Drill Jigs
Drill Jigs
Drill Jigs
7
3
1
PRICE 25 CENTS
UC-NRLF
V.
Dlfl
7M1
DRILL JIGS
FROM
NUMBER
DRILL JIGS
THIRD EDITION
CONTENTS
Elementary Principles of
Drilling Jig Plates,
Drill Jigs,
by E, R.
MARKHAM
-
by
J.
-
R.
GORDON
-
21
Examples of
Drill Jigs
27
-
50
B. P.
FORTIN and J.
F.
53
Copyright,
1913,
The
MACHINERY.
New York
City
CHAPTER
JIGS*
The reasons for the use of jigs may be summed up under three heads, the order in which they are stated representing fairly well the frequency of occurrence, though not necessarily the importance, of these reasons: First, reduction of cost; second, duplication; third, accuracy.
rule,
is
Let us first consider the question of cost. As no article can, as a be sold in open competition with similar articles unless its cost
cial considerations
somewhat proportionate to the quality of its competitors, commerdemand that the cost be kept as low as possible,
while the quality be kept as high as possible; and jigs are one of the chief agents of this in metal work. When a jig is considered, the first thing to be settled is whether it can be made to pay, and if so, how
much. The answer to this often involves very many other questions, but can generally, if not always, be resolved into computations based upon the number of pieces to be made, and the probable cost of labor per piece when made with and without a jig, and the cost of the jig, including maintenance. Also the fact that often a much less valuable machine, or one less busy, can be used with the jig, may be an imporIf no other factor than cost of production is tant consideration. Involved, and it is found that the total cost of the jigged work will come very near that of the lot of articles when made without a jig, and no further order is in sight, it is pretty safe to abandon the jig idea; for it is apt to partake very much of the nature of an experiment, and the odds should be decidedly favorable to warrant the risk. The second reason the duplication of pieces has a somewhat different foundation though cost enters here also, as will be seen later. Suppose the part to be made is subject to wear or breakage, as in
agricultural and textile machinery, guns, bicycles, etc. We know, for instance, the strong disinclination anyone has for buying a wheel, the makers of which have gone out of business. It is at once recognized
that repair parts cannot be bought from stock dealers, but must be made So we have before us the importance at excessive cost and delay. to manufacturers that the buying public shall have confidence in the
interchangeability of parts in order that sales may be made at all It is a fact that where this reason holds good, there is also the reason that costs will be lessened, because production
numbers
whether or not a
jig shall be
And in considering of parts is taken for granted. made, this combination of reasons mili-
tates strongly for the jig. There is also another equally important reason for jigs, based on costs and interchangeability it is that, in
November, 1906
347514
'
if;
#fc 3
DRILL JIGS
in place. This, perhaps, one is in most cases in the ma-
fitting
minimum amount
when putting
chine building business the chief consideration. In the third place, accuracy is often attained only by the use of There are certain classes of work which could not be finished jigs. at all within the limits of accuracy demanded, if jigs of some sort were not used.
.
therefore be seen that the determination of whether a jig shall be made may rest upon a number of questions which often demand great care and practical experience to solve in the way best meeting the requirements of the case.
It will
Drill Jigs
Drill
jigs
are used
for
drilling
holes
located, both in relation to each other and to certain working surfaces and points; the location of the holes is governed by holes in the jig
through which the drill passes. The drill must fit the hole in the When the jig is to be used in accuracy of location. drilling many holes, the steel around the holes is hardened to prevent wear. If extreme accuracy is essential, or if the jig is to be used as 'a permanent equipment, bushings, made of steel and hardened, are used to guide the drills.
jig to insure
The design of a jig should depend altogether on the character of the work to be done, the number of pieces to be drilled, and the degree
of accuracy ncessary in order that pieces drilled may answer the purpose for which they are intended. When jigs are to be turned over
to insure ease
be
made
as
light
as
is
press table they should be designed when handling, and should consistent with the strength and stiffness
drill
to the operator
necessary.
iron,
Yet,
to
and thereby render the jig unfit for the purpose we intend to use it for. The designer should see that the jig is planned so that work may be easily and quickly placed in and taken out, and that it can be easily and accurately located in order to prevent eventual mistakes. As it is necessary to fasten work in the jig in order that it
its correct position, fastening devices are used; these should allow rapid manipulation, and yet hold the work securely to prevent a change of location. Yet, while it is necessary to hold work securely, we should not use fastening devices which spring the work, or the holes will be not only improperly located, but they will not be true with the working surfaces or with each other. When finishing the surfaces of drill jigs and similar devices used in machine shops, the character of the finish depends entirely on the custom in the shop, for while in some shops it is customary to finish these tools very
may maintain
nicely, removing every scratch, and producing highly finished surfaces, in other shops it is not required, neither is it allowed, as it is con-
When making
drill jigs
that must be exact, and those not requiring extreme accuracy; it is not considered good practice, and it shows poor judgment, to spend the amount of time necessary to locate a hole within a limit of variation of 0.001 inch or even closer, if a variation of 1/64 inch is insignificant. But if the holes must be located exact as to measurements, it is neces-
sary to work as accurately as possible, and time cannot be considered a factor, provided a man improves every minute. Yet the fact that extreme accuracy must be observed does not warrant a jigmaker wasting time. Before starting to work on tools of this character, the workman should first carefully look over his drawing, making himself thoroughly familiar with the construction, and making sure that the measureare, seemingly, correct; if in doubt about anything, consult the foreman, or the draftsman according to the custom in the shop in order that every detail may be thoroughly understood, or
ments given
made in the drawing may be rectified. times .one draftsman is puzzled to understand a drawing made by an equally good man, especially so if the work is foreign to him; and a shop man, who may not be very well versed in reading drawings y e t be an excellent workman may easily get puzzled when he attempts to read a drawing of work he is not familiar with. Inquiries and proper explanations are therefore in place, and there should be no hesitation about asking questions, nor any reluctance about replying
Many
to
them.
necessary
when designing
No. 3
is
DRILL JIGS
he
who
knowing that many small items of expense amount to a large item in the aggregate. Not only is the operation of burring expensive, but as the class of help usually employed to do this work is unskilled, surfaces are
many
times
left
are many times cut away to receive these burrs, thus doing away with the necessity of burring, as it many, times happens that subsequent operations remove the burrs. In Fig. 1 is shown a piece of work having a burr thrown up at a, while Fig. 2 represents a surface cut
away
Jig-s
two holes a given distance apart, the location of the holes is obtained by means of a pair of dividers set to a scale. The location is obtained and prick punched, after which the holes are This method answers nicely when one piece is to be drilled, drilled. and precise measurements need not be observed. If it is necessary to
to drill
When we wih
_^
Machinery, N.f.
Figs. 1
and
2.
Work
drill ten
which are the use of the jig, the cost of drilling is but a fraction of what it would be if the holes were located by dividers, and the surface prick punched as described. As we have already said, the If the cost first factor which must be considered is the cost of the jig. of the jig, plus the cost of drilling, would exceed the cost if the pieces were first prick punched and drilled as formerly described, then the making of the jig would not be considered unless a greater degree of accuracy was necessary than would be liable to be the result of the method mentioned. When a jig is to become a permanent part of the equipment of a shop, its first cost is not so much a matter of considerasize of the drill,
work can be done more cheaply if a jig The jig must, of course, have holes the
properly located.
made
By
tion as
when only
a limited
number
Yet
Means for Locating- Work in Many times when only two pieces are to be
exactly alike as regards location of holes,
it
Jig-s
drilled
is
which must be
cheaper to make a
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
more holes are drilled, and before all are drilled, it would cause a variation that would in all probability spoil the piece of work. When but a few pieces are to be drilled with a jig it is not generally conwith fastening devices, the wor^ being shown in Fig. 7. In order to do away with any possibility of change of location, a pin is forced through
sidered advisable to
jigs
make
the jig hole and the hole in the work after drilling the first hole. If holes are to be drilled in a piece it is advisable to have two After drilling a hole in one end of the piece, force in a pin; pins. then drill a hole in the opposite end, and place a pin in this hole, as shown in Fig. 8. The pins in opposite ends of the piece will prevent Many different ijs slipping when the rest of the holes are drilled. forms of fastening devices are provided, the design depending on the
many
class of work. One of the most positive methods consists of a screw which passes through a stud or some elevation on the jig, and presses
C
Fig. 7
work
in,
jig,
or
it
might be necessary
time the work was placed in or taken out of the jig. In such cases a stud could be provided that could be removed from the jig when the screw was relieved of its tension against the piece of work. Such a stud is shown in Fig. 13.
Clamping-
Work by Cams
work
or Eccentrics
A common
able form.
method
of fastening
is
by means of a cam of
suit-
of the ordinary design are not as powerful as the screw, but they have the advantage of being more quickly operated,
Cams
Fig. 11
Fig. 10
'
(J
Fig. 12 Kachtnery.N.Tt
Figs. Q to 12.
Means
for Clamping-
Work
in Drill Jigs
and
in the case of light work where but little strength is required, they .answer the purpose much better. The designer should bear in mind that a few seconds' time saved on each piece of work amounts to a large saving in a day when a number of hundred pieces are placed in and taken out of a jig; and in these days of competition every means of saving time consistent with quality of work should be considered. When the work bears against two points one on the side and one on the end the cam should be designed so that its travel against the work will force it against both, rather than away from one. Fig. 14 shows a piece of work held by a cam which, by means of the handle, forces the work inward and in the direction of the arrow, thus holding it against the locating pins a a and the end stop &. In order to get as much pressure as possible with a cam, it is necessary to have the portion that bears against the work when it is against the locating surfaces nearly concentric with the screw hole. This being the case, it is obvious that the pieces must be very nearly of one size, while in the case of a screw binder any amount of variation may be taken care of. Thus it will be seen that a screw may be used where a cam would not answer. However, it is advisable to use a cam in prefer-
10
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
ence to a screw when possible, but at times the piece of work may be subjected to repeated jars which would tend to turn a cam, thus loosening the work. In such cases a screw is preferable. If a cam would be in the way when putting in or taking out work, it may be made removable, as shown in Fig. 15. At times a tapered piece of steel in the form of a wedge may be used to hold work, as shown in
Fig. 16.
When many
shown
pieces are to be drilled in a jig made in the simple form in Fig. 17, the drill wears the walls of the holes, enlarging
Machinery,
Fig. 13.
in
Removable Stud
them
Where jigs sufficiently to render accuracy out of the question. are to be used enough to cause this condition, the stock around the walls of the hole may be hardened, if the jig is made from a steel that will harden. If made from machinery steel, the stock may be case-hardened sufficiently to drill a large number of pieces without the
LJ
Fig. 14 Figs. 14
Fg
i
Machinery ,N. Y.
and
15.
Eccentric
Clamp
for
Simple
Drill Jigs
walls wearing appreciably. This, however, would not answer when accuracy is essential, as the process of hardening would have a tendency to change the location of the holes.
Guide Bushings
the jig is to be used for permanent equipment, or where many holes are to be drilled, it is customary to provide bushings guides made of tool steel and hardened. These are ground to size after hardening, and being concentric, may be replaced, when worn, by new ones of the proper size. It is the common practice to make bushings for drill jigs on the same general lines as shown in Fig. 18, the upper end being rounded to allow the drill to enter the hole readily. A head is provided, resting on the surface of the jig; the portion that enters the hole in the jig is straight, and is ground to a size that insures
its
When
If
remaining securely in place when in use. the hole is sufficiently large to admit a grinding wheel,
it
is
11
In such cases it is, of course, necesto size after hardening. 0.004 inch until it is ground. to leave the hole a trifle small sary If the hole is not large enough to allow of grinding, or if there is
no means at hand for internal grinding, the hole may be lapped to size by means of a copper lap, using emery or other abrasive material, mixed with oil. When the hole is to be lapped rather than ground,
12
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
hole, unless it is bored on the taper with an inside turning tool, is not likely to produce a hole, the axis of which is at the desired angle to
the surface of the jig. The outer portion of the bushing can easily be ground to the desired taper, but there is the liability of a particle
Fig. 18
Figs. 18
and
19.
of dust getting in the hole when placing the bushing in the jig. tapered bushing, in order to get the proper taper, necessarily costs
any
a great deal more than a straight one, and cannot answer the purpose better, and probably not as well.
Types of Drill Jig-s The shape and style of the jig must depend on the character of the work, the number of pieces to be drilled, and the degree of accuracy essential. It may be that a simple slab jig of the design shown in Fig. 20 will answer the purpose; if so, it would be folly to make a more expensive tool. If we are to drill a piece of work of the design shown to the left in Fig. 21, and but one hole is to be drilled in eacn piece, then a jig made in the form of an angle iron, as shown to the
Pig. 2O.
right in Fig. 21, works nicely, and is cheaply made. As it is not necessary to move the jig around on the drill press table it may, after locating exactly, be securely fastened to the table. In designing such a jig, it is advisable, when possible, to have the work on the side
13
of the upright shown in Fig. 21, rather than on the opposite side, as that does away with any tendency of the jig to tip when pressure is applied in the operation of drilling.
Leaf
Drill Jigs
of
work a
jig
provided with a
leaf,
as
shown
in
Fig, 22, gives best results, as the leaf may be raised, and the work removed, and any dirt cleaned from the working surfaces. After
jig,
the leaf
it
leaf,
it
is
apparent that
same relative position to the work for the different pieces, or they will not be duplicates; consequently, the fulcrum pin, a, must be a perfect fit in the hole in the leaf, and a locating -pin & is provided to prevent any tendency of the leaf to move from the action of the drill
Jigs provided with such a pin show less tendency to cutting. The leaf should not close down onto the work, but in the joint.
when
wear
i
t
I
1
14
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
as few shops carry such steel in stock, crucible tool steel is generally The ends of the legs should be ground true with the seating surface that is, where the work rests of the jig. To accomplish this
used.
a surface grinder hould be used. As the operation of grinding leaves a number of projections on the surface ground, and as these ridges or projections would wear away as the legs were moved back and forth
t
PIECE OF
WORK
I
Machinery,
If.
T.
Fig. 22.
remove them by lapping on a thus producing a perfectly smooth, true surface. In this way we reduce the wear to a minimum. For certain classes of jigs the legs may be short, not more than inch long; but for jigs of the style shown in Fig. 22, where the tool is held in the hand, it is necessary to make the legs longer to
on the
drill press table, it is advisable to
flat lap,
Machinery,
If.
Y.
Pig. 23.
Round Work
from coming
on the
drill
legs should be located so as to do away with tendency of the jig to tip up when the work is being drilled.
press table.
The
any
Relation Between Accuracy of Jigs and Accuracy of Machines on which They are Used
While
it is
drill jigs
to prevent any tendency of the jig to tip, and to have the legs ground and lapped on a true plane, it is just as necessary that the drill press table should be perfectly at right angles to the spindle, and that
it should be true and flat. Otherwise, the holes will not be at the desired angle with the working surface of the work. In shops where interchangeable work is produced, or where the work must in all respects be machined correctly, the condition of the various machines is closely watched, and especially such parts of the machines as affect the accuracy of the finished product. Drill press tables are planed over when out of true, or are lined up to insure their being at right angles to the spindles of the drill press. This may be
drill
to swing.
will describe as large a circle as possible, and yet be free The end of the wire is bent so that the point will come in
13
When making
manship employed
is
Locating- the Holes for the Drill Bushings jigs, the part of the work that calls- for the best worklocating the holes for the drill bushings. The methods
differ,
Where accuracy is not essential, it is the custom many times to take a piece of work that is right, or, rather, one where the holes are drilled
near enough right, place this in the jig and transfer the holes into the As it is necessary to leave the bushing holes in the jig considerably larger than the holes in the work in order to have sufficient stock
jig.
Fig. 24.
around the holes in the bushing, those in the jig may be enlarged by means of a counterbore, the pilot of which fits nicely in the transferred When this method holes, and with a body the size of the desired hole. does not insure desired accuracy, several other methods may be employed.
Making- a
If
Jig-
a model of the work to be done is at hand, a jig, as shown in The leaf is raised and Fig. 22, may be made in the following way: the model put in place. The jig is fastened to the face-plate of the lathe, the leaf still being raised. By means of a center indicator the jig is located so that one hole of the model runs true; the leaf is then closed and the hole is drilled through it, and then bored with a boring Never ream a bushing hole in a jig, or any tool to the desired size. similar hole in any piece of work, where the finished hole must be exactly located, as a reamer is liable to run out somewhat and thus A reamer, if properly made and used, affect the accuracy of the work. will produce a round, true hole, accurate as to size, and is a valuable tool for many purposes, and holes of a uniform size may be produced. But on account of the stock being uneven in texture, or on account of
1G
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
blow holes in castings, a reamer is liable to alter its course and so change the location of the hole. While for many purposes this slight alteration of location might be of no account, yet for work where accuracy is essential, it is out of the question. After drilling and boring the first hole, the jig may be moved on the face-plate, and the other holes produced. It is abvious that in order to produce holes that will be at right angles to the base of the jig, the face-plate of the lathe must run true, and should be tested each time it is used for any work where accuracy must be observed.
Method of Locating- Holes "When Accuracy is not Essential Where there is no model, and it is not considered advisable to make
of the various parts, the location of the bushing holes be obtained by laying out the various points on the jigs. In such cases a drawing is usually furnished, and the dimensions on same are transferred to the face of the jig. If it is not necessary to have the holes exact as to measurements, the laying out may be done with a surface gage, the point of the needle being set to a scale. The scale
working models
may
Machinery, N. Y.
Fig. 25.
Angle Iron
-with
Groove
for Scale
be clamped against an angle iron, as shown in Fig. 24, or an angle may have a groove of the width of the scale cut across its face at right angles to the base, as shown in Fig. 25. The scale should be a good fit in the groove, so fitted that it will stay securely at any point from frictional contact with the sides of the slot, or a spring may be so arranged as to insure the proper tension.
may
iron
of
Accuracy
essential, the working points should be greater accuracy obtained by means of a height gage, as shown in Fig. 26. By means of such a tool the measurements may be fairly accurate, as the vernier scale allows of readings to one-thousandth inch. When the lines have been scribed at the proper locations they are prick punched. In order to prick punch exactly at the intersection of lines the operator must wear a powerful eye-glass, and use a carefully pointed punch, ground If the punch marks are made very light at to an angle of 60 degrees.
the exact location may be observed nicely. The punch marks should not be deep, as there is a liability of alteration of location if the punch is struck with heavy blows. After the various points have been located and punched, the jig may be clamped to the face-plate of the lathe, and the bushing holes carefully drilled and bored to size.
first,
17
and design that it seems wise In such cases it is necessary, in order that we may lay out the location of the centers of desired holes, to press a piece of sheet steel or sheet brass into the cored hole, as shown in When the holes are propFig. 27, and locate the center on this piece. erly located for machining, the sheet metal may be removed and the holes finished to the desired size. If an error of 0.001 or 0.002 inch is not permissible, the method described above should not be employed.
of such size
to core the
made
bushing holes.
Method Employed for Highest Degree of Accuracy Where extreme accuracy is essential we must locate round
steel
pieces of
These pieces
and perfectly round. To do away with any posbecoming bruised in any way, they are hardened and carefully ground to size. The buttons are attached to the work by means of machine screws, as shown in Fig. 28, the holes in the butand are
sibility of their
Jtactnnery.N.r.
Fig. 26.
tons being larger than the screws used; this difference in size allows us to move the button until it is accurately located. The diameter of the buttons should be some standard size, exactly divisible by two,
because, in making our computations we only consider the distance from the center of the button to its circumference, that is, the radius. When we start to lay out the centers for the bushing holes we first
determine our working surface, then lay out on the face of the jig, by means of a surface gage, as described in a previous operation, the centers of the holes to be produced. We then drill and tap screw holes to receive the screws to be used in holding the buttons to the jig. When we have prick punched the surface, and before drilling the holes, we scribe by means of dividers a circle the size of the button on
18
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
the face of the jig with the punch mark as center. This enables us to approximately locate the button. If the hole to be produced has its center 2 inches from the base a and 4 inches from vertical side &,
we would locate the button provided it was '% inch diameter inches from a, and 3% inches from &. This can be done accurately by the use of a vernier caliper, or we can lay the jig on the side &, and by means of a length gage, or a piece of wire filed to the right length, accurately determine the distance from 6 to the button. The jig is then placed on the base a and the other dimension obtained in the same manner. The buttons may be located more easily by the use of a vernier height gage, if one is at hand. If there are to be several bushings on the face of a jig, a button may be accurately located where each hole is to be. The jig may be clamped to the face-plate of the lathe so that one button is located to run exactly true. This is done by means of a lathe indicator. When
Fig. 29,
1%
BRASS PIECES-
Machinery, A. Y.
Fig. 27.
for Centers
the jig has been so located that the button runs perfectly true, the button may be removed and the hole enlarged by means of a drill, so that a boring tool can be used to bore it to the proper diameter.
Milling-
Machine
In some shops it is not considered advisable to locate a button at the desired position of each bushing hole. One button is located and the jig is fastened to the table of a milling machine having a corrected
screw for each adjustment. Then, after one hole is accurately located and bored, it is a comparatively easy matter, by means of the graduated dials, to obtain the other locations; however, this method should never be used unless the machine has all its movements governed by "corrected" screws, as the screws ordinarily sent out on milling machine s are not correct as to pitch, and if used, serious defects in measurements will result. Many tool-makers, therefore, prefer using a vernier scale and vernier attached to the knee and table of the milling machine, for accurate work, as they are then independent of the inaccuracies that may be present in the feed-screw.
t
19
Fig. 30 shows a jig clamped to an angle iron on the table of the milling machine. The angle iron is located exactly in line with the travel of the table, and the jig fastened to it. The button D, which has previously been accurately located, serves as a starting point, and the jig must be located so that the button is exactly in line with the spindle of the machine. This is accomplished by moving the table
Fig- 28.
Jig-s
on the arbor B will just slide over the button D. The hole in A must be a nice sliding fit on the arbor B and also on the button D. In order to insure accuracy, the arbor B must be turned to size in the spindle just as it is to be used; or, if a portable grinder
until the sleeve
is
may
be
fitted to
as the case
may
a
Fig. 29.
Machinery,
&*+
left
a trifle large, and may be ground The portable grinder is located on the
After the jig has been accurately located so that the button D allows the sleeve A to slide over it, the arbor B may be removed from the spindle, and a drill be employed to increase the size of the tapped screw hole that received the screw used in fastening the button. Best results follow if a straight-fluted drill, as shown in Fig. 31, is used. The drill should not project from the chuck or collet any further than necessary,
20
fro.
DRILL JIGS
thus insuring the greatest rigidity possible. After drilling, a boring tool of the form shown in Fig. 32 may be substituted for the drill, and the hole bored to size. The machine may now be moved to position for the next bushing hole by observing the dimensions given. The operator should bear in mind that the screw used in getting the spac-
Fig. 3O.
same direction at all times, otherwise the backlash will render accuracy out of the question. While the foregoing relates to plain jigs, the same principles apply to those of more complicated design. In the next chapter attention
CHAPTER
II
with
to.
methods
for
locating
the
holes
in
jigs
already
referred
In the case in question, a great many jigs were to be made, and the positions of the drill bushings were to be accurate within 0.001 inch. The procedure was as follows: The regular work-table from an ordi-
nary sensitive drill press of the usual pattern was removed, and substituted by one of larger dimensions, as this was called for by the size of the jig plates to be made.
first planed on the face and edges, and the stem, by held in the bracket on the column of the press, was turned to fit snugly the hole in the bracket. After planing and turning the table, a series, of holes was drilled, as shown in Fig. 34, and they were tapped to receive a No. 14-20 screw. Two parallel pieces G and D, of an inch, were Fig. 34, having straight edges and a thickness of made. These may be clamped to the table in such a position as nay be desired or the work determine, the series of holes permitting any adjustment within the range of the table. In order to make more room between the spindle and the column of the drill press, the spindle head was blocked out, the block having a projecting lug, as shown at A, Fig. 33, to which a bracket, F, was fastened to carry the bushing, B., This bushing is fastened by a screw and can readily be removed and others inserted, having various sizes of holes, if found desirable. These preparations were all that were necessary with the exception of the gages that will be described in the operation of the method for spacing, which is as follows: The plate to be drilled had a number of holes spaced as shown in Fig. 34, and before drilling them they were marked as Nos. 1, 2, 3, Its locaetc., No. 1, as will be seen, being the upper left-hand hole. tion with reference to either end or sides of the plates did not require to be very exact; but other plates may need to have holes placed at some definite distance from the edges or ends, so it may be assumed that the distance is 6 inches from the edge, G, and 8 inches from the
which
end, H.
With these distances given, make two gages, micrometer calipers for standard, and make them
using
6% and 8%
and
vernier or inches
long, respectively. Remove the bushing, B, Fig. 33, insert a plug having a diameter of Vt inch:
*
in its place
22
No. 3
Resting the
DRILL JIGS
6%
plug, the parallel piece, (7, Fig. 34, is brought to just touch the other end of the gage and is then clamped to the table! This is not very difficult if one end of the parallel is left free and the other end
is
stiffly:
clamped tight enough to permit the free end to move somewhat After locating and clamping the parallel, C, the other parallel
Fig. 33.
Drill
must be placed square with the first than in the first case, but is not at all difficult if one man can be employed to clamp the piece while another holds the square and gage. The reason for making the gages 6% and Sy inches long instead of 5% and 7% inches, respectively, is that it is 8 not desirable to have the edges of the plate touch against the parallels, as chips could get between the two and destroy the accuracy of the measurements; allow the gage to be 14 inch longer than the distance
is
parallel.
clamped This
in position,
is
but
more
difficult
23
in .the space
1
with
y 8
inch in length use flat brass rods or strips about inch thick, and cut them a little longer than the
O O O O O O
tnJu*irial
pr*,
ff.
f.
Fig. 34.
finished
One end is finished square and the other end is length. rounded as shown in Fig. 35. In making the gage, if too much metal is removed, it is an easy matter to pene the stock out to make up for any reasonable error. The length of the gage is stamped on it, and when the operation is completed it is put away for future use. Having located the parallels, the plug is removed from the bracket
Industrial Pr
Fig. 35.
Drilling
Jigr
Plates
and the bushing replaced. The drill should, of course, fit as snugly The to the hole in the bushing as it can and run without cutting. bushing should support the drill to within a distance equal to the diameter of the drill from the plate to be drilled, and care should be taken not to drill through the plate until all the holes have been
started.
first hole, to
first, it
from the
is
place the plate for the second moved along the parallel, C,
24
No.
sDRILL
JIGS
and a gage
placed
since
is
it is
2^ inches long placed as shown in Fig. 36, and when so ready for drilling. The third hole requires three new gages,
1 inch off the line of the other
two holes, as shown in Fig. 37. to be finished 3/16 inch to inch in diameter, use first a small drill, size No. 52 to No. 30. After the holes are all drilled to this size, then enlarge them, by the use of a series of four For holes which are
counterbores, to the required size. Where extreme accuracy is required, in the place of the counterbore, a small boring bar may be substituted and the holes bored to the size desired. One disadvantage of using a boring tool is that it requires a hole in the table equal to
lip
the largest hole to be bored out, or that the plate shall be kept clear of the table by blocking up with parallel strips under it.
G-
Induttrial
/'/, N.Y.
Fig. 36.
Second Hole
Fig. 38 shows a form of boring tool which will be found very convenient for use on this kind of work. It consists of the shank, A, which is fitted to the taper hole in the spindle, and a split holder, B, which is pivoted to the shank at C, and is locked to it at D, the screw at D serving to clamp the boring tool, E, at one end, while F clamps It at the other end. Adjustment is obtained by swinging the holder, the radial slot, G, allowing it to have quite a range, and the top screw, Split bushings in the holder will allow IT, permitting fine adjustment. tools of smaller diameter if desired. the use of boring
may
plate.
this method was originated for drilling holes in jig plates, it be used with equal success for drilling small interchangeable It is not necessary that the edges, G and H, be planed at right pieces. angles, as the same results will be obtained if the surface, G, is planed true and a finished spot provided at K, from which point all measurements to the parallel, D, are made.
While
may
G-
H.
Industrial PrtU,
A',
f.
Fig. 37.
Mr. Gordon claims that this system has certain advantages over the button methods used on the milling machine. In the first place, the feed-screws on nearly all milling machines are not correct, and in some shops the tool equipment is so badly worn as to make the use of the feed-screws out of the question for accurate work.* However accurate a screw on a milling machine is when new, it soon loses its truth under ordinary conditions of machine shop practice, since only a small
*
See page 18
26
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
portion of the screw is used to do most of the work of driving the In the second place, Mr. Gordon claims that his method is quicker, the supposition being that the necessary appliances, such as parallels, brackets, bushings, etc., are made and ready for use; and finally, that there is a very small chance for errors, provided that
table.
marked
distinctly.
These assertions, however, called forth considerable comment in the columns of MACHINERY. Mr. Frank E. Shailor, in particular, took issue with Mr. Gordon on account of these assertions and claimed that there were considerable chances for errors. Mr Gordon, however, defended
DLEJ
Fig. 38.
Boring Tool
his method, pointing out that most of Mr. Shailor's objections were of little consequence, provided proper precautions were taken. Other contributors added their word to the discussion, some siding with Mr. Gordon, and some admitting that the methods used both by Mr. Gordon and Mr. Shailor would, under proper circumstances, be correct to use.
It is not possible in this treatise to give place to what was more a personal controversy, than of direct bearing upon the subject of drill It may, however, be proper to mention that the discusjig design. sions on this subject appeared in the July, August, September and November, 1904, and the January and February, 1905. issues of
MACHINERY.
CHAPTER
III
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
In the following will be given a number of examples of drill Jig designs for definite purposes, as employed in various shops in the country. No attempt has been made to show only jigs of which it can be said that the design is perfect or nearly so, but examples have been taken which indicate general practice, and attention has been called to wherein these jigs conform to the principles of drill jigs as treated in Chapter I, and also to the objections that might be raised against each particular design, if such objections have been considered in
Fig. 39.
and Shafts
been given in notes at the foot of the pages, together with the month and year when their contribution appeared.
Jigs for Drilling Pin Holes in Shafts
Usually, the simplest kinds of jigs are those intended for drilling hole through the center of a shaft They often consist only of
28
V-block, in
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
rests, and a cover of the simplest design, containing the guide bushing. Sometimes, however, they are made more universal; the cuts Figs. 39 and 40 show two such designs. The jig in Fig. 39 is intended for drilling pin holes in comparatively short studs, and will handle a variety of such work with great rapidity. The drill bushing A can be removed and bushings with different size holes inserted. The bushing holder B can be raised or lowered to suit different diameters of work. The V-block C is fixed, while block D is adjustable by means of the screw E for different lengths of studs. By fastening a strap to the device by screw F, and providing this strap with an adjustable screw in line with the V's, studs can be gaged from the end instead of from the shoulder, which, when used for gaging, rests against the sides of either of the V-blocks. The manner in which this jig is used lends itself well to a variety of work of all
'
descriptions.*
Fig. 4O.
adjustable type provide for any account of that pared with the
a simple, yet efficient and characteristic, example of the of jig. It will be noticed that the design does not clamping device for the work to be drilled; this is on in this case the holes to be drilled are so small, comdiameter of the shaft or stud, that the stud will stay in place by its own weight, or by pressure of the hand on its .upper side, the V-groove aiding materially in keeping the work in position. The device shown in Fig. 40 is another example of an adjustable jig for this class of drilling. This tool has proved to be of the greatest convenience for drilling shafts, spindles or other round pieces. The base A is dovetailed and fitted with a lead-screw, which moves the
This jig
is
B in and out. Upon this slide is mounted the adjustable V-block which can be tipped at any desired angle for oblique drilling, or set perpendicularly to hold the shafts in position for end drilling. The adjustable stud D is placed under the outer end of the block to hold it firmly in any set position. The arm E is adjustable up and down, for different sized shafts, and is supplied with a complete set of bushings
slide
C,
When mortising bars, intended to be used as holders for facers, boring cufters, counterbores
Paul W. Abbott, August, 1907.
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
29
with interchangeable blades, etc., the work is clamped into the V with the clamp F, and then, after the first hole has been drilled, the slide is moved along for a distance equal to the diameter of the drill, and the next hole drilled, and so on. By this method any number of holes can be drilled in perfect line, and always through the center of the bar. By the use of a stop clamped across the end of the V-block, the attachment forms a jig which can be used for a great variety of duplicate drilling.* A jig for drilling cotter-pin holes, which facilitates the operation considerably as compared with the way it is commonly done, is shown in Fig. 41. It consists of two pieces of steel forming a clamp, each
The
41.
Jig:
Holes
upper one contains two holes which correspond with the size of cotterpins desired. Should more than the two sizes be required, extra top pieces can be used with the same bottom piece. Part of the upper piece is cut a,way on each side in line with the edge of the holes, which allows the washer to be used to be inserted at the recess, and the jig then clamped in position. By this means no scribing or spotting is necessary and a much better job can be done. Although it is shown so in the cut, it is obvious that the male portion of the joint need not be in position when drilling.
Jigs for Drilling- Collars
in Fig. 42 has been used with much satisfaction for jig The collar C is held in position by drilling set-screw holes in collars,
The
shown
means
*
of the three locating pins D, D, D, and the swinging clamp E. In order to place a collar in position for drilling, the strap is swung
Roy W. Harris,
April, 1903.
30
to
No. j
DRILL JIGS
one side about the hand screw G. When the collar has been put in place the clan?p is swung back, and in doing so, its motion is limited by the pin F, which brings it to a stop directly over the collar. At the top of the jig is a bushing B through which the drill is guided. When the outside diameter of the collars is likely to vary, the pins
be replaced by a central pin, L, as shown in the separate and the collar held on this while it is being drilled.* The jig shown in Fig. 43 is designed for drilling the holes in the center of collars, and the method of drilling, described below, also suggests the value of systematizing the work in using jigs. The collars to be drilled are made of annealed tool steel in sizes varying in thickness as well as in diameter and size of hole, and are cut off from the
/),
D, D,
may
view in the
cut,
t?
Industrial Prttf,
ft.
Fig. 42.
There being a three-spindle gang drill in the shop, which was idle part of the time, it was decided to make use of it in the production of these collars. Four jigs like the one shown in
bar on the cold saw.
the cut were made.
to take
of collars within their range. The body of the jig is a square block of The steel, with the hole to receive the collars exactly in the center.
lower end
is threaded left-hand to receive the piece B, which has a The ring D Is square hole in the center to receive the wrench C. bored taper, and fits the collar operated upon at the top end only, so that the collars will drop out of the jig easily. Different rings are made to fit collars of different diameters, and are just an easy drive fit in A, the body of the jig. They are driven out with a soft punch through hole E in piece A. Drill bushings F are also interchangeable. Piece G is a distance piece used when drilling thin collars in order to avoid screwing piece B into the jig too far. It is apparent from the cut that these pieces are made to fit the collar at one end, and beveled at the other to center in piece B. The reason piece B is threaded left-hand is as follows: If the collar operated upon should turn in C.
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
the
JIGS
31
jig, the piece B, taking the thrust, would also turn, and being threaded left-hand would thereby tighten the collar in the jig. Piece is a channel iron the function of which is to hold the jigs while reIn operation, one of the jigs is placed upon the drill press filling. table under each spindle between flat strips 7, which keep the jigs from turning, at the same time leaving them free to be removed for It will be seen that by having four jigs, and a three-spindle refilling. machine, by timing them so that they will finish the holes one after the other, it will give plenty of time to refill the fourth jig, and thereby, with an extra drill or two kept sharpened by the tool grinder, the
Machinery, N.r.
Fig. 43.
pump keeping a
in constant operation. This machine is equipped constant flow of cutting fluid on the drills. As
machine is also handled by comparatively cheap labor, a saving of almost 75 per cent was shown by actual test over methods previously employed in producing these collars on a turret lathe.
If ft were not possible to use four jigs at a time of the kind just described, three being in operation, while one is in the hands of the operator for removing the drilled piece and inserting a new one, there would be one serious objection to the design of the jig shown. The
time required for unscrewing, and again tightening, the clamping collar B, being threaded for its full length into body A, would be too long to permit rapid work. Therefore, in a case where but one jig could be used, the clamping device should be arranged so that the drilled piece can be removed, and a new one clamped in place instantly. This can be accomplished by some kind of a hinged or swinging cover, provided with a threaded binder; one half turn of the binder would be In the case in hand, however, the syssufficient to clamp the work.
32
tern of using the jigs
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
this objection of less consequence, as the operator has plenty of time to attend to one jig while the collars in
makes
Two examples
error arising
when such
Jfachinery 2f.Y.
Fig..
44.
Templet
Jigr
The templet, Fig. 44, combines simplicity and cheapness. The ring proper may be made from a companion flange, the size for which the templet is to be used, by cutting off the head and finishing all over, the thickness being approximately one inch. Diameter B is made equal to the outside diameter of the flange, and A is the diameter of the bolt cirA removable bushing, such as shown in section x-y, is used and cle. moved from hole to hole as required. The advantage of this loose bushing over a stationary one in each hole is obvious, lessening the cost of the templet more than one-half. The bushing is made from machine The small pin prevents steel, knurled where indicated, and hardened. the bushing from revolving in its hole with the drill. In such cases where a drilling job calls for the same number of bolts in the s&me bolt circle, but different sizes of bolts, all that is necessary is to have two bushings, with the same diameter E, while C is made to correspond with the diameter of holes required.* In Fig. 45 an adjustable type of jig and the work for which it is used are shown. As the number of holes in the work to be drilled, as
*
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
33
well as the diameter, varies, it would cost considerable to make individual jigs to do the work. The features of this jig are a small center plate, provided with holes for indexing, as shown at the center of the
cut,
drill
bushing.
The index
plate is held in position by a nut on the under side of the work, and the position of the arm is fixed by a plug or pin which passes through the arm and into the plate. The bolt at the outer end of the arm is
made
is
of a suitable form to clamp on the under side of the work, and tightened by the handle shown, which avoids the use of a wrench.
Fig. 45.
and withdrawing the locating plug, the arm, can be turned to the next division, the plug inserted and the hole Different diameters may be drilled by using arms of suitable drilled. length, the same dividing plate answering for a wide range of sizes.* Jigs of the description shown in the cuts, Figs. 44 and 45, are, of course, not intended for extreme accuracy, but rather for combining the objects of rapid production of work within commercial limits of accuracy, cheapness of tools, and possibility of accommodating a wide range of work with the same devices.
By loosening
this handle
Adjustable Jigs not always possible to provide jigs with adjustable features, particularly not when a great degree of accuracy is required. A great
It
is
*
34
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
many operations in the shop, however, permit of so wide a limit of error that fairly accurate jigs can be designed which, having a certain
degree of flexibility, will accommodate a variety of work. These jigs are valuable in a double measure. In the first place they save a great deal of outlay for individual jigs, and, secondly, many a little job, for which no individual jig would be warranted, may be drilled in an adjustable jig at a great saving of time and gain in accuracy. The jig shown in Fig. 46, in use in the W. F. & John Barnes shops, Rockford, 111., is designed with the purpose of securing adjustability, so as to adapt the jig to pieces of different shapes and dimensions. The base piece A supports an upright F, to which the knee, E, is bolted. This knee holds the drill bushing and is tongued and grooved to the
Jndwitrial Pres,y.y.
Fig. 46.
Adjustable
Drill Jigr
be raised or lowered for work of different held by two slides, B and (7, and a set-screw D. The lower slide, C, has a tongue fitting in a groove in the base, and one end is V-shaped to give support to the lower end of the work, The slide B has a tongue fitting against which it is made to bear. in a groove in the top of the lower slide, and may thus be adjusted in-
upright so that
heights.
it
may
The work
is
dependently of the
latter.
adjustable jig also provided with an indexing feature, is shown in Fig. 47.. This jig is intended for drilling the clearance holes in small threading dies. As these holes are located on different distances from the center according to the diameter of the thread the die is intended to cut, one jig would be necessary for each diameter of thread in the die, although the outside dimensions of the die blanks are the same for wide ranges of diameters of thread. To overcome the necessity of so
An
many
is
pro-
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
35
vided, which can be adjusted to drill holes at different radii from the center of the blank, and will locate the center hole in the blank when a mark on the slide coincides with the "center line" graduation on the holder plate. The die blank is placed in holder B, being secured therein by the set-screws located as shown. This holder is readily rotated, as it is knurled on the edge of the flanges. It has four equally spaced
enters.*
Industrial
Prv,
K.T.
Pig. 47.
jig,
namely: A constantly changing product, few pieces to be drilled of each kind, and the fact that the jigs are always wanted in a hurry. In designing jigs under these conditions, the problem resolves itself into building a cheap jig, and not accumulating a large number of useless patterns.
drilled and detail of clamp and feet. side views of the jig, with the work in position, are 49, in which cut the jig is shown bottom side up. is used, in which the required number of holes are cast-iron plate drilled for the insertion of hardened bushings, and there are two locating pins, shown in the plan view at & 6. C is a locating and clamping
Fig. 48
plate
which
is
work
in
36
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
extends over the top of the work and clamps down upon it, it holds the work securely in place. The clamp is bolted to the plate by the screw h, and the work is clamped by screw g at the other end. Four
Fig. 48.
Piece to be Drilled in
the
legs c support the body plate A, and raise it up high enough so that work clears the table when the jig is placed in position for drill-
The oblong hole in the plate C permits the clamp to be moved ing. back far enough to get the work in and out of the jig.
49.
Shown in
Work in Position
Large size plates, all planed up, may be kept in stock for the jig bodies so that, pieces of the required size can be readily cut off when
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
37
needed. This jig is very accurate, as with it the work can be brought close to the plate containing the drill bushings.* The drill jig shown in Fig. 51 has proved very efficient for maintain-
ing uniformity in the pieces drilled in this jig, one of which is shown For the work it is intended to do, this jig is rigid and in Fig. 50. simple and is designed to withstand the severe handling that a tool
Fig. 5O.
Work
to
be Drilled in
Jig, Fig. 51
of this kind usually receives from unskilled workmen. The pieces to be drilled are first turned in the lathe to the proper size and length,
The is drilled at the same time. the side holes and the two end holes, which inch are diametrically opposite, one of them being stopped off at from the bottom and continued through with a smaller size of drill.
Pig. 51.
Work shown
in Pig.
5O
The jig consists of an L-shaped casting, A, which is supported on its bottom and side by the steel legs, BB, the faces of which are hardened and lapped true. A hole is drilled straight through the jig from top to bottom, and into the top of this hole is forced the bushing, C, of tool steel, having a No. 19 and a ^4-inch hole, and also a guide for one end of the work projecting at the center on the lower side. The bushing
*
38
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
C is forced into the jig from the inside until the shoulder bears firmly against the upper arm of the jig. This combined bushing and guide is made in a. single piece, instead of inserting drill bushings and a guide piece separately, because the variation allowed for the holes is greater than any that is likely to be incurred in the hardening of the bushing. Fitted tightly in the hole in the base of the jig is the sleeve, D,
which carries a traversing piece, E, with a guide point on one end directly opposite and like the one in the upper bushing. These guides fit the hole in the work, which is advanced or withdrawn by means of the screw F, which is fastened to the piece E by the pin, G, introduced in such a location that the side rests in a round groove on the upper end of the screw, attaching it thereto and at the same time permitting it to rotate freely. The end of a small pin, H, enters a spline in the side of E and checks any tendency to revolve when the screw is being turned. A knurled head is pinned and riveted on the
PUNCH FOR
DRIVING STUDS
Xachinerv,N.Y.
Fig.
52
Drilling'
Fig.
54
Jig
end of F. A strip of machine steel, J, of sufficient length to extend from top to bottom of the jig, is seated in a rectangular milled channel and fastened by screws and dowel pins. The side holes are carefully located in this strip, and two hardened and ground bushings for No. 4
drills are pressed in.
in use, the work is slipped on the upper guide point, and, the piece E is advanced by the hand screw, it is held firmly in place, being properly located in relation to the bushings by the center The piece is then drilled as in ordinary jig drilling, the finished hole. piece being removed by simply loosening up the hand screw. The piece E, with the exception of the guide on its end, is left soft for the point of the drills to enter the necessary depth for clearance.*
When
when
* C.
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
Drilling-
JIGS
Jig-
39
and Assembling-
are designed for the performing of other operaIn tions in connection with the work than that of drilling alone.
drill jigs
Sometimes
Fig. 53 is shown a combined drilling and assembling jig which was designed and made for the purpose of facilitating the manufacture of the part shown in detail in Fig. 52. This detail consists of a brass casting A having a small machine steel stud B driven into its center and securely held against turning by a small bessemer wire pin through both casting and stud. During the ordinary course of manufacturing with a plain drilling jig some difficulty was experienced in driving the studs squarely into the casting, thereby making it impossible to replace the pieces in their proper position in the jig in order to drill the small pin holes. To overcome this difficulty and insure the production of interchangeable work, the jig shown was designed to drill the necessary two holes beIt is very simple in construction, fore removing the part from the jig. consisting of a cast iron body C, and a soft steel cover D, fitted with a tool steel screw bushing E for locating and fastening the casting in its
The work
is
jig
which
in
and removed
To relieve the shearing strain on the small cross pin, it is necessary that the %-inch hole shall be drilled a trifle small in order to make a good fit on the stud. This is accomplished by using a %-inch drill that has been almost entirely used up and is therefore about 0.373
avoiding the use of letter size or other drills After drilling, the jig is turned bottom side up through the %-inch hole in the bottom and aid of the punch shown in Fig. 54. This is simply a piece of %-inch drill rod having a groove turned at one end It is evident that when driven to clear the burr made by the drill. in this manner, the stud must go in square, and when the punch strikes the brass casting in the jig the stud has been driven to its proper depth, that is, flush with the bottom of the brass casting. The small pin hole is then drilled and the finished part removed by unscrewing
the bushing.*
inch in diameter, thus that are not standard. and the stud inserted driven home with the
This jig permits rapid work, on account of its simple and efficient device for clamping the screw bushing. Clamping devices in jigs should always be designed with the object of very rapid tightening and releasing. This is particularly important in cases where only one or a few small holes are drilled in a piece, as then, if the clamping of the work consumes a rather long time, it often happens that most
of the operator's time is spent in unscrewing and tightening long threaded studs or screw bushings, while the drilling operation itself takes but a trifle of the time, and the machine is, in fact, idle the
greater part of the working day. Rapid insertion of work in jigs, and quick acting clamping devices, constitute one of the chief principles
in jig design.
II.
J.
40
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
Another of the chief characteristics in jig design, which should be aimed at as much as possible, is simplicity. It is comparatively easy to design a complicated drill jig for almost any work, and one of the main differences between the amateur and the experienced jig designer is the latter's ability to attain, by simple means, the same results, and the same accuracy, as the former reaches by elaborate devices. An example of a simple jig which performs the work for which it is
intended as satisfactorily as a more complicated tool, is shown in The work to be drilled is shown at the top in perspective, At A is a %-inch tapped hole in a curved surface, as shown; a a are two
Fig. 55.
Industrial Prttt.
A".
Y.
Fig. 55.
the ears, which must be 7 inches from center to center cast iron jig body, of the right size to hold the piece of work inside, was made, and bushings & & inserted for drilling the holes in the ears. For drilling the %-inch holes A, a cross-piece B was fitted into recesses cut in the sides of the jig body and this cross-piece carried a bushing, as shown. This cross-piece was held in place by two As the hole had to be countersunk, a combined straps, as indicated. drill and countersink was made, which did both operations at one cut. The work is pushed into the jig from the end, and some clamping arrangement, two C-clamps, for instance, will serve to hold it in posii/2-inch holes in
from hole A.
There
Frank
C.
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
from the foundry.
JIGS
41
It is not very difficult to design a jig when there is of the casting finished to size, but when there is practically nothing to start from, it becomes quite a different matter. If we are to judge from the number of discarded jigs in the shops, it seems that
some part
quite a few tool designers have "fallen down" on this problem. One principal feature of these jigs is the screw bushings, two of
in Fig. 58.
By screwing down on
the bUSh-
Fig. 56.
Work
to
be Drilled in
Jig, Fig.
57
clamped between the screw bushing and a plain ing the casting bushing in the bottom of the jigs. Thus it will be seen that these bushings perform the double function of locating the hole and also holding the casting securely in its proper position in the jig. When
is
only one end of the boss is accessible, the plain bushing cannot be used, and other means must be devised to back up the thrust of the screw bushing. Being movable, screw bushings will take care of any reasonable variation in the size of the casting^ and also insure that the hole shall be drilled in the center of the boss, the bushing being recessed
[;iii
Fig. 57.
Work Shown
in Fig.
56
in the portion binding against the boss in order to center it. This latter condition is very desirable in work of this kind, for the sake of
appearance and strength. In this form, screw bushings are rendered applicable to all forms of castings having any kind of a circular projection or boss over which the bushings may be fitted, as shown in the
cuts, Figs. 57
and
60.
headless bushings are necessary (as on both ends of the jig, Fig. 57), they are tightened down with a spanner, whereas a plain drill rod pin is sufficient for the other. When both ends of the boss are held by bushings, the holes to receive these bushings must be in
When
42
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
is
line, and when they are so aligned, it come out of center on either end of the
boss.
safest
to align these holes is to run a single-pointed boring bar through the screw bushing into the bottom of the jig, after the screw bushing
way
has been fitted to the jig, the shank of the boring bar, of course, being a good fit in the hole of the screw bushing, which has been previously On the larger sizes of bushings, it has been found lapped to size. advantageous to use a good quality of machine steel, case-hardened and having a smaller tool steel bushing inserted in the center. When made
Fig. 58.
Screw Bushings
Fig. 59.
Work to be
6O
entirely from tool steel, the distortion in hardening is too great to allow a good fit, which is essential on the threaded portion. The bodies of the jig should be. made of cast iron, cradle-shaped, and cut out where
The covers which hold the screw bushpossible, to facilitate cleaning. ings should be of machine steel, held in place by means of screws and
dowels.
Two examples
57,
was designed
of jigs of this class are shown. The larger jig, Fig. for drilling the breast drill frame shown in Fig. 56.
Fig. 6O.
Shown
in Fig.
59
The casting
is clamped by the large bushing first, bushings on the ends are brought up just tight any spring in the casting. There are two holes must be reamed square with each other. After
and then the smaller enough not to cause in this frame which
trying unsuccessfully
ream the holes by hand after drilling in the jig, the holes were reamed in the jig as follows: The hole in the bushing was made the exact size of the hole to be reamed in the casting. A drill of this size was used to spot the hole, following with a reamer drill, and lastly with a rose reamer, making in every respect a satisfactory job.
to
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
43
The difficulty with a jig of this design, in general, is that the castings will warp, throwing them out of true, and it is then not possible to locate them as described. The Hoefer Mfg. Company, Freeport, 111.,, has found that in drilling pieces of this character, the stop underneath, in the center of the jig, in which the boss of the casting to be drilled
The rests, should be made adjustable, with a spring under the stop. tension of this spring should be just enough to carry the weight of the When placing the piece in the jig the two end bushings are piece. then adjusted so that the boss of the work centers in the stop. By
Fig
61.
means of a clamping screw this stop is then held rigidly in place, and the drilled bushing finally screwed down tightly from the top. The smaller jig, shown in Fig. 60, designed for the simple lever shown in Fig. 59, presents no difficulties beyond the drilling and tapping of the hole for the wooden handle at an angle of 30 degrees.- An adjustable stud screwed into the bottom of the jig resists the pressure of the bushing on the angle. In this jig it is also necessary to clamp the larger boss first, so that when the smaller bushing is tightened, there will be no tendency to displace the casting. The same procedure was followed in the case of the tapped hole as in the case of the reamed hole in the jig previously described, namely: full size drill to spot, tap This latter was operated by means of drill and then the tap itself. a tapping attachment with friction clutch. Tt is hardly necessary to say that these jigs are most profitably employed in connection with a
multiple-spindle drill press.*
*
H.
J.
44
No. 3
Jig for Drilling
1
DRILL JIGS
Cast spur gears should be held from the outer ends of the teeth at three points as nearly equally spaced as possible. The holding should be done by jaws moving to and from the center. The outer ends of the teeth are selected because they are less liable to distortion by the washing of sand and by swelling than other parts of the teeth, and any slight lumps are much more likely to be removed in the tumbling barrel from the ends than elsewhere. Again, it is much more convenient to hold them from these points than otherwise. If three equally spaced points on the periphery of a gear are held true with the jig
Fig. 62.
bushing,
operation.
all
The manner of holding as described may be accomplished by several One of these is a special form of scroll chuck. The same jig chuck may be made to accommodate different sizes of gears within
devices.
it
may
be, the
exchange of bushings.
Fig. 61 shows top and sectional views of such a jig. Referring to this figure, a is the main body casting, which is planed to receive the three steel jaws & and turned to admit the scroll ring which will be
a steel ring used to retain the jaws and scroll. support of the bushing /. This crossbar is held in place by two guide pins g and 7i. The latter is longer than the former, so that when a gear is to be removed from the jig, the cross-bar may be raised only sufficiently to clear the short guide pin and then swung aside upon the longer one. The end of the crossbar engaging the long pin is provided with a boss of sufficient length
seen at
c,
while d
is
At
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
to insure a parallel
JIGS
At
i
45
will be
noticed a pin driven into the tall guide pin and left projecting into a This acts as a stop to prevent the cross-bar from slipping down slot. again when swung aside until again brought into line with the short guide pin. At ; are seen holes for attaching the jig to the drill presa A handle for revolving the scroll ring is shown at fc.* table.
Drilling-
and
Boring-
Jig- for
Machine Beds
The
jigs
work
of
comparatively small dimensions. Modern machine manufacture, however, has developed jigs of unusual dimensions for very large pieces of work. The jig shown in Fig. 62 is used at the works of the Landis Tool Co., Waynesboro, Pa., for drilling and boring the beds of their smallest size grinding machines. The cut shows the work in progress on a large horizontal boring mill. The jig consists of a base provided
with an adjustable plate for drilling the holes in the front, and adjustable brackets for guiding the bars for boring the ends of the bed. The base consists of a heavy casting, planed at the top, so as to correspond with the planed portion of the top of the bed, so that the latter may be laid bottom up on this base and located transversely by the planed
lip on the front of the bed, suitable clamps being provided to hold it firmly in position. At the front of the base of the jig is a vertically projecting flange or apron of sufficient size, and so shaped as to conform to the shape required for locating most of the holes in the front
of the bed; at the back part of the base is a smaller flange adapted for carrying a bushing for guiding the bar for one of the larger of these holes. Suitable T-slots are provided in the base for bolting on
the various parts, and at the bottom two right-angle grooves are planed to provide for a tongue for. locating on the floorplate of the boring This jig is designed to accommodate two sizes of beds or similar mill. cross sections but of different lengths, the difference being such as to only affect the location of the end brackets and some of the holes in the front of the bed. To provide for the difference of these latter holes, the adjustable plate in the front is so designed that it can be located by dowel pins in either of two positions required, and is provided with When boring the holes in the ends of the slots for clamping bolts. bed, the base of the jig is, of course, turned from the position that it has, when the front holes are bored, to the position shown in the cut.
The end brackets are clamped in place, being located on the finished surface of the base. T-slots are provided so that these brackets may be shifted in or out to accommodate the different length of the beds.t
Jig-s
few years compressed air has more and more become one of the necessary adjuncts of the machine shop, and many firms employ it extensively in the operation of automatic machinery and
During the
last
63
jig
and 65 and the half-tone Fig. 64 which was designed for holding
46
DRILL JIGS
small castings, pinions, spur gears, sprockets, pulleys, etc., for reaming or drilling. This type of jig is used with great success in one of the largest manufacturing concerns in Chicago. Formerly castings of the nature named were held in a jig, using a screw bushing mounted in a swinging arm to hold the work while drilling; the arm was swung around over the casting and the bushing was screwed down onto the work. Frequently the operator would neglect to screw the bushing
Machinery, N. r.
Fig. 63.
Jigr
down
tightly against the work, with the resultant of a bad job of drilling and a spoiled piece. In any case there was considerable time lost in operating the jig.
The
air
clamping drilling
jig
shown
in section in Fig. 63
was
de-
signed to decrease the time required to operate the jig and to improve the character of the work done. The cut shows how a bevel gear is held. The gear rests on the inclined face (7, and between three chuck jaws. Beneath the casting is a ring, A, having three cam eccentric slots which move the jaws B toward or away from the center when the ring is turned by a suitable handle. With this jig the operator needs only to turn an air valve handle to hold the work securely and
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
JIGS
47
in the central position. To hold spur gears, a centering piece is used, similar to the one shown for bevel gears in Fig. 63, with the exception
that the surface C is made flat, the jaws then being used alone to center the work. The jig includes a cylinder having two lugs or ears D, which encircle the guides E. These guides connect the piston F with the cross-arm or yoke G, which holds the drill bushing. The admission of air 'to the'
Fig. 64.
cylinder forces the yoke and bushing down on the work and holds it there until the piece is finished. The air is then released and the tenof which four are provided, pull the piston and the sion springs connected cross-arm up and release the work. Compressed air is admitted in the side of the cylinder through a pipe in which is fitted an ordinary three-way valve, The pipe / in the center of the cylinder is an important feature, as it permits chips to fall through the jig at the
bottom instead of collecting on the top. What few chips accumulate on the top are removed by a hose leading from the exhaust port of the valve and directed against the top of the cylinder, thereby blowing the chips away with each exhaust. The centering device is made different, of course, for different pieces, Fig. 63 showing one for' a "flat" bevel gear; and each pattern of pinion, gear or sprocket has to have a corresponding piece C. The cylinder has an annular groove J turned in the top and made concentric with th6 axis of the cylinder and of the The centering device has two projections which fit the cylindrill jig.
48
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
der top and groove. This makes the air cylinder conveniently interchangeable with any number of centering devices, the centering device being removed quickly so that there is little time lost in making changes, the clamping being a simple matter. The cylinder has three lugs K with open slots for bolts, these matching with three lugs on the centering device and constituting the clamping arrangement for the centering piece. When the centering piece is to be changed, the
piece
three bolts are loosened, slipped out of the slots, and the centering is lifted out and exchanged for another. If the drill bushing has to be changed, the yoke G is taken off and replaced by another, for it is generally desirable to have a yoke with
Machinery, K.Y.
Fig. 65.
With small work the yoke simply has a its own bushing for each job. bushing driven from the bottom, as illustrated in the half-tone Fig. 64, and the bushing alone presses against the work, but for larger work, which should be held down at three places on the rim, the yoke and clamp are connected with a universal joint as illustrated in Fig. 63, thus insuring equal pressure on the three clamping 'points. Fig. 65 is a centering device, used on the air-cylinder, in which there is a float. This float rests on a heavy spring, and on the float are three lugs A which support the gear casting. This device centers the casting, while the yoke is pulled down by air pressure until the gear rests on the three stationary surfaces B. The yoke with its equalizing saddle C holds the bevel gear firmly while drilling.* In the design of all devices using compressed air, care should be taken to economize as much as possible with the air, making the spaces
* O. C.
EXAMPLES OF DRILL
it
JIGS
49
as small as possible. In the jig shown this has not been thoroughly taken into consideration. The long motion of the piston,
fill
has to
by air, makes it necessary to fill a great space with work is clamped. In such cases it is usually possible move the clairip down upon the work with a mechanical movement
requiring no air, and then effect only the actual clamping by the compressed air, in which case it would probably not be necessary to use one-tenth the amount of air now used in the jig
CHAPTER
IV
ment
outside diameters.
If,
is
adopted
TABLE
Size Drill.
1.
DIMENSIONS OF
JIG
BUSHINGS
51
the jig. Tabje 2 gives dimensions for removable bushings, and in this case the outside diameter would be made a light sliding fit in the hole. In both tables the column A indicates the size of drill for which the
TABLE
2.
Size Drill.
52
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
ing concern in Chicago. It will be noticed that the shoulders are much smaller than generally used. There is no real need for the shoulder of a loose or removable bushing to be larger than is necessary for a good finger hold. By keeping the shoulder dimensions down to the figures given in the table, a considerable saving of steel is effected in the larger sizes, and when this amount is multiplied by the thousands of bushings necessary in large machine shops, it becomes a very important matter. Another feature of economy possible in bushings is the use of machine steel, case-hardened, which gives as good results for some work as tool steel, and of course is far less cOstly, both in price per pound and in time required for working.*
Hardening Small Jig- Bushing-s To harden large quantities of small jig bushings without danger of cracking under the head while hardening or while driving them home, proceed as follows: Put one gallon of fish oil in a suitable metal bucket, and place this in a larger bucket of cold water. The bushings, strung about six on a wire, are heated in a small blow torch fire to a light red heat and are then quickly plunged into the oil, and kept moving around until cold. The hardness will depend upon the degree of heat given, and this can be so regulated that it will not be necessary to polish and draw bushings after hardening.!
* O.
C.
J.
tH.
CHAPTER V
USING JIGS TO BEST ADVANTAGE*
It
may
eral outlines, the principles of jig design, for getting the full value out of jigs.
be deemed proper, in the closing chapter, to review, in genand to give some directions
Competition and the growing demand for machinery have necessitated the introduction of improved tools to reduce the cost. Jig and fixture designing has come to be a trade by itself; undoubtedly there is no branch of the mechanical business which requires so much practical experience as this particular line. A poorly designed tool is a
very costly thing; hundreds of dollars can be wasted in a short time with an inferior one. On its accuracy, simplicity and quickness depend quality and quantity, hence cost of product. There are a number of obstacles to be overcome in accurate jig and fixture designing. The clamping must be done quickly and without springing the jig or the work; then provision must be made for easy cleaning out of chips, and another very important thing is, that it must be so constructed that it will be impossible to get the work in
is important to make drilling jigs as light as lightness, just as little metal must be used as is necessary to sustain the strain brought to bear upon the part. All metal should be so placed as to be in line with the strains exerted
the
possible.
thereon; therefore, jigs should be box-shaped. The advantages obtained are manifold, for, while they are light, they are also easily cleaned. Some of the older manufacturers still advocate the use of heavy drilling jigs large, cumbersome things, and slow to handle. Their reason is that a light jig will not stand the rough handling. While that is true in a way, there ought not to be any necessity for such rough usage. A proper system in the shop would overcome this. It is customary in a good many of the large shops in the Eastern States particularly to hire green men and boys to operate the jigs and If it is a drilling jig, especially a small one, the gang drill is fixtures. set up for that purpose; each spindle in rotation is set up for its respective operation. The men that set these machines are competent machinists, and they always keep one or more machines set up for the first one who gets out of a job. They are also responsible for the quality and quantity of work turned out. For instance, a drill or reamer may get roughed up and in this manner spoil the work or a drill bushing. Therefore, it keeps the machinists in charge on a constant outlook. 'The operators are provided with a gage and a sample piece which is correct. They are instructed how to use it; also to try every few pieces to see that they are coming like the sample. In this manner one good man can direct the work of a dozen cheap ones.
54
No. 3
DRILL JIGS
In the following outline of a system for getting the most out of the tools in the shop, the word "jig" will be meant to include all jigs, templets, fixtures, appliances, etc., which aid in the rapid and accurate
machining of parts. With such assumptions allowed, the necessity for some systematic scheme of management for the use and care of the jigs should be apparent. However, it is not uncommon, even in these days, when the jig is admittedly one of the main factors instrumental in developing the shops of the past (where machinery was "built"),
into the shops of the present (where it is "manufactured"), to find concerns where the jigs are given no consideration beyond designing them and keeping them in a questionable state of repair. The whole tool or jig scheme, however, is so interwoven with the entire shop that the success of a system cannot be dependent entirely upon any one person, but upon the co-operation of all.
DRILLING OPERATION
SHEET
F 42 C.
LID
AND
THUMB NUTS
SET SCREWS
TAP /a-
10
THREADS
TWI8T DRILLS-
39
I- 10
THREAD MACHINE
NOT ACCUMULATE
REAMER
t*
IN
CORNERS OF
JIG.
MACHINE
F 39
SCREWS AS THERE
IS
DANGER OF SPRINGING
WORK.
Fig. 66. List of Parts and. Tools used -with
of
same
Jig,
The
most
was to the old-time shop, and and responsibilities entitle him to the new title. He should possess executive as well as mechanical ability, and be broadminded and up-to-date, for to him should be intrusted the tooling of the machines, the design, manufacture and care of the jigs, the complete control of the tool-room and the enforcement of any system the management may inaugurate. He will, however, be doomed to only
the head toolmaker
his increased duties
if not absolute failure, without a tool-room system. Suitable methods should prevail in the tool-room, or better, in the jig-room, whereby a workman when receiving a jig gets all the necessary tools to perform all the operations upon the piece that the jig is designed to do. It should not be necessary for him to ask for the tools separately, but simply to ask for the jig and tools for such or
tool foreman is the one, after the management, who contributes to either success or failure, and therefore his selection should be with care. This tool foreman, as we prefer to call him, is to the
partial success,
such an operation, designated either by name or number preferably by number and have them delivered to him -complete. By doing this, much time will be saved, and mistakes will often be avoided. This can
55
be accomplished by giving each jig all the loose pieces belonging to the jig and all the special tools, the same number as the piece they are used upon. They should be indexed under this number and kept
in suitably grouped compartments and the compartments conspicuously numbered so that they can be easily located. In these compartments is also kept a list, Fig. 66, showing what constitutes a complete set. When a jig is called for, reference is made to the index, if neces-
set of jig
and
tools de-
Probably one-half of
all
jigs are
o-perations, and when such is the case, to economize in to obtain the best results in machining, each jig should
have its operation sheet, Fig. 67. To illustrate why it is necessary to perform the several operations in a prearranged order, take, for instance, two holes intersecting at acute angles, such as a shaft hole and a locking rod
hole, where the locking rod hole drills half out into the shaft hole. Ordinarily a workman would drill the larger or shaft hole first, and the locking rod hole afterward. This would be wrong, however, for the locking rod hole drill upon entering the shaft hole and meeting no resistance for half its diameter, would run out, and the hole would not be straight. A very handy arrangement is to have the tool sheet,
Fig. 66, and the operation sheet, Fig. 67, mounted upon opposite sides of a cardboard. They should be of some convenient size, to be determined by the number of separate items it is necessary to put upon
them.
It is regrettably too generally the custom to take for granted that a piece is right if it has been jigged, and in this way muck work is often spoiled that could be avoided by the simple system of inspecting
the
first
ness.
If
assume upon which defects and possible improvements in jigs are reported to the tool foreman. These are made out in duplicate by the foreman under whom the defects, etc., are discovered, he keeping the copy and sending the original to the tool-room. This method will be found to be superior to giving verbal instructions, as it is a check from one foreman to another. There is an adage which cannot be more appropriately applied than in the case of repairing jigs, and that is, "Don't put off until to-morrow what can be done to-day." It seems hardly necessary to mention the matter of allowing repairs to be made upon jigs in any other place than the tool-room, because it is so obviously wrong that every one must see the fallacy of such a course and what a demoralized state of affairs it will lead to. In this matter there should be absolutely no margin. Whenever repairs
are necessary on jigs, they .should be turned over directly to the toolroom, and even the most trivial matters should be attended to by the man in charge of the jigs, as he is held responsible for results.
piece of every lot done in a jig and ascertaining its correctthe first piece is found to be correct, it is reasonably safe to that the rest will be. It is also well to provide printed blanks
V 1;
is
the
in
the machine-build-
MACHINERY
ing field and meets the requirements of the mechanical engineer, superintendent, designer, toolmaker and machinist, as
numbers a year.
MACHINERY is written by
practical
men and
edited
by mechanical men of
long practical training.
value to the man in the shop or at the drafting table. The mechanical engineer, machine designer and draftsman are also well provided for in MACHINERY. Every number contains articles on the theory and practice of machine design, on the properties of materials, and on labor-saving methods and systems. There are reviews of research work in the mechanical field, valuable results of carefully made experiments are recorded, and the world's progress in every field of mechanical endeavor is closely watched. One of the most valuable features is the four-page monthly
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Steel Tools; Taper Turning; Change Gearing for the Lathe; Boring Bars and Tools,
etc.
Threads, No. 2.
etc.
lister-head,
lar-head and Hexagon-head Screws; Standard and Special Nuts; T-nuts, T-bolts and Washers; Thumb Screws and Nuts; A. L. A. M. Standard Screws and Nuts; Machine Screw Heads; Wood Screws; Tap Drills; Lock Nuts; Eye-bolts, -etc. No. 3. Taps and Dies. Hand, Machine, Tapper and Machine Screw Taps; Taper Die Taps; Sellers Hobs; Screw Machine Taps; Straight and Taper Boil?r Taps; Stay-bolt, Washout, and Patch-bolt Taps; Pipe Taps ami Mobs, So .id Square-. Round Adjustable and Spring Screw Threading
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FilCol-
Machine No. 11. MillingIndexing, Clamping- Devices and Planer Jacks. Tables for Milling Machine Indexing; Change Gears for Milling Spirals; Angles for setting Indexing Head when Milling Clutches; Jig Clamping Devices; Straps and Clamps; Planer Jacks. No. 12. Pipe and Pipe Fittings Pipe Threads and Gages; Cast-iron Fittings; Bronze Fittings; Pipe Flanges; Pipe Bends; Pipe Clamps and Hangers; Dimensions of Pipe for Various Services, etc. No. 13. Boilers and Chimneys. Flue Spacing and Bracing- for Hoilers: Strength
of Boiler Joints;
Rn
Chimneys. No. 14. Locomotive and Railway Data. Locomotive Boilers; Bearing Pre.ssiir.-s for Locomotive Journals; Locomotive
Classifications;
Cutters.- Hand Reamers; Shell Reamers and Arbors; Pipe Reamers; Taper Pins and Reamers; Brown & Sharpe, Morse and Jarno Taper Sockets and Reamers; Drills; Wire Gages; Milling Cutters; Setting Angles for Milling Teeth in End
Milling-
No.
4.
Reamers,
Sockets,
Drills
and
Switches
Force:
Brake Rods, elNo. 15, Steam and Gas Engines. Saturated Steam; Steam Pipe Sizes; Steam Engine IVsi^n; Volume of Cylinders;
.
R; :i Sections; Frogs. ;uifl 'i os.s-overs, Tires; Tractive Inertia of Tr.,ins: Brake Levers;
<
Stuffiing
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Setting
Corliss
Diametral and Gearing Circular Pitch; Dimensions of Spur Gears; Tables of Pitch Diameters; Odontograph Tables; Rolling Mill Gearing; Strength of Spur Gears; Horsepower Transmitted by Cast-iron and Rawhide Pinions; Design of Spur Gears; Weight of Cast-iron Gears;
No.
5.
Spur
ing
Worm GearRules and Formulas for Bevel Gears; Strength of Bevel Gears; Design of Bevel Gears; Rules and Formulas for Spiral Gearing; Tables Facilitating Calculations; Diagram for Cutters for Spiral Gears: Rules and Formulas for Worm Gearing, etc. No. 7. Shafting Keys and Keyways. Horsepower of Shafting; Diagrams and Tables for the Strength of Shafting; Forcing, Driving, Shrinking and Running Fits; Woodruff Keys; United States Navy Standard Keys; Gib Keys; Milling Keyways; Duplex Keys. No. 8. Bearing's, Coupling's, Clutches, Crane Chain and Hooks. Pillow Blocks; Babbitted Bearings; Ball and Roller Bearings; Clamp Couplings; Plate Couplings; Flange Couplings; Tooth Clutches; Crab Cone Universal Clutches; Couplings; Crane Chain; Chain Friction; Joints;
1
Valye Gears; Condenser and Air Pump Data: Horsepower <>f <}asoline Engines; Automobile Engine Crankshafts, etc. No. 16. Mathematical Tables. Squares of Mixed Numbers; Functions o! Fractious; Circumference ai.ii Diameters of Circles; Tables for Spacing off Circles; Solution of Triangles; Formulas for Solving Regular Polygons; Geometrical Progression, etc.
Kngine
Crane Hooks;
No.
9.
Drum
Scores.
Slides and Machine Formulas and Tables for Spring Machine Slides; Machine Calculations; Handles and Hand Levers; Collars; Wheels; Pins and Cotters; Turn-buckles,
Spring's,
Details.
etc.
No. 10. Motor Drive, Speeds and Feeds, Chang- e Gearing and Boring- Bars. Power for Machine Tools; Cutting required
1
Speeds and Feeds for Carbon and Highspeed Steel; Screw Machine Speeds and Feeds; Heat Treatment of High-speed
Force; Center of Gravity; Motion Friction; Pendulum; Fulling Bodies; Strength Materials; l=Un nyth of Flat Plates; Ratio of Out-: le and Inside Radii of Thick Cylindei No. 18. Bea: <i J imulas and Structural Design.- Beam Formulas; Sectional Moduli of Structural Shapes: Beam Charts; Net Areas of rHructural Angles: Rivet Spacing"; Splices for Channels and Ibeams: Stresse. in Roof Trusses, etc. No. 19. Belt, Rope and Chain Drives. Dimensions of Pulleys; Weights of Pulleys; Horsepower Belting; Brit VelocAngular Uelt Drives; Horsepower ity; transmitted by Ropes; Sheaves for Rope Drive; Bending Stresses in Wire Ropes; Sprockets for Link Chains; Formulas and Tables for Various Classes of Driving Chain. No. 20. Wiring Diagrams, Heating and Ventilation, and Miscellaneous Tables. Typical Motor Wiring Diagrams: Resistance of Round Copper Wire: Rubber Covered Cobles; Current Densities for Various Contacts and Materials; Centrifugal Fan and Blower Capacities; Hot Water Main Capacities; Miscellaneous Tables: Decimal Equivalents, Metric Conversion Tables. Weights and Specific Gravity of Metals. Weights of Fillets, Drafting-room Conventions, etc.
of
<
:
No. 17. Mechanics and Strength of Materials. Work; Ce. "ifuyal Energy;
BB
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