is that it is frequency-independent. Its input impedance and gain remain more or
less constant over its operating bandwidth, which can be very large. Practical designs
can have a bandwidth of an octave or more.
YAGI-UDA ARRAY (YAGI)
79

The Agi-Uda array, named after the two Japanese physicists who invented it, is the most
common antenna array in use today. In contrast to the other antenna arrays that we have
already looked at, the Yagi has only a single element that is connected to the
transmitter, called the driver or driven element. The remaining elements are coupled to
the driven element through its electromagnetic field. The other elements absorb some of
the electromagnetic energy radiated by the driver and re-radiate it. The fields of the
driver and the remaining elements sum up to produce a unidirectional pattern. The
diagram below shows the layout of elements in a typical Yagi.

Q.97 Prove that energy density stored in an electric field of magnitude E is proportional to
2
E .
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 4.8 (Page No. 111)

Q.98 A circular ring of radius 'a' carries a uniform charge m C
L
and is placed on xy-plane with
the axis the same as the z-axis
(i) Find ( ) h , 0 , 0 E
(ii) What value of h gives maximum value of E?
(iii) If the total charge on the ring is Q, find E as a 0 to tends . (8)

Ans:
(i) Consider the figure:

ad dl =
z P
a h a a R + = ) (
[ ]
2
1
2 2
| | h a R R + = = ,
R
R
a
R
=

[ ]
2
3
2 2
3 2
| |
h a
a h a a
R
R
R
a
z P R
+
+
= =
80

[ ]

ad
h a
a h a a P
E
z P L
= +
+
=
2
0
2
3
2 2
0
4

By symmetry, contributions along
P
a add up to zero.
Thus we are left with the z-component.

[ ] [ ]
2
3
2
3
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2 4
) , 0 , 0 (
a h
a ah P
d
a h
a ah P
h E
z L z L
+
=
+
=
v/m.
(ii)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

)
+
+ +
=
3
2 2
2 2 2 2
0
2
1
2
3
) 2 )( (
2
3
) 1 (
2
a h
a h h h a h
E
a P
dh
E d
L

For maximum E , 0 =
dh
E d

[ ] [ ] 0 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= + + h a h a h
0 2
2 2
= h a or m
a
h
2
=
(iii) Since the charge is uniformly distributed, the line charge density is
a
Q
P
L
2
=

[ ]
z
a
a h
Qh
E
2
3
2 2
0
4 +
=

As 0 a ,
z
a
h
Q
E
2
0
4
=
v/m

Q.99 Derive an expression for the magnetic field due to an infinite plane sheet of uniform urface
current density. (8)
81


Q.100 A circular loop located on 0 z , 9 y x
2 2
= = + carries a direct current of 10A along
a .
Determine H at (0, 0, 4) and (0, 0, 4). (8)

Ans:Consider the circular loop shown in Fig.

3
4 R
R l Id
H d
a d l d = ,
z p
a h a y x h R + = = ) 0 , , ( ) , 0 , 0 (

z
z
a d P a hd
h
d
a a a
R l d

2
0
0 0 + =
=

z z z
a H d a H d a d P a hd
h
I
H d + = +
+
=

) (
] [ 4
2
2 2
2
3

By symmetry, the contributions along
a add up to zero
0 =

H

[ ] [ ]
2
3
2
3
2 2
2 2
0
2 2
2
4
2
4 h
a I
h
a d I
a dH H
z z
z z
+
=
+
= =

[ ]
2
3
2 2
2
2 h
a I
H
z
+
=

I = 10A, = 3, h = 4

z
z
a
a
H 36 . 0
] 16 9 [ 2
) 3 ( 10
) 4 , 0 , 0 (
2
3
2
=
+
= A/m
For H(0,0,4), h is released by h
82

z
a H H 36 . 0 ) 4 , 0 , 0 ( ) 4 , 0 , 0 ( = = A/m.

Q.101 State and explain Maxwells equation in their Integral and differential forms. Derive the
corresponding equations for fields varying harmonically with time. (8)

Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 10.4, 10.5 (Page No. 334 - 337)

Q.102 A conducting bar P can slide freely over two conducting rails as shown in Fig.1. Calculate
the induced voltage in the bar
(i) If the bar is stationed at y = 8 cm and
2
z
6
m mWb/ a t 10 cos 4 B = .
(ii) If the bar slides at a velocity s / m a 20 v
y
= and
2
z
m mWb/ a 4 B = .
(iii) If the bar slides at a velocity m/s a 20 v
y
= and ( )
2
z
6
mWb/m a y t 10 cos 4 B = .
(8)

Ans:Consider the fig.
(i) ( )
2
6
10 cos 4
m
mWb
a t B
z
=
dxdy t ds
t
B
V
y x
emf
) 10 sin( ) 10 )( 10 ( 4 .
6 6 3
08 . 0
0
06 . 0
0
= =

=
=
= ) 10 sin( ) 06 . 0 )( 08 . 0 )( 10 ( 4
6 3
t
V t V
emf
) 10 sin( 2 . 19
6
=
(ii) s m a u
y
/ 20 = ,
2
/ 4 m mWb a B
z
=
( ) ( )
x
l x
z y emf
a dx a B a u l d B u V . .
0

=
= + =
= ) 06 . 0 )( 10 )( 4 ( 20
3
= uBl
mV V
emf
8 . 4 =
(iii) s m a u
y
/ 20 = , ( )
2
6
10 cos 4
m
mWb
a y t B
z
=

83

+
= l d B u ds
t
B
V
emf
). ( .
= dx dy y t
x
y
' ) ' 10 sin( ) 10 )( 10 )( 4 (
6
06 . 0
0 0
6 3

+ [ ]
x z y
a dx a y t a . ) 10 cos( ) 10 )( 4 ( 20
0
06 . 0
6 3

= ) 10 cos( ) 06 . 0 )( 10 ( 80 ) ' 10 ( cos 240
6 3
0
6
y t y t
y

= ) 10 cos( ) 10 ( 8 . 4 10 cos 240 ) 10 cos( 240
6 3 6 6
y t t y t

emf
V ~ t y t
6 6
10 cos 240 ) 10 cos( 240

2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos
B A B A
B A
+
=
V
y y
t V
emf
2
sin
2
10 sin 480
6
|
\
|
= .

Q.103 State and prove Poynting theorem. Explain the physical interpretation of each terms in it.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 11.3 (Page No. 365 - 369)

Q.104 Given a uniform plane wave in air as
( ) ( ) m V a z t sin 30 a z t cos 40 E
y x i
+ =
a. Find
i
H .
b. If the wave encounters a perfectly conducting plate normal to the z-axis at z
= 0, find the reflected wave
r
E and
r
H .
c. What are the total E and Hfields for 0 z ?
d. Calculate the time-average Poynting vectors for 0 z and 0 z . (8)

Ans: ( ) ( )
m
V
a z t a z t E
y x i
+ = sin 30 cos 40
(i) we may treat the wave as consisting of two waves,
( )
x i
a z t E = cos 40
1
, ( )
y i
a z t E = sin 30
2

At atmospheric pressure, air has 0006 . 1 =
r
~ 1.
Thus air may be regarded as free space.
Let
2 1 i i i
H H H + =
( )
1
cos
10 1 H i i
a z t H H =

3
1
120
40
0
10
10
= = =
i
i
E
H

y x z E k H
a a a a a a = = =
1

( )
y i
a z t H
= cos
3
1
1

84

Similarly ( )
2
sin
20 2 H i i
a z t H H =

4
1
120
30
0
20
0
= = =
i
iz
E
H

x y z E k H
a a a a a a
z
= = =

x i
a z t H ) sin(
4
1
2

=

y x i i
a z t a z t H H H ) cos(
3
1
) sin(
4
1
2 1

+ = + =
(ii) Since the medium 2 is perfectly conducting

1 2
2
2
1
<< >>

1 =
, 0 =
Showing that incident E and H fields are totally reflected.

io io ro
E E E = =
( ) ( ) m V a z t a z t E
y x r
+ + = sin 30 cos 40

r
H can be found from
r
E just as in part (i)
( ) ( ) m A a z t a z t H
x y r

+ + = sin
4
1
cos
3
1

(iii) The total fields in air

r i
E E E + =
1
and
r i
H H H + =
1

The total fields in the conductor are
0
2
= =
t
E E , 0
2
= =
t
H H
(iv) 0 z
[ ]
z r z i k
s
arc
a E a E a
E
P
2
0
2
0
0 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
= =

= ( ) ( ) [ ]
z z
a a
2 2 2 2
30 40 30 40
240
1
+ +

0
1
=
arc
P
For 0 z
0
2 2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
= = = a
E
a
E
P
t
k
s
arc

Because the whole incident power is reflected.

Q.105 Discuss the derivation of the transmission-line equations from field equations by
considering a parallel-plate line. Also model the line as a distributed circuit. (8)


Q.106 A distortionless line has m mNp 20 , 60 z
o
= = , v = 0.6 c, where c is the speed of light
in vacuum. Find R, L, G, C and at 100 MHz frequency. (8)
85

Ans:For a distortion less line, GL RC = or
L
RC
G =

C
L
Z =
0
,
0
Z
R
L
C
R RG = = =

0
Z R =
But
LC
u
1
= =

( ) m Z R = = =

2 . 1 ) 60 ( 10 20
3
0

( )
m H
u
Z
L 333
10 3 6 . 0
60
8
0
=
= =

333
2 . 1
10 400
6 2
=
= =
R
G mho/m

C
uZ
1
0
=

( )( )
m F
Z
C 59 . 92
60 10 3 6 . 0
1
4
1
8
0
=
= =

( )
m
f
u
8 . 1
10
10 3 6 . 0
8
8
=
= = .

Q.107 Explain the Terms-dominant mode, cut-off frequency, guide wavelength and characteristic
Impedance. Discuss them for both TE and TM modes. (8)

Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 9.1.4 (Page No. 721)

Q.108 Consider a parallel-plate waveguide as shown in Fig.2. Find the power reflection
coefficients for
0 , 1
TE and
0 , 1
TM waves at frequency f = 5000 MHz incident on the
junction from free space side. (8)

Ans:Consider the fig.
For
0 , 1
TE mode or for
0 , 1
TM mode cm za
c
10 = = , independent of the dielectric.
For f = 5000
z
MH
cm 6
10 5
10 3
9
8
1
=
=

86

cm 2
3
6
10 5 9
10 3
9
8
2
= =

=
Since &
c
in both sections,
0 , 1
TE and
0 , 1
TM modes propagate in both sections.
For
0 , 1
TE mode

( )
=
=
|
\
|
= 24 . 471
10
6
1
120
1
2 2
1
1
9
1
c

( )
=
=
|
\
|
= 25 . 128
04 . 0 1
40
10
2
1
9 / 120
1
2 2
2
2
9
2

c

2
9 9
9 9
2
1 2
1 2
0 , 1
|
|
\
|
+
=

TE

327 . 0 ) 572 . 0 (
2 2
0 , 1
= =
TE

For
0 , 1
TM mode
=
|
\
|
= 59 . 301 1
2
1
1 9
1
c

=
|
\
|
= 12 . 123 1
2
2
2 9
2
c

2
9 9
9 9
2
1 2
1 2
0 , 1
|
|
\
|
+
=

TM

176 . 0 ) 42 . 0 (
2 2
0 , 1
= =
TM
.

Q.109 Discuss the concept of unit and group patterns and their multiplications to obtain the
resultant pattern of an array. (8)

Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 10.30, 10.30.1 (Page No. 826 - 827)

Q.110 The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by,

( )

=
. otherwise , 0
, 0 , 0 , sin sin 2
, U
3

Determine the directivity of the antenna. (8)

Ans:For a certain antenna radiation intensity
87

=
elsewhere
U
0
0 , 0 sin sin 2
) , (
3

Directivity
arc
U
U
D
max
=
2
max
= U
( )
4 /
4
1
rad arc
P d U V = =
d d sin sin sin 2

4
1
0 0
3

= =

=

d d

0
3
0
2
sin sin
2
1

= ) cos 1 ( ) cos 1 ( ) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
2
1
0
2
0

d d
=
0
3
0
cos
3
cos
2
2 sin
2
1
2
1
|
|
\
|
\
|

3
1
3
4
2 2
1
= |
\
|
|
\
|
=

arc
V

( )
6
3
1
2
max
= = =
arc
V
U
D .

Q.111 State the different layers of Ionosphere. Which layer disappears at night, also explain why
the ground wave propagation called medium wave propagation?
(4+2)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 11.5.2 and 11.4.1 (Page No. 946 and 938)

Q.112 Determine the electric potential energy of a uniformly charged sphere of radius R. (8)

Ans:Electric potential energy is given by
dv E We
2
0
2

=

= dv
D
2
0
0
2

= dv D
2
0
2
1

Where ar
R
Q
D
2
4
= , R = radius of sphere.
And dR d d R dv sin
2
=

d d dR R
R
Q
We
R
sin
4 2
1
2
2
2
0 0
2
0
=

88

=

d d dR R
R
Q
R
sin
16 2
1
2
2
0 0
2 2
2
0

= [ ] [ ]

2
0 0
2
0
cos
1
16 2
1
R
R
Q

= ] 2 ][ 2 [
1
16 2
1
2
0
R
Q

=
R
Q 1
8
0
.

Q.113 Find the electric field at a point P on the perpendicular bisector of a uniformly charged rod.
The length of the rod is L, the charge on it is Q and the distance of P from the centre of the
rod is a. (8)

Ans: ar
l
dz
dE
L
2
4
=

2 2 2
a z l + =

L
Q
L
=
cos dE dE
r
=
=
l
a
dE.

= =
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
.
4
.
L
L
L
L
L
r
l
a
l
dz
l
a
dE dE

=
( )

+
=
2 /
2 /
3
2 2
2 /
2 /
3
4 4
L
L
L
L
L
L
z a
dz a
l
dz a

( )
2
2
2
2
2
a
L
a
L
E
L
r
+

L
Q
L
= Q
=
( )
2
2
0
2
4 a
L
a
Q
+

89

As seen above, the resultant Z component
z
E of field at point P is zero. Therefore the total
field E at point along the r-axis is

( )
2
2
0
2
1 1
4
a
L
a
Q
E
r
+
=
.
Q.114 Prove that a uniform plane wave is transverse in nature and .
H
E
= (12)
Ans:Helmholtz equation can be written as

s s
E K E
2
0
2
= ----------------------- (1)
When
0 0 0
= K , the free space wave number.
Thus x component of (1) becomes

xs xs
E K E
2
0
2
=
Or
xs
xs xs xs
E K
z
E
y
E
x
E
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
--------------------- (2)
The solution of (2) which does not vary with x and y, so that corresponding two derivatives
are zero, leads to

xs
xs
E K
dz
E d
2
0 2
2
= --------------------- (3)
Thus solution of (3) can be written as

z jK
xo xs
o
e E E

= --------------------- (4)
Next, we insert the
t j
e

factor and take the real part
) cos( ) , ( z K t E t z E
o xo x
= --------------------- (5)
Now from Maxwells equations
s
E &
s
H is most easily obtained from

s o s
H j E =

ys o
xs
H j
dz
dE
=
From (4) for
xs
E , we have

z jK
xo o
o
ys
o
e E jK
j
H

= ) (
1

=
z jK
xo
o
e E

0
0

In real instantaneous form, this becomes
) cos( ) , (
0
0
z K t E t z H
o xo y
=
---------------------- (6)
We therefore find the x-directed E field that propagates in the +ve z direction is
accompanied by a y directed H field. Moreover, the ratio of the electric and magnetic field
intensities, given by the rates of (5) to (6)

0
0
=
y
x
H
E

90

This shows that the uniform plane wave is a transverse electromagnetic wave.

Q.115 Derive expression for attenuation constant ( ) and phase constant ( ) for lossless
transmission lines. (4)

Ans:Propagation constant for transmission line can be written as
zy Y = ---------------- (1)

Where
jwL R Z + =
) ( jwC G Y + =
Hence substituting in (1)
( ) ) ( jwC G jwL R Y + + =
Since j Y + =
Where = attenuation constant
= Phase Constant
( ) ) ( jwC G jwL R j + + = +
Since for a lossless transmission line R = 0 & G = 0
) )( ( jwC jwL j = +
LC jw j = +
0 =
LC w = .

Q.116 Explain critical frequency and maximum usable frequency. Determine the value of
frequency at which an Electromagnetic wave must be propagated for D-region having
refractive index of 0.5. (given N=400 electrons/cc for D-region). (8)

Ans:Critical Frequency: The critical frequency (fc) for a given layer is the highest
frequency that will be returned down to each by that layer after having been beamed
straight up at it.
Maximum Usable frequency (MUF): It is also a limiting frequency, but this time for some
specific angle of incidence other than normal. If the angle of incidence (between incidence
say and the normal) is , it follows that,

cos
frequency critical
MUF =
= sec fc .
Given 5 . 0 = and cc electrons N / 400 =
91

2
6 . 80
1
f
N
=

2
400 6 . 80
1 5 . 0
f
=
s kc f / 33 . 207 = .

Q.117 Derive the wave equations from Maxwells equation for free space, lossless charge free
region. (8)

Ans:Maxwells equation in phasor form can be written as

s s
H j E = ----------------- (1)

s s
E j H ) ( + = ----------------- (2)

=
s
D . ----------------- (3)
0 . =
s
B ----------------- (4)
Using vector identity

s s s
E E E
2
) . ( =
LHS
) (
s s
H j E =
=
s
H j
=
s
E j j ) ( +
RHS

s
s
s s
E
D
E E
2 2
. . ) . (
|
|
\
|
=

=
s v
E
2
) (
1

Assuming 0 =
v
for change free region
RHS =
s
E
2

s s
E j j E ) (
2
+ =

s s
E j j E ) (
2
+ =
Let ) (
2
j j + =

s s
E E
2 2
= -------------------- (5)
This is the wave equation for electric field intensity. Similarly for magnetic field intensity,
the wave equation can be written as

s s
H H
2 2
= .

Q.118 Find the magnetic field at a distance r from a long straight wire carrying a steady current I.
(5)
Ans:Figure shows a long straight wise on z axis carrying a current I.
92

Consider any point 1(o,o,z) on the z axis at which a differential length
z z L
a d d = is located.
The point at which H has to be calculated is z(r,,z`)

1 2 12
r r R =
= ( )
z z p
a Z a Z a +
= ( )
z p
a Z Z a ) +

12
R d =
= ( )
2 2
Z Z +

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2
3
2 2
4 Z Z
a Z Z a Id
H d
z z z
+
+
=

( ) [ ]
+
=
2
3
2 2
4
] [
Z Z
a Id
H
z

=
( )

(
(
2 2
2
1
4
Z Z
Z Z
a I
a
r
I
H
2
= .

Q.119 Find the magnetic field due to an infinite uniform surface current i
k covering the x y
plane. (5)

Ans:Let us assume m A a K K
x 0
= in x-y plane.
Note: as current is in
x
a direction x component of H is absent.
93

Let the point at which H is to be calculated lies above the Z=0 plane. Thus to symmetrical
distribution of current, Z component of H will get cancel out and only Y-component (
y
H )
will be present.

Amperes circuit law
I dl H = . to the closed part 1-2-3-4-1.
Hence
y K y H y H
y y
= +
0 4 3 , 2 1 ,

Since

2 1 , 4 3 ,
=
y y
H H ; we have
y K y H y H
y y
=
0 2 1 , 2 1 ,

0 2 1 ,
2 K H
y
=

Hence
2
0 2 1 ,
K H
y
=

Thus

y
a
K
H
2
0
=
In general
2
N
a K
H

=
Where
N
a is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which surface current density lies
and directed towards the point at which H is desired.

Q.120 Evaluate s d B
S
for a cubical box bounded by x = 0 & x = 1, y = 0 & y = 1, z = 0 & z =

1 and the magnetic field is given by ( ) ( )
z y x
a z 2 a y 3 1 a 2 x B + + + =
r
. (6)

Ans:The six surfaces are located by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1 and z = 0, z =1
94

=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
= 1
.
0
.
1
.
0
.
1
.
0
.
z
ds B
z
ds B
y
ds B
y
ds B
x
ds B
x
ds B

= +
=
+
+
=
+

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 0 (
) 2 (
x
dydz x
x
dydz x

+
=
+
=

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
) 3 1 (
) 0 (
) 3 1 (
y
dxdz y
y
dxdz y

=
+
=
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
2
) 0 (
2
z
zdxdy
z
zdxdy

= + +
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
] [ ] [ 3 ] [ ] [ 2 z y z y
+ +
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
] [ ] )[ 2 ( ] [ ] [ 1 z x z x
0 +
1
0
1
0
] [ ] [ 2 y x
= -2 +3 + (-1) + (-2) +2
= 0.

Q.121 An electromagnetic wave travel in free space with the electric component
( )
m V a e 100 E
x
z 5 . 0 y 866 . 0 j
S
+
= . Determine
(i) and
(ii) the magnetic field component.
(iii) time average power in wave. (3+3+4)

Ans:
(i)
r k j
x
z y j
s
e E m V a e E
r
r
.
0
) 5 . 0 866 . 0 (
100 = =
+

( ) 1
2
1
2
3
2
2
= +
|
\
|
= k
But in free space,
c
k

= = =
0 0

8
10 3 1 = = kc rad/sec
=
8
10 3 rad/sec.
k
2
= 1 = k Q
= 28 . 6 2 = m.
(ii)
s s
E k H
r r
=
1

=
8 7
.
10 3 10 4
100 ) 5 . 0 866 . 0 (

+
r k j
x z y
e a a a
r
r

=
( )
120
100 866 . 0 5 . 0
) 5 . 0 866 (. z y j
z y
e a a
+

= ( )
) 5 . 0 866 . 0 (
229 . 0 1327 . 0
z y j
z y
e a a
+

= m mA e a a
z y j
z y
) 5 . 0 866 . 0 (
229 7 . 132
+

95

(iii) k
E
P
av
2
2
0
=
= ( ) z y 5 . 0 866 . 0
120 2
) 100 (
2
+

= ( ) z y 5 . 0 866 . 0 26 . 13 +
=
2
63 . 6 5 . 11 m w z y + .

Q.122 In a loss less medium for which = 60 , 1
0
= and H = 0.1 Cos ( ) z t
x
a +0.5 Sin
( )
y
a z t . Calculate electric field intensity. (6)

Ans:Let
z z y y x x
a H a H a H H + + =
=
y x
a z t a z t ) sin( 5 . 0 ) cos( 1 . 0 +
Where ) cos( 1 . 0 z t H
x
=
) sin( 5 . 0 z t H
y
=
0 =
z
H
Now
t
D
E H
+ =
dt H E
= =
1
0
r
Q

y
x
x
y
a
z
H
a
z
H
H
=
=
y x
a z t a z t ) sin( 1 . 0 ) cos( 5 . 0 +
dt H E
= ) (
1
r

= [ ]
+ dt a z t dt a z t
y x
) sin( 1 . 0 ) cos( 5 . 0
1

=
( )
(
(
y
x
a z t
a z t
) cos( 1 . 0
) sin( 5 . 0 1

=
y x
a z t a z t ) cos(
1 . 0
) sin(
5 . 0

Where

=
=
r
1 120

2
120
60 = =
r
r

4 =
r

96

4 1
1 10 3
8

= =
r r
c

= s rad s rad
8 8
10 5 . 1 10
2
3
= .

Q.123 What is stub matching? Outline the solution for the single stub matching problem. (8)

Ans:Stub Matching : when sections of open circuited or short circuited line known as stub
is connected in shunt with the main line at a certain point or points to effect the
matching, the matching is known as stub matching.

SINGLE STUB MATCHING: The principal element of the transformer shown in fig. is a
short circuit section of line where open and connected to the main line at a particular
distance from the load and, where the input conductance at that point is equal to the
characteristic conductance of the line, and the stub length is adjusted to provide a
susceptance which is equal in value but opposite in sign, to the input susceptance of the
main line at that point of attachment is zero. The combination of stub which is equal to the
characteristic conductance of the line i.e. main length of H.F. transmission line will be
matched.

Q.124 A 30m long loss less transmission line with = 50 Z
o
operating at 2 MHz is terminated
with a load + = 40 j 60 Z
L
. If c 6 . 0 v = on the line, find
a. the reflection coefficient, (K).
b. the voltage standing wave ratio, (S). (4+4)

Ans:
a. The reflection coefficient (K)

0
0
Z Z
Z Z
K
L
L
+
=
97

=
50 40 60
50 40 60
+ +
+
j
j

=
40 110
40 10
j
j
+
+

=
0
56 3523 . 0

b. VSWR(S)

K
K
S
+
=
1
1

= 088 . 2

Q.125 Discuss the propagation characteristics of a rectangular wave guide propagating under TM
mode and hence explain propagation constant, guide wavelength and cut off frequency. (10)

Ans:The propagation constant for
mn
TM mode can be written as
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
2
b
n
a
m

At low frequencies,
2
is small as is comparatively low. As such will be a real no.
j + =
Thus = attenuation constant is real
So = phase constant = 0.
This ( = 0) represents that there is no phase shift along the rectangular wave guide. It
means there can be no wave motion along the rectangular wave guides at low frequencies, a
stage is reached when becomes zero. This particular value of is critical frequency
c

and is known as cut off frequency. This is given by

2 2 2 2
2
a h b m
ab
v
f
c
+ =

1
= v = phase velocity
The corresponding cut off wave length below which wave propagation does occur

2 2
2
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
b
n
a
m
c

The rectangular wave guide behaves as a high pass filter because it allows to work only
after a higher critical frequency.

Q.126 A rectangular wave guide has the following characteristics: b = 1.5 cm, a = 3 cm, 1
r
= ,
25 . 2
r
=
a. Calculate the cutoff frequency for , TE
10 20
TE and
11
TM modes.
b. Calculate the guide wavelength and characteristic impedance,
o
Z at 4.0 GHz for
10
TE modes. (6)

98

Ans:
a. Cut off frequency for TE & TM mode
10
TE Mode:
m = 1 n = 0
a
c
a a
f
c
2 2
2
1
2
= = |
\
|
=

= Hz
10
2
8
10 5 . 0
10 3 2
10 3
=

20
T Mode:
a
c
a
f
c
= |
\
|
=
2
2
2
1

= Hz
10
2 2
2
10
) 10 3 (
) 2 (
2
1
=

11
TM Mode:
2
2
2
2
10 5 . 1 10 3 2
1
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=

c
f
= Hz
10
10 02 . 2
b.
10
TE :
( ) cm m
c
6 10 6 10 3 2
10 3
1
2
2 2
2
2
= = =
|
\
|

cm
40
300
10 4
10 10 3
9
2 8
=

= =

g
TE
X
. 120
10
=
For
10
TE mode
c g
8757 . 0 =
6 8757 . 0 =
g

= 5.2542 cm.
40
300
25 . 5
120
10
=
TE

= 10 . 94 .

Q.127 Establish the expression for normalised E-field and H-field pattern for a half wave dipole.
(4+4)
Ans:THE HALF WAVE DIPOLE (HERTZ ANTENNA)
The dipole antenna dates back to the early RF experiments of Heinrich Hertz in the late 19
th

century. It consists of a conductor that is broken in the centre so that RF power can be
applied to it. one can think of the half wave dipole as an open circuited transmission line
that has been spread out, so that the transmission line can radiate a signal into space.
99

A dipole can be any length, but it most commonly is just under wavelength log. A dipole
with this length, known as a resonant or half wave dipole, has an input impedance that is
purely resistive and lies between 30 and 80 ohms, which provides a good match to
commercially available 50 ohms coaxial cables as well as commercial transmitters and
receivers, most of which have 50 ohms output and input impedances. The length of a dipole
can be approximately determined from the following formula:
l = 468/f
Where:
l is the length in feet and
f is the frequency in MHz.
The radiation pattern of a /2 dipole in free space is shown below

Q.128 What is the criterion for a material to be a good conductor? (2)

Ans:Refer section 5.4, Page No 282, 283 of Elements of engineering Electromagnetics .

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AE14 ELECTROMAGNETICS AND RADIATION

, the material at this frequency is considered to be

has a radiation resistance of

E and V and sketch their

E in free space is given as ( )

[Q Using Eq. 10.1c]

= a unit vector directed from element to P.

. The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane (

H fields when an electromagnetic wave is incident normally on the boundary separating

times the principal maximum.

= cos and principal maximum occurs at

= . The first null occurs at

= and the width ( 2 ) of the principal lobe is approximately twice

long. Also, find the antenna

parallel are n r Dds

produce null result. Hence

(for spherical coordinate)

d d sin sin sin 2

for a cubical box bounded by x = 0 & x = 1, y = 0 & y = 1, z = 0 & z =

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