Content 1. 2. 3.

Introduction. Ancient History Revisited .. The Dark Ages & Individual Dentists Pierre Fouchard John Nutting Farrar Calvin Case Edward Hartley Angle Martin Dewey . Lawrence Andrews Charles Tweed

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Milestones And Development of Functional Orthopedics From Fetal to Birth The Golden Years The War & The Post War Years The Contemporary Period A Little Of India

10. 1970s 11. Conclusion

Introduction
Dentistry is a field which has existed over centuries. Even Ancient Egyptian excavations have shown jewelled teeth, wirings etc.

Ancient people wanted straight teeth like their modern day counterparts since have found archeologists crude metal bands wrapped around individual teeth. Also Etruscans buried their people with appliances to maintain space!

The endeavour of this seminar is to bring forth the Historical evolution of Orthodontics as a speciality.

We shall discuss & explore herein the advent, events of importance, rivalries, discoveries and inventions of our speciality as it passed through the various timeslots of history.

Ancient History Revisited

Saint Appolonia Patron Saint of Dentistry 15th Century BC Saint Appolonia who lived in the 15th Century BC and was apt at sorting out tooth problems especially those pertaining to pain. Unfortunately her gift was not taken in the right spirit and the ancient medieval people perceived her healing touch as witchcraft and burnt her at the stakes. She was later known as Saint Appolonia for a lot many years to come this image of hers is at the Baltimore Museum of Dentistry.

According to Weinberger there were many who mentioned crooked teeth namely Hippocrates {460- 377 BC} Aristotle {384 -322 BC}

Pliny & Celsus {Christ contemporaries}

The first documented evidence of ligature wire is Gold wire. Catgut was also surmised to do orthodontic wire work in older times. Aulius Cornelius Celsus in as early as 25 BC was the first person to move the teeth with finger pressure. First mechanical treatment for correction of teeth suggested by Gaius Plinius Secundus. He advocated the mechanical filing of teeth. Paul of Aegenia was first to mention supernumerary teeth and this was thought to be an additional agent or cause of malocclusion. First to mention dentistry as a field in its own exclusively was Pionus Dionis. Phillip Pfaff was first to use Plaster of Paris as impression plaster & mention of casts in dentistry was first made by Mattheus Gottfried Purmann in the year 1692. Eugene Solomon Talbot was the first person who used X rays for orthodontic diagnosis. He implicated endocrine glands as possible agents for malocclusion. Carabelli was the first to analyze occlusion and try to differentite between different types. Kneisel was the first to attempt Classification of Malocclusion. However the first and most widely accepted ( according to Morrees and Gron still the best !) classification is Angles Classification of Malocclusion given by Edward Hartley Angle in the 1890s. Joseph Herlock 1742 gave the book Practical treatise upon dentition or the breeding of teeth in children in London. 1757 Bordet dentist to king of France. Wrote the dentists art , scientifically proved jaw growth, first to recommend extraction of premolars. Orthodontics is the second oldest medical board, oldest in dentistry . Jacques Lefoulon in 1839 was the first to give the term Orthodontoise in the Article Orthopedia Dentaire in The Gazette des Hopitaux In 1849 Chapin Harris officially called the new branch Orthodontics in the Dictionary of dental Sciences .

But according to Lischer it was Sir James Murray who first used the term Orthodontics .

The term Orthopedics was first used by Bunon in the year 1743 with regards to correction of teeth . According to Masters Of Functional Orthodontics orthopedics first appeared in the work of Nicolas Andryde Bois Regard in 1741. Finally A.F. Talma used the terms Dental Orthopedics and Orthodontics together as a whole, which is used in the form of Orthodontics and Dentofacila Orthopedics till date.

The Dark Ages

During the European Dark Ages , Dentistry as a whole saw great neglect and a French Dentist named Pierre Fouchard is credited to have brought it out of this slump.

Individual Dentists

Pierre Fouchard
Pierre Fouchard lived from 1678 1761. Popularly also known as the FATHER OF MODERN DENTISTRY since he was the one to revive dentistry as a whole during the post dark ages renaissance period.

PIERRE FOUCHARD

Achievements 1. Fauchard was first to use the term Surgeon Dentist. 2. He was first to give discussion on regulating teeth.

3. Fauchard wrote the first book on dentistry Le Chirurgien Dentiste (Treatise on Dentistry) in the year 1728.

Bandellete 4. Fouchard gave the Bandellete or the first Expansion Arch.

Kneisel
German dentist who wrote the book Der Scheifstand Der Zahn.

Was the first one attempting to classify malocclusion also the first to advocate use of removable appliance. Introduced the modern impression tray for impressions.

Norman William Kingsley.

FATHER OF ORTHODONTIA A splendid thinker and skilled artisan, he introduced several innovations, including occipital traction (1879). Initially, he extracted teeth and moved the anterior teeth back into the space thus created. Later, he gave up extraction and added an inclined plane of vulcanite to his mechanism to jump the bite. He also experimented with cleft palate treatment, perfecting a gold obturator and an artificial vellum of soft rubber (1859), for which he was honored. After 1850, the first texts that systematically described orthodontics appeared; the most notable was Kingsleys book, A Treatise on Oral Deformities (1880), the first to recommend that etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning should be the foundations of practice. It was also the first to discuss cleft palate treatment in terms of orthodontics. Yet his fame as a dentist was nearly overshadowed by his talents as an artist and a sculptor. Despite the contributions of Kingsley and his contemporaries, their emphasis in orthodontics remained the alignment of the teeth and the correction of facial proportions. About that time, several dentists showed an interest in widening the maxillary arch. Almost 150 years later, their methods have not been much improved upon. In a nutshell 1. Wrote various articles with 353 illustrations. 2. Organized various dental societies.

3. Was given an Honorary Degree from Baltimore College Of dental Surgery. 4. In 1859 his first Obturator was a pioneer in Cleft treatments. 5. Gave the Occipital traction(1879) and Bite planes to jump the bite. 6. Did the external immobilisation of fractures. 7. Kingsley was the Founder and first dean of New York University College Of Dentistry. 8. Gave illustration on artificial replacement on missing parts. 9. Also wrote the book A Treatise On Oral Deformities As A Branch Of Mechanical Surgery in 1880. Wrote a letter to Alumna Society of Angles School Stating The success of Orthodontia as a science lies in retention device

John Nutting Farrar

The investigations of John Nutting Farrar (1839-1913, began the era of biologic tooth movement. In an 1876 article, he advocated specific limits for the movement of teeth and, in so doing, laid the foundation for scientific orthodontics. He was among the first (1850) to use occipital anchorage to retract anterior teeth . He recommended the bodily movement of teeth (1888). Based on animal studies, Farrar originated the theory of intermittent force and

developed a screw to deliver this force in controlled increments (about one twohundredfortieth of an inch every morning, and the same in the evening). His Treatise on Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction (1888) is considered the first great work devoted exclusively to orthodontics. For these reasons, he has been called the Father of American Orthodontics.

Summary: 1. First volume of basic work Treatise On The Irregularities Of Teeth And Their Correction 2. Gave basic concepts of Biologic tooth movement. 3. His writings were to later inspire many contemporary orthodontists including Viggo Andersen whose Activator fully respects his concepts of intermittent forces.

Calvin Case

Lived from 1847-1923 was a pioneer in contemporary Orthodontics. Case was the first one to show importance of facial esthetics and advocated extraction to correct facial deformities, even though fewer than 10% of his patients had that problem. In so doing, he

incurred the wrath of Angle and his disciples. Cases 1911 paper provoked an acrimonious debate that came to be known as the Great Extraction Debate. Dentists today are likely to be amazed at the bitter, uncompromising tone of so-called scientific discussions. Yet that was the character of the era; intemperate remarks and personal vilification were the order of the day. Also contrary to Angle, Case used a different type of appliance for each patient and stressed facial esthetics in contrast to Angles reliance on occlusion. He advocated changing the name of the specialty to facial orthopedia. Anticipating our current concepts of preserving or restoring harmony and proportion in facial contours, he said, The occlusion or malocclusion of the buccal teeth gives no indication of the real position of the dentures in relation to facial outlines. Case used headgears for cleft patients and others. Some consider his greatest contribution to be the prosthetic correction of cleft palate. Because of his modesty and Angles forcefulness and charisma, Cases accomplishments were slow to be recognized, but he is now considered one of the Big Four in orthodontics. Case contributed vastly to orthodontic literature and was responsible for a large amount of progress that occurred in this era. Summary:

1. First to try bodily tooth movement and contouring apparatus . 2. Suggested the term Facial Orthopedics.( however 1743 Bunon first to use the term Orthopedics with regards to correction of teeth ) 3. He was a staunch supporter of EXTRACTION if the facial esthetics demanded it . 5. He Gave cephalometrics with facial plaster casts 6. He Pioneered use of retainers . 7. With H Baker gave class 2 elastics . 8. He Used rubber elastics for treatment . 9. Stressed importance for root movements . 10. He was the First one to use small gauge light resilient wires for treatment . 11. Helped in Cleft palate rehabilitation . 12. Wrote the book The Technique And Principles Of Facial Orthopedics 13. He had the conviction to flow against the set norms and had The Great Extraction Debate with Angle in 1911.

Edward Hartley Angle

EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE

The most dominant, dynamic, and influential figure in orthodontics was Edward H. Angle (1855-1930). He is regarded as the Father of Modern Orthodontics. Probably no other man in dentistry did more to foster this branch of dental science as a specialty, causing its separation from general practice and advocating it as a recognized and distinct science. Soon after obtaining his dental degree in 1878, Angle became interested in regulating teeth. By 1886, he had achieved enough of a reputation to be appointed chair of the orthodontic department at the University of Minnesota (1886-92).

His address at the Ninth International Medical Congress in Washington, DC (1887), calling for the separation of orthodontics from dentistry, caused a reaction that marked the beginning of a life of controversy.

After heading orthodontic departments at several dental schools, Angle decided he could be more effective by teaching small, select groups in his Saint Louis office. Thus was founded (1900) the first postgraduate school of orthodontics (Angle School of Orthodontia). He also founded the first orthodontic journal.

The American Orthodontist, in 1907, but could not prolong its publication beyond 1912. Angles classification, published in Dental Cosmos (1899), remains the most widely accepted classification of malocclusions. Based on the relationship of the maxillary to the mandibular first molars, it provided the first orderly means of characterizing malocclusions, and its universal acceptance by the dental profession is a testament to its practical simplicity. The seventh and final edition of his book, Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth (1907), became the standard of the profession. Angle held 37 patents; his most noteworthy appliances are the E-arch (1900), the pin-and-tube appliance (1910), the ribbon arch (1916), and the edgewise appliance (1925). The latter, with modifications, is the one most commonly used today in orthodontics. Angle organized the first orthodontic society (1900), the American Society of Orthodontists (now the American Association of Orthodontists),19 and became its first president. He was a forceful teacher, and his idealism inspired 2 generations of disciples to become the specialtys leading clinicians, teachers, and administrators. At his death, his followers organized the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia (now Orthodontists), which continues to uphold his high standards. About 1908, Angle married his longtime secretary, Anna Hopkins (1872-1957, Fig 8), who had obtained her DDS degree from the University of Iowa and her orthodontic training in his school.

Mother Angle & E.H.Angle She was popularly known as Mother Angle, she became secretary of the American Society of Orthodontists, a founding coeditor of the Angle Orthodontist, and honorary chair of the Angle Society executive committee, but she would be best remembered as Angles amanuensis, editor, foil, and buffer for many of his downtrodden students.

Before 1887, it was necessary to design and fabricate an appliance for each patient. Angle standardized his appliances and developed a collection of prefabricated parts (the Angle System) that could be purchased and, in various combinations, used in most conditions. Casto stated, Through his influence, orthodontics emerged from a speculative or empirical state to the position of an exacting science. Perhaps the most important person in the History Of Orthodontics and rightfully known as Very rightfully Orthodontics Summary: Father Of Modern

1. Was strictly against extraction and also gave the term Malocclusion.

2. Gave the first proper and most popular till date Angles Classification of Malocclusion. 3. In 1880 he invented his "first real appliance" the jack and traction screw which marked the beginning of his life work. 4. Founded Orthodontics as a different branch of dentistry altogether hence it is one of the oldest recognised specialities today. 5. Founded the Angle School Of Orthodontics in St. Louis, Connecticut in 1900. And Pasadena in 1920s. 6. Founded American Society Of Orthodontics n 1901. 7. His early students were Dewey, Pullen, Mershon, McCoy, Oppenheim, Weinberger, Fred Noyes and a host of others whose names have been familiar in orthodontia for the last half-century. He believed all of his life a scientific truth, viz: "That Nature Through Her Own Power Strives To Build The Human Denture In Accordance With A Well-Defined Pattern Which We Call The Normal Pattern And Varies Only As Each Human Being Varies From Every Other Human-And That The Establishment Of Normal Occlusion Of The Teeth Should Be The Highest Aim Of The Orthodontist. 8. In 1887 gave his first book The Angle System Of Regulation And Retention Of Teeth & Treatment Of fracture Of Maxilla In Circulation 9. The 5th and last Edition of this was in 1901. 10. His first contribution to appliances was the E-Arch and last was Edgewise .. E Arch

Pin And Tube Appliance

Ribbon Arch (1916)

Edgewise (1925)

11. Also Angle gave the Normal Occlusion Theory 12. The Angle Orthodontist Journal was founded in his memory in 1931. The E-Arch

Given in 1900 Only Molars are banded Ligatures of o.oo36 0.006 used . Heavy forces . Only tipping possible . Pin and Tube Appliance.

Given in 1910 . Teeth other than the molars also banded . Vertical tube soldered to band and pin to wire This pin is repositioned from time to time . Cumbersome

Ribbon Arch

Given in 1916 0.036 * 0.022 rectangular gold wire held firmly with pins into vertically positioned rectangular slots Better spring qualities . First appliance with 3 axis control of tooth movement . Poor root position control.

Edgewise

Rotated rectangular ribbon arch wire slot by 90 deg (0.022 * 0.028 ). It therefore became a horizontal slot . First to move the teeth in all 3 planes simultaneously . Modern day appliance based on this.

About a year after they were settled in their new home in Pasadena, a young man by the name of James Angle [no relation] called upon them. The young man had recently completed one of Dewey's courses in San Francisco and wished to meet the man whose name he bore and who was known as the father of his chosen profession. He stayed a year, and finally he too made his home in California. This was the beginning of the Edward H. Angle College of Orthodontia in California.

Martin Dewey

In 1911, the Angle-trained (1902) Martin Dewey (1881-1933) opened another proprietary school, also in Kansas City. Like the Angle School, the Dewey School changed locations as its owner sought new opportunities. Dewey finally settled in New York City (1919); the school continued until about 1960. One of Angles star pupils, Dewey became an educator, an author, a debater, and an editor. He was the first editor of The American Orthodontist and then helped found the International Journal of Orthodontia (1914), which he edited until his death.

He wrote 3 texts on anatomy and orthodontics. During the extraction debate of 1911, he was the chief spokesman on the side of nonextraction. As the editor of the International ournal of Orthodontia, he editorialized against Angles efforts to establish a state specialty board (in Arizona). This, along with his competing school, was the cause of a permanent rift between them. News of his death carried on the electric sign over Times Square attested to his fameProduct of Angle school Of Orthodontics. In 1915 along with Dr. Mosby became editor of International Journal Of Orthodontics now American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Started The Dewey School Of Orthodontics 1911. Started American Board Of Orthodontics in1929 {oldest dental board of speciality & second oldest in medical history}. Wrote the book Practical Orthodontics in 1914.

Raymond Begg

Raymond Begg

Percy Raymond Begg lived from 1889- 1983. Professor at the University of Adelaide School
of Dentistry and a well known Orthodontist, famous for developing the "Begg technique".

Permanent displays dedicated to the "Begg technique" can be found in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, the Library of the American Dental Association in Chicago, and the PR Begg Museum at the University of Adelaide. He was awarded a DDSc in 1935, made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1981, and posthumously became only the 17th person - and the first Australian - to be inducted into the Hall of Fame at the Paris-based Pierre Fauchard Academy (PFA).

In 1933 developed his own bracket. Beggs Appliance consisted of Ribbon Arch bracket turned upside down. He used a single stainless steel arch wire. Useful for treatment of extraction cases. Introduced auxillary springs to control root positions in 1960s and multi loop light wire Begg technique in 1965.

Due to poor finish combination of twin edgewise & light wire technique used. First using Stainless steel single strand (0.016) for tipping. Second stage multistrand (6*0.008 / 4*0.009) for general alignment. Third stage engaging a final edgewise wire.

Lawrence Andrews ..
Lawrence F. Andrews, D.D.S., has engaged in independent research, teaching, and publishing since 1960. Research spanning ten years led to The Six Keys to Optimal Occlusion, quantifying the tooth positions of naturally optimal dentitions, and the Straight-Wire Appliance. This information has been documented in a text titled Straight Wire, The Concept and Appliance (L. A. Wells, 1989). By 1980 all had gained worldwide acceptance

Straightwire Appliance 1970. Gave Andrews 6 Keys of Occlusion in 1972. Extensive measurements of average tip and torque angles ,in/out dimensions of each tooth relative to a flat labial arch wire plane coined Andrews plane . Designed individual bracket for each tooth .so when each preadjusted bracket positioned correctly on mid point of each tooth facial axis the brackets form Straight Wire Appliance.

Charles Tweed Put your Plaster on the Table Charles Tweed

Charles H. Tweed applied to the Angle school in Pasadena in 1925 but was refused admittance. Angle told him to study and to become more serious about orthodontics. A letter from Glen Terwilliger describes the course of study undertaken by Tweed and his classmates. It also gives insight into orthodontic training during that period in history. The letter, displayed on the wall at the Charles Tweed Memorial Center applied again and was acceptedAngle and Tweed worked closely together for the last two years of Angle's life. Tweed banded his patients with an edgewise appliance and Angle acted as the advisor. The system worked in the following manner: Tweed made progress records of his patients every 4 months. He packed the records in a suitcase and took them to Pasadena, where Angle studied them and outlined a treatment plan for the next 4 months.

This was repeated every 4 months for the next 2 years. This was a very productive time during Tweed's education and for the evolving edgewise appliance. Angle was so pleased with Tweed's work, that he was instrumental in making it possible for Tweed to be invited

to give lectures at several orthodontic meetings.

In 1932, Tweed published his first article in The Angle Orthodontist. It was titled "Reports of Cases Treated with the Edgewise Arch Mechanism. Tweed held to Angle's firm conviction that the practitioner must adhere to the line of occlusion concept and never extract teeth. This conviction lasted for 3 years after Angle's death.

After 5 years of orthodontic practice, Tweed became disheartened with his work for two reasons: (1) the protrusive faces that he was creating, and (2) the unstable dentitions. He became so disappointed that he almost left orthodontics. He resolved to study his many failures and his few successes by devoting each morning he was in his office to the making of progress records of his patients.

After studying these records, he came to realize that the patients who had pleasing facial balance and harmony also had mandibular incisors that were upright over basal bone. He selected some failures, extracted first premolars, and retreated them. He reached the conclusion that carefully planned extractions allowed him to improve appearance as well as stability. Tweed wrote, "Foresight caught up with hindsight," and the diagnostic facial triangle was born.

Tweed decided to form a study club. His first "course" was held as a study club meeting in 1941. Thirty-six orthodontists met for instruction at the first session. The group elected Sam Lewis to be its president. Copeland Sheldon was elected secretary-treasurer. In attendance at the first meeting were Robert Strang, Cecil Steiner, Bill Downs, Herb Margolis, Paul Lewis, and Hays Nance. The same group met in 1942. Because of World War II, no meetings were held in 1943, 1944, or 1945. In 1946, the group gathered again.

His Philosophy included Extraction without fear limiting Expansion

Importance given to profile . Positioning of lower incisor on the mandibular plane . But ignored muscle functioning & growth gradient . In 1947 the group proposed the founding of the Charles H. Tweed Foundation for Orthodontic Research.

Angle gave orthodontics the edgewise bracket, but Tweed gave orthodontists a way to use it. The orthodontic world beat a path to his door in Tucson. Tweed, the innovative and perceptive diagnostician and master clinician, kept his promise to his mentor, Edward Angle. He devoted all 42 years of his professional life to the use and refinement of Angle's invention, the edgewise appliance.

Milestones And Development of Functional Orthopedics

After the Dark Ages Dentist started to gain momentum again in the late 1700s & early 1800s. During this time Dentistry was propagated essentially by people who didnt belong to the world of dentistry.For e.g Jean Baptist Pierre de Lamarck (1744-1829) Charles Robert Darwin (1809 -1882) (Evolution) Wilhelm Roux (1850 -1924 ) (Scientist ) Julius Wolff (1836-1908) John Hunter (Surgeon)

John Hunter published The Natural History Of The Human Teeth devoting 3 chapters to malocclusion , Basic theories of Orthodontic treatment & proposing a classification. John Hunter proposed the use of an inclined silver plane as a jaw bone rest to help correct dental relations in case of anterior negative overjet using functional forces generated muscles. L J Catalan he formed the catalans inclined plane consisting of a metal plate fixed to mandibular anterior teeth to which were soldered other little plates inclined towards the plate to guide eruption of maxillary anterior teeth anteriorly by muscle action later modified by C F Delabarre & A .J.M Schange

The processes of new bone formation on the posterior edge of the mandible and resorption on its anterior edge were later shown by G Humphry

Joseph Fox was a student of Hunter published first English book containing valuable instructions for correcting maloccllusions .

The Natural History Of The Human Teeth Including a particular Elucidation of the Changes Which Take Place During The Second Dentition And To Prevent Irregularities Of The Teeth 1771 by Joseph Fox. The device Fox used to correct intersecting anterior bite replaced functional inclined plane.

1873 C Tomes formulated the concept of balance between the forces of perioral musculature and tongue. Was also the creator of Chin Cap.

Amos Westcott used chincup in 1840s to treat Class III patients. Amos Westcott made the first reported effort to use a telescopic bar in the maxilla to correct a crossbite (1859). In the 1840s, he placed chincups on his Class III patients.

Emerson C. Angell was the first to open the median palatal suture with a split plate (1860), and William E. Magill was the first to cement (platinum) bands (1871). That same year, C. R. Coffin, Kingsleys student, reported on a new design for an expansion appliance, which still bears his name (Fig 3). He embedded spring-action piano wire, bent into the shape of W, into a vulcanite plate, separated the plate in the middle, and activated the spring so that its halves pressed the alveolar process to the outside.6 After World War II, acrylic replaced vulcanite.

1825 Joseph Sigmond corelated Habit & malocclusion. Maury- Hereditary and rickets due to calcium deficiency as cause of malocclusion. 1834 William Imrie Assigned thumbsucking a role in malocclusion . He paid great attention to parents writing the The Parents Dental Guide. 1836 F Kneisel introduced the term Removable Appliance . 1838 First dental college Chapin Harris, Baltimore Dental School. 1839 Rodrigues Abnormal muscular pressure in eitiology of dental abnormalities. Therefore inclined plane had its own historic evolution from hunter 1778 TO FOX 1803 AND LASTLY MORTIMER IN 1845. Then Kingsley ( 1829 -1913 ) Occipital traction biteplane Angle 1855-1930 1859 Amos Westcott Telescopic bar to correct maxillary crossbite. October 26 1902 important date as Dr P Robin read a paper to the French Stomatology society describing a new tooth straightening device this was the BIRTH OF REOVABLE ORTHODONTICS APPLIANC (MONOBLOC).

European Orthodontic society

The history of the European Orthodontic Society 16th May 1907 Foundation of the European Orthodontic Society by 10 Charter members 27th September 1907 The first meeting of the Society in Berlin at the Grand Hotel de Russie President: Dr W G Law The constitution of the Society was agreed Dr E H Angle was elected an Honorary Member. 1914-1919 World War I: No meetings 1931 Co-operation in the Second International Orthodontic Congress 1939-1946 World War II: No meetings 1952 The 28th Congress of the Society President: Dr J A C Duyzings Special event: a regatta was held and a model of a Dutch windmill was presented to the winners from Belgium. 1953 The Dutch Society for the Study of Orthodontics gave to the EOS a magnificent silver model of a windmill, which was to be presented each year to the winner of the Silver Mill competition. The Silver Mill competition: A light-hearted competition with a national flavour which is not too serious but is judged fairly It is a sport or a game for teams of the different countries represented at the annual congress

The secret is only displayed just before the competition starts, it is a surprise. Each winner is presented with a certificate with the outline in silver of the Silver Mill The original Silver Mill resides permanently in the European Orthodontic Society's headquarters in Hallam Street, London, and its base is inscribed with the names of the winners and the sport. The Society is affiliated to the World Federation of Orthodontists and has close co-operation with the European Federation of Orthodontic Specialists Association. Tel : +44 (0)20 7637 0367 Fax : +44 (0)20 7323 0410 European Orthodontic Society, Flat 20, 49 Hallam Street, London W1W 6JN, UK

1908 LINGUAL ARCH John V Mershon,first invisible appliance also gave LABIO LINGUAL APPLIANCE.

1908 Viggo Andersen experimented with removable retention device for his daughter following active multiband theory and was surprised to achieve further clinical improvements calling it ACTIVATOR / Norwegian system. In 1912 Newell gave Vestibular screens . In 1914 Alfred Korbitz proposed use of vestibular plate called lip shaper . 1930 STAINLESS STEEL invented. 1955 Bunocore gave the acid etche technique. 1956 Frantisek Kraus published a book containing case reports of patients treated with oral screen which can be considered as variations on Korbitz Vestibular Plate . Kraus also reintroduced the Activator in 1930s but without Coffin Spring /or other auxilliary element . Rolf Frankel functional regulator (skeletal vestibular plate). Alfred Paul Rogers 1929 published article calling muscles living orthodontic appliances giving the theory of myofunctional therapy R E moyers did an in depth studt of the role of orofacial musculature ,swallowing and gave its classification. J A Salzmann 1943 published principles of orthodontics . 1952 Wilhelm Balters gave the Bionator . Functional matrix theory M Moss & his wife L Salentijn bw 1951- 1960. 1963 W.R Profitt thesis on pressures exherted by the tongue on swallowing and speaking showing how former was stronger than latter . 1963 W L Kydd role of muscle in relapse .

The Golden Years

From 1930s to World war II to 1960s. Journals published newly conceived appliances Balters bionator - Bimlers Gebissformer (elastic occlusal modeler )

-Klammts activator derived from Andersens . -Frankls functional regulator. 1930s Carl Breitner advancment of jaws by Advancment Plates. 1933 Rudolf Hotz Orthodontists must not be slave to one method. Reider Selmar Olsen from Oslo University was a young assistant of Andersen and first to criticise Norwegian system. Jurai Bocak treated Class II malocclusion with activator 1936 Curt Scheidt made distinction between orthodontist and functional orthopedics. Arthur Martin Schwarz headed the criticism of Norwegian system Supporters of Norwegian system were Gustav Korkhaus Erwin Reichanback Leopold Petrick Meanwhile between 1939 -1940 H Gerlach and H Stockfish were testing the first open elastic functional appliance.

The War & The Post War Years

1949 Arne Bjork created the elastic occlusal modeler . In 1950s he studied facial growth At this time the Bionator was given by Balters. In 1952 Joseph Eschler deviced the funk-tionator . Unfortunatly Echlers work was not continued by anyone until 1970 -1980 E Witt & F G Sanders returned to his work . More or less contemporay with the funktionator was Hans Muhlemann Propulsor. 1953 Hugo Stockfish deviced the Kinator . 1954 H van Thiel created Activator devoid of Maxillary part . Kraus took up study of Vestibular Plate & Oral Screens He called his method Inhibition Therapy 1960 Rolf Frankl gave his Functional Regulator. 1950s -1960s The work in this decade was greatly influenced by C J Van Der Klaauw who insinuated that the cranium is a complex of separate and relatively independent functional parts . In early 60s Micheal Chateau perfected his four piece appliance . 1960 George Klammt student of Bimler modified his teachers appliance to elastic open activator . 1960 Gottfried P. F. Schmoth deviced cybernator. 1960 J Ahlgren studied EMG activity of masticatory muscles during mandibular function & after Activator therapy.

The Contemporary Period

1960 Thomas Rakosi gave the definition of Cephalometrics . 1963 E Grapf discussed alteration of balanced between the protractor and retractor muscles caused by Activator. 1967 Alexander Petrovick explained his basic his theories about the different kind of cartilages involved in Osteogenesis. End of 1960 J P Pfeiffer & D Grobety Activator + Extraoral Traction . 1969 P Stockly & U Teuscher Activator + Cervical Traction 1969 Jose Dahn published experiences with Bioactivator. Early 1970 A Cerbera presented his C-modeller 1972 E P Harvold Activator + Construction Bite . 1972 Jan Van Limborg studied the genetic and environmental factors in controlling craniofacial growth . 1977 William J Clark Twin Block . 1977 Hans Pancherz called attention to the appliance invented by Emil Herbst at the start of the century . 1979 F G Sanders spring Activator ,Double Protrusion Plate 1980 J J Jasper ..Jasper Jumper 1986 Peter Kesling TIP EDGE BRACKET Alexander Vardimon perfected Functional Orthopedic Magnetic Appliance II and III

Magnetic Expansion Device. 1989 Jean Michael Salgnac Tongue Elevator Georgio Maj 1951 Y plate. R Karwetzky 1965 U Bow Activator.

A Little Of India The Founder Members Of IOS

Dr. H D Merchant. Dr. Prem Prakash. Dr. Shaikh. Dr. Keki Mistry. Dr. Modi. Dr. Naishadh Parikh.

Dr. H D Merchant was also the Father of Indian Orthodontics.

Dr. Keki Mistry is still in Practice in Mumbai with his son & daughter ( Orthodontist & Endodontist respectively) one of the founder members of Indian Orthodontic Society (IOS). His contribution is tremendous as is enlisted below

One of the first dental specialists to bring the concept of Orthodontics and specialty dentistry to India. In 1999, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for Clinical Competence by the Indian Orthodontic Society. Has been consultant to the Indian Armed Forces Medical Services as also consultant - Oral Health Expert - World Health Organization. Was the Originator of the First WHO Oral Health Day.

Dr. Mistry has headed many Dental Institutions and has been President of almost all Dental Organizations in India. Past President of the Indian Dental Association at both the State and National Level. Founder Member and Past President of the Indian Orthodontic Society. Past President of the Asian Pacific Dental Federation (FDI), Past President - International College of Dentists (India & Sri Lanka Section), Zoroastrian Dental Organization. First

Chairman of the Special Committee for Oral Health Promotion of the World Dental Body, Federation Dentaire International.

Former Professor and Head of Orthodontics at Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai. Former Consultant - Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Parsee General Hospital, Professor Emeritus at the Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai. Recipient of several National and International Awards. Awarded National Gold Medal and B. C. Roy Award for Medico-Social Relief Work in India 1984.

Asian Pacific Dental Federation Award in 1994 for Originating the concept of the year of Oral Health 1994, And Bharat Udyog Award on 16th July 1994 by Shri Krishan Kumar Union Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Services and Agriculture, for outstanding health work amongst industrial workers,

The 1997 appreciation Award at the World Congress on Orthodontics.

History of Materials used in dentistry ....

silver, gum rubber, vulcanite. Rarely wood, ivory, zinc , copper used for loops hooks and ligature. ORIGINAL METAL MOUTH REAL GOLD OR SILVER 1935- self ligating wire conceptualised but not available till edge lock system in 1972. Around 1940- stianless steel widely available but not used till 1950-1960. X rays not used routinely till 1950s Advances in 1970 Before 1970 braces was wrapped around teeth then direct bonding became reality. Though brackets were available first but were not used as adhesives were not available.

The first commercially available adhesive was OIS ADHESIVE SYSTEM 1960( Then it was benzyl peroxide amine catalyst.) 1975 Lingual orthodontics Dr CRAVEN KURZ ,Beverly hills California and simultaneously KIMYA FUJITA of Kamargava dental university Japan. With the aid of digital computer imaging custom brackets can be made for patients tooth . Lingual braces Ceramic brackets combination

NASA developed heat activated wires . They are activated at body temperatures , they are flexible at room temp.

In the field of Cephalometrics and Model analysis we have novel way of doing them with the help of Cephalometric software where allwe have to do is feed in the Radiograph digital/ scan of conventional.

Conclusion The Present without the past is incomplete ... though the field of Dentistry in general and Orthodontics in particular is a vastly changing one. We now have unimaginable resources and materials at our disposal. Once upon a time simple tooth movement was a problem now complex tooth movement is possible with the help of Orthodontic devices which are nit visible to the naked eye such as Invisalign, Lingual Orthodontics, Incognito. Very soon these will be left far behind as newer vistas shall be explored and conquered however we not forget the basics which takes us back to the past. This Seminar was a brief review of the very same.

References Masters Of Orthodontics Levrini Favero.

Textbook Of Orthodontics T M Graber. Contemporary Orthodontics W R Profitt. Orthodontics Current Principles & Technique Graber Vanarsdall. Wahl N Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 2: Entering the modern era Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:510-5. Asbell MB. A brief history of orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1990;98:176-83. Asbell MB. Simeon Hayden Guilford (1841-1919). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:367.

Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences And Research Center

# 82 EPIP Area, Nallurahalli Road, Whitefield, Bangalore

Seminar on Edgewise Appliance submitted by Dr. Nilofer r Vevai in partial fulfilment to Masters Of Dental Surgery Degree requirement by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences And Research Center

# 82 EPIP Area, Nallurahalli Road, Whitefield, Bangalore

Seminar on Straight Wire Appliance submitted by Dr. Nilofer R Vevai in partial fulfilment to Masters Of Dental Surgery Degree requirement by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences And Research Center

# 82 EPIP Area, Nallurahalli Road, Whitefield, Bangalore

Seminar on Lingual Orthodontics submitted by Dr. Nilofer R Vevai in partial fulfilment to Masters Of Dental Surgery Degree requirement by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences And Research Center

# 82 EPIP Area, Nallurahalli Road, Whitefield, Bangalore

Seminar on History of Orthodontics submitted by Dr. Nilofer R Vevai in partial fulfilment to Masters Of Dental Surgery Degree requirement by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences And Research Center

# 82 EPIP Area, Nallurahalli Road, Whitefield, Bangalore

Seminar on Management of Impacted Teeth submitted by Dr. Nilofer R Vevai in partial fulfilment to Masters Of Dental Surgery Degree requirement by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.