Manual

For Substations & Lines Amitava Maity Kolkata, India 2009 October

Manual For Substations & Lines

Amitava Maity

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the gnu Free Documentation License, version 1.2, with no invariant sections, no front-cover texts, and no back-cover texts. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. Pdf version of this manual is not circulated. Hardcopies are available on request to: amaity@rediffmail.com

The ideal situation occurs when the things that we regard as beautiful are also regarded by other people as useful. Donald Knuth
A This document has been compiled with L TEX. This is an attempt to use open source material in the practice of power system engineering.

Contents
I SUBSTATION 7
9 17 19 21 25

Safety Regulations Substation Parameters Rigid & Strain Bus Design Instrument Transformer Sizing Grounding Transformer Sizing

II

OVERHEAD LINE

27
29 33 35 43 47

Line Regulations General Information on Towers Tower Data Conductor Data Sag Template Construction

III

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

49
51 55

Line Constants System Data

Part I

SUBSTATION

SAFETY REGULATIONS

IE Rules 1956 Cl.29

All electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sucient ratings for power, insulation and estimated fault current and of sucient mechanical strength, for the duty which they may be required to perform under the environmental conditions of installation, and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to ensure safety of human beings, animals and property. Save as otherwise provided in these rules, the relevant code of practice of the Bureau of Indian Standards including National Electrical Code if any may be followed to carry out the purposes of this rule and in the event of any inconsistency, the provisions of these rules shall prevail. The material and apparatus used shall conform to the relevant specications of the Bureau of Indian Standards where such specications have already been laid down. Switchgears and breakers shall be designed, manufactured and tested for rated values like current, voltage, fault current and insulation level. The rated current of switchgear is ensured by conducting a temperature rise test. Voltage and insulation level are conrmed by the dielectric test. Breaking current suitability of switchgear is conrmed by the short circuit duties test. Mechanical strength and electrical strength are accessed by arc fault test and short time current test. Additional tests of wet power factor, siesmic shall be conducted for accessing suitability for outdoor application. Safety of personnel shall be ensured by conducting degree of protection and arc fault test. All the above tests shall be conducted as per their National/ International Standards.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.35

The owner of every medium, high and extra-high voltage installation shall ax permanently in a conspicuous position a danger notice in Hindi or English and the local language of the district, with a sign of skull and bones of a design as per the relevant ISS No.2551 on every motor, generator, transformer and other electrical plant and equipment together with apparatus used for controlling or regulating the same.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.48

The supplier shall not connect with his works the installation or apparatus on the premises of any applicant for supply unless he is reasonably satised that the connection will not at the time of making the connection cause a leakage from that installation or apparatus of a magnitude detrimental to safety. Compliance with this rule shall be checked by measuring the installation resistance as provided below:

1. All the electrical equipments shall have the IR values as stipulated in the relevant Indian Standards. 2. At a pressure of 500 V DC applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of one minute the insulation resistance of low voltage and medium voltage equipments shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or as specied in the relevant Indian Standard. 3. At a pressure of 2.5 KV DC applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of one minute, the insulation resistance of high voltage equipments shall be at least 5 Mega ohm or as specied by in the relevant Indian Standard. If the supplier declines to make a connection under the provisions of sub-rule(1) he shall serve upon the applicant a notice in writing stating his reason for so declining.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.51

The following provisions shall be observed where energy at medium, high or extra-high voltage is supplied, converted, transformed or used: 1. All conductors (other than those of overhead lines) shall be completely enclosed in mechanically strong metal casing or metallic covering which is electrically and mechanically continuous and adequately protected against mechanical damage unless the said conductors are accessible only to an authorised person or are installed and protected to the satisfaction of the Inspector so as to prevent danger provided that non-metallic conduits conforming to the relevant Indian Standard Specications may be used for medium voltage installations, subject to such conditions as the Inspector or Ocer appointed to assist an Inspector may think t to impose. 2. All metal works, enclosing, supporting or associated with the installation, other than that designed to serve as a conductor shall be connected with an earthing system as per standards laid down in the Indian Standards in this regard and also in accordance with rule 61(4). 3. Every switchboard shall comply with the following provisions, namely: (a) a clear space of not less than 1 meter in width shall be provided in front of the switchboard; (b) If there are any attachments or bare connections at the back of the switchboard, the space(if any) behind the switchboard shall be either less than 20 centimeters or more than 75 centimeters in width, measured from the farthest outstanding part of any attachment or conductor; (c) If the space behind the switchboard exceeds 75 centimeters in width, there shall be a passage-way from either end of the switchboard, clear to a height of 1.8 meters. In view of the above the safety requirements for switchgear can be summarised as below: 1. All bus bars and connections should be enclosed in an enclosure which should be continuous electrically and connected to the earthing terminal. This enclosure should be mechanically strong to avoid any danger. Non-metallic conduits can also be provided as per IS/IEC. 10

2. Any switchboard provided should have clear space of 1000mm in front of panels for withdrawing movable trucks from panels. Behind the switchboard, either 200 mm space should be provided or more than 750 mm. The passage behind the switchboard should be clear up to a height of 1800 mm for easy movement of the operator. 3. Switchgear required for special application like chemically hazardous and re-prone areas should be ame-proof and totally dust proof as per relevant IS/IEC.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.64

The following provisions shall be observed where energy at high or extra high voltage is supplied, converted, transformed or used: 1. Clearance as per the Indian Standard Code shall be provided for electrical apparatus so that sucient space is available for easy operation and maintenance without any hazard to the operating and maintenance personnel working near the equipment and for ensuring adequate ventilation and 2. The minimum clearances shall be maintained for bare conductors or live parts or any apparatus in outdoor substations, excluding overhead lines of HV and EHV installations. These are given below: Voltage class Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding 11kV 33kV 66kV 132kV 220kV 400kV Ground clearance (Meters) 2.75 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.5 8.0 Sectional Clearance (Meters) 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.3 6.5

The windings of motors or other apparatus within reach from any position in which a person may require to work shall be suitably protected so as to prevent danger. Where transformer or transformers are used, suitable provision shall be made, either by connecting with the earth point of the circuit at the lower voltage or otherwise, to guard against danger by reason of the said circuit becoming accidentally charged above its normal voltage by leakage from or contact with the circuit at the higher voltage. However, the minimum sectional clearance required to be maintained as per IS 10118 is 3000 mm in place of 2800 mm. Hence for outdoor breakers, sectional clearance shall be maintained as 3000 mm (min) as per IS 10118, part 3.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.64A

The following additional provisions shall be observed where energy at high or extra-highvoltage is supplied, converted, transferred or used, namely: 1. Inter-locks: Suitable inter-locks shall be provided in the following cases: (a) Isolators and the controlling circuit breakers shall be inter-locked so that the isolators cannot be operated unless the corresponding breaker is in open position; 11

(b) Isolators and the corresponding earthing switches shall be inter-locked so that no earthing switch can be closed unless and until the corresponding isolator is in open position; (c) Where two or more supplies are not intended to be operated in parallel, the respective circuit breakers or linked switches controlling the supplies shall be inter-locked to prevent possibility of any inadvertent paralleling or feedback; (d) When two or more transformers are operated in parallel, the system shall be so arranged as to trip the secondary breaker of a transformer in case the primary breaker of that transformer trips; (e) All gates or doors which give access to live parts of an installation shall be interlocked in such a way that these cannot be opened unless the live parts are made dead. Proper discharging and earthing of these parts should be ensured before any person comes in close proximity of such parts; (f) Where two or more generators operate in parallel and neutral switching is adopted, inter-lock shall be provided to ensure that generator breaker cannot be closed unless one of the neutrals is connected to the earthing system. 2. Protection: All systems and circuits shall be so protected as to automatically disconnect the supply under abnormal conditions. The following protection shall be provided namely: (a) Over current protection to disconnect the supply automatically if the rated current of the equipment, cable or supply line is exceeded for a time which the equipment, cable or supply line is not designed to withstand; (b) Earth-fault / earth leakage protection to disconnect the supply automatically if the earth fault current exceeds the limit of current for keeping the contact potential within the reasonable values; (c) Gas pressure type and winding and oil temperature protection to give alarm and tripping shall be provided on all transformers of ratings 1000 KVA and above; (d) Transformers of capacity 10 MVA and above shall be protected against incipient faults by dierential protection; and (e) All generators with rating of 100 KVA and above shall be protected against earth fault/ leakage. All generators of rating 1000 KVA and above shall be protected against faults within the generator winding using restricted earth fault protection or dierential protection or by both. (f) High speed bus bar dierential protection along with local breaker back up protection shall be commissioned and shall always be available at all 220 KV and above voltage sub-stations and switch yards and generating stations connected with the grid: Provided that in respect of existing 220 KV sub-stations and switch yard having more than one incoming feeders, the high speed bus bar dierential protection along with local breaker back up protection, shall be commissioned and shall always be available: Provided further that the provisions contained in this sub-rule shall have eect in respect of the existing installations from the date to be specied by the appropriate Government but such a date shall not be later than a period of three (3) years from the date this rule comes into force. 12

IE Rules 1956 Cl.67

1. All non-current carrying metal parts associated with HV/EHV installation shall be eectively earthed to a grounding system or mat which will: (a) limit the touch and step potential to tolerable values; (b) limit the ground potential rise to tolerable values so as to prevent danger due to transfer of potential through ground, earth wires, cable sheath, fences, pipe lines, etc. (c) maintain the resistance of the earth connection to such a value as to make operation of the protective device eective. 2. In the case of star-connected system with earthed neutrals or delta connected system with earthed articial neutral point: (a) The neutral point of every generator and transformer shall be earthed by connecting it to the earthing system as dened in Rule 61(4) and herein above by not less than two separate and distinct connections: Provided that the neutral point of a generator may be connected to the earthing system through an impedance to limit the fault current to the earth: Provided further that in the case of multi-machine system, neutral switching may be resorted to, for limiting the injurious eect of harmonic current circulation in the system; (b) In the event of an appreciable harmonic current owing in the neutral connection so as to cause interference, with communication circuits, the generator or transformer neutral, shall be earthed through a suitable impedance; (c) In case of the delta connected system the neutral point shall be obtained by the insertion of a grounding transformer and current limiting resistance or Impedance wherever considered necessary at the commencement of such a system. 3. Single-phase high or extra-high voltage systems shall be earthed in a manner approved by the Inspector. 4. In the case of a system comprising electric supply lines having concentric cables, the external conductor shall be the one to be connected with earth. 5. Where a supplier proposes to connect with earth an existing system for use at high or extra-high voltage which has not hitherto been so connected with earth he shall give not less than fourteen days notice in writing together with particulars to the telegraphauthority of the proposed connection with earth. 6. Earthing (a) Where the earthing lead and earth connection are used only in connection with earthing guards erected under high or extra-high voltage overhead lines where they cross a telecommunication line or a railway line, and where such lines are equipped with earth leakage relays of a type and setting approved by the Inspector, the resistance shall not exceed 25 ohms. (b) Every earthing system belonging to either the supplier or the consumer shall be tested for its resistance to earth on a dry day during dry season not less than once a year. Records of such tests shall be maintained and shall be produced, if required before 13

the Inspector or any ocer appointed to assist him and authorised under subrule (2) of rule 4A. 7. In so far as the provisions of rule 61 are consistent with the provisions of this rule, all connections with earth shall also comply with the provisions of that rule.

IE Rules 1956 Cl.120

Switchgear and terminals: Switchgear and all terminals, cable-ends, cable joints and connections to apparatus shall be totally enclosed and shall be constructed, installed and maintained as to comply with the following requirements: 1. all parts shall be of mechanical strength sucient to resist rough usage; 2. all conductors and contact areas shall be of adequate current-carrying capacity and all joints in conductors shall be properly soldered or otherwise eciently made; 3. the lodgment of any matter likely to diminish the insulation or aect the working of any switchgear shall be prevented; 4. all live parts shall be so protected or enclosed as to prevent persons accidentally coming into contact with them and to prevent danger from arcs, short-circuits, re, water, gas or oil; 5. where there may be risk of igniting gas, coal-dust, oil or other inammable material, all parts shall be so protected as to prevent open sparking; and 6. every switch or circuit-breaker shall be so constructed as to be capable of opening the circuit, if controls and dealing with any short-circuit without danger.

14

Table 1: CIGRE chart for determination of safety distances in air SAFETY TABLE Sta circulation

Basic value

Impulse voltage withstand -1 in kV in cm 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 14 17 18 20 23 18 20 10 13 18 24 35 53 70 83 102 127 152 179 198 216 253 323 350 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.08 3.27 3.52 3.77 4.04 4.23 4.41 4.78 5.48 5.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.02 3.27 3.54 3.73 3.91 4.28 4.98 5.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.04 3.23 3.41 3.78 4.48 4.75 in cm Note1

Nonashover distance CEI values -2 in cm

Addition reqd. -3 round g -4 Basic value 5=2+4

in %

Below connections Safety Total zone value (xed 7=5+6 part) -6 in m in m 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Safety distances Working zone in the absence Vehicle circulation of heavy machines Horizontal Vertical Safety zone -8 Safety Total Safety Total Gauge Tol. Total zone value - zone value - -13 -14 value (xed 10=5+9 (xed 12=5+11 15=5+13 part) part) +14 -9 -11 in m in m in m in m in m in m in m in m Note2

60 75 95 125 170 250 325 380 450 550 650 750 825 900 1050 1425 1550

9 12 16 22 32 48 63 75 92 115 138 162 180 196 230 305 330

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6

15

To be determined in each case. This addition may be ignored when the conditions under which the work is carried out are adequate in themselves to ensure maintenance of a basic value at least equal to the non-ashover voltage under all conditions. 2 To be determined in each case. When heavy machines are used, the safety zone (variable part) should be increased by the maximum dimensions of the machines used taking into account their radius of manoevure and any guys.

16

SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

DVC SYSTEM 33kV 132kV Voltages Highest system Lightning impulse withstand Switching impulse withstand Power frequency withstand Minimum creepage distance Fault level Fault current, duration Clearances Between phases Phase to TOG Main bus to TOG Gantry stringing pt. to TOG Bay width Bus system 36kV 170kVp 70kVrms 900mm 1500 MVA 25kA, 3sec 1.22M 4M 5.5M 7.85M 5.2M Single 145kV 650kVp 275kVrms 3625mm 10000 MVA 40kA, 1sec 2.7M 5.3M 9M 13M 12.5M Main Transfer

220kV 245kV 1050kVp 460kVrms 6125mm 17000 MVA 40kA, 1sec 4M 5.75M 10.5M 16M 16M Two Main & Transfer

400kV 420kV 1550kVp 1050kVp 630kVrms 10500mm 17000 MVA 40kA, 1sec 6M 8M 15M 22M 26M One & Half Breaker

&

17

18

STRAIN BUS DESIGN

1 General
Conductor sag: Maximum conductor sag to
be calculated. NESC light loading factor may be used in Indian condtitons. The maximum conductor sag will generally occur at the highest conductor temperature when the conductor length is at a maximum.

Flexible conductors are used for strain bus construction. Therefore signicant conductor movement can be expected. The conductor spacing needs to be carefully chosen considering all loading conditions.

Procedure

must have sucient size and capacity to withstand the insulator string on conductor sag if required system faults and overcurrents without damage and may be calculated as follows: overheating. TC (3) CI = WIN Spacing: Minimum metal-to-metal, bus TC CC = (4) centerline-to-centerline, and ground clearances list WC in the standard adopted must be increased by 50%. CI (5) XBC = CC XBD Insulators: Select insulators as per voltage and tension requirements. Assume (XBD =
L 2

Conductor selection: Conductors selected Suspension insulator eect: The eect of

lAB ) XBC ) 1] CI XBC ) CI (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Loading: The total bus conductor loading

should be determined. The wind loading can be determined using the following equation: Fw = 0.01Pw d1 (1)

YBC = CI [(cosh

lAC = lAB + CI sinh( XAC = CI sinh1 ( YAC = CI [(cosh

Where Fw = Wind loading in newtons per meter Pw = Wind pressure in pascals d1 = Outside diameter of conductor in centimeters

lAC ) CI

XAC ) 1] CI

YI = YAC YBC

Y = YI + YC (11) The total conductor loading can be determined usWhere ing the following equation: CI = Insulator catenary constant in meters 2 2 1 2 + k FT = [Fw + Wc ] (2) CC = Conductor catenary constant in meters XAC = Horizontal distance from insulator support Where point to center of insulator catenary in meters FT = Total conductor loading in newtons per me- XBC = Horizontal distance from connection point ter of insulator string and conductor to center of insuFw = Wind loading in newtons per meter lator catenary in meters. Wc = Weight of conductor in newtons per meter XBD = Horizontal distance from connection point k = NESC conductor loading constant, 4.4 for of insulator string and conductor to center of conheavy loading, 2.5 for medium loading, 0.73 for ductor catenary in meters. light loading. Y = Total bus sag in meters

19

YAC = Sag from insulator support point to center of insulator catenary in meters YBC = Sag from connection point of insulator string and conductor to center of insulator catenary in meters YI = Insulator sag in meters YC = Conductor sag in meters TC = Horizontal conductor tension in newtons WIN = Insulator string weight in newtons per meter WC = Conductor weight in newtons per meters L = Span length in meters

sponding sags for a conductor temperatures expected during installation. After conductor sags are calculated, add the suspension sag to the conductor sag to determine the total bus sag.

References

Aluminum Company of America, Alcoa Aluminum Bus Conductor Handbook, Pittsburg: Aluminum Company of America, 1957. ANSI Std. C2, National Electrical Safety Code.

Stringing tensions and corresponding MacDonald John D., Electric Power Substations sags: Calculate stringing tensions and corre- Engineering, CRC Press, 2003, ISBN: 0203486498.

20

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER SIZING

CT Recommendations

BHEL [1] recommends the following points to avoid the problem of over-specication in current transformers. 1. It is preferable to specify one primary ratio for CTs up to 66kV and consider replacement of CTs as and when the load increases. This is because the cost of multiple ratios is substantial as the requirement of output from individual cores is generally desired at the lowest ratio. 2. Specify rated primary current to be higher than load requirement according to the following relation: RatedST Cf or1sec Ratedprimarycurrent 150 3. A rated secondary current of 1A should be chosen if the total lead burden on a CT core exceeds 2VA. 4. With modern static and numerical meters, a metering core burden of 5VA or at the most 10VA is adequate. 5. The practice of specifying ISF for metering cores for all ratios as < 5 should be discontinued. If ISF is < 5 for the lowest ratio, it should be < 10 for the higher ratio (assuming 1:2 ratios) as better STC withstand instruments are now available. 6. Relay burdens in ohms at various settings should be added and the CT voltage V should be sucient to pass the required current A (multiple of relay setting) through the total ohmic impedance of the relay. Hence, burden and ALF should be chosen from standard values so that they satisfy the following relation: V = V Aburden ALF Irated

7. Accuracy classes are 5P, 10P and 15P. In oder to correctly design CT (having toroidal core) operating at a minimum of 200AT, accuracy class 5P is automatically obtained. Hence the accuracy of 5P should be generally specied, as specifying 10P does not oer any price advantage. 8. For class PS CTs, the value of knee point voltage is: Vk KI(RCT + 2RL ) The values of RCT and VK should not be specied but only K and RL may be specied. The manufacturer should choose suitable RCT and VK . The constant K, calculated as two times the reected fault current should be specied realistically. 21

9. If fault current IF is less than 150 times the rated primary current IP , the short circuit duration t should be such that: 150 IP IF = t

VT Recommendations
1. Normally VTs are specied as having the following sets of secondary windings: Metering winding (having accuracy class 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3) Protection winding (having accuracy class of 3P or 6P) Some instruments need accuracy of class 0.5 while others need 1 to 3. In such cases, two separate metering cores with lesser burden having a dierent accuracy class may be specied. This will result in lower cost VTs. 2. Instruments typically need 2VA VT burden with a maximum of 5VA. Instrument burden should be calculated accurately and lead burden kept to a minimum re-location, lead length reduction or increase in lead cross-section. 3. Open delta burden is zero in normal operating conditions therfore this should not be taken into account while determining the accuracy of the main metering winding. 4. Specifying non-simultaneous loading conditions on individual winding reduces the cost of the VT.

220kV Line CT

CTs generally required for distance protection are the class X type (IEC). The knee point voltage requirement is as follows: Vk If (1 + X )(Rp + Rct + 2RL ) R (1)

where: If = the three-phase shortcircuit current at the end of the monitored area, seen at the secondary side of the upstream CT. X/R = reactance/resistance ratio between the source and a three-phase short-circuit occurring at the end of the protected area. Rp = relay resistance. Rc t = CT secondary winding resistance. RL = resistance of a conductor linking the CT and the relay. If (1 + X ) = K R

Table 1: Calculation of CT knee point voltage for distance protection relays, for various line lengths. Source Line BKR-RMG BKR-JSR BKR-CTP Rs Xs Line L Rl Xl 0.56628 3.87684 44 0.56628 3.87684 120 0.56628 3.87684 25.6 Calculations
Xt Rt

Zt 22.822 55.476 14.803

Isc 5.566 2.290 8.580

If 6.957 2.862 10.725

K 50.287 20.493 79.111

3.05162 18.6567 6.228 8.32238 50.8819 6.161 1.72739 10.7477 6.376

22

220kV Busbar CT
Vk 2If (Rct + 2RL ) (2)

The minimum knee point voltage Vk required is given by the formula:

where: If = through fault current at the CT secondary. Rc t = CT secondary winding resistance. RL = resistance of a conductor linking the CT and the relay. Exciting currents is ascertained in most cases by ensuring that they are less than the relay setting current.

Table 2: Calculation of CT knee point voltage and magnetising current requirements for bus dierential schemes Knee pt. voltage Station If BKR-RMG 0.56628 BKR-JSR 0.56628 BKR-CTP 0.56628 Magnetising current Ie Ie Ie 44 3.05162 18.6567 120 8.32238 50.8819 25.6 1.72739 10.7477

Vk 3.87684 3.87684 3.87684

Ie 6.228 6.161 6.376

Ie 22.822 55.476 14.803

Ie 5.566 2.290 8.580

Ie 6.957 2.862 10.725

Ie 50.287 20.493 79.111

33kV Trf. Dierential CT

Vk 2If (Rct + 2RL ) (3)

The minimum knee point voltage Vk required is given by the formula:

where: If = through fault current at the CT secondary. Rc t = CT secondary winding resistance. RL = resistance of a conductor linking the CT and the relay.

For 33kV transformer dierential circuit: Pn = 100 MVA (allowing for the maximum likely transformer output), s = 12 (allowing for the minimum likely percent impedance), I2 = 1500 A (CT primary rating), U2 = 33 kV, In2 = 1 A (CT secondary rating).
100 100 1 I2 = [ Pn ]( sIf 2 ) = [ 333 ]( 100 )( 1500 ) = 9.7 12 3U2 where: I2 = nominal current of the CT at the secondary side of the power transformer. s = percent impedance of transformer. If 2 = nominal current of the secondary windings of the CT located at the secondary side of the power transformer.

We assume that the relay is located in the control room, resulting in a wiring of 500 meters. If the wiring is 6 sq.mm. (i.e. 3 Ohm per km): 2 RL = 3 Ohms.

23

This gives: Vk > 19.4(Rct + 3) Hence V k 20(Rct + 3)

References
[1] Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Handbook of Switchgears McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

24

GROUNDING TRANSFORMER SIZING

Use 100 MVA Base Rated Kilovolt = 34.5 2 Base Ohms = (1000)(kV ) = 11.9 kV A kV A Base Amps = kV 3 = 1673A
100 Z1 = Z2 = 525 = 0.190 per unit (p.u.) 5500 IG = 1673 = 3.29 p.u. I0 = 3.29/3 = 1.10 p.u. Z(total) = 1/1.1 = 0.913 p.u. Z(total) 2Z1 = 0.913 - 0.190 - 0.190 = 0.533 p.u. In Ohms: Z0 = 11.9 x 0.533 = 6.3 ohm/phase for grounding transformer

For a zig-zag grounding transformer, since both windings are active in the primary circuit, the actual (short-time) rating in kilovoltamperes is: kV A = (Line to linekV )(N eutralAmps) 3 (1)

From this it is apparent that the required kilovoltamperes are less for a zig-zag bank than for a wye-delta bank. Since a grounding transformer is normally only required to carry short-circuit ground current until the circuit breakers clear the fault, it is common to rate it on a short time such as 10 s. Since the 5500 A ground-fault current will be interrupted by relay operation in a few seconds or less, the grounding transformer can be rated for short-time operation. Ten seconds would be a typical rating. If constructed in zig-zag form the short-time rating would be:
(34.5kV )(5500) 3

= 63.25MVA.

25

26

Part II

OVERHEAD LINE

27

28

LINE REGULATIONS

Clearances
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES FOR TRANSMISSION LINES

Voltage level

66kV 110kV 132kV 220kV 400kV 765kV

As per IE Rules - 1956 Ground clear- Phase to phase ance clearance (after accounting for swing) (min) (min) 5.50 1.64 6.10 1.87 6.10 3.07 7.00 4.12 8.80 6.49 12.10 10.89

Power line crossing clearance (min) 2.44 2.75 3.05 4.58 6.10 11.50

As per FCA - 1980 Clearance be- Right of way tween conductor and tree (min) 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.5 5.5 (max) 18 22 27 35 52 85

In crossings over rivers, telecommunication lines, railway tracks, etc.., the following clearances are maintained: 1. Crossing over rivers (a) Over rivers which are not navigable. The minimum clearance of conductor is specied as 3.05 over maximum ood level. (b) Over navigable rivers: Clearances are xed in relation to the tallest mast, in consultation with the concerned navigation authorities. 2. Crossing over telecommunication lines. The minimum clearances between the conductors of a power line and telecommunication wires are (a) 66 kV - 2,440mm (b) 132 kV - 2,740mm (c) 220 kV - 3,050mm (d) 400 kV - 4,880mm 3. Crossing over railway tracks: The minimum height over the rail level, of the lowest portion of any conductor under conditions of maximum sag, as stipulated in the regulations for Electrical Crossings of Railway Tracks, 1963, is as follows:

For unelectried tracks or tracks electried on 1,500 volts D.C. system Voltage level Broad gauge Meter and narrow gauge Inside station Outside station Inside station Outside station limits limits limits limits Continued on Next Page. . .

29

66kV 132kV 220kV 400kV

(min) 10.3 10.9 11.2 13.6

Continued (min) 7.9 8.5 8.8 11.2

(min) 9.1 9.8 10.0 12.4

(min) 6.7 7.3 7.6 10.0

Voltage level

66kV 132kV 220kV 400kV

For tracks electried on 25 kV Broad, meter and narrow gauge Inside station limits (min) 13.0 14.0 15.3 16.3

A.C. system Outside station limits (min) 11.0 12.0 13.3 14.3

Forest
DELEGATION OF POWERS FOR DIVERSION OF FOREST LAND Clause Authority (to nally dispose o all proposals for diversion of forest land CCF (RO, MoEF) CF (If CCF is not in position) MoEF, New Delhi Remarks

4.1(I)

Forest 5HA

proposals

A list of all proposals nally disposed o/ rejected are to be sent to MoEF, New Delhi (i) Proposals are to be submitted to regional oce, MoEF by State Govt.

4.1(V)

Forest proposals 5HA and 40HA (vide gazette notication dated 10-01-03

40HA (vide gazette notication dated 10-01-03)

MoEF, New Delhi

(ii) Proposals are examined by CCF (RO, MoEF) in consultation with state advisory group and recommendations are sent to MoEF, New Delhi (iii) The view of SAG may or may not be binding for MoEF. (iv) Cost benet analysis is required for forest areas 5HA (hilly)/ 20HA (plains) Proposals are submitted to Secretary (Forest) with a copy to CCF (RMoEF) by State Govt.

Proposals to accompany a site inspection report as under: 40 Ha - DFO (as per latest amendment to cl. no. 4.10(II) Continued on Next Page. . .

30

 Continued > 40 Ha - CF (vide CIR. no. 2-2/2000-FC dated 16-10-2000 > 100 Ha - CCF/CF (RMoEF)

Notes: Two stage clearance (Cl. no. 4.2) Specic time limit (Cl. no. 4.12(II)) Anticipatory action by State/UT Govt. (Cl. 4.3)

Forest clearance will be given in two stages. In rst stage, the proposal shall be agreed to in principal and after receipt of compliance report from the state govt., formal approval under the Act is issued. Cases which are complete in all respects shall be disposed o within 90 days by the Central Govt. In certain cases permission for diversion of forest land was accorded by state govt. In anticipation of approval of Central Govt. such anticipatory action is neither proper nor permitted under this act and has asked for condonation after panel aorestation.

Preparation of a Forest Proposal

Following steps are involved:

3.1

Identication of Forest Stretches

After identifying the bee line route on the G.T. sheets (scale - 1:250000), a walk over survey is conducted to identify various feasible routes and these are marked on the G.T. sheets (scale - 1:50000). IEER (Initial Environmental Examination Report) is prepared. Route alignment nalisation - Most feasible route is identied on the basis of IEER data and accordingly feasibility report is prepared. State, District and Tehsil boundaries as well as type of forest is identied.

3.2

Identication of Forest Oces

State Oce of PCCF Nodal Ocer CCF/CF DCF/DFO Range Ocers Round Oces

In certain cases where more than one CF/DFO are involved, a compiling Ocer (project nodal ocer) is also designated by State Govt.

3.3

Application for permission to carry out survey

Permission letter of Govt. of India under section 18-A of The Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. To establish, operate and maintain the subject transmission scheme and/or Gazette notications of the scheme U/S 29(2) of The Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 as ammended. Under the recently applied Electricity Act 2003 eective from 10-06-2003, the publishing of gazette notication is not essential.

Permission is sought from CF concerned by making an application on letter head pad. Application to include

31

3.4

Submission of proposal
After obtaining the permission for survey, the forest areas are identied in association with the respective range ocers. Tree enumeration is also carried out. Application is made on prescribed form-A under Section 2 (rule 6 - revised w.e.f. 10-01-2003) of Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 by the user agency who wants to use any forest land for non-forest purpose.

32

TOWERS

Quality of steel: The usual standards specied are ASTM A-7, BSS 15, and German SteelStandard St 37. IS: 226-1975, Specication for structural Steel (Revised), is currently adopted in India. In India standard structural steel as idicated in IS: 226-1975 says that steel manufactured by the open-hearth, electric, basic oxygen or a combination of the processes is acceptable for structural use and that in case any other process is employed, prior approval of the purchaser should be obtained. Earth Wire: Earth wire shall be provided above the phase conductors across the line and grounded at every tower. It shields the line conductor from direct strokes. Reduces voltage stress across the insulating strings during lightning strokes. Design criterion: Shield angle is 25 - 30 up to 220 kV and 20 for 400 kV and above. Earth wire should be adequate to carry very short duration lightning surge current of 100 kA without excessive over heating. Duration should be consider as 200 -sec. Safe temp rise limited to 300 C. A= Area(in mm2 ) of Cu conductor, I =current in kA, t = time in seconds. Area of Steel Wire = 3*A(Cu, mm2 ) From mechanical consideration, size become higher than required for current carrying rating. For EHV line it is suggested as 70 mm 2 (7/3.66 mm). ACSR is used as earth wire (12/3.0 mm AL+7/3.0 mm steel) in consideration of corrosion and resistance. Mid span clearance: Direct distance between earth wire and top of power conductor. As per IS 5613 following value of mid span clearance (m) should be considered: 66kV - 3.0, 110kV - 4.5, 132kV - 6.1, 220kV - 8.5, 400kV - 9.0. Tower congurations: Depending upon the requirements of the transmission system, various line congurations have to be considered - ranging from single circuit horizontal to double circuit vertical structures and with single or V strings in all phases, as well as any combination of these.

33

34

132kV SAE TOWER

G F E I

B C D X

Table 1: Some useful data of SAE design towers DATA FOR ESTIMATES S-15 B-30 5.95 3.9 3.9 15.58 2x3.95 2x3.66 2x3.43 27.35 0 to 15 3M, 6M 15.58M 335M 0 ST 369M Max 503M 15 ST 369M Max 503M 6.28 3.9 3.9 13.58 2x4.14 2x3.77 2x3.625 27.66 15 to 30
3M, 6M, 7.6M

A-2 Length in meters A B C D E F G H = A+B+C+D Deviation Body extns Conditional extns BCA height Normal span Limiting case Wind span Weight span Limiting case slack side = S/S Wind span Weight span Limiting case Wind span 4.03 3.92 3.92 15.325 2x3.7 2x3.422 2x3.4 27.195 0 to 2
3M, 6M, 7.6M

C-60 7.45 4.1 4.1 13.58 2x4.85 2x4.5 2x4.3 29.23 30 to 60 3M, 6M
7.6M 12M (55 )

D-90 7.54 3.9 3.9 13.58 2x4.5 2x4.35 2x4.35 28.92 60 to 90 3M, 4.5M 13.58M 335M 0 ,DE ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 375M 150M DE, 30 S/S ST DT 260M 243M Max Min 365M 146M 90 ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M STR B&N 0.794 0.008 0.837 0.027 6.643 0.326

15.325M 335M 2 SS DS 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M

DT Min 200M DT 335M Min 200M

Weight span Weight in MT STR B&N STR B&N Stub 0.164 0.004 0.346 0.007 Template 0.409 0.013 0.539 0.015 extra to normal wt. of template for 12M extn Superstructure 2.780 0.174 3.964 0.217 (DS) 0.156 Continued on Next Page. . .

12M (25 ) 13.58M 335M 30 ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M 25 ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M 30 ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M STR B&N 0.426 0.009 0.649 0.025 0.374 0.011 4.243 0.219

13.58 335M 0 , DE ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 375M 150M DE, 15 S/S ST DT 260M 243M Max Min 365M 146M 55 ST DT 369M 335M Max Min 503M 200M STR B&N 0.657 0.013 0.953 0.026 0.514 0.010 5.850 0.269 (DT) 0.257

35

3M extn 0.026 4.5M extn 6M extn 1.015 0.04 7.6M extn 1.358 0.057 12M extn Reinforced member 1st section method Normal tower 0.864 3M 0.54 4.5M 6M 1.015 7.6M 1.358 12M B&N upto 1st crossarm in nos. Normal tower 319 3M 152 4.5M 6M 240 7.6M 332 12M Dry Foundation 0/+6 +7.6 Excavation in M 3 29.44 33.24 Concrete in M 3 2.83 3.39 Steel in kg 57 56 Wet Foundation Excavation in M 3 49.2 Concrete in M 3 5.14 Steel in kg 127 Fully Submerged Foundation Excavation in M 3 86.02 Concrete in M 3 12.11 Steel in kg 101 Submerged Fissured Rock Foundation Excavation in M 3 52.71 Concrete in M 3 20.55 Steel in kg 101 Dry Soft Rock Foundation Excavation in M 3 14.28 Concrete in M 3 4.3 Steel in kg 56 Hard Rock Foundation Anchor with wout Excavation in M 3 1.6 3.47 Concrete in M 3 1.72 3.59 Steel in kg 262 20

A-2 0.540

Continued S-15 B-30 0.790 0.031 0.889 1.570 0.055 1.718 2.040 4.087 0.079 0.966 0.889 1.718 2.04 2.321 515 172 308 +432 49.10 4.7 159 74.06 7.85 207 134.54 18.22 170 95.46 36.18 170 23.41 6.72 159 wout 6.89 6.74 57 62.87 6.19 158 98.02 10.95 328 181.44 27.96 173 135.90 36.42 2041 33.18 9.58 158 with 3.52 3.39 151

0.035 0.058 0.072 0.134 0.003

C-60 1.228 2.116 2.552 5.122 0.105 1.548 1.228 2.116 2.552 3.029

0.039 0.063 0.078 0.15 0.003

D-90 1.456 1.944 1.944 0.214 1.388 1.456 1.944

0.039 0.046 0.046 0.004

0.057 0.977 0.79 1.57

0.003

468 196 332 420 +332

672 224 368 464 +368 134.54 17.41 285 181.3 25.6 472 347.94 37.64 2502 276.82 77.82 2654 88.29 34.05 264 wout 22.27 22.42 121

720 216 248

+564 102.06 11.39 269 154.78 23.13 344 277.24 26.48 2062 220.72 56 2698 65.4 22.34 254

wout 9.59 9.45 63

with wout 5.9 16.97 6.05 17.12 295 102

36

220kV R&C TOWER

X G F A

J H E B

Table 1: Some useful data of Richardson & Crudus design towers DATA FOR ESTIMATES S-150 B-300 C-600 7.484 3.1 16.05 2x4.9 2x4.45 4.95 2x4.25 4.95 7.56 33.51 0 to 15 3M, 6M 15.58M 350M 0 385M Max Min 525M, 220M 1396 248 356 8.583 3.2 16.05 2x5.58 2x5 4.92 2x4.675 4.9 8.1 33.97 15 to 30 6M 11M 13.58M 350M 30 385M Max Min 525M, 220M 703 282 402 9.89 3.5 16.08 6.79+5.04 6.02+4.34 5.3 5.6+4.1 5.2 9.7 36.28 30 to 60 3M, 6M 13.58 350M 0 , DE 385M Max Min

A-20 Length in meters A B E F G H X J K L = E+H+J+K Deviation Body extns Conditional extns BCA height Normal span Limiting case Wind span Weight span B&N in Nos. upto bottom xarm for 3M/4.5M extn for 6M/11M extn Vol. of excavation in M 3 Dry/11M extn Wet/11M extn Smrgd/11M extn Vol. of concrete in M3 Dry/11M extn Wet/11M extn 5.952 2.88 18.85 2x4.8 2x4.45 5.31 2x4.2 5.23 5.27 34.58 0 to 2 3M, 6M 15.325M 350M 2 385M Max Min 525M, 220M 592 230 367

D-900 10.614 3.9 16.08 2x6.2 2x5.5 5.05 2x5.37 4.9 9.305 35.335 60 to 90 4.5M 13.58M 350M 0 ,DE 385M Max Min

X-spl 12.18 3.5 43.55 2x5.17 2x4.9 5.15 2x4.76 5.1 5.69 59.49 0 to 2

400M 2 450M Max Min 750M, 220M 2338

829 259 386/813

1142 /403 641

65.147 95.397 164.28

104.7 144.4 250.07

171.4/231.23 225.3/320.8 402.97/590.4

259.85 314 631.57

191.4 225.3 309.76

5.018 8.646

10.58 12.327 19.74/28.3 16.26 18.554 28.19/45.21 Continued on Next Page. . .

32.08 43.82

19.68 28.13

37

Smrgd/11M extn Weight of MS bar in kg Dry/11M extn Wet/11M extn Smrgd/11M extn Weight in MT of Stub N&B for stub SST N&B for SST 3M/4.5M extn N&B for above 6M/11M extn N&B for above Super structure N&B for above Weight of 1st section in MT Normal tower 3M/4.5M extn 6M/11M extn Weight in MT reinforcement rod

A-20 23.3

S-150 42

Continued B-300 48.554

C-600 75.32/54.43

D-900 57.44

X-spl 42.576

116.48 123.38 124.04 0.27236 0.0055 0.633 0.013 0.854 0.036 1.633 0.058 4.237 0.212

233.67 245.83 247 0.477 0.008 0.741 0.018 1.271 0.041 2.103 0.058 6.256 0.232

242.26 254.61 252.63 0.456 0.005 0.843 0.019 1.458 0.044 2.463 0.065 6.819 0.249

327.96/356.7 366.22 343.78/365.94 382.23 324.75/4626.4 4761.35 0.799 0.0075 1.109 0.022 1.787 0.045 3.106/6.918 0.066/0.148 8.756 0.33(ST) 0.299(DT) 1.287 0.016 1.176 0.022 /3.156 /0.074 4.149 0.106 11.855 0.458

232.88 243.73 268.16 0.794 0.0075 1.162 0.022

19.118 0.667

1.483 1.271 2.103 0.399 0.004

1.604 1.458 2.463 0.445 0.004

2.109 1.787 3.106/3.763 0.497 0.004

3.438 /3.156 4.149 0.769 0.007

4.772

38

220kV CEA TOWER

G F E I

B C D X

Table 1: Some useful data of CEA design towers DATA FOR ESTIMATES S-15 B-30 8.04 5.1 5.2 16.442 3.51+3+3.07 3.3+2.5+2.8 3.24+2+2.8 34.782 0 to 15 3M, 6M 16.44M 350M Normal 350M Max Min 525M -200M BWC 350M Max Min 525M -200M STR B&N 0.679 0.0082 0.852 0.0267 7.711 0.3466 1.409 0.0604 2.443 0.0798 8.1 5.45 5.55 16.442 3.93+3.4+2.9 3.7+2.74+2.73 3.7+2.1+2.85 35.542 15 to 30 3M, 6M 16.44M 350M Normal 350M Max Min 525M -200M BWC 350M Max Min 525M -200M STR B&N 0.676 0.0078 0.990 0.0308 8.781 0.3769 1.786 0.0713 2.910 0.0922

A-2 Length in meters A B C D E F G H = A+B+C+D Deviation Body extns BCA st. height Normal span Limiting case Wind span Weight span Limiting case Wind span Weight span Weight in MT Stub Template Superstructure 3M extn 6M extn 9M extn 12M extn Dry Foundation Excavation in M 3 Concrete in M 3 Steel in kg 5.45 5.2 5.2 19.282 2x3.65+2 2x3.59+1.9 2x3.59+1.8 35.132 0 to 2 3M, 6M, 9M 16.74M 350M Normal 350M Max Min 525M 200M BWC 350M Max Min 525M 200M STR B&N 0.334 0.0082 0.642 0.0228 5.270 0.2930 0.945 0.0525 1.540 0.0669 2.206 0.1011

C-60 8.5 5.4 5.4 16.442 3.65+3.8+4.01 3.35+3+3.73 3.27+2.2+3.7 35.742 30 to 60 3M, 6M, 12M 16.44 350M Normal 350M Max Min 525M -300M BWC 350M Max Min 525M -300M STR B&N 0.838 0.0109 1.279 0.0467 10.28 0.4519 2.223 0.0775 3.841 0.0939 7.775 0.1890

D-90 9.4 5.1 5.1 16.442 3.94+4+3.6

4.07+3.25+3.87

4.12+2.5+4.12 36.042 60 to 90 3M, 6M 16.44M 350M Normal 350M Max Min 525M -300M BWC 350M Max Min 525M -300M STR B&N 0.885 0.0109 1.279 0.0362 11.94 0.4423 2.440 0.0808 3.780 0.0915

65.147 95.397 164.28

104.7 144.4 250.07

171.4/231.23 225.3/320.8 402.97/590.4

259.85 314 631.57

39

40

J A G F E I B C D X

400kV POWERGRID TWIN MOOSE TOWER WIND ZONE 4 DESIGN

Table 1: Some useful data of POWERGRID towers

A-2 Length in meters A B C D E F G H = A+B+C+D I J Deviation Body extns Special extns BCA st. height Normal span Limiting case Wind span Weight span Sum of adj. spans Limiting case Dev. angle = DA Sum of adjacent spans = SP

DATA FOR ESTIMATES B-15 C-30 8.034 8 8 21.86 8.85+8.15 7.7+7 7.15+6.45 45.894 14.6 4.46+4.46 0 to 15 3M, 6M, 9M 21.86M 400M Normal 400M Max Min 600M 0M DA SP 15 800M 14 844M 13 888M 12 932M 11 976M 10 1020M 9 1066M 8 1110M 7 1154M DA SP 8.034 8 8 21.86 9.7+8.25 8.55+7.1 7.95+6.5 45.894 14.6 5.275+5.275 15 to 30 3M, 6M, 9M 21.86M 400M Normal 400M Max Min 600M 0M DA SP 30 800M 29 842M 28 886M 27 930M 26 972M 25 1016M 24 1060M 23 1104M 22 1146M DA SP

D-60 7.03 8.4 8.4 21.86 9.25+9.25 8.05+8.05 7.2+7.2 45.69 15.5 6.2+6.2 30 to 60 3M, 6M, 9M 18M, 25M 21.86M 400M Normal 400M Max Min 600M 0M DA SP 60 800M 59 838M 58 878M 57 916M 56 956M 55 994M 54 1034M 53 1074M 52 1114M DA SP 60 500M 59 535M 58 570M 57 606M 56 642M

4.233 8 8 25.835 2x5.67+3.75 2x5.36+3.024 2x5.36+2.3 46.068 10 7.512 0 to 2 3M, 6M, 9M 18M, 25M 21.625M 400M Normal 400M Max Min 600M 200M DA SP 0 800M

Limiting case for spl. extns

DA SP 0 600M

Continued on Next Page. . .

41

A-2

B-15

Continued C-30

Limiting case Wind span Weight span Weight in MT Stub Superstructure 3M extn 6M extn 9M extn 18M extn 25M extn Weight in kg Stub Superstructure 3M extn 6M extn 9M extn 18M extn 25M extn

BWC 240M Max Min 360M 100M HT MS 0.590 0 5.148 6.182 0.347 1.211 0.633 1.971 0.98 2.501 2.063 5.97 2.925 9.873 N&B AT 11.49 0 517.21 112.48 41.026 17.284 57.668 51.892 80.306 81.244 165.61 157.48 309.61 141.42

BWC 240M Max 360M HT 0.717 9.788 0.785 1.709 2.459

Min -200M MS 0.086 6.655 1.88 2.264 3.122

BWC 240M Max Min 360M -200M HT MS 0.717 0.131 11.878 6.104 0.692 2.088 1.314 2.902 2.507 3.3

N&B 10.05 568.45 79.774 92.052 121.65

AT 0 176.17 38.596 61.09 72.392

N&B 19.00 581.74 82.526 96.674 129.47

AT 0 176.31 40.172 57.104 71.072

D-60 55 678M 54 714M 53 750M 52 786M 51 822M 50 858M 49 894M 48 930M 47 966M 46 1002M 45 1038M 44 1074M 43 1110M 42 1146M 41 1182M and below BWC 240M Max Min 360M -300M HT MS 1.012 0.103 14.895 10.257 0.955 3.017 1.720 3.786 2.569 5.113 5.404 1.243 7.632 19.962 N&B AT 20.00 0 738.96 184.30 126.25 44.84 137.03 70.464 177.57 87.232 482.80 188.39 749.59 182.14

42

CONDUCTOR

Steady State Ampacity

The following assumptions are made in steady-state analysis: 1. Conductor temperature remains constant for one hour. 2. Conductor current remains constant for one hour. 3. Ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and wind direction are constant for one hour.

43

44 Table 1: Size/type and current rating of dierent conductors CONDUCTOR AMPACITY Conductor Current carrying capacity in Amps at ambient Temp. in C Age-year (Maximum design temperature of conductor = 60 C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 10 10 10 10 Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond 10 1035.1 1088.6 1105.8 1090.3 1147.8 1166.3 1259.8 1328.6 1350.7 1292.5 1363.0 1385.7 1498.6 1583.1 1610.2 992.0 1044.3 1061.2 1044.9 1101.2 1119.3 1207.5 1274.7 1296.4 1238.8 1307.7 1329.9 1436.5 1519.0 1545.6 926.0 973.0 989.9 952.0 1003.8 1022.3 1098.3 1160.3 1182.4 1126.9 1190.4 1213.1 1304.6 1380.8 1407.9 821.3 862.8 880.2 839.4 885.4 904.6 965.5 1020.7 1043.8 990.6 1047.2 1070.9 1143.4 1211.4 1239.8 752.1 790.6 807.9 766.2 809.0 828.1 880.0 931.4 954.4 902.9 955.6 979.2 1040.6 1104.1 1132.4 649.9 683.2 701.1 656.3 693.6 713.5 750.3 795.3 819.3 770.0 816.1 840.7 883.2 938.9 968.7 543.7 571.5 590.2 541.7 573.1 594.2 614.6 652.9 678.5 630.9 670.1 696.3 718.0 765.8 797.6 477.7 502.7 520.8 495.0 522.4 542.1 534.5 569.4 594.3 548.7 584.4 610.0 622.1 665.8 696.9 344.9 362.7 383.0 352.2 371.9 394.3 358.4 384.9 414.6 368.2 395.4 425.8 404.2 438.3 476.3 276.6 290.3 310.4 267.1 283.1 305.4 264.5 286.2 315.1 271.9 294.1 323.8 292.3 320.5 357.1 186.9 195.9 216.4 171.0 182.0 204.9 147.5 163.6 193.4 151.9 168.4 198.9 150.3 171.7 209.6

Sq.in/ Sq.mm/ Conductor Size

Name

ACSR Kundah

ACSR Zebra

ACSR Moose

ACSR Morkula

0.388/250 42/3.5 mm Al. 7/3.5 mm St. 0.403/260 54/3.18 mm Al. 7/3.18 mm St. 0.504/325 54/3.53 mm Al. 7/3.53 mm St. 0.512/330 42/4.13 mm Al. 7/2.30 mm St. 0.682/440 42/4.57 mm Al. 7/2.54 mm St.

ACSR Bersimis

Table 2: Size/type and current rating of dierent conductors

Sq.in/ Sq.mm/ Conductor Size 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Name

CONDUCTOR AMPACITY Conductor Current carrying capacity in Amps at ambient Temp. in C Age-year (Maximum design temperature of conductor = 65 C)

50

ACSR Kundah 10

ACSR Zebra 10

ACSR Moose 10

ACSR Morkula 10

0.388/250 42/3.5 mm Al. 7/3.5 mm St. 0.403/260 54/3.18 mm Al. 7/3.18 mm St. 0.504/325 54/3.53 mm Al. 7/3.53 mm St. 0.512/330 42/4.13 mm Al. 7/2.30 mm St. 0.682/440 42/4.57 mm Al. 7/2.54 mm St. 10

ACSR Bersimis

Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond Upto 1 1 to 10 Beyond

1069.5 1126.0 1144.3 1126.5 1187.4 1207.0 1301.8 1374.5 1397.9 1335.6 1410.1 1434.1 1548.7 1638.0 1666.7

1050.6 1105.0 1122.6 1083.4 1143.1 1162.3 1252.1 1323.4 1346.4 1284.5 1357.7 1381.2 1489.7 1577.2 1605.4

969.1 1019.6 1037.4 996.3 1051.8 1071.4 1149.7 1216.2 1239.5 1179.5 1247.7 1271.6 1365.9 1447.6 1476.3

871.4 916.8 935.2 891.2 941.4 961.7 1025.8 1086.1 1110.4 1052.5 1114.3 1139.2 1215.6 1289.9 1319.8

807.3 850.1 868.3 823.4 870.8 891.0 946.7 1003.7 1027.9 971.3 1029.8 1054.5 1120.6 1190.9 1220.7

714.7 753.0 771.7 724.1 766.7 787.5 829.7 881.1 906.1 851.4 904.0 929.7 978.8 1042.4 1073.3

621.6 655.3 674.5 647.5 684.1 704.9 711.7 757.5 783.5 730.4 777.4 804.0 835.7 892.6 924.8

565.8 597.3 615.7 588.9 623.2 643.2 645.0 688.1 713.1 662.0 706.1 731.8 756.4 810.0 841.0

461.5 487.7 506.9 477.6 506.2 527.1 511.7 548.4 575.0 525.3 562.9 590.2 593.9 640.7 673.3

384.6 406.6 426.3 392.6 416.9 438.4 407.3 439.0 466.3 418.3 450.9 478.9 467.7 508.0 541.9

303.5 321.4 341.3 307.9 327.8 349.6 303.2 330.0 357.9 311.6 339.1 367.7 341.7 376.3 410.9

45

Recursive Estimation of Creep

The inelastic elongation of a conductor due to metallurgical creep, , is calculated in small steps, , by the following recursive equations:
i,j

i,j1

ti,j = {

(eq)

(T ci ) } i,j1 Ki,j e

i = 1,2,. . . , n line loading intervals obtained from Cigre. j = 1,2,. . . , f sub intervals.

46

SAG TEMPLATE CONSTRUCTION

The curves for the sag template may be plotted with the help of gnuplot - a versatile open source plotting application. Dxf output from gnuplot may be opened in Qcad or in any other application that supports the dxf format for further editing. The plot will require further scaling depending on the set term input in gnuplot before it is print ready. The printing scale would be 1mm = 25000mm. The prints are to be taken on high quality tracing paper and transfered to a media that does not shrink or elongate with time.

SAG TEMPLATE CURVE 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 Sag 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Span (meters)

200

300

400

500

The sag template should be made of dimensionally stable transparent plastic material. To cut a template, the transparent material is fastened securely over the sheet and the curves and lines etched lightly by a sharp pointed steel scriber. Conductor size, design tension, loading condition and ruling span for the curves should be shown on the template. Sag template would not be necessary if commercially available prole plotting software is used.

47

48

Part III

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

49

50

LINE CONSTANT CALCULATIONS

Line Parameters
For Aluminium conductor Steel reinforced No. of layers Al strands GMR 1 6 0.5r 1 12 0.75r 2 18 0.776r 2 24 0.803r 2 26 0.812r 2 30 0.826r 2 32 0.833r 3 36 0.778r 3 45 0.794r 3 48 0.799r 3 54 0.81r 3 66 0.827r 4 72 0.789r 4 76 0.793r 4 84 0.801r

For stranded Cu, Al & Al alloy No. of strands GMR 7 0.726r 19 0.758r 37 0.768r 61 0.772r 91 0.774r 127 0.776r 169 0.776r solid 0.779r

indicative values only, since GMR for single layer conductors is aected by cyclic magnetic ux, which depends on various factor.

Voltage Level 132kV 132kV 220kV 220kV 220kV 400kV 400kV

Conductor Conguration L-EMC P-SAE D-RNC Z-RNC Z-CEA TM-PG QM-PG

pu/kM/Ckt. on 100 MVA base Positive Sequence Zero Sequence R X B R X B 0.000826 0.002475 0.000498 0.002008 0.008006 0.000320 0.000790 0.002460 0.000500 0.001994 0.007997 0.000309 0.000139 0.000867 0.001406 0.000556 0.002754 0.000878 0.000143 0.000876 0.001396 0.000560 0.002762 0.000874 0.000143 0.000861 0.001401 0.000533 0.002594 0.000879 0.000018 0.000199 0.006031 0.000190 0.000680 0.003749 0.000009 0.000157 0.007552 0.000182 0.000638 0.004319

L-EMC : ACSR 30/7/2.923 mm on EMC tower. P-SAE : AAAC 37/2.89 mm on SAE tower. P2-SAE: AAAC 37/3.15 mm on SAE tower. D-RNC : ACSR 30/7/4.27 mm on R&C tower. Z-CEA : AAAC 61/3.31 mm on CEA tower. TM-PG : Twin ACSR 54/7/3.53 mm on PGCIL tower. QM-PG : Quad ACSR 54/7/3.53 mm on PGCIL tower.

Values for resistance are at 20 C taken directly from conductor data books. 51

Calculations

P P B11N Z B12N Z P N Z BP N Z B21 22 where P, N, Z denote the positve, negative, zero sequence values and 1, 2 represent circuits 1 and 2 respectively.

The sequence admittance matrix is of the form: Bpnz =

Similarly the sequence impedance matrix is of the form: Zpnz = The following are the inputs and output of the Z-CEA calculation. Conductor is = 1 x AAAC 61/3.31 Earthwire is = 1 x GS 7/3.15 No. of three phase circuits = 2 No. of conductors in a bundle = 1 No. of earthwires = 1 Frequency in Hertz = 50 Voltage in kV = 220 Base MVA = 100 Conductor radius in meters = 0.014310 Conductor resistance in ohms/km = 0.069150 Earthwire radius in meters = 0.004725 Earthwire resistance in ohms/km = 3.375000 Earth resistivity in ohm-meters = 50.000000 Average conductor sag in meters = 7.940000 Average earthwire sag in meters = 5.740000 Sub-conductor spacing in meters = 1.000000 Stranding factor of conductor = 0.772000 Stranding factor of earthwire = 0.720000 Distance between bundle a and tower center line Distance between bundle b and tower center line Distance between bundle c and tower center line Distance between bundle f and tower center line Distance between bundle g and tower center line Distance between bundle h and tower center line Distance between earthwire and ground in meters Distance between bundle-a conductors and ground Distance between bundle-b conductors and ground Distance between bundle-c conductors and ground Distance between bundle-f conductors and ground Distance between bundle-g conductors and ground Distance between bundle-h conductors and ground

P Z11N Z P Z21N Z

P Z12N Z P Z22N Z

= -4.490000 = -4.540000 = -4.650000 = 4.490000 = 4.540000 = 4.650000 = 35.132000 in meters = in meters = in meters = in meters = in meters = in meters =

27.342000 22.142000 16.942000 27.342000 22.142000 16.942000

Positive sequence resistance in ohms/km = 0.069276 Positive sequence reactance in ohms/km = 0.416886 Positive sequence charging susceptance in microsiemens/km = 2.896604 Positive sequence resistance in percent = 0.014313 Positive sequence reactance in percent = 0.086133 52

Positive sequence charging susceptance in percent = 0.140196 Negative sequence resistance in ohms/km = 0.069276 Negative sequence reactance in ohms/km = 0.416886 Negative sequence charging susceptance in microsiemens/km = 2.896604 Negative sequence resistance in percent = 0.014313 Negative sequence reactance in percent = 0.086133 Negative sequence charging susceptance in percent = 0.140196 Zero sequence resistance in ohms/km = 0.258301 Zero sequence reactance in ohms/km = 1.255963 Zero sequence charging susceptance in microsiemens/km = 1.817043 Zero sequence resistance in percent = 0.053368 Zero sequence reactance in percent = 0.259497 Zero sequence charging susceptance in percent = 0.087945

53

54

From SAE SAE SAE EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC

To

Tower

MHS RAMG CTPS JSR JSR JSR CHAN BTPA BTPA BTPA CTPS MHPS KDUB KGP KOLG BDWN RMGH RMGH KONR BTPB PATR BRHI PTRU NGHT SIND DTPS BRHI KONR

MGTS PTRU BSL CHAN MOSB GOLA GOLA GOLA BTPB CTPS PUTK KLYN PHPS MOSB KGP DTPS PTPS PTRU BTPB BRHI NKPR KONR PTPS GIR PKAN DPLT HAZR HZRD

Ckts. Nos. 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

132kV LINES, p.u./kM/Ckt. Conductor Length R1,2 X1,2 kM pu pu 37/2.89 1.6 0.001264 0.003937 37/2.89 20 0.015804 0.049213 37/2.89 16 0.012643 0.039370 30/7/2.92 43.74 0.036135 0.108300 30/7/2.92 39.5 0.032633 0.097802 30/7/2.92 126.19 0.104251 0.312445 30/7/2.92 82.45 0.068115 0.204145 30/7/2.92 36.02 0.029758 0.089185 30/7/2.92 0.8 0.000661 0.001981 30/7/2.92 29.71 0.024545 0.073562 30/7/2.92 25.4 0.020984 0.062890 30/7/2.92 1.6 0.001322 0.003962 30/7/2.92 9.6 0.007931 0.023770 30/7/2.92 95.2 0.078649 0.235714 30/7/2.92 69 0.057004 0.170843 30/7/2.92 69.22 0.057185 0.171388 30/7/2.92 30.4 0.025115 0.075270 30/7/2.92 25.28 0.020885 0.062593 30/7/2.92 23.3 0.019249 0.057691 30/7/2.92 82 0.067743 0.203031 30/7/2.92 35.8 0.029576 0.088640 30/7/2.92 61 0.050395 0.151035 30/7/2.92 10 0.008261 0.024760 30/7/2.92 43.6 0.036020 0.107953 30/7/2.92 16.25 0.013425 0.040235 30/7/2.92 11 0.009088 0.027236 30/7/2.92 36 0.029741 0.089136 30/7/2.92 35 0.028915 0.086660 Continued on Next Page. . . B1,2 pu 0.000801 0.010017 0.008014 0.021812 0.019697 0.062927 0.041115 0.017962 0.000399 0.014815 0.012666 0.000798 0.004787 0.047473 0.034408 0.034518 0.015160 0.012606 0.011619 0.040891 0.017852 0.030419 0.004987 0.021742 0.008103 0.005485 0.017952 0.017453 R0 pu 0.003191 0.039892 0.031914 0.087873 0.079355 0.253514 0.165641 0.072364 0.001607 0.059687 0.051028 0.003214 0.019286 0.191256 0.138620 0.139062 0.061073 0.050787 0.046809 0.164737 0.071922 0.122548 0.020090 0.087592 0.032646 0.022099 0.072324 0.070315 X0 pu 0.012796 0.159945 0.127956 0.350220 0.316271 1.010386 0.660166 0.288407 0.006405 0.237884 0.203374 0.012811 0.076866 0.762253 0.552473 0.554235 0.243409 0.202413 0.186560 0.656563 0.286646 0.488418 0.080069 0.349099 0.130111 0.088075 0.288247 0.280240 B0 pu 0.000495 0.006182 0.004945 0.014028 0.012668 0.040472 0.026443 0.011552 0.000257 0.009529 0.008146 0.000513 0.003079 0.030533 0.022130 0.022200 0.009750 0.008108 0.007473 0.026299 0.011482 0.019564 0.003207 0.013983 0.005212 0.003528 0.011546 0.011225

55

56 Tower EMC EMC EMC Continued Conductor Length R1,2 kM pu 30/7/2.92 30 0.024784 30/7/2.92 40 0.033046 30/7/2.92 2 0.001652 X1,2 pu 0.074280 0.099040 0.004952 B1,2 pu 0.014960 0.019947 0.000997 R0 pu 0.060270 0.080360 0.004018 X0 pu 0.240206 0.320274 0.016014 B0 pu 0.009622 0.012829 0.000641

From

To

DTPS JAMR KOLA

JAMR RKLI KTPP

Ckts. Nos. 1 1 1