PL/SQL: 1.

It stands for procedural language/structure query language in SQL we cant execute the same statement repeatedly to a particular no of times but where as in PL/SQL we can execute the same statement repeatedly because it supports looping mechanism. 2. In SQL we cant execute more than one statement at a time. But where as in PL/SQL we can execute more than one statement concurrently. 3. PL/SQL program is a combination of procedural language statements and structure query language statements. 4. All PL statements are executed by PL engine where as all the SQL statements are executed by PL engine. 5. PL/SQL supports all the principles of procedure language such as procedural functions, control statements, conditional statements e.t.c., and also it supports some principles of OOPS. 6. PL/SQL is not a consecutive language and every statement of PL/SQL program should ends with ;(semicolon). 7. PL/SQL is the high performance transaction processing language. Data types in PL/SQL: The data types which are using in SQL same data types are supported in PL/SQL. Operators in PL/SQL: The operators which are using in SQL same operators are by PL/SQL except assignment operator. Input statements in PL/SQL: 1. There is no input statements in PL/SQL to input the values at run time. 2. If we want input values at run time then we use insertion operator (&). Output statements in PL/SQL: Dbms_output.put_line()/ dbms_output.put() This is other statement in PL/SQL which is used to print the values on the standard output device. SYN: dbms_output.put_line(message); EX: dbms_output.put_line(Sathya Technologies); SYN: dbms_output.put_line(message||variable); EX: dbms_output.put_line(sum is ||C); SYN: dbms_output.put_line(Variable);

EX: dbms_output.put_line; Variable declaration in PL/SQL: SYN: variable data type EX: a number(10); Block: Block is grouped code or set of statements, it is classified into two types. 1. Anonymous block 2. Sub programs 1. Anonymous Blocks: i. Anonymous blocks are those blocks which we cant store permanently in database once the user logout from the database these blocks are completely destroyed. ii. These blocks cant have any prototype that is those blocks can be called as unnamed blocks. 2. Subprograms: i. Sub programs are those blocks which we can store permanently in database so that, the user can access these blocks at a particular point of time. ii. These blocks refer with same proper name or specific name that is so that these blocks as named PL/SQL. Structure of anonymous blocks: Declare Declaration of variables Begin Statement 1; Statement 2; . . Statement n; Exception Exception handling statements; End;

PL/SQL anonymous block contains four sections those are declare, begin, exception and end. Here declare and exception sections are optional. Comments in PL/SQL: -- it is single line comment in PL/SQL no multi line comments in PL/SQL. p) Write a PL/SQL block print Sathya Technologies begin dbms_output.put_line('Sathya Technologies'); end; Note: To display the output we can click options in menu bar and select server output. Here we select custom and select on. Then we will get output. P) Write a pl/sql program input any numbers and find out their sum. declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; c number; begin c:=a+b; dbms_output.put_line('sum is'||c); end; p) Write a PL/SQL block input two numbers and interchange them. declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; c number; begin c:=a;

a:=b; b:=c; dbms_output.put_line('value of a is'||a); dbms_output.put_line('Value of b is'||b); end; (OR) declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; begin a:=a+b; b:=a-b; a:=a-b; dbms_output.put_line('value of a is'||a); dbms_output.put_line('Value of b is'||b); end; P) Write a PL/SQL block to converts feets into inches. declare a number:=&a; begin dbms_output.put_line('enter feet values'||a); a:=a*12; dbms_output.put_line('inches for give value'||a); end; Conditional statements in PL/SQL:

Syntax: If(condition) then Statement 1; Statemnet 2;

Statement n: Else Condition 1; Condition 2;

Condition n; End if; This is the conditional statement in the PL/SQL. Which checks the condition either true or false by means of relational operator such as >, <, >=, <= et.c., If the condition is satisfied it executes the statement between if and else. If the condition is not satisfied then it will execute the statements after else. Note: Every if condition should ends with end if statemet..

P) Write a PL/SQL block input two numbers and find biggest one. declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; begin if(a>b) then dbms_output.put_line('a is big'); elsif(a=b) then

dbms_output.put_line('both are same'); else dbms_output.put_line('b is big'); end if; end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input any positive number and check it out even or odd? declare a number:=&a; begin if(a =0) then dbms_output.put_line(a||'is neither even nor odd'); elsif(a MOD 2 =0) then dbms_output.put_line(a||'is even'); else dbms_output.put_line(a||'is odd'); end if; end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input any positive number and check it is even or odd? Without using mod function or mod operator. declare n number:=&n; begin if(2*floor(n/2)=n) then

dbms_output.put_line('n is even'); else dbms_output.put_line(' n id odd'); end if; end; P) Write a PL/SQL block input customer number, Customer name, Current balance, transaction amount and transaction code (d-deposit, w- with draw) calculate net balance. declare cno number:=&cno; cname varchar2(10):='&cname'; cb number:= &cb; tamt number:=&tamt; tc varchar2(1):='&tc'; nb number; begin if(tc='d') then nb:=cb+tamt; dbms_output.put_line('The net balance is' ||nb); else if(tc='w') then nb:=cb-tamt; dbms_output.put_line('The net balance is' ||nb); else dbms_output.put_line('Please enter d or w'); end if;

end if; end;

P) Write Pl/SQL block input consumer number, Consumer name, and starting reading number ending reading number, slap type (i-industry, c-commercial, r-residence). Calculate units consumed? Conditions: 1. If slab type is industry then unit rate is 5/2. If slab type is commercial unit rate is 4/3. If slab type is residence unit price is 3/-. Calculate the total charge?

declare cno number(10):=&no; cname varchar2(10):='&cname'; stno number(10):=&stno; edno number(10):=&edno; slab varchar2(1):='&slab'; tu number; begin tu:=edno+stno; if(slab='i') then tu:=tu*5; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); elsif(slab='c') then tu:=tu*4; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu);

elsif(slab='r') then tu:=tu*3; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else dbms_output.put_line('Please enter i or c or r'); end if; end; (OR) declare cno number(10):=&no; cname varchar2(10):='&cname'; stno number(10):=&stno; edno number(10):=&edno; slab varchar2(1):='&slab'; tu number; begin tu:=edno+stno; if(slab='i') then tu:=tu*5; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else if(slab='c') then tu:=tu*4; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else

if(slab='r') then tu:=tu*3; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else dbms_output.put_line('Please enter i or c or r'); end if; end if end if; end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input consumer number, name, starting reading number, ending reading number and slab type(i-industry, c-commercial, r-residence) calculate units consumed. Conditions: 1. If slab type is industry and units consumed <=100 then unit rate is 5/- else 6/2. If slab type is commercial and units consumed >=100 then unit rate is 4/- else5/-. If slab type is residence and units consumed <=100 then unit rate is 3/- else 4/- calculate total charge. declare cno number(10):=&no; cname varchar2(10):='&cname'; stno number(10):=&stno; edno number(10):=&edno; slab varchar2(1):='&slab'; tu number; begin

tu:=edno+stno; if(slab='i') then if(tu<=100) then tu:=tu*5; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else tu:=tu*6; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); end if; end if; if(slab='c') then if(tu<=100) then tu:=tu*4; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else tu:=tu*5; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); end if; end if; if(slab='r') then if(tu<=100) then tu:=tu*3; dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); else tu:=tu*4;

dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu); end if; end if; end; Loop: 1. Loop is a mechanism which is supported by every programming language C, COBOL, e.t.c., 2. Whenever we need to execute a single or more than statements repeatedly then we use loops. 3. Loops are categorized into two types. Range based loops Condition based loops. Range based loops: Range based loop is a loop statements which executes statements as long as initial value reaches the final value. Once control crossed the final value then automatically comes under the loop.

i. ii. i.

EX: For loop, for reverse. ii. Control based loops: condition based loop is a loop statements which executes the statements as long as the given condition is satisfied. Once the condition is not satisfied control automatically outer the loop.

EX: while, loop. Note: In oracle increment/ decrement is not programmer responsibility. Syn: for variable in initialization . . final value Loop Statement 1; Statement 2; Statement n; P) Print Sathya Technologies 10 times on console. declare i number(10);

begin for i in 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line('Sathya Technologies'); end loop; end; (OR) declare i number(10); begin for i in -5..4 loop dbms_output.put_line('Sathya Technologies'); end loop; end; Note: If i is participating in loop it is not possible. P) To print 10 numbers on console. declare i number; begin for i in 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(i); end loop; end; P) To print 10 even numbers declare i number;

begin for i in 1..5 loop dbms_output.put_line((i*2)); end loop; end; P) To print 10 odd numbers declare i number; begin for i in 1..5 loop dbms_output.put_line((i*2)-1); end loop; end; P) To find factorial number. declare i number; n number:=&n; f number:=1; begin for i in 1..n loop f:=f*i; end loop; dbms_output.put_line(f); end; P) Check it is prime or not.

declare i number; n number:=&n; c number:=0; begin for i in 1..n loop if(mod(n,i)=0) then c:=c+1; end if; end loop; if(c=2) then dbms_output.put_line(n||'is prime'); else dbms_output.put_line(n|| 'is not prime'); end if; end; P) Enter any four digit number reverse it. declare n number:='&n'; i number; s number:=0; r number; begin for i in 1..4 loop r:=mod(n,10);

s:=s*10+r; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(s); end;

P) Give input four numbers and find sum of those numbers. declare n number:='&n'; i number; s number:=0; r number; begin for i in 1..4 loop r:=mod(n,10); s:=s+r; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(s); end; P) Give input four numbers and find out their first and fourth numbers sum. declare n number:='&n'; i number; s number:=0;

r number; begin r:=mod(n,10); for i in 1..3 loop n:=floor(n/10); end loop; s:=n+r; dbms_output.put_line(s); end; P) Take a four digit number and find out middle numbers sum. declare n number:=&n; r number; k number; l number; begin n:=floor(n/10); r:=mod(n,10); n:=floor(n/10); k:=mod(n,10); l:=r+k; dbms_output.put_line(l); end; P) Find out the difference between all numbers of four digit number. declare

n number:=&n; i number; r number; t number; s number:=0; d number; begin r:=mod(n,10); n:=floor(n/10); for i in 1..3 loop t:=mod(n,10); s:=s+t; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; d:=r-s; dbms_output.put_line(d); end; P) Print the multiplication table. declare n number:=&n; i number; begin for i in 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(n||'*'||i||'='||n*i); end loop;

end; P) Write a PL/SQL block to print following triangle. 1 12 123 1234 12345

declare i number; j number; begin for i in 1..5 loop for j in 1..i loop dbms_output.put(j||' '); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(' '); end loop; end; OUTPUT: 1 12 123 1234 12345

Print Following * triangle * ** *** **** ***** ****** ******* ******** *********

declare i number; j number; begin for i in 1..10 loop for j in 1..i loop dbms_output.put('*'||' '); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(' '); end loop; end; OUTPUT: * **

*** **** ***** ****** ******* ******** ********* ********** declare i number; j number; begin for i in 1..10 loop for j in 1..i loop dbms_output.put('Bhargav'||' '); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(' '); end loop; end; SQL> / Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav

Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

For Reverse: SYN: For variable in reverse Initial value .. final value loop Statement 1; Statement 2; End loop; P) Write a PL/SQL block to print the numbers 10 to 1 declare i number; begin for i in reverse 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(i); end loop; end; P) Write a PL/SQL block input any number and find factorial declare

i number; f number:=1; n number:=&n; begin for i in reverse 1..n loop f:=f*i; end loop; dbms_output.put_line(f); end; While Loop: Syn: While(condition) loop Statement1; . . Statement n; End loop; P) write a Pl/SQL block to print 1 to 10 numbers.

declare i number:=1; begin while(i<=10) loop dbms_output.put_line(i); i:=i+1;

end loop; end; P)Write a PL/SQL program to reverse a number declare n number:=&n; r number; s number:=0; begin while(n>0) loop r:= mod(n,10); s:=s*10+r; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(s); end; P) Write PL/SQL Block input any number and check it is palindrome or not. Palindrome: Palindrome means the number is same if read from reverse that is called palindrome. declare n number:=&n; r number; s number:=0; m number; begin m:=n;

while(n>0) loop r:= mod(n,10); s:=s*10+r; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; if (m=s) then dbms_output.put_line('Palindrome'); else dbms_output.put_line('not palindrome'); end if; end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block print it is Armstrong or not. Armstrong number: Armstrong number means the sum of cubes of a number is same to that number. EX: 153 declare n number:=&n; r number; s number:=0; m number; begin m:=n; while(n>0) loop r:= mod(n,10);

s:=s+power(r,3); n:=floor(n/10); end loop; if (m=s) then dbms_output.put_line('Armstrong'); else dbms_output.put_line('not Armstrong'); end if; end; P) Program to find the Strong number or not. Strong: Strong number means factorial of each numbers sum is equal to given number. 145=1!+4!+5!=1+24+120=145 This is Strong number. declare n number:=&n; f number:=1; r number; s number:=0; m number; begin m:=n; while(n>0) loop r:=mod(n,10); f:=1; while(r>0) loop f:=f*r;

r:=r-1; end loop; s:=s+f; n:=floor(n/10); end loop; if(m=s) then dbms_output.put_line('Strong number'); else dbms_output.put_line('not Strong number'); end if; end; / Loop Syntax: Syn: Loop Statement 1;. . Statement n; Exit when(condition) End loop; Here the statements are executed as long as the given condition is not satisfied control automatically comes outer loop. Write a PL/SQL block to print 10 times a String. declare i number:=1;

begin loop dbms_output.put_line('Sathya Technologies'); i:=i+1; exit when(i>10); end loop; end; EMBEDDED SQL: Write a PL/SQL block print the employee details such as employee name, salary and deptno when employee number passes as in value. declare a number; b varchar2(10); c number; d number; begin select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a; dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c||' '||d); end; In the above example the programmer need to remember data types of the variables and its sizes and also need to take more than one variable to retrieve more than one column data. To avoid all the above said problems we need to use following attributes. 1. %type: This attribute is used to avoid data types of variables and also its sizes. EX: declare a emp.empno%type;

b emp.ename%type; c emp.sal%type; d emp.deptno%type; begin select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a; dbms_output.put_line(b||' '||c||' '||d); end; %Row Type: This attribute is used to avoid to mention data type and its sizes and also no need to take more than one variable. EX: declare a emp%rowtype; begin select * into a from emp where empno=&a; dbms_output.put_line('empno' || a.empno); dbms_output.put_line('ename' || a.ename); dbms_output.put_line('sal' || a.sal); end; P) Write a PL/SQL blok to hike the employee salaries 1000/- when deptno passed as in value. begin update emp set sal=sal+1000 where deptno=&deptno; end; P) Write a PL/SQL block insert the records into the employee table. declare a emp.empno%type;

b emp.ename%type; c emp.sal%type; d emp.deptno%type; begin insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values(&a,&b,&c,&d); dbms_output.put_line('Values inserted'); end; P) Write a PL/SQL block delete the employee details empno passed as value. begin delete emp where empno=&empno; dbms_output.put_line('Records deleted sucessfully'); end; Note: To delete and update no need to take any value. Exception Handling: Errors are classified into two types those are i. ii. Syntactical errors Logical errors.

Syntactical errors: These errors will be raise when the user violate the language rules, these errors will be raise at compile time. Logical Errors: These errors will be raise if the program contains any logical mistakes and those will be raised at runtime. We can handle these errors by using the exception handling mechanism. Exceptions are classified into two types those are i. ii. i. ii. System defined ex caption User defined exceptions. System defined exceptions: An exception which is defined by the system internally those exceptions can be called as System defined exceptions. User defined Exceptions: An exception which is defined by the user manually and programmatically those exceptions are called User defined exceptions.

1. NO_DATA_FOUND EXCEPTION: This exception will be raised when the users data not available in the table. P) Write a PL/SQL block to raise NO_DATA_FOUND exception.

declare a emp%rowtype; begin select * into a from emp where empno=&a; dbms_output.put_line('ename is'||a.ename); dbms_output.put_line('salary is'||a.sal); dbms_output.put_line('department no is'||a.deptno); exception when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('Data is not available for given number plese enter another number'); end; P) Write a PL/SQL block to raise zero divide exception.

declare a number:=&a; b number:=&b; c number; begin c:=a/b; dbms_output.put_line('division is'||c); exception

when zero_divide then dbms_output.put_line('infinity'); end; 2. Too many rows: This exception will be raised when the user is trying to fetch more than one record at a time. EX: declare a number; b varchar2(10); c number; begin select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a; dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c); end;

ERROR at line 1: ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows ORA-06512: at line 6 EX:2

declare a number; b varchar2(10); c number; begin

select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a; dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c); exception when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('It is not posible to fetch more than one row'); end; OUTPUT: Enter value for a: 30 old 6: select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a; new 6: select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=30; It is not posible to fetch more than one row PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. Using more than two exceptions. declare a emp%rowtype; begin select * into a from emp where deptno=&a; dbms_output.put_line('ename is'||a.ename); dbms_output.put_line('salary is'||a.sal); dbms_output.put_line('department no is'||a.deptno); exception when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('Data is not available for given number plese enter another number'); When too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('It is not posible to fetch more than one row');

end; 3. Dup_val_on_index: This exception will be raised if the user trying to enter duplicate values under primary key constraint column or unique key constraint column. EX: declare a emp.empno%type; b emp.ename%type; c emp.sal%type; d emp.deptno%type; begin insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values(&a,&b,&c,&d); dbms_output.put_line('Values inserted'); exception when dup_val_on_index then dbms_output.put_line('the entered number already in the table'); end; 4. Value error: This exception will be raised if the data types are not matching. declare a number; b number; c number; d number; begin select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a; dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c||' '||d);

Exception when value_error then dbms_output.put_line('type not mathced here'); end; OUTPUT: Enter value for a: 7788 old 7: select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a; new 7: select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=7788; type not mathced here PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. User Defined Exceptions: declare a number:=&a; bhargav exception; begin if(a=10) then dbms_output.put_line('it is positive'); end if; if (a=0) then raise bhargav; end if; exception when bhargav then dbms_output.put_line('a is nuetral'); end;

Cursors: 1. Cursor is a temporary SQL work area which is used to fetch more than one record from existing table. 2. Cursors are classified into two types those are i. Implicit Cursors ii. Explicit Cursors. i. Implicit Cursors: The cursor mechanism which is performed by the system internally those cursors can be called as implicit cursors. ii. Explicit Cursors: The Cursor mechanism which is performed by the user manually those cursors can be called as explicit cursors. Whenever we are working with cursors with explicit cursors we need to perform following operations. i. ii. iii. iv. Declare Cursor Open the cursor Close the cursor Fetch the records from the cursor.

Syntax to Create a Cursor: CURSOR<Cursor Name> IS SELECT * FROM <Table Name> WHERE <Condition> EX: Cursor C is select * from emp where deptno=20; Open the cursor: Syn: Open <Cursor name> EX: Open c; Fetch the records from the Cursor: SYN:FETCH < Cursor Name> INTO <List of variables> EX: Fetch C into x,y,z; Syntax to Close the Cursor: Syn: CLOSE <Cursor Name> EX: Close C; A program which have no cursor. declare

a emp%rowtype; begin select * into a from emp where deptno=&deptno; dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno); end; ERROR at line 1: ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows ORA-06512: at line 4 To overcome this program P) Write a PL/SQL Block to display employee details such as employee no, ename, salary when department no is passed as in value. declare a emp%rowtype; cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno; begin open c1; fetch c1 into a; dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno); close c1; end; The above example fetches only one record because the statements are not lies within the loop. Whenever we are working with loops we need to use the following attributes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. %Found %Not Found %Open %RowCount %Found:

i. ii.

This attribute is used to check whether the record is found or not in the memory it always retrurns Boolean values that is either true or false. If the record is found then it is true if the recors is not found then it is false.

P) Write a PL/SQL Block display the employee details who are working under Sales Department. declare a emp%rowtype; cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno; begin open c; loop fetch c into a; if c% found then dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno); else exit; end if; end loop; end; Note: We can use Fetch command for empno also but it will display only one value. P) Write a PL/SQL block to display the employee and department details. declare a emp%rowtype; cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where dname='SALES'); begin open c1;

loop fetch c1 into a; if c1% found then dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal); else exit; end if; end loop; * end; OUTPUT: 7499 RAVI 5799 7521 ROHAN 5799 7654 PAVAN 5799 7698 VISHAL 1234 7844 SANJAY 1500 7900 GOPAL 5799 EX: 2: declare a emp%rowtype; b dept%rowtype; cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno; cursor c2 is select * from dept where deptno=&deptno; begin open c1; loop

fetch c1 into a; if c1% found then dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal); else exit; end if; end loop; open c2; loop fetch c2 into b; if c2% found then dbms_output.put_line(b.dname); else exit; end if; end loop; end; 2. %Isopen: This attribute is used to check whether the cursor is opened or not in memory. EX:

declare a emp%rowtype; cursor c1 is select * from emp; begin if c1% isopen then

dbms_output.put_line('Cursor not opened'); else open c1; dbms_output.put_line('Cursor Opened'); end if; end; 3. %Not Found: This attribute is used to check whether the record is found or not in the cursor. This attribute always say us Boolean value that is true or false if the record is found then it is false. If the record is not found then it is true. %Row Count: This attribute is used to count the number of records with in the cursor. Reference Cursor: It is special type of cursor. We can assign more than one select statement to same cursor. declare type curs_bhar is ref cursor; a emp%rowtype; b dept%rowtype; c curs_bhar; begin open c for select * from emp; loop fetch c into a; if c% found then dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||a.sal); else exit; end if;

end loop; open c for select * from dept; loop fetch c into b; if c% found then dbms_output.put_line(b.dname); else exit; end if; end loop; end; Advantages of for loops using in the Cursors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No need to open the Cursor. Fetch the records automatically. It automatically check the end of the rows. It automatically close the Cursor. No need to declare the variables. Code will be decreased. Execution will be faster. It is collection of information from cursor to variable (That is i).

P) Write a PL/SQL block using % not found attribute. declare a emp%rowtype; cursor c is select * from emp; begin

if c% isopen then dbms_output.put_line('I think C not opened'); else open c; end if; loop fetch c into a; dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno); exit when c% notfound; end loop; dbms_output.put_line(c%rowcount||'rows are displayed'); end; For loop using the Cursor. EX: declare cursor c is select * from emp; begin for i in c loop dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.sal||' '||i.ename); end loop; end; P) Write a PL/SQL block display the employee details whose name contains letter A working in CHICAGO. declare cursor c is select * from emp where deptno =(select deptno from

dept where loc ='NEW YORK') and ename like '%A%'; begin for i in c loop dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.sal); end loop; end; CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN: This exception will be raised if the user trying to open the cursor within the for loop program. declare cursor c is select * from emp where deptno =(select deptno from dept where loc ='NEW YORK') and ename like '%A%'; begin for i in c loop open c; dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.sal); end loop; exception when cursor_already_open then dbms_output.put_line('It is not necessary to open cursor in for loop'); end;

Cursors using joins: declare cursor c_emp is

select ename,sal*12 ANNSAL,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno; begin for i in c_emp loop dbms_output.put_line(i.ename || ' - ' || i.annsal || ' - ' || i.dname); end loop; end; Parameterized Cursors: declare cursor c(dno number) is select * from dept where deptno=dno; begin for i in c(10) loop dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.dname); end loop; end; EX: 2 declare cursor c(dno number) is select * from dept where deptno=dno; begin for i in c(&dno) loop dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.dname); end loop; end;

EX: cursor c(dno number) is select * from dept where deptno=dno; begin for i in c(&dno) loop dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.dname); end loop; end; Implicit Cursors: EX: declare vdeptno number(3):=&vdeptno; begin update emp set sal=sal+1000 where deptno=vdeptno; if sql% notfound then dbms_output.put_line('Unable to update rows'); else dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount||'emp details updated successfully'); end if; end;

EX2: declare vdeptno number(5):=&vdeptno; begin

delete from emp where deptno=vdeptno; if sql% notfound then dbms_output.put_line('Unable to update rows'); else dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount||'emp details deletede sucessfully'); end if; end; Note: In implicit cursors we can use update and delete statements only. We cant use select, insert. SUB PROGRAMS: 1. Sub program is a part of the program which is used for code re usability. 2. Sub programs have two names those are procedures and functions. 3. The main difference between the procedure and the function is procedure does not return any value but function returns one value. PL/SQL Procedures are two parts. 1. Declaration of the procedure 2. Body of the procedure Declaration of the procedure always start with a keyword called create and ends with last variable parameter. Whereas the body of the procedure starts with a keyword called as Is and ends with End statement. In PL/SQL sub program has three modes 1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) IN MODE OUT MODE IN/OUT MODE IN MODE: It is a default mode which is used to read the variables form the end user. OUT MODE: This mode is used for writing purpose it sends the value to the end user. IN/OUT: This mode is used for both reading and writing purpose it accepts and sends the values to the end user.

Example for Procedure:

create or replace procedure p1 (a in number, b out number) as begin select sal into b from emp where empno=a; end;

EX: create or replace procedure k (a in number, b out varchar, c out number, d out number) as begin select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=a; end;

Procedure created.

SQL> var x varchar2(15) SQL> var y number SQL> var z number SQL> exec k(7788,:x,:y,:z)

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> print x

X -------------------------------RAJU

SQL> print y

Y ---------5699

SQL> print z

Z ---------10

SQL> print

X -------------------------------RAJU

Y ---------5699 Z ---------10 Empno ename sal deptno

7788

Note: If we replace existing procedure type create or replace Note: For getting errors type show errors. Note: For getting a value as input and we just specify like this a in out number; Note: Number of OUT Parameters in the procedure should be equal to number of host variables and data types of OUT parameters should matched with host variables data types.

P) Write a PL/SQL procedure change the employee salaries who are working under 30th department create or replace procedure p1 is begin update emp set sal=5000 where deptno=10; end; P) Write a Procedure to delete the record from the table. create or replace procedure p4

(a in emp.empno%type) is begin delete from emp where empno=a; end; P) Write a procedure to insert the records into the table. create or replace procedure p4 (a emp.empno%type, b emp.ename%type, c emp.sal%type, d emp.deptno%type) is begin insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values (a,b,c,d); dbms_output.put_line('Record inserted sucessfully'); end; Write a Program to display employee details by using %rowtype create or replace procedure p4 (a in emp.empno%type) as b emp%rowtype; begin select * into b from emp where empno=a; dbms_output.put_line(b.ename); dbms_output.put_line(b.sal); end; Procedures with Cursors:

create or replace procedure p2(p_deptno in emp.deptno%type) is p_empno emp.empno%type; p_ename emp.ename%type; p_sal emp.sal%type; cursor c is select empno,ename, sal from emp where deptno=p_deptno; begin open c; loop fetch c into p_empno,p_ename,p_sal; if c% found then dbms_output.put_line(p_empno); dbms_output.put_line(p_ename); dbms_output.put_line(p_sal); else exit; end if; end loop; end;

Procedures using for loop Cursors create or replace procedure p1 is cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=deptno; begin for i in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(i.ename); end loop; end; Function: 1. 2. 3. 4. i. Function is a self contained block which performs specific task. The main advantage of function is code reusability. Function returns one value. Functions are classified into two types those are System Defined Function: A function which is defined by the system along with the software those functions can be called as system defined functions.

EX: Length() ii. User Defined Functions: A function which is defined by the user manually or programmatically those functions can be called as user defined functions.

EX: Addd() Functions are used to estimate or calculate any value. Function contains two sections. i. Declaration of the function ii. Body of the function. i. Declaration of the function always starts with a keyword called create and ends with return statement where as body of the function start with a keyword called is and ends with end statement. Syntax: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION <Function Name> (List of formal parameters) RETURN TYPE IS/AS BEGIN STATEMENT1

STATEMENT N; RETURN VARIABLE END; P) Write a function to add two numbers. create or replace function kin(a in number, b in number) return number is c number; begin C:=a+b; return c; end; Execution Process: var x number exec :x:=kin(10,20) P) Write a function input any value and return factorial. create or replace function fac(n in number) return number is f number:=1; i number; begin for i in 1..n loop f:=f*i;

end loop; return f; end; Execution Process SQL> var x number SQL> exec :x:=fac(10) PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> print x

X ---------3628800 P) Write a PL/SQL function find out the annual salary of the employee when empno passed as in parameter. create or replace function pic(eno in number) return number is c number; begin select sal*12 into c from emp where empno=eno; return c; end; NOTE: 1. In the above program if we specify empno instead of eno then we will get compile time error. 2. We may specify in or may not specify at the place of declaration.

Execution Process SQL> var x number SQL> exec :x:=pic(7788) PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> print x

X ---------60000 SQL> select pic(7788) from dual; PIC(7788) ---------60000

Write a function display the maximum salary employee name create or replace function fun return varchar is c varchar2(10); begin select ename into c from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp); return c; end; Execution process SQL> var x varchar2(15)

SQL> exec :x:=fun() PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> print x X ----------Raj P) Write a Function find out sum of all employees salaries working under 10 th department create or replace function myfun return number is c number; begin select sum(sal) into c from emp where deptno=10; return c; end; Execution Process SQL> var x number SQL> exec :x:=myfun()

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> print x

X ----------

24999 Write a function find out the maximum salary employee total salary working in SALES and ACCOUNTING department. create or replace function myfun return number is c number; begin select sal+nvl(comm,0) into c from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp where deptno in (select deptno from dept where dname in('SALES','ACCOUNTING'))); return c; end; Execution Process SQL> var x number SQL> exec :x:=myfun() PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> print x Package: 1. Package is a collection of sub programs which contains functions and procedures. 2. Package contains two sections i) Package Specification ii) Package Body 3. Package specification and package body name should starts with create and ends with end statement. 4. Here package specification name and package body name should be same. 5. Package contains only functions or only procedures or combinations both also. P) Develop a package display the employee details when employee number passed as IN parameter and find out the annual salary.

create or replace package p10 is procedure s10 ( a in emp.empno%type, b out emp.ename%type, c out emp.sal%type); function s11 (a in emp.empno%type) return number; end; X ---------9999 NOTE: We never use Cursors in Functions. NOTE: Package body cant exist without package specification. P) Develop a package employee details when department number passed as IN value. create or replace package sixpack is procedure p1 (p_deptno in emp.deptno%type); function myfun (p_deptno in emp.deptno%type) return number; end;

create or replace package body sixpack

is procedure p1 (p_deptno in emp.deptno%type) is a emp%rowtype; cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=p_deptno; begin open c; loop fetch c into a; if c% found then dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno); else exit; end if; end loop; end p1; function myfun (p_deptno in emp.deptno%type) return number is c number; begin select count(*) into c from emp where deptno=p_deptno; return c; end myfun; end;

Execution Process SQL> var a number SQL> exec :a:=sixpack.myfun(30) PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> print a A ---------6