1- A 6 weeks old infant presented with yellowish eye discharge and persistant tearing of one eye since birth,

all of the following are true Except: a- Rx include sulphacetamide ointment daily b- Advice the mother to do warm massage c- Can be Rx by systemic antibiotics d- Do probing to bypass the obstruction Acute dacryocystitis in newborns is rare, occurring in fewer than 1% of all newborns. Probing should not be performed because mucoceles often are not sterile and probing may incite a cellulitis. Acute cases are best treated surgically after the infection has subsided with adequate antibiotic therapy. 2- 23 years old lady with one month history of nasal discharge & nasal obstruction, she complained of pain on the face, throbbing in nature , referred to the supraorbital area, worsen by head movement, walking,& stopping. On - -- --------- examination , tender antrum with failure of transillumination ( not clear ), the most likely the diagnosis is: a- frontal sinusitis b- maxillary sinusitis c- dental abscess d- chronic atrophic rhinitis e- chronic sinusitis N.B. Chronic sinusitis is characterized by symptoms of sinus inflammation lasting >12 weeks. 3- a 17 yrs. old school boy was playing foot ball and he was kicked in his Rt. eye .. few hours later he started to complain of : double vision & echymoses around the eye .. the most likely Dx. Is : a- cellulites b- orbital bone fracture c- global eye ball rupture e- subconjuctival hemorrhage
Blunt trauma usually results in periorbital bruising and gross lid oedema, which can make examination to exclude perforating injury difficult. These patients should be referred to the ophthalmologist for a detailed ocular examination to exclude a perforation retinal detachment or a traumatic hyphaema

ORBITAL BLOW-OUT FRACTURE Symptoms Pain (especially on attempted vertical eye movement), local tenderness, binocular double vision (the double vision disappears when one eye is covered), eyelid swelling and crepitus after nose blowing, recent history of trauma. Critical Signs Restricted eye movement (especially in upward or lateral gaze or both), subcutaneous or conjunctival emphysema, hypesthesia in the distribution of the infraorbital nerve (ipsilateral cheek and upper lip), palpable step-off along the orbital rim, point tenderness, enophthalmos (may initially be masked by orbital edema). Other Signs Nosebleed, eyelid edema and ecchymosis, and superior rim and orbital roof fractures may show hypesthesia in the distribution of the supratrochlear or supraorbital nerve (ipsilateral forehead), ptosis, point tenderness. Differential Diagnosis

Orbital edema and hemorrhage without a blow-out fracture (May have limitation of ocular movement, periorbital swelling, and ecchymosis, but these resolve over 7 to 10 days).Cranial-nerve palsy (Limitation of ocular movement, but no restriction on forced-duction testing). Workup 1.Complete ophthalmologic examination, including measurement of extraocular movements and globe displacement. Compare the sensation of the affected cheek with that on the contralateral side; palpate the eyelids for crepitus (subcutaneous emphysema); and evaluate the globe carefully for a rupture, hyphema or microhyphema, traumatic iritis, and retinal or choroidal damage. Intraocular pressure (IOP) should be measured.

2.Forced-duction testing is performed if restriction of eye movement persists beyond 1 week (see Appendix 5). 3.Computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbits and brain (axial and coronal views, 3-mm cuts) is obtained if the diagnosis is uncertain, if surgical repair is being considered, or if an orbital roof fracture is suspected (upward-moving trauma). Treatment 1.Nasal decongestants [e.g., pseudoephedrine (Afrin) nasal spray, b.i.d.] for 10 to 14 days. 2.Broad-spectrum oral antibiotics [e.g., cephalexin (Keflex) 250 to 500 mg, p.o., q.i.d., or erythromycin, 250 to 500 mg, p.o., q.i.d.] for 10 to 14 days. 3.Instruct the patient not to blow his or her nose. 4.Ice packs to the orbit for the first 24 to 48 hours. 5.Surgical repair at 7 to 14 days after trauma is undertaken if the patient has persistent diplopia when looking straight ahead or attempting to read, if he or she has cosmetically unacceptable enophthalmos, if a large fracture is present, or if the fracture is part of a complex trauma involving rim or zygomatic arch with displacement. 6.Neurosurgical consultation is recommended for most orbital roof fractures. Note Some physicians use oral steroids initially to decrease the inflammatory reaction; generally, we do not. Some prefer immediate repair; we do not. Follow-up Patients should be seen at 1 and 2 weeks after trauma and evaluated for persistent diplopia or enophthalmos after the acute orbital edema has subsided. The presence of these findings may indicate entrapment of the orbital contents or a large displaced fracture and the need for surgical repair. Patients should also be monitored for the development of associated ocular injuries (e.g, orbital cellulitis, angle-recession glaucoma, and retinal detachment). Gonioscopy of the anterior chamber (AC) angle and dilated retinal examination with scleral depression is performed 3 to 4 weeks after trauma. Warning symptoms of retinal detachment and orbital cellulitis are explained to the patient. TRAUMATIC RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE Symptoms Pain, decreased vision, recent history of trauma or surgery to the eye or orbit. Critical Signs Proptosis with resistance to retropulsion, diffuse subconjunctival hemorrhage extending posteriorly. Other Signs Eyelid ecchymosis, chemosis, congested conjunctival vessels, increased intraocular pressure (IOP); sometimes, limited extraocular motility in any or all fields of gaze. Differential Diagnosis Orbital cellulitis (Fever, proptosis, chemosis, limitation of eye movements with pain on motion; also may follow trauma, but generally not so acute. See Orbital Cellulitis, Section 7.4). Orbital fracture (blow-out, medial wall, or tripod fracture). (Limited extraocular motility, infraorbital hypesthesia, and crepitus. Enophthalmos, not proptosis, may be present. See Section 3.10). Ruptured globe (Subconjunctival edema and hemorrhage may mask a ruptured globe. A shallow or deep anterior chamber (as compared to the other eye), hyphema, and limitation of ocular motility are often present. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is commonly low, and there is usually no proptosis. See Ruptured Globe and Penetrating Ocular Injury, Section 3.14). Carotidcavernous fistula (May follow trauma; pulsating exophthalmos, ocular bruit, corkscrew-arterialized conjunctival vessels, chemosis. IOP may be increased. Often bilateral involvement because of venous communications. See Cavernous Sinus/Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome, Section 11.9). Varix (Increased proptosis with Valsalva maneuver. Is not usually seen acutely, and there is usually no history of trauma or surgery).

4- a 35 yrs old female pt. C/O : acute inflammation and pain in her Lt. eye since 2 days .. she gave Hx of visual blurring and use of contact lens as well O/E : fluorescence stain shows dentritic ulcer at the center of the cornea .. the most likely diagnosis is : a- corneal abrasion b- herpetic central ulcer c- central lens stress ulcer d- acute episcleritis e- acute angle closure glaucoma

a dendritic corneal ulcer (Fig. 20.20). The organism responsible for this condition is the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is usually HSV-1 but HSV-2 can give rise to ocular infection

5- Anterior uveitis is a character of the following except: a. R.A. b. Sarcoidosis. c. Behcet disease. d. Reiters syndrome. e. Ankylosing spondolitis.
ANTERIOR UVEITIS (IRITIS/IRIDOCYCLITIS) Symptoms Acute Pain, red eye, photophobia, mildly decreased vision, tearing. May have recurrent episodes. Chronic May have periods of exacerbations and remissions, fewer or none of the acute symptoms. Critical Signs Cells and flare in the anterior chamber.

Differentiating Signs Nongranulomatous Fine keratic precipitates (KP) (white cells on the corneal endothelium). Granulomatous Large mutton-fat KP, Koeppe's nodules (clusters of cells on the pupillary border), Busacca's nodules (clusters of cells on the anterior iris surface). Other Signs Cells in the anterior vitreous (spillover), posterior synechiae (adhesions of the iris to the lens), miosis, low intraocular pressure (IOP) but occasionally increased (especially with herpes simplex and herpes zoster), injection of the perilimbal blood vessels (ciliary flush), fibrinous hypopyon (layering of white cells in the anterior chamber) if severe, cystoid macular edema if chronic, occasionally a cataract. Note Patients will often complain of increased pain in the involved eye when light is shined in the uninvolved eye because of the consensual pupillary response. Etiology ACUTE, NONGRANULOMATOUS 1. Idiopathic 2. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27associated uveitis (without systemic disease). 3. Trauma (see Traumatic Iritis, Section 3.6) 4. Ankylosing spondylitis (Young adult men, often with low back pain, abnormal sacroiliac spine radiographs, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), positive HLA-B27.) 5. Inflammatory bowel disease (Chronic intermittent diarrhea, often alternating with constipation.) 6. Reiter's syndrome reactive arthritis (Young adult men, conjunctivitis, urethritis, polyarthritis, occasionally keratitis, increased ESR, positive HLA-B27, may have recurrent episodes.) 7. Psoriatic arthritis (Iritis is not associated with psoriasis without arthritis.) 8. Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Recurrent episodes of acute IOP increase, open angle on gonioscopy, corneal edema, fine KP, fixed middilated pupil, and mild iritis. See Section 10.12, Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis.) 9. Lens-induced uveitis (Often after incomplete extracapsular cataract extraction or trauma damaging the lens capsule; also may be secondary to a hypermature cataract.) 10. Postoperative iritis (An anterior-chamber reaction is expected after intraocular surgery. Severe reactions with excessive pain, however, must make the examiner consider endophthalmitis. See Postoperative Uveitis, Section 13.9.) 11. UGH syndrome (uveitisglaucomahyphema) [Usually secondary to irritation from an intraocular lens (especially a closed-loop anterior-chamber lens). See Postoperative Glaucoma, Section 10.15.] 12. Behet's disease (Young adults, acute hypopyon, iritis, aphthous mouth ulcers, genital ulcerations, erythema nodosum, positive Behet's skin-puncture test if active systemic disease is present, often retinal vasculitis and hemorrhages, may have recurrent episodes.) 13. Lyme disease (Often a history of a tick bite. May have a skin rash and/or arthritis. See Section 14.4, Lyme Disease.) 14. Anterior-segment ischemia (Caused by carotid insufficiency, flare out of proportion to the cellular reaction, pain.) 15. Mumps, influenza, adenovirus, measles, chlamydia (Rare causes of transient anterior uveitis.) 16. Medication (Rifabutin, systemic sulfonamides, cidofovir, and topical optipranolol can all cause uveitis.) 17. Tight contact lens (Red eye, corneal edema, epithelial defects, iritis hypopyon, no stromal infiltrates.) 18. Other rare causes of anterior uveitis (Leptospirosis, Kawasaki's disease, rickettsial disease.) CHRONIC, USUALLY NONGRANULOMATOUS 1. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) [Usually young girls, eye may be white and without pain, often bilateral, iritis can occur before the arthritis, pauciarticular arthritis (fewer than five joints involved), positive antinuclear antibody (ANA), negative rheumatoid factor, increased ESR, glaucoma, cataracts, and occasionally fever and lymphadenopathy.] 2. Chronic iridocyclitis of children (Usually young girls, same as JRA, except no arthritis.) 3. Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (Usually unilateral, few symptoms, diffuse iris stromal atrophy often causing a lighter colored iris, iris transillumination defects, blunting of the iris architecture, fine KP over the entire corneal endothelium, mild anterior-chamber reaction, few if any posterior synechiae. Vitreous opacities, glaucoma, and cataracts are common.) CHRONIC, USUALLY GRANULOMATOUS Sarcoidosis [Usually African-American, usually bilateral; may have dense posterior synechiae, conjunctival nodules, or signs of posterior uveitis (see Section 13.2, Posterior Uveitis). Mild-to-moderate anergy, an abnormal chest radiograph, positive gallium scan, and increased serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) are common. See Section 13.4, Sarcoidosis.]

Herpes simplex/herpes zoster/varicella (Look for corneal scars, history of past unilateral recurrent red eye, occasionally history of skin vesicles, associated with increased IOP, followed by iris atrophy.) Syphilis [May have a maculopapular rash (often on the palms and soles), iris roseola (vascular papules on the iris), and interstitial keratitis with ghost vessels in late stages. Usually seen with uveitis in acquired syphilis versus interstitial keratitis in congenital syphilis. A positive VDRL or rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and positive fluorescent treponemal antibody, absorbed (FTA-ABS) are usually present. See Section 14.2, Acquired Syphilis.] Tuberculosis [Positive purified protein derivative (PPD), typical chest x-ray, occasionally phlyctenular keratitis, sometimes signs of posterior uveitis (see Section 13.2, Posterior Uveitis).] Others [Rare (e.g., leprosy, brucellosis).] Differential Diagnosis The following may be associated with an anterior-chamber reaction. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (Elevated retina with a retinal break, pigment cells in the vitreous or anterior chamber. See Section 12.19, Retinal Detachment.) Posterior segment tumor (e.g., retinoblastoma or leukemia in children, malignant melanoma in adults. See Section 8.3, Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid.) Juvenile xanthogranuloma (Age younger than 15 years, often with a spontaneous hyphema, yellowgray poorly demarcated iris nodule or nodules, and slightly raised orange skin lesions.) Intraocular foreign body Sclerouveitis (Uveitis secondary to scleritis.) Endophthalmitis (See Section 13.9, Postoperative Uveitis, Section 13.10, Postoperative Endophthalmitis, Section 13.11, Traumatic Endophthalmitis, Section 13.12, Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis.) Workup 1.Obtain a history, attempting to define the etiology. 2.Complete ocular examination, including an IOP check and a dilated fundus examination. The vitreous should be evaluated for cells (see Appendix 8). If a unilateral, nongranulomatous uveitis develops for the first time and the history and examination are unremarkable, then no further workup is pursued. If the uveitis is bilateral, granulomatous, or recurrent, and the history and examination are unremarkable, then a nonspecific initial workup is conducted: 3.Complete blood count (CBC). 4.ESR. 5.HLA-B27. 6.ACE level, ANA. 7.RPR or VDRL. 8.FTA-ABS or MHA-TP. 9.PPD and anergy panel. 10.Chest radiograph, especially to rule out sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. 11.In endemic areas, a Lyme titer is recommended (see the following). If the history, symptoms, or signs, or a combination of these point strongly to a certain etiology, then the workup should be tailored accordingly: Syphilis: RPR or VDRL, FTA-ABS or MHA-TP. Ankylosing spondylitis: Sacroiliac spine radiographs show sclerosis and narrowing of the joint spaces, ESR, HLA-B27. Inflammatory bowel disease: Medical or gastrointestinal consult, HLA-B27. Reiter's syndrome: Conjunctival, urethral, and prostatic cultures (for chlamydia) if indicated; joint radiographs if arthritis is present; a medical or rheumatology consult; consider an HLA-B27. Psoriatic arthritis: A rheumatology or dermatology consult, HLA-B27. Glaucomatocyclitic crisis: Diagnosed clinically. Lens-induced uveitis: Diagnosed clinically. See Phacolytic Glaucoma, Section 10.8; Lens-Particle Glaucoma, Section 10.9; and Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis, Section 13.14. Herpes: Diagnosed clinically. UGH: Diagnosed clinically. Behet's disease: Behet's skin-puncture test (if a blister develops minutes to hours after puncturing the skin intradermally with a sterile 25- to 30-gauge needle, a positive test is noted), a medical or rheumatology consult, consider an HLA-B27 or HLA-B5. Lyme disease: Lyme immunofluorescent assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). JRA: ANA, rheumatoid factor, radiographs of arthritic joints (if no arthritic symptoms are present, then radiographs of the knees are obtained), and a pediatric or rheumatology consult. Chronic iridocyclitis of children: Same as JRA. Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis: Diagnosed clinically. Sarcoidosis: Chest x-ray, ACE, serum lysozyme, and a PPD and anergy panel, gallium scan of the head and neck; consider a biopsy of any skin or conjunctival nodule for pathologic diagnosis (see Sarcoidosis, Section 13.4).

Note ACE and gallium scans may give false-negative results if the patient is taking systemic steroids. ACE levels also may be low if the patient is taking ACE inhibitors for cardiac reasons. Tuberculosis: PPD and anergy panel, chest radiograph, referral to a medical specialist. Treatment 1.Cycloplegic (e.g., cyclopentolate, 1% to 2%, t.i.d., or scopolamine, 0.25%, b.i.d., for mild-to-moderate inflammation; scopolamine, 0.25%, t.i.d., for moderate inflammation, or atropine, 1%, t.i.d., for severe inflammation. Use atropine if a hypopyon is present). 2.Topical steroid (e.g., prednisolone acetate, 1%, q 1 to 6 hours, depending on the severity). Most cases of moderate-tosevere acute uveitis require q 1 to 2 hour dosing initially. If the anterior uveitis is severe and is not responding well to frequent topical steroids, then consider periocular repository steroids (e.g., methylprednisolone, 40 to 80 mg subtenons). Before injecting depot steroids periocularly, it is wise to use topical steroids at full strength for 6 weeks to make certain that the patient is not a steroid responder (i.e., develops a significant IOP increase from taking steroids). See Appendix 7, which describes the technique of a subtenons injection. If there is no improvement on maximal topical and repository steroids, then consider systemic steroids, or last, systemic immunosuppressive agents. A medical or rheumatology consult is often advisable when systemic therapy is to be instituted. See Medical Glossary for a systemic steroid workup. 3.Treat secondary glaucoma with aqueous suppressants (not with pilocarpine or latanoprost). Glaucoma may result from: a.A severe inflammatory reaction with cellular blockage of the trabecular meshwork. See Inflammatory Open-Angle Glaucoma, Section 10.4. b.Synechiae formation giving rise to secondary angle closure. See Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma, Section 10.10. c.Neovascularization of the iris, producing blockage of the trabecular meshwork or closure of the angle. See Neovascular Glaucoma, Section 10.13. d.A response to steroids. See Steroid-Response Glaucoma, Section 10.5. 4.If an exact etiology for the anterior uveitis is determined, then the specific management outlined later should be added to these treatments. Ankylosing spondylitis Often requires systemic antiinflammatory agents [e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): naprosyn or indomethacin]. Consider cardiology consult (there is a high incidence of heart block and aortic insufficiency), rheumatology consult, and physical therapy consult. Inflammatory bowel disease Often benefits from systemic steroids or sulfadiazine or both and supplemental vitamin A. Needs a medical or gastrointestinal consult. Reiter's syndrome If urethritis is present, then the patient and sexual partners are treated for chlamydia (e.g., tetracycline, 250 to 500 mg, q.i.d., doxycycline, 100 mg, b.i.d., or erythromycin, 250 to 500 mg, q.i.d., for 3 to 6 weeks). Obtain medical, rheumatology, or physical therapy consult or a combination of these. Psoriatic arthritis Consider a rheumatology or dermatology consult. Glaucomatocyclitic crisis See Section 10.12, Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis. Lens-induced uveitis Usually requires removal of lens material, see Phacolytic Glaucoma, Section 10.8; Lens-Particle Glaucoma, Section 10.9; and Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis, Section 13.14. Herpes uveitis Requires prophylactic topical antivirals when atypical or taking steroids; may benefit from systemic acyclovir. See Herpes Simplex Virus, Section 4.15; or Herpes Zoster Virus, Section 4.16. UGH See Postoperative Glaucoma, Section 10.15. Behet's disease Often needs systemic steroids or immunosuppressive agents (responds well to chlorambucil); consider a medical or rheumatology consult. Lyme disease See Section 14.4, Lyme Disease. JRA The steroid dosage is adjusted according to the degree of cells, not flare, present in the anterior chamber; prolonged cycloplegic therapy (e.g., tropicamide, 0.5%, qhs) may be required. A rheumatology or pediatric consult for possible aspirin or systemic steroid therapy is usually obtained. Note There is a high complication rate with cataract surgery. Chronic iridocyclitis of children Same as JRA. Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis Usually does not respond to or require steroids (a trial of steroids may be attempted, but they should be tapered quickly if there is no response); cycloplegics are rarely necessary. Note Patients usually do well with cataract surgery. Sarcoidosis Often needs periocular and systemic steroids; a medicine or pulmonary consult is advisable for systemic evaluation (see Section 13.4, Sarcoidosis). Syphilis See Acquired Syphilis, Section 14.2, or Congenital Syphilis, Section 14.3. Tuberculosis Avoid systemic steroids. Refer the patient to an internist for consideration of systemic antituberculous treatment. Follow-up Every 1 to 7 days in the acute phase, depending on the severity; every 1 to 6 months when stable. At each visit, the anterior-chamber reaction and IOP should be evaluated. A vitreous and fundus examination should be performed for all flare-ups, when vision is affected, or every 3 to 6 months. If the anterior-chamber reaction is improving, then the steroid

drops can be slowly tapered [usually 1 drop per day every 3 to 7 days (e.g., q.i.d. for 1 week, then t.i.d. for 1 week, then b.i.d. for 1 week)]. Steroids are usually discontinued once all cells have disappeared from the anterior chamber (flare is often still present). Rarely long-term low-dose steroids every day or every other day are required to keep the inflammation from recurring. The cycloplegic agents also can be tapered as the anterior-chamber reaction improves. Cycloplegics should be used at least qhs until the anterior chamber is free of cells. Note As with most ocular and systemic diseases requiring steroid therapy, the steroid (be it topical or systemic) should never be discontinued abruptly. Sudden discontinuation of steroids can lead to severe rebound inflammation.

Anterior uveitis develops in sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, and Behcet's disease. It is also associated with herpes infections, syphilis, Lyme disease, onchocerciasis, tuberculosis, and leprosy. Extraarticular Manifestations RA is a systemic disease with a variety of extraarticular manifestations. Although these occur frequently, not all of them have clinical significance. Diagnostic Criteria of Behcets Disease : Recurrent oral ulceration plus two of the following: -Recurrent genital ulceration -Eye lesions -Skin lesions -Pathergy test 6- A 30 years old male present to E.R. complaining of visual deterioration for 3 days of Rt. Eye followed by light preception, the least cause is: a. Retinal detachment. b. Central retinal arterial embolism. Sudden loss of vision c. Vitreous hemorrhage. d. Retro-orbital neuritis. e. Retinitis pigmentosa. Chronic loss of vision -A patient came to you complaining of gradual loss of vision & now he can only identify light.which of the following is the LEAST cause of this problem? a) retinal detachment b) central retinal artery embolism sudden c) vitreous hemorrhage d) retinitis pigmentosa e) retrobulbar neuritis Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic eye conditions. In the progression of symptoms for RP, night blindness generally precedes tunnel vision by years or even decades. Many people with RP do not become legally blind until their 40s or 50s and retain some sight all their lives [1]. Others go completely blind from RP, in some cases as early as childhood. Progression of RP is different in each case. RP is a type of progressive retinal dystrophy, a group of inherited disorders in which abnormalities of the photoreceptors (rods and cones) or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the retina lead to progressive visual loss. Affected individuals first experience defective dark adaptation or nyctalopia (night blindness), followed by reduction of the peripheral visual field (known as tunnel vision) and, sometimes, loss of central vision late in the course of the disease. 7-The most prominent symptom of acute otitis media is: a. Pain

b. Hearing loss C. Tinnitus d. Discharge e. Vertigo 8- a 45 year old male presented to the ER with sudden headache, blurring of vision, excruciating eye pain and frequent vomiting: a) Acute glaucoma b) Acute conjunctivitis c) Acute iritis d) Episcleritis e) Corneal ulceration - a 45 yo male came to the ER with sudden headache, blurred vision, excruciating eye pain and frequent vomiting The most likely Dx: a) Acute conjunctivitis. b) Acute iritis c) Acute glaucoma d) Episcleritis e) Corneal ulceration 9- Frequent Use of nasal vasoconstrictors can cause: a) Rhinitis sicca (sicca means dry) b) Allergic rhinitis c) Septal perforation 10- Vertigo, inability to perceive termination of movement & difficulty in sitting or standing without visual due to some toxic reacts that likely to occur in 75% of patient with long term use of: a- penicilline. b- tetracycline. c- amphotricin B. d- streptomycin. e- INH.
Nephrotoxicity (greatly increased or decreased frequency of urination or amount of urine; increased thirst; loss of appetite; nausea; vomiting ); neurotoxicity ( muscle twitching; numbness; seizures; tingling); ototoxicity, auditory (any loss of hearing; ringing or buzzing, or a feeling of fullness in the ears); ototoxicity, vestibular (clumsiness; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; unsteadiness ); peripheral neuritis (burning of face or mouth; numbness; tingling) streptomycin only

Isoniazid has been reported to cause severe, and sometimes fatal, age-related hepatitis. If signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity occur, isoniazid should be discontinued promptly 11- 30 y.o. patient complaining of 1 day history of ptosis & he noticed his eye coming outward?????,,,, on examination his pupil reflex was normal a- carotid aneurysm. b- 3rd N palsy. c- 4th N palsy. d- 6th N palsy. e- strabismus.

Oculomotor nerve palsy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a branch thereof. As the name suggests, the oculomotor nerve supplies the majority of the muscles controlling eye movements. Thus, damage to this nerve will result in the affected individual being unable to move their eye normally. In addition, the nerve also supplies the upper eyelid muscle (the Levator palpebrae superioris) and the muscles responsible for pupil constriction (termed miosis) and dilation (termed mydriasis). The limitations of eye movements resulting from the condition are generally so severe that the affected individual is unable to maintain normal alignment of their eyes when looking straight ahead, leading to strabismus and, as a consequence, double vision (diplopia). It is also known as "Oculomotor neuropathy".[1] 12-the most prominent symptoms of acute otitis media is: a) Pain b) Hearing loss c) Discharge d) Tinnitus e) Non of the above 13-fetal unilateral nasal discharge is feature of: a) Adenoid b) Choanal atresia c) Foreign body d) RI atrophy 14-best first aid to control epistaxis is: a) Adrenaline b) Cold application on forehead c) Good pinching or compression lower end of nose for 5-8 mm d) Non of the above

90- Question about congenital squint 93- Adenoids: a) Can be a chronic source of infection. b) Causes snoring. c) Located at the back of the nasopharynx 1 inch above the uvula. d) Involved in the immune system reaction. e) All of the above. 7.Glue ear, one is true: a)can be treated by grummet tube insertion. -Glue ear a) Invariably caused by adenoid enlargement b) Can be treated by inserting grommet-tube c) Can lead to sensory neural deafness 9.Tinnitus, one is true: a) Not expert by children.

Tinnitus (pronounced /tnats/ or /tnts/,[1] from the Latin word tinntus meaning "ringing"[2]) is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound. As tinnitus is usually a subjective phenomenon, it is difficult to measure using objective tests, such as by comparison with noise of known frequency and intensity, as in an audiometric test. The condition is often rated clinically on a simple scale from "slight" to "catastrophic" according to the practical difficulties it imposes, such as interference with sleep, quiet activities, and normal daily activities.[3] 10-All are true about congenital squint except: a)there is no difference of the angle of deviation of squint eye between far & near vision. 11-retinal detachment, all true except: a)more common in hypermtropic patient than myopic 12- All the following may cause sudden unilateral blindness EXCEPT: a) Retinitis pigmentosa. b) Retrobulbar neuritis. c) Retinal detachment. d) Vitreous hemorrhage. e) Central retinal artery embolism. - Cause sudden loss of vision all of the following,EXCEPT: a) Retinal detachment b) Central retinal artery embolism c) Vitreous hemorrhage d) Retinitis pigmentosa e) Retrobullbar neuritis 13-All can predispose to retinal detachment, EXCEPT: a) Cataract surgery b) More in hypermetropic eye than myopic eye 63. Acute glaucoma, all are true EXCEPT: a) refer to ophthalmologist. b) give miotic before referral. c) can present with headache. d) can present with abdominal pain. e) pupil size in acute glaucoma is larger than normal. 64. Congenital squint, all are true EXCEPT: a) if you cover the non-squint eye, the squint eye will move to the opposite side. b) angle of deviation is fixed for near & far vision. 20-retinal detachment all of the following are true EXCEPT: a) can lead to sudden loss of vision b) more in far sighted than near sighted (more in nearsighted peaple, source: about. com, article by Troy Bedinghaus, O.D) c) follow cataract surgery d) if you suspect it sent for ophthalmologist 21- glaugoma, all of the following are true EXCEPT: a) Commonly present with headache b) Associated with abdominal

c) Preceded by hallow and light flashes d) Miotic 28 -tinnitus all of the following are true EXCEPT: a) Symptom not experienced by children b) Present in anemia c) As salicylate copmlication that improves with drug withdrawal d) If associated with deafness, it improves as hearing loss improves 38- recognized fearure of congenital squint include all the following EXCEPT: a) Asymmetry of corneal light reflex b) Covering non squinting eye causes movement of affected eye oopposite to squint c) Manifestation of latent during fatigue d) Non variation in the angle of deviation of squinting eye with near or distant fixation 3- anterior uvetitis occur in all of the following except: a-RH reheumatid arthritis b -sarcoidos is c-ankylosing spondylatis d-Reiter s syndrome e-Behcet disease 4- Which the of the following is true is true regarding red eye: a-more redness occure in cornioscleral suggest iritis b-if associated with fixed mid fixed dilated pupil suggest anterior uveitis c-in case of glaucoma treatment is mydratics 44. Commonest cause of otorrhea: - Otitis externa - CSF otorrhea - Liquefied eczema - Eustachian tube dysfunction Overall, the most common causes are

Acute otitis media with perforation Chronic otitis media (with a perforation of the eardrum, cholesteatoma, or both) Otitis externa

The most serious causes are necrotizing external otitis and cancer of the ear. 45. Commonest cause of deafness in children: - Barotraumas - Measles - Meningitis - Chronic serous otitis media 46. A lady with epistaxis after cauttery of the nose, all true except: - Dont snuff for 1-2 days - Use of nasal packing if bleeds again

- Use of aspirin for pain 60.Regarding Stye infection of the lower eyelid, all true except: - Is infection of gland in the lower eye lid - Can be treated by topical antibiotics - Can be treated by systemic antibiotics - Needs ophthalmolo referral not emergency case -.. 24- Regarding tinnitus all true except: A- A symptom that is not experienced by children. B- Present in anemia C- As salicylate complication that improves with drug withdrawal D- If associated with deafness it improves if hearing loss improves. 34- Regarding congenital squint all of the following are true except: A- Asymmetry of corneal light reflex. B- Covering the non squinting eye leads to movement of affected eye opposite to squint. C- Manifestation of latent squint during fatigue D- No variation in the angle of deviation of squinting eye with near or distant fixation. 42- All the following may cause sudden unilateral blindness, except: 1. Retinitis pigmentosa 2. Retinal detachment 3. Retrobulbar neuritis 4. Vetrous hemorrhage 43- Glue ear, one is true: 1. Can be treated by grommet tube insertion. 47- All are true about congenital squint except: 1) There is difference of the angle of deviation of squint eye between far and near sightness 53- Tinnitus, one is true 1) Not expert by children