House of Habsburg

House of Habsburg
House of Habsburg

Country Titles

Austria, Kingdom of Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Naples, Spain, Hungary-Croatia, Bohemia, and Portugal Holy Roman Emperor Emperor of Austria Emperor of Mexico President of the German Confederation King of the Romans King of Germany King of Spain King of Aragon King of Sicily King of Naples King of Castile King of Hungary King of Bohemia King of Croatia King of Portugal King of Dalmatia King of Galicia and Lodomeria King of England Grand Prince of Transylvania] Archduke of Austria Grand Duke of Tuscany Duke of Burgundy Duke of Parma Count of Habsburg

Founding Dissolution

11th century: Radbot, Count of Habsburg 1780 Habsburg-Lorraine Leopoldian line Albertine line Portuguese House of Habsburg

Cadet branches

The House of Habsburg (pron.: /hps.br/; German pronunciation: [haps.bk]), also Hapsburg,[1] and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and Spanish Empire and several other countries. The House takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built around 10201030 in present day Switzerland by Count Radbot of Klettgau, who chose to name his fortress Habsburg. His grandson, Otto II, was the first to take the

House of Habsburg fortress name as his own, adding "von Habsburg" to his title. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentum through the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. By 1276, Count Radbot's seventh generation descendant, Rudolph of Habsburg, had moved the family's power base from Habsburg Castle to the Archduchy of Austria. Rudolph had become King of Germany/Holy Roman Emperor in 1273, and the dynasty of the House of Habsburg was truly entrenched in 1276 when Rudolph became sovereign ruler of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled for the next six centuries. A series of dynastic marriages[2] enabled the family to vastly expand its domains, to include Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, and other territories into the inheritance. In the 16th century, the family separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches, who settled their mutual claims in the Oate treaty. The House of Habsburg became extinct in the male line in the 18th century. The Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II in 1700 and was replaced by the Anjou branch of the House of Bourbon in the person of his great-nephew Philip V. The Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female person in 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

Principal roles
Their principal roles were as: King of the Romans Holy Roman Emperors King of Germany Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 12821453, Archdukes) King of Bohemia (13061307, 14371439, 14531457, 15261918), Kings of Hungary and Croatia (15261918), Kings of Spain (15161700), King of Portugal (15801640), King of Galicia and Lodomeria (17721918), and Grand Prince of Transylvania (16901867).

Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.

House of Habsburg

History
Counts of Habsburg
The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been Guntram the Rich, a count in Breisgau who lived in the 10th century. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habsburg founded the Habsburg Castle, after which the Habsburgs are named. The origins of the castle's name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. Most people assume the name to be derived from the High German Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), but some historians and linguists are convinced that the name comes from The Habsburg dominions around 1200 in the area of modern day Switzerland are shown as Habsburg, among the houses of Savoy, Zhringer and Kyburg the Middle High German word "hab/hap" meaning ford, as there is a river with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108.[3][4][5] The Habsburg Castle was the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially countship rights in Zrichgau, Aargau and Thurgau. In the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to gain high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other noble families such as the House of Kyburg.[6]

Kings of the Romans

By the second half of 13th century, count Rudolph IV (12181291) had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between Vosges mountains and Lake Constance. Due to these impressive preconditions, on 1 October 1273 Rudolph was chosen as the King of the Romans and received the name Rudolph I of Germany.[6] In 1282, the Habsburgs gained the rulership of the Duchy of Austria, which they then held for over 600 years, until 1918. Through the forged Privilegium Maius document (1358/59), a special bond was created between the House and Austria. The document, forged at the behest of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (13391365), also attempted to introduce rules to preserve the unity of the family's Austrian lands. In the long term, this indeed succeeded, but Rudolph's descendants ignored the rule, leading to the separation of the Albertian and Leopoldian family lines in 1379.[6] By marrying Elisabeth of Luxembourg, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in 1437, Duke Albert V (13971439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, expanding the family's political horizons. The next year, Albert V was crowned as the King of the Romans and received the name Albert II. After his early death in war with the Turks in 1439, and after the death of his son Ladislaus Postumus in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia and Hungary again. National kingdoms were established in these areas, and the Habsburgs were not able to restore their influence there for decades.

House of Habsburg

Holy Roman Emperors

In 1440, Frederick III was chosen by the Electoral College to succeed Albert II as the king. After several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial throne over the years, success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when Pope Nicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. In Frederick III, the Pope found an important political ally with whose help he was able to counter the conciliar movement.[6] While in Rome, Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, enabling him to build a network of connections with dynasties in the west and southeast of Europe. In contrast to Frederick, who was rather distant to his family, Eleanor had a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children, and therefore played an important role in the family's rise to prominence. After Frederick III's coronation, the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously for centuries, until 1806.[6] As Emperor, Frederick III took a leading role inside the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family's internal conflicts, often making use of the privilegium maius. He was able to restore the unity of the house's Austrian lands, as the Albertinian line was now extinct. Territorial integrity was also strengthened by the extinction of the Tirolian branch of the Leopoldian line in 1490/1496. Frederick's aim was to make Austria a united country, stretching from Rhine to Murr and Leitha.[6] On the external front, one of Frederick's main achievements was the Siege of Neuss (147475), in which he forced Charles the Bold of Burgundy to give his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian.[6] The wedding, which took place on the evening of August 16, 1477, ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiring control of the Low Countries. After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundian heritance to one of his and Mary's children, Philip the Handsome. Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favour of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493.[7] After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new King of the Romans, receiving the name Maximilian I. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, due to opposition from Venice and from the French, who were occupying Milan, as well a refusal from the Pope due to enemy forces being present on his territory. In 1508, Maximilian proclaimed himself as the "chosen Emperor", and this was also recognized by the Pope due to changes in political alliances. This had a historical consequence in that in the future, the Roman King would also automatically become Emperor, without needing the Pope's consent. In 1530, Emperor Charles V, became the last person to be crowned as the Emperor by the Pope.[7] Maximilian's rule (14931519) was a time of great expansion for the Habsburgs. In 1497, Maximilian's son, Philip the Handsome (also known as Phillip the Fair) married Joanna of Castile, also known as Joan the Mad, heiress of Castile, Aragon and most of Spain. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Charles V and inherited the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, including their colonies in America; Southern Italy, Austria and the Low Countries.[8] The foundations for the later empire of Austria-Hungary were laid in 1515 by the means of a double wedding between Louis, only son of Vladislaus II, King of Hungary, and Maximilian's granddaughter Mary; and between her brother, Archduke Ferdinand and Vladislaus' daughter, Anna. The wedding was celebrated in grand style on 22 July 1515, and has been described by some historians as the First Congress of Vienna due to its significant implications for Europe's political landscape. As all the children were still minors, the wedding was formally completed in 1521. Vladislaus died on 13 March 1516, and Maximilian died on 12 January 1519, but his designs were ultimately successful: on Louis's death in 1526, Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, became the King of Bohemia. By the time of Charles V the "World Emperor" and his "empire on which the sun never sets", the Habsburg dynasty achieved, for the first and only time in their history, the position of a true world power.

House of Habsburg

Division of the house: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs

After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I by his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (15161556), the dynasty split into the junior branch of the Austrian Habsburgs and the senior branch of the Spanish Habsburgs. The Austrian Habsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor after Charles' death in 1558, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. The senior Spanish branch ruled over A map of the dominion of the Habsburgs following the Battle of Mhlberg (1547) as depicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded Spain and its colonial empire, the green, but do not include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which they presided, Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian nor the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, and particularly in America. possessions, and, for a time (1580-1640), Portugal. Hungary was partly under Habsburg rule from 1526. For 150 years most of the country was occupied by the Ottoman Turks but these territories were re-conquered in 16831699. In the secret Oate treaty, the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the last male of the Austrian Habsburg line in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession), and finally the last female of the Habsburg male line in 1780.

Extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs

The Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by the frequent use of consanguineous marriages, with ultimately disastrous results for their gene pool. Marriages between first cousins, or between uncle and niece, were commonplace in the family. A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de Compostela suggests that inbreeding directly led to their extinction. The gene pool eventually became so small that the last of the Spanish line Charles II, who was severely disabled by genetic disorders, possessed a genome comparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, likely due to "remote inbreeding".[9]

Extinction of the Austrian Habsburgs

The Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female person in 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg. The heiress of the last Austrian Habsburgs Maria Theresa had married Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine[10] (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses), and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine, although technically a new ruling house came into existence in the Austrian territories, the House of Lorraine (see Dukes of Lorraine family tree). It is thought that extensive intra-family marriages within both lines contributed to their extinctions.

House of Habsburg

Habsburg-Lorraine
On August 6, 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganization of Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) on 11 August 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804. Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Wrzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria". The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 created a personal union, whereby the House of Habsburg agreed to share power with the separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire between them. The Austrian and the Hungarian lands became independent entities enjoying equal status[11] Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor (see k. u. k.). This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I. On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of Hungary, and in 1921 the Hungarian government passed a law which revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs. The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Charles' eldest son, renounced all claims to the throne. The dynasty's motto, "Leave the waging of wars to others! But you, happy Austria, marry; for the realms which Mars awards to others, Venus transfers to you.",[12] indicates the knack of the Habsburgs to have members intermarry into other royal houses in order to build alliances and inherit territory. Empress Maria Theresa is recognized quite notably for it and is sometimes referred to as the "Great-Grandmother of Europe".

House of Habsburg

Family tree
This family tree only includes male scions of the direct House of Habsburg who survived to adulthood.

Similarly, this family tree only includes male scions of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine who survived to adulthood:

House of Habsburg

Monarchs of the House of Habsburg

A word about the coats of arms: the Habsburg Empire was never composed of a single unified and unitary state as Bourbon France, Hohenzollern Germany, or Great Britain was. It was made up of an accretion of territories that owed their historic loyalty to the head of the house of Habsburg as hereditary lord. The Habsburgs had mostly married the heiresses of these territories, most famously of the Netherlands and Spain. They used their arms then as a statement of their right to rule all these territories. As there were many territories, so their arms were complex and reflected the waxing and waning position of the Habsburgs within European power politics. It was not until the 19th century (see below Arms of Dominion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) that the arms began to take on their own life as symbols of a state which may have an existence outside of the Habsburg dynast.

Ancestors
Guntram the Rich (ca. 930985 / 990) Father of: Lanzelin of Altenburg (died 991). Besides Radbot, he had sons named Rudolph I, Wernher, and Landolf.

Counts of Habsburg
Before Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is today southwestern Germany and Switzerland. Radbot of Klettgau, built the Habsburg Castle (ca. 9851035). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albrecht I. Werner I, Count of Habsburg (1025 / 10301096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, who was reeve of Muri from 11111141 after the death of Otto II. Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (died 1111) Father of: Werner II of Habsburg (around 1135; died 1167) Father of: Albrecht III of Habsburg (the Rich), died 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Father of: Rudolph II of Habsburg (b. c. 1160, died 1232) Father of: Albrecht IV of Habsburg, (died 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III. Albrecht IV was also a mutual ancestor of Sophia Chotek and of her husband Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Arms of the Counts of Habsburgs. The Habsburgs all but abandoned this for the arms of Austria. It only reappeared in their triarch family arms in 1805.

Dukes of Austria
In the late Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes of the Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today Lower Austria and the eastern part of Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included Styria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tirol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria.

House of Habsburg

The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and Lake Constance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes who never actually ruled. ] Rudolph II, son of Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 12821283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons. Albert I (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 12821308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 12981308. See also below. Rudolph III, oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 12981307 Frederick the Handsome (Friedrich der Schne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 13081330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.

The arms of Austria, originally belonging to the Babenburg dukes. They became all but synonmous with the Habsburgs, as the Habsburgs abandoned their own arms for these.

Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 13081326. Albert II (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 13261358, duke of Austria and Styria 13301358, duke of Carinthia after 1335. Otto the Jolly (der Frhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 13301339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335. Rudolph IV the Founder (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 13581365, Duke of Tirol after 1363. After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windic March, Tirol, and Further Austria.

Albertine line: Dukes of Austria

Albert III (Albrecht III), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions. Albert IV (Albrecht IV), duke of Austria 13951404, in conflict with Leopold IV. Albert V (Albrecht V), duke of Austria 14041439, Holy Roman Emperor from 14381439 as Albert II. See also below. Ladislaus Posthumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 14401457.

Rudolph I as Emperor

The arms of Austria.

Albert I as Emperor.

Albert II as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

House of Habsburg

10

Albert II as Emperor.

Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol

Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach. William (Wilhelm), son of the above, 13861406 duke in Inner Austria (Carinthia, Styria) Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 13951402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 14061411 duke of Inner Austria

Habsburg Archdukes of Austria and Dukes of Styria.

Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line Ernest the Iron (der Eiserne), 14061424 duke of Inner Austria, until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV. Frederick V (Friedrich), son of Ernst, became emperor Frederick III in 1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund 14391446 and of Ladislaus Posthumus 14401452. See also below.

House of Habsburg Albert VI (Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 14461463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 14581463 Ernestine line of Saxon princes, ancestor of George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III; also Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland 1918 Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line Frederick IV (Friedrich), brother of Ernst, 14021439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria Sigismund, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 14391446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.

11

Reuniting of Habsburg possessions

Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the Duchy of Austria after the death of Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 14851490. King Consort of England Philip II of Spain (King Consort with Mary I of England 15541558) King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors prior to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions Rudolph I, emperor 12731291 (never crowned) Albert I, emperor 12981308 (never crowned) Albert II, emperor 14381439 (never crowned) -ancestor of Empress Catherine II of Russia Frederick III, emperor 14401493

Kings of Hungary prior to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions Albert, king of Hungary 14371439 Ladislaus V Posthumus, king of Hungary 14441457

Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria

The title Archduke of Austria, the one most famously associated with the Habsburgs, was invented in the Privilegium Maius, a 14th century forgery initiated by Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Originally, it was meant to denote the ruler of the (thus 'Arch')duchy of Austria, in an effort to put that ruler on par with the Prince-electors, as Austria had been passed over in the Golden Bull of 1356, when the electorships had been assigned. Holy Roman Emperor Charles

House of Habsburg

12

IV refused to recognize the title. Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, who died in 1457, was never in his lifetime authorized to use it, and accordingly, not he nor anyone in his branch of the dynasty ever used the title. Duke Ernest the Iron and his descendants unilaterally assumed the title "archduke". This title was only officially recognized in 1453 by his son, Emperor Frederick III, when the Habsburgs had (permanently) gained control of the office of the Holy Roman Emperor. Emperor Frederick III himself used just Duke of Austria, never Archduke, until his death in 1493. Frederick's son and heir, the future Emperor Maximilian I, started to use the title, but apparently only after the death of his wife Mary of Burgundy (died 1482) as the title never appears in documents of joint Maximilian and Mary rule in the Low Countries (where Maximilian is still titled Duke of Austria). The title appears first in documents of joint Maximilian and Philip (his under-age son) rule in the Low Countries. It only gained currency with Charles V and the descendants of his brother, the Emperor Frederick. Maximilian I, emperor 15081519

Coat of Arms of Maximilian as Archduke

Personal Arms of Maximilian after his marriage to Mary, Duchess of Burgundy.

Coat of Arms of Maximilian as Emperor.

Charles V, emperor 15191556, his arms are explained in an article about them:

The Middle Coat of Arms as of Charles as Emperor and King of Spain.

The Great Coat of Arms as of Charles as Emperor and King of Spain.

Another view of the Habsburgs at the height of their power under Charles V, showing the Arms as Holy Roman Emperor.

Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor with Supporters and Motto.

House of Habsburg Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the Netherlands The reigning duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent of Maximilian's father Frederick III. Charles controlled not only Burgundy (both dukedom and county), but the wealthy and powerful Netherlands, the real center of his power. Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (147475), he was successful. The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, after the death of Charles.[13] Mary and the Habsburgs lost the Duchy of Burgundy to France, but managed to defend and hold onto the rest. After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son: Philip the Handsome (14821506)

13

Arms of Philip as Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy.

Coat of Arms of Philip as Duke of Burgundy (Philip IV)

Charles V (15061555), Philip's son

House of Habsburg

14

Arms of the Archduke Charles, as Heir of Philip the Handsome.

Coat of Arms of Charles as Duke of Burgundy (Philip IV)

Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, regent (15071515) and (15191530)

Margaret of Austria.

Mary of Hungary, dowager queen of Hungary, sister of Charles V, governor of the Netherlands, 15311555

House of Habsburg

15

Arms of Mary as Queen Consort of Hungary.

Coat of arms of Mary as Queen Dowager of Hungary.

Margaret of Parma, illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Duchess of Parma, and mother of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, governor 15591567

Arms of Margaret of Parma Before her Marriage.

Don John of Austria, illegitimate son of Charles V, victor of Lepanto, governor of the Netherlands, 15761578

House of Habsburg

16

Coat of Arms of Don John.

Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, 15781592

Arms of Alexander Farnese.

The Netherlands were frequently governed directly by a regent or governor-general, who was a collateral member of the Habsburgs. The Habsburgs controlled the 17 Provinces of the Netherlands until the Dutch Revolt in the second half of the 16th century, when they lost the seven northern Protestant provinces. They held onto the southern Catholic part (roughly modern Belgium and Luxembourg) as the Spanish and Austrian until the it was conquered by French Revolutionary armies in 1795.

House of Habsburg Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (15801640)

17

Coat of arms of Spanish Habsburgs (15801621 Version)

Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited and united into the throne of Spain by his son:

Coat of Arms of Philip as Duke of Burgundy (Philip IV)

Coat of Arms of Philip of Burgundy and Johanna as King and Queen of Castile (Philip I)

Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile, Chivalric ornaments

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile.

Charles I 15161556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines

House of Habsburg

18

Personal Arms of Charles V 15161520.

Personal Arms of Charles V, 15301556

15161518, Common version

15181520, Common version

15201530, Common version

15161518, Chivaric design of the Order of the Golden Fleece Armorial

15181520, Chivaric design of the Order of the Golden Fleece Armorial

15201530, Chivaric design of the Order of the Golden Fleece Armorial

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (15161518).

House of Habsburg

19

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (15181520).

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (15201530).

Philip II of Spain 15561598, also Philip I of Portugal 15801598 and Philip I of England and his wife Mary I of England 15541558

Personal Arms of Philip II from 1580 and Royal Arms of Spain (15801668).

Coat of Arms of Philip II, 15581580 (Common version)

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain, 15801668 (Common version)

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Supporters (15801668).

Coats of Arms of Philip II and Philip III, Chivaric design of the Order of the Golden Fleece Armorial

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain (15801598).

House of Habsburg

20

Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1554-1558) Consort of Mary of England

Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1558-1580) Widower of Mary of England

Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1558-1580) Also King of Portugal

Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily

Philip III, also Philip II of Portugal 15981621 Philip IV 16211665, also Philip III of Portugal 16211640 Charles II 16651700

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain, 15801668 (Common version)

Coat of Arms of Charles II, 16681700 (Common version)

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Supporters (15801668).

Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain with Supporters (16681700).

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (15801621).

Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (16211668).

Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip III of Spain.

Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (16681700).

House of Habsburg

21

Full Ornamented Royal Coat of Arms of Spain of Philip IV and Charles II.

Coat of Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1598-1700)

Coat of Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily (1598-1665)

Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily

The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II. Some of the other members of the House of Habsburg:

Coat of Arms of Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Hungary and Bohemia

Coat of Arms of Margareth of Parma ( Before her Marriage), A natural daughter of Emperor Charles V

Coat of Arms of Spanish Infantas as Single Women, 15271552

Coat of Arms of Spanish Infantas as Single Women, 15801700

House of Habsburg

22

Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries

Coat of Arms of Infanta Isabella of Spain as Governor Monarch of the Low Countries

Coat of Arms of John of Austria (15451578) A natural child of Emperor Charles V

Coat of Arms of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria

Coat of Arms of John Joseph of Austria (16291679) A natural child of Philip IV

Coat of Arms of Charles VI of Austria as Monarch of Naples and Sicily

Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria Ferdinand I, emperor 15561564 (Family Tree) Maximilian II, emperor 15641576 Rudolf II, emperor 15761612 Matthias, emperor 16121619 Ferdinand II, emperor 16191637 Ferdinand III, emperor 16371657 (Family Tree) Leopold I, emperor 16581705 Josef I, emperor 17051711 Charles VI, emperor 17111740 Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 17401780.

House of Habsburg

23

Coat of Arms of Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor.

Archduke Ferdinand, Count of Tyrol, and the Tyrolean Line.

Archduke Charles, Count of Styria and the Styrian Line.

Rudolf II, Mathias, Ferdinand II, Leopld I Personal Arms.

Rodolphe II as Emperor.

Ferdinand III as Emperor.

Ferdinand IV as Emperor.

Charles VI as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

Charles VI as Emperor.

The War of the Austrian Succession took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg line upon the death of Charles VI. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria, when it was followed by the House of Lorraine, styled of Habsburg-Lorraine.

House of Habsburg House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria Francis I Stephen, emperor 17451765 (Family Tree) Joseph II, emperor 17651790 Leopold II, emperor 17901792 (Family Tree) Francis II, emperor 17921806 (Family Tree) Queen Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor above. Wife of Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of Alfonso XIII of the House of Bourbon. Alfonso XIII's wife Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg was descended from King George I of Great Britain from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below. A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide, Queen of Sardina was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia and King of Italy. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragana} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis.

24

Coat of Arms of Francis I Stephen as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

Francis I Stephen as Emperor.

Joseph II as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

Joseph II as Emperor.

Grand Arms of Joseph II.

Leopold II as King of Hungary and Bohemia.

Leopold II as Emperor.

House of Habsburg House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria

25

Small Coat of Arms of the Austrian Empire adopted by Francis I in 1804.

Francis I, Emperor of Austria 18041835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Family Tree) Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 18351848 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 18481916. Charles I, Emperor of Austria 19161918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the House of Bourbon-Parma.

House of Habsburg

26

Small (personal) Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine adopted by Emperor Francis II. It shows (left to right) the arms of Habsburg, which had all but been abandoned in favor of Austria when the Habsburgs acquired Austria, the Arms of Austria, and the Arms of Lorraine.

Personal Arms of Ferdinand I with the Habsburg_Lothringen shield overall; showing quarters for Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Milan and Venice (the Kingdom of Lombardy).

Personal Arms of the Emperors Franz Joseph and Charles. These were also assigned to cadet members of the Habsburg dynasty with differencing. They show overall the Habsburg-Lothringen shield; quarters are shown for Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, and the ancient arms of the (arch)duchy of lower Austria (the eagles on blue) make their re-appearance. The Italian quarters for Milan and Venice are no longer present showing the Habsburg loss of their Italian territories.

House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany Francis Stephen 17371765 (later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor) Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification. Peter Leopold 17651790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor) Ferdinand III 17901800, 18141824 (Family Tree) Leopold II 18241849, 18491859 Ferdinand IV 18591860

House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy Ferdinand IV 18601908 Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 19081942 Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 19421948 Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany 19481984 Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany 19481993 Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1993present

House of Habsburg House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italian unification. Francis IV 18141831, 18311846 (Family Tree) Francis V 18461848, 18491859 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy Francis V (18591875) Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (18751914) Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este (19141917) Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (19171996) Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este (1996Present)

27

Ferdinand of Habsbourg, archduke of Austria, and duke of Modena and Reggio (18031806).

Francis IV, archduke of Austria, and duke of Modena and Reggio(18141846).

Francis V, archduke of Austria, and duke of Modena and Reggio (18461859).

Francis Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este, and Crown Prince.

Robert, archduke of Austria-Este.

House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Empress consort of France Marie Louise of Austria 18101814 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification. It was granted to the second wife of Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, a daughter of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of Napoleon II of France. Napoleon had divorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour. Maria Luisa 18141847 (Family Tree)

House of Habsburg House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke Franz Karl, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. The conservative Mexican nobility, as well as the clergy, supported this Second Mexican Empire. His consort, Charlotte of Belgium, a daughter of King Leopold I of Belgium and a princess of the House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, encouraged her husband's acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him as Empress Carlota of Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro de las Campanas" in 1867 by the republican forces of Benito Jurez. Maximilian I (18641867) (Family Tree)
Coat of Arms of the Mexican Empire adopted by Maximilian I in 1864

28

House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy) Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished. Charles I (19181922) (Family Tree) Otto von Habsburg (1912-2011)[14] Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian, (19221930) Karl von Habsburg, (2007present) see Line of succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne

Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy until 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs,as "Palatine"of Hungary, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed separately.

Current personal arms of the head of the house of Habsburg, claiming only the personal title of Archduke

Albertine line: Kings of Hungary

Albert, king of Hungary 14371439 Ladislaus V Posthumus, King of Hungary 14441457

House of Habsburg

29

Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary

Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 15261564 Maximilian I, king of Hungary 15631576 Rudolf I, king of Hungary 15721608 Matthias II, king of Hungary 16081619 Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 16181637 Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 16251657 Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 16471654 Leopold I, king of Hungary 16551705 Joseph I, king of Hungary 16871711 Charles III, king of Hungary 17111740

House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary

Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 17411780 Joseph II, king of Hungary 17801790 Leopold II, king of Hungary 17901792 Francis, king of Hungary 17921835 Ferdinand V, king of Hungary and Bohemia 18351848 Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 18671916 Charles IV, king of Hungary 19161918

Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of Bohemia was from 1306 a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it was not an automatically inherited position. Until rule of the Ferdinand I Habsburgs didn't gain hereditary accession to the throne and were shifted by other dynasties. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.

Main line
Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 13061307

Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia

Albert, king of Bohemia 14371439 Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia 14531457

House of Habsburg

30

Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia

Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 15261564 Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 15631576 Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 15721611 Matthias, king of Bohemia 16111618 Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 16211637 Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 16251657 Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 16471654 Leopold I, king of Bohemia 16551705 Joseph I, king of Bohemia 16871711 Charles VI, king of Bohemia 17111740 Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 17431780

House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia

From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions. Joseph II, king of Bohemia 17801790 Leopold II, king of Bohemia 17901792 Francis, king of Bohemia 17921835 Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 18351848 Francis Joseph I, king of Bohemia 18481916 Charles III, king of Bohemia 19161918

Arms of Dominion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The arms of dominion began to take on a life of their own in the 19th century as the idea of the state as independent from the Habsburg dynasty took root. They are the national arms as borne by a sovereign in his capacity as head of state and represent the state as separate from the person of the monarch or his dynasty. Since the states, territories, and nationalities represented were in many cases only united to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by their historic loyalty to the head of the house of Habsburg as hereditary lord, these full ("grand") arms of dominion of Austria-Hungary reflect the complex political infrastructure that was necessarily to accommodate the many different nationalities and groupings within the empire after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

House of Habsburg

31 After 1867 the eastern part of the empire, also called Transleitania, was mostly under the domination fo the Kingdom of Hungary. Their shield integrated the arms of the kingdom of Hungary, with two angels and supporters and the crown of St. Stephen with the territories that were subject to it: The Kingdom of Dalmatia, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, the Kingdom of Slavonia, the Great Principality of Transilvania, the Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1915), la City of Rijeka and in the center, the Kingdom of Hungary. The western or Austrian part of the empire, Cisleithania, continued using the shield of the Empire in 1815 but with the seals of various member territories located around the central shield. Paradoxically, some of these coats of arms belonged to the territories that were part of the Hungarian part of the empire and shield. This shield, the most frequently used until 1915, was known as the middle shield. There was also the small shield, with just the personal arms of

Shield of the Austrian part of the empire (18671915).

the Habsburgs, as used in 1815.

House of Habsburg

32

Enumeration

II

III

IV

King of Hungary VI

King of Galicia and Lodomeria Archduke of Austria VII

Duke of Salzburg VIII

Duchy of Styria

Duchy of Tirol IX

Duchy of Carinthia and Carniola X XI

Margraviate of Moravia and Duke of Silesia

Great Principality of Transilvania

King of Illyria

King of Bohemia

House of Habsburg

33

Version of 1915
In 1915, in the middle of World War I, Austria-Hungary adopted a heraldic composition uniting the shield that was used in the Hungarian part, also known as the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, with a new version of the medium shield of the Austrian part as depicted above in the section on the main line of the Emperors of Austria. Before, the arms of the different territories of the Austrian part of the Empire (heraldry was added to some areas not shown in the previous version and left to the Hungarian part) appeared together in the shield positioned on the double-headed eagle coat of arms of the Austrian Empire as an inescutcheon. The eagle was inside a shield with a gold field. The latter shield was supported by two griffins and was topped by the Austrian Imperial Crown (previously these items were included only in the large shield). Then, shown in the center of both arms of dominion, as an inescutcheon to the inescutcheon, is the small shield, i.e. personal arms, of the Habsburgs. All this was surrounded by the collar Order of the Golden Fleece[15][16]

Middle Coat of arms of the Austrian part of the Empire in 1915. It shows as an center shield (inescutcheon) the personal arms of Habsburg-Lorraine over the arms of dominions of the Habsburg lands. It usually had the personal arms of Habsburg-Lorraine in the center.

In the heraldic composition of 1915, the shields of the two foci of the empire, Austria and Hungary, were brought together. The griffin supporter on the left was added for Austria and an angel on the right as a supporter for Hungary. The center featured the personal arms of the Habsburgs (Habsburg, Austria and Lorraine). This small shield was topped with a royal crown and surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, below which was the Military Order of Maria Theresa, below which was the collars of the Orders of St. Stephen's and Leopold. At the bottom was the motto that read "AC INDIVISIBILITER INSEPARABILITER" ("indivisible and inseparable"). There were other simplified versions which did not have the supports depicted, and the simple shields of Austria and Hungary. These were the arms of the Empire of Austria with an inescutcheon of Austria, and the Arms of Hungary (with chequer of Croatia at the tip).

House of Habsburg

34

Middle Common Coat of Arms of the Austro-Hugarian Empire in 1915 showing most of the larger possessions of the Austrian Empire (left shield) and the Kingdom of Hungary (right shield). The personal arms of the Habsburg-Lorraines is in the center. The collection of territories that acknowledged the head of the Habsburgs as personal ruler shown by this representation put the Empire at a distinct disadvantage in comparison with the unified nation states that it shared the continent of Europe with.

Austrian Lands Shield Partition I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX Territory King of Galicia and Lodomeria King of Bohemia King of Dalmatia Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia Duke of Salzburg Margraviate of Moravia Duke of Tirol Duke of Bucovina Province of Vorarlberg Margrave of Istria Count of Gorizia Count of Gradisca Province of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Conjunto) City of Trieste Archduke of Lower Austria Archduke of Upper Austria Duke of Styria Carniola Duke of Carinthia Archduke of Austria

House of Habsburg

35

Territories of the crown of St. Stephen Shield Partition I II III IV V VI VII Territory King of Dalmatia (the Hungarian part)]) Kingdom of Croatia Kingdom of Slavonia Grand Prince of Transilvania Province of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Conjunto) City of Fiume King of Hungary

Personal Shield of they Dynasty Shield Partition I II III Significance Count of Habsburg Archduke of Austria Duke of Lorraine

Gallery

Arms of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (18671915)

Arms of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (19151918)

Small Arms of Austria (Cisleithania)(18051918)

Simple Arms of Cisleithania (19151918)

Personal Arms of the Emperor Franz Josef (18481916)

Simple Arms of the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the empire. (19151918)

House of Habsburg

36

In popular culture
In the NBC sitcom 30 Rock episode "Black Tie" a "Gerhardt Habsburg" is presented as the last living member of the family. Gerhardt is wheelchair-bound and appears to be strongly afflicted with hereditary frailties and multiple medical conditions. In the episode the 25th birthday party for the prince is termed the social event of the year in New York City. Unfortunately the prince is inadvertently served champagne, and having a metabolism that is unable to handle grapes, Gerhardt dies, thus making the house of Habsburg extinct.

Notes
[1] Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (1999). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=JbLBikcFr04C& pg=PA154). Random House Digital, Inc.. p.154. ISBN978-0-8129-6389-2. . Retrieved 27 April 2012. [2] Paula Sutter Fichtner, "Dynastic Marriage in Sixteenth-Century Habsburg Diplomacy and Statecraft: An Interdisciplinary Approach," American Historical Review Vol. 81, No. 2 (April 1976), pp. 243-265 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 1851170) [3] "Habsburger-Gedenkjahr im Aargau", Neue Zrcher Zeitung, (page 17) 23 May 2008. [4] art-tv.ch (http:/ / www. art-tv. ch/ 1965-0-habsburger-gedenkjahr. html) [5] [6] [7] [8] Kanton Aargau (http:/ / www. ag. ch/ staatsarchiv/ de/ pub/ fokus/ habsburger_gedenkjahr. php) (German) Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. ISBN 3-406-44754-6. Erbe, Michael: Die Habsburger 1493-1918. Eine Dynastie im Reich und in Europa. W. Kohlhammer, 2000. ISBN 3-17-011866-8 Great Events from History, The Renaissance & Early Modern Era, Vol I, p. 112114, author-Clare Callaghan, ISBN 1-58765-214-5.

[9] Gonzalo Alvarez, Francisco C. Ceballos, Celsa Quinteiro, Gonzalo; Ceballos, Francisco C.; Quinteiro, Celsa; Bauchet, Marc (April 15, 2009). Bauchet, Marc. ed. "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty" (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/ 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0005174). PLoS ONE (PLoS ONE) 4 (4): e5174. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005174. PMC2664480. PMID19367331. . Retrieved 2009-04-19. [10] Maria Theresa was originally engaged to Lopold Clment of Lorraine, older brother of Francis Stephan. [11] Microsoft Encarta: The height of the dual monarchy [12] Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization: Comprehensive Volume. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003. 330. Print. [13] Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. ISBN 3-406-44754-6. pp. 3845. [14] "Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98" (http:/ / www. thelocal. de/ society/ 20110704-36065. html#. UNCe5ZPjnNU). The Local: Germany's News in English. . Retrieved 18 December 2012. [15] H. Strhl: Die neuen sterreichischen, ungarischen und gemeinsamen Wappen. Hrsg. auf Grund der mit d. allerhchsten Handschreiben vom 10. u. 11. Okt. 1915, bezw. 2. u. 5. Mrz 1916 erfolgten Einfhrung. Viena 1917. [16] "Diem, P. Die Entwicklung des sterreichischen Doppeladlers" (http:/ / peter-diem. at/ History/ doppeladler. htm). . Retrieved 5 July 2012.

Further reading
Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Clearfield, 1996. Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published by Longmans in 1963) Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 15501700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979. McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966. Palmer, Alan. Napolen and Marie Louise Ariel Mexico, 2003. Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975).

House of Habsburg

37

External links
http://habsburg.yolasite.com/The Habsburg Family Association "Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite) in German (http://otto.twschwarzer.de/) Habsburg Biographies (http://www.antiquesatoz.com/habsburg/) Habsburg History (http://www.habsburg.webs.com/) Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb (http://www.surnameweb.org/registry/h/a/b/habsburg.shtml) http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Rulers/hapsburg3.html Genealogical tree of the house of Habsburg (up until Maria Theresia) (http://www.chh.de.free.fr/archiv/ Sonstiges/habsburg.php) The Hapsburg Monarchy (Wickham Steed, 1913) (http://www.literature.at/elib/www/wiki/index.php/ The_Hapsburg_Monarchy_(Henry_Wickham_Steed))) eLibrary Austria Project full text (ebook) Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the Habsburgs from Genealogy.eu" (http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/ habsburg1.html). Genealogy.EU (http://genealogy.euweb.cz). "Inbreeding caused demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, new study reveals" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/spain/5158513/ Inbreeding-caused-demise-of-the-Spanish-Habsburg-dynasty-new-study-reveals.html) (15 April 2009) Family tree of the Kings of the House of Habsburg (http://coinshome.net/en/dynasty.htm?action=view& dynasty=z6IK.GJAd1IAAAEtl2DwgJP8)

Article Sources and Contributors

38

Article Sources and Contributors

House of Habsburg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=533823717 Contributors: *Kat*, 24.93.53.xxx, Accents, Acesplit, Adam Bishop, Adam foote, Adamkraft, Advocata, Ahkond, AjaxSmack, Ajta, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alba, Albanaco, Alensha, Alfion, Allgaiar, Altenmann, Ami in CH, Andre Engels, Angusmclellan, Animadversor, Appleseed, Aranea Mortem, Arbit, ArglebargleIV, Arthurian Legend, Arved, Aubisse, Austrian, Avalyn, Aviz2000, AxelBoldt, Balazs.varadi, Barryob, Belligero, Bernd Berndsen, Bgwhite, BillFlis, Bkalafut, Black Silesian, BlueMoonlet, Bmusician, Bob Burkhardt, Bodnotbod, Brandmeister (old), Brossow, Bryan Derksen, Buster7, C.Kent87, CJWilly, CSvBibra, CambridgeBayWeather, CaribDigita, Carioca, Carl Logan, Casiraghitrio, Charles, CharlesMartel, Chivista, Chris Capoccia, Chrispchicken1234, Christophezorn, Circeus, Cleared as filed, Cleduc, CoYep, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Comte de Paris, Conversion script, Cosmicdense, Cristiano Toms, Cruxdestruct, Cuchullain, Cush, Cyan22, DWC LR, Dancingwombatsrule, DanielJDunn, DanielNuyu, Darth Panda, Darwinek, David Parker, David.Monniaux, Dbachmann, Deflective, DefunKt, Deposuit, Dewritech, Dgies, Dimitris, Djordjes, DocWatson42, Docu, Domino theory, DrKiernan, Drachenfyre, ENeville, EamonnPKeane, Eboracum, Eclecticology, El Beadur, Eliade, Elonka, Elvis Almeida da Silva, Emperor001, Enerelt, EoGuy, Epbr123, Eranb, Esrever, EunseokLee, Eupator, Experimental Hobo Infiltration Droid, EyeKnows, Fabartus, FactStraight, Factsstraight, FallingPiano, Fredrik, G.-M. Cupertino, G2bambino, Gabr-el, Gaius Cornelius, Ghaly, Git2010, Givegains, Glenfarclas, Gmsg415, Gogafax, Graham87, Gryffindor, Guy Peters, Hajenso, HangingCurve, Harp, Hemlock Martinis, Heralder, Herbertxu, Heterodoxa, Hex, Hmains, Hmrox, Hokanomono, Hydriotaphia, Iaroslavvs, Iblardi, Intersofia, Iohannes Animosus, Ipankonin, Isis, IvanLanin, J.delanoy, JHK, JJC-IE, JMvanDijk, JRHorse, Jack Merridew, Jack1755, JesseRafe, Jmg38, Joaopais, Joconnor, John, John K, JohnI, Johnbod, JonDePlume, Jorgenev, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joy, Jsch, Jtdirl, KF, Kaiser matias, Kansas Bear, Karl franz josef, Kartano, Kate Phaye, Kbolino, Khazar2, Kikos, Kipala, Kkac, Klapton, Kostisl, Ktsquare, KuatofKDY, Kwamikagami, Knsterle, LFaraone, Lars Washington, Larth Rasnal, Lastricia, Lec CRP1, Lecen, Leovizza, LeviShel, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, LindsayH, Llywrch, Louis88, LouisPhilippeCharles, Lupo, Luwilt, M-le-mot-dit, MGRILLO, Marcika, Marcus Qwertyus, Marek69, Mark J, Martg76, Mary473, Mathew5000, Matthead, Max Kaertner, MaxEspinho, Mcferran, Mchcopl, Mean Free Path, Meco, Michael Zimmermann, Michaelsanders, Michelangelo2204, Mihai Andrei, Mike Dillon, Mira, Mksmith, Mocctur, Mogism, Molly-in-md, Moonraker, Mostafa.Hassan, Muriel Gottrop, Muskeato, Natural Cut, Neckro, Neelix, Nick Number, Nighthawk rocks, Nightstallion, Number 0, Numbo3, Nunh-huh, Olessi, Olivier, OllieFury, Olorin28, Onepebble, Oren neu dag, OwenBlacker, OxfordScholar09, PBS-AWB, Pastafarian23, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paulista01, Pavel Vozenilek, Pearle, Per Hedetun, Peregrine981, Peter Delmonte, Peter Isotalo, Portuguez, Prezboy1, Promethean, Pudelek, Pylambert, Pylypenko, Qertis, Quebec99, Quibik, RHaworth, RJ CG, Ram-Man, RandomCritic, RandomP, RedWolf, Reigen, Remilo, Rjanag, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Robert K S, Romanm, Romayhabsburgo, SMC, Saforrest, Sam Blacketer, Sam Spade, Santryl, Sardanaphalus, Sargeras, Schmutzman, SchuminWeb, Scwlong, Seb az86556, Shilkanni, Silesianus, Silverhelm, Skpperd, SoLando, Someone else, Spongie555, SpookyMulder, Squash Racket, StN, Stan Shebs, StanZegel, Steind, Stijn Calle, Str1977, Sunquanliangxiuhao, Supparluca, Surtsicna, Tahir mq, Tarian.liber, The Emperor's New Spy, Theloavesandthevicious, Thomasgraz, ThrashedParanoid, Tierramwilson, Tobyc75, ToomasTrubetsky, Tpaluzzi21, Tpbradbury, Trasamundo, Trigaranus, Trjumpet, Tropical wind, Tropische Storm Sven, True as Blue, Twas Now, U2fancat, UDScott, Unioncastle, Urban011, VanSisean, Vegaswikian, Villasmilraven, VirtualDelight, VitVit, Vithum, Vsmith, WLRoss, Waggers, Wakari07, Wendyd, Whatnwas, Wiki Historian N OH, Wolfram, Woohookitty, XPTO, Xanderliptak, Xb2u7Zjzc32, Xi-Arcturus, Xxy, Yone Fernandes, Yopie, Yopienso, Yorkshirian, Yurik, Yuyu, Zfr, Zocky, Zoicon5, Zundark, Zyxwv99, 936631, -1, 569 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Familienwappen Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Familienwappen_Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andrei Pilipenko, David Liuzzo Image:Schweiz Frhmia Adel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schweiz_Frhmia_Adel.svg License: unknown Contributors: Marco Zanoli (sidonius 15:58, 10 February 2007 (UTC)) Image:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Map_1547.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: edited by Sir Adolphus William Ward, G.W. Prothero, Sir Stanley Mordaunt Leathes Image:Habsburg Family Tree.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Family_Tree.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: DragonLord, Gingernut7, Mark J, MithrandirMage, Xezbeth Image:Habsburg-Lorraine Genealogy.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg-Lorraine_Genealogy.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: JMvanDijk File:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rangkronen-Fig._18.svg License: unknown Contributors: David Liuzzo File:Armoiries Habsbourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Habsbourg.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Ducal Hat of Styria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Glasshouse File:Gules a fess argent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gules_a_fess_argent.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Emporer Rudolf I Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emporer_Rudolf_I_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries empereur Albert Ier.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Albert_Ier.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries Albert II de Habsbourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Albert_II_de_Habsbourg.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries empereur Albert II.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Albert_II.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries Habsbourg-Styrie.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Habsbourg-Styrie.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Corona imperial 2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Corona_imperial_2.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: HansenBCN File:Crown of Saint Stephen.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crown_of_Saint_Stephen.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Adelbrecht Image:Heraldic Imperial Crown (Common).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_(Common).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Archducal Coronet.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Archducal_Coronet.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Glasshouse File:CoA Maximilian of Habsburg (1459-1519) as archduke.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CoA_Maximilian_of_Habsburg_(1459-1519)_as_archduke.svg License: unknown Contributors: Katepanomegas File:Armoiries Maximilien Ier.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Maximilien_Ier.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: user:Odejea File:CoA Maximilian I of Habsburg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg License: unknown Contributors: Katepanomegas File:Middle Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain-Or shield variant.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain-Or_shield_variant.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder and Katepanomegas, some elements created by Sodacan File:Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: unknown Contributors: Heralder and Katepanomegas, some elements created by Sodacan

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Cross of Burgundy-Gules and Link.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cross_of_Burgundy-Gules_and_Link.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Philip_IV_of_Burgundy.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_IV_of_Burgundy.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as Heir of Philip the Handsome.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_as_Heir_of_Philip_the_Handsome.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:CoA Margaret of Austria 1501-1530.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CoA_Margaret_of_Austria_1501-1530.svg License: unknown Contributors: Katepanomegas File:Blason marie de hongrie 4.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_marie_de_hongrie_4.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Chatsam File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Austria as Queen of Hungary.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mary_of_Austria_as_Queen_of_Hungary.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Margareth of Parma Before her Marriage.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Margareth_of_Parma_Before_her_Marriage.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of John of Austria (1545-1578).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_(1545-1578).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Armoiries Parme 1586.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Parme_1586.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain (1580-c.1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_of_Spain_(1580-c.1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1580-1621).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments_(1580-1621).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_I_of_Castile.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile (Chivalric).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_I_of_Castile_(Chivalric).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_I_of_Castile.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Arms of Queen Joanna and Philip I of Castile.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Queen_Joanna_and_Philip_I_of_Castile.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_(1668-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (1516-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_(1516-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain-Flanders and Tyrol Escutcheon Variant(1518-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain-Flanders_and_Tyrol_Escutcheon_Variant(1518-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (1520-1530).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_(1520-1530).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1516-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments_(1516-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain with Germanic Ornaments-Flanders and Tyrol Escutcheon (1518-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments-Flanders_and_Tyrol_Escutcheon_(1518-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1520-1530).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments_(1520-1530).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (1516-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_(1516-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain-Flanders and Tyrol Escutcheon (1518-1520).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain-Flanders_and_Tyrol_Escutcheon_(1518-1520).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain (1520-1530).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain_(1520-1530).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain (1558-1580).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1558-1580).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Supporters (1580-1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_Supporters_(1580-1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain (1580-1598).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1580-1598).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1554-1558).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1554-1558).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1558-1580).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1558-1580).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1580-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1580-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0

39

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_(1668-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain with Supporters (1668-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_with_Supporters_(1668-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1621-1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments_(1621-1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Coat of Arms of Philip III of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_III_of_Spain.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1668-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_with_Germanic_Ornaments_(1668-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Full Ornamented Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1621-1668).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1621-1668).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily (1598-1665).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily_(1598-1665).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Ferdinand I of Austria (1503-1564) as King of Hungary and Bohemia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Austria_(1503-1564)_as_King_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Infantas as Single Women (1527-1552).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Infantas_as_Single_Women_(1527-1552).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Infantas as Single Women (1580-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Infantas_as_Single_Women_(1580-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Archduke_Albert_of_Austria_as_Governor-Monarch_of_the_Low_Countries.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Infanta Isabella of Spain as Governor Monarch of the Low Countries.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Infanta_Isabella_of_Spain_as_Governor_Monarch_of_the_Low_Countries.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of John Joseph of Austria (1629-1679).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Joseph_of_Austria_(1629-1679).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Coat of Arms of Charles VI of Austria as Monarch of Naples and Sicily.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_VI_of_Austria_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Ferdinand_Ier.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Blason famille at Ferdinand de Tyrol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_famille_at_Ferdinand_de_Tyrol.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Titimaster File:Konstancja rakuszanka coat of arms 17th century.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Konstancja_rakuszanka_coat_of_arms_17th_century.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Bender235, BrightRaven, Darwinius, Gryffindor, Jimmy44, Massimop, Piotrus, Skim, W!B: File:Rudolf II Arms-personal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rudolf_II_Arms-personal.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ipankonin File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Rodolphe_II.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand III.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Ferdinand_III.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries empereur Charles IV.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Charles_IV.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David Liuzzo File:Armoiries Charles VI de Habsbourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Charles_VI_de_Habsbourg.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries empereur Charles VI.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Charles_VI.svg License: unknown Contributors: BrightRaven, Darwinius, Gryffindor, Odejea File:Armoiries moderne Franois Ier de Lorraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_moderne_Franois_Ier_de_Lorraine.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries empereur Franois Ier.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Franois_Ier.svg License: unknown Contributors: Gryffindor, Odejea File:Armoiries Joseph II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Joseph_II_Habsbourg_Lorraine.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries empereur Joseph II.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Joseph_II.svg License: unknown Contributors: Gryffindor, Jimmy44, Odejea File:Wappen Kaiser Joseph II. 1765 (Gro).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Kaiser_Joseph_II._1765_(Gro).png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Armoiries Lopold II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Lopold_II_Habsbourg_Lorraine.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries empereur Lopold II.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Lopold_II.svg License: unknown Contributors: BrightRaven, Darwinius, Gryffindor, Odejea File:Imperial Crown of Austria (Heraldry).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Imperial_Crown_of_Austria_(Heraldry).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Sodacan

40

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Coat of Arms of Emperor Franz Joseph I.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Adelbrecht File:Wappen Habsburg-Lothringen Schild.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Habsburg-Lothringen_Schild.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Oren neu dag File:Habsburg Personal Arms Ferdinand I.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Personal_Arms_Ferdinand_I.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: self File:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Personal_Arms_Franz_Joseph_and_Charles.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: self File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1803.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1803.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1814.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1814.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1846.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1846.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1875.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1875.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1914.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1914.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:Odejea File:Coat of Arms of the Second Mexican Empire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Heralder, User:Katepanomegas, User:Ludovicus Ferdinandus, User:Sodacan File:Habsburg Lothringen.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Lothringen.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Habsburg-lothringen.png: *Wappen_sterreich-Ungarn_1916_(Klein).png: upload David Liuzzo derivative work: M Louny (talk) derivative work: M Louny (talk) File:Arms of Hungary.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Hungary.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: User:Thommy9 File:Coa Hungary Country History Mid (1915).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mid_(1915).svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Madboy74 File:Strhl-Regentenkronen-Fig. 06.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Strhl-Regentenkronen-Fig._06.png License: Public Domain Contributors: David Liuzzo, Glasshouse, Martin H., Skim, W!B:, 3 anonymous edits File:Blason Boheme.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_Boheme.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bluebear2 File:Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Sodacan File:Wa.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wa.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Buho07 File:Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_(19th_Century).svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Madboy74 File:Wappen Knigreich Galizien & Lodomerien.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Knigreich_Galizien_&_Lodomerien.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Erzherzogtum sterreich unter der Enns.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Erzherzogtum_sterreich_unter_der_Enns.png License: unknown Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Herzogtum Salzburg.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Salzburg.png License: unknown Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Herzogtum Steiermark.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Steiermark.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Gefrstete Grafschaft Tirol.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Gefrstete_Grafschaft_Tirol.png License: unknown Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Herzogtum Krnten.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Krnten.png License: unknown Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Herzogtum Krain.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Krain.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Markgrafschaft Mhren.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Markgrafschaft_Mhren.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Herzogtum Schlesien.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png License: unknown Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Grofrstentum Siebenbrgen.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Grofrstentum_Siebenbrgen.png License: Public Domain Contributors: H. Strhl (1851-1919); Upload:David Liuzzo File:Wappen Knigreich Illyrien.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Knigreich_Illyrien.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Knigreich Bhmen.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Knigreich_Bhmen.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen sterreichische Lnder 1915 (Mittel).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_sterreichische_Lnder_1915_(Mittel).png License: Public Domain Contributors: Upload David Liuzzo File:Austria-Hungaria transparency.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austria-Hungaria_transparency.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Hannes 2 File:Austrian shield.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austrian_shield.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Darwinius, David Liuzzo, Kilom691, Martin H., Shizhao, Skim, Valentinian, W!B:, Xenophon, , 1 anonymous edits File:Wappen sterreichische Lnder 1915 (Mittel) Numbers.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_sterreichische_Lnder_1915_(Mittel)_Numbers.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Buho07 File:Wappen Ungarische Lnder 1915 (Mittel) Numbers.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Ungarische_Lnder_1915_(Mittel)_Numbers.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Buho07 File:Wappen Ungarische Lnder 1867 (Mittel).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Ungarische_Lnder_1867_(Mittel).png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Coa Hungary Country History med (1915).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_med_(1915).svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Madboy74 File:Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria (1815).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria_(1815).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Sodacan File:Wappen sterreichische Lnder 1915 (Klein).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_sterreichische_Lnder_1915_(Klein).png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen Kaiser Franz Joseph I.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Hochgeladen von David Liuzzo File:Wappen sterreich-Ungarn 1916 (Klein).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_sterreich-Ungarn_1916_(Klein).png License: Public Domain Contributors: upload David Liuzzo

41

License

42

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/