dr.

Ridha Wahyutomo

Antibiotics by class

Generic name

Brand names

Common uses

Possible side effects

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Streptomycin Tobramycin Paromomycin Geldanamycin Herbimycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Mycifradin Netromycin Nebcin Humatin Ansamycins Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Infections caused by Gramnegative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage

Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Carbapenems Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Invanz Finibax Primaxin Bactericidal for both Grampositive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Meropenem

Merrem

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Cefalexin Duricef Ancef Keflin Keflex Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the concurrently) peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Ceclor Mandole Mefoxin Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the concurrently) peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Cefepime Maxipime Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the concurrently) peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Cefobid Claforan Vantin Fortaz Cedax Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the concurrently) peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Ceftobiprole Used to treat MRSA Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the concurrently) peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions

Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Vancocin Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Telithromycin Spectinomycin TAO Ketek Pneumonia Antimetabolite, Anticancer Monobactams Aztreonam Azactam Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[3] Zithromax, Sumamed, Zitrocin Biaxin Dynabac Erythocin, Erythroped Streptococcal infections, syphilis, respiratory infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Jaundice inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding irreversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Penicillins Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Mezlocillin Meticillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin Piperacillin Ticarcillin Polypeptides Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall Kidney and nerve damage (when outside of the inner membrane given by injection) Interact with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, changing its permeability. Tegopen Dynapen Floxapen Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions Brain and kidney damage (rare) Novamox, Amoxil Principen

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Colistin Polymyxin B

Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityacquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.

Sulfonamides Mafenide Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Sulfamethizole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Trimethoprim TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Trimpex Bactrim, Septra Tetracyclines Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. Potentially Permanent Gastrointestinal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth) transient depression of bone growth Azulfidine Micro-Sulfon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); mafenide is used topically for burns Prontosil Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Allergy (including skin rashes) Crystals in urine Kidney failure Decrease in white blood cell count Sensitivity to sunlight Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (paraaminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

Tetracycline

Others Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections

(obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes acne infections, prophylaxis before surgery acne infections, prophylaxis before surgery Antituberculosis

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

Rarely: aplastic anemia.

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Clindamycin Lincomycin Ethambutol Fosfomycin Fusidic acid Furazolidone Isoniazid Linezolid Metronidazole Mupirocin Nitrofurantoin Platensimycin Pyrazinamide Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Thiamphenicol

Cleocin Lincocin Myambutol Monurol Fucidin I.N.H. Zyvox Flagyl Bactroban Macrodantin, Macrobid

Antituberculosis VRSA Giardia

Antituberculosis Syncercid mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase urine to inhibit transcription Lacks known anemic sideeffects. A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Tinidazole Dapsone Clofazimine Avlosulfon Lamprene Antileprotic Antileprotic