5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance: in Out
5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance: in Out
5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance: in Out
,
_
Energy of
on Accumulati
=
,
_
Energy of
Input
,
_
Energy of
Output
+
,
_
System to
added Heat
1
]
1
System by
done Work
Let E
sys
be the total energy (internal + kinetic + potential) of a system,
in
m
be the mass flow
rate of the system input stream, and
out
m
be the mass flow rates of the system output stream,
then
dt
d
( )
sys p sys k sys
E E U
, ,
+ +
=
in
m
,
_
+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
u
2
2
out
m
,
_
+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
u
2
2
+ Q
(5.3-1)
where
U
sys
= system internal energy
E
k,sys
= system kinetic energy
E
p,sys
= system potential energy
in
u
,
out
u
= internal energies per unit mass of the system inlet and outlet streams
in
V
,
out
V
= average velocity of the system inlet and outlet streams
Q
=
s
W
+
f
W
where
s
W
= rate of shaft work = rate of work done by the system through a mechanical
device (e.g., a pump motor)
f
W
= rate of flow work = rate of work done by the system fluid at the outlet minus
rate of work done on the system fluid at the outlet
P
in
P
out
Rate of work = Force
velocity
distance
= Force velocity
Rate of flow work done on the system fluid = P
in
A
in
V
in
= P
in in
F
9
Rate of flow work done by the system fluid = P
out
A
out
V
out
= P
out out
F
,
_
+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
u
2
2
out
m
,
_
+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
u
2
2
+ Q
s
W
+ P
in in
F
P
out out
F
(5.3-2)
The internal energy can be combined with the flow work to give the enthalpy
in in
F
in
u + P
in in
F
=
in in
F
,
_
+
in
in
in
P
u
=
in in
F
in
h
In terms of enthalpies
in
h
and
out
h
dt
d
( )
sys p sys k sys
E E U
, ,
+ +
=
in
m
,
_
+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
h
2
2
out
m
,
_
+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
h
2
2
+ Q
s
W
(5.3-3)
The internal energy and the enthalpy can be related to the heat capacities where
C
p
=
p
T
h
,
_
, and C
v
=
v
T
u
,
_
m
W
s
(5.3-4)
Let = (out) (in), and q =
m
Q
, w =
m
W
s
dt
d
(VT) = F
o
T
o
- FT +
p
C
Q
dt
dV
= 5 - 3 = 2 => V = 10 + 2t
Step #4: Specify the initial condition for the differential equation.
At t = 0, T = 75
o
F
Step #5: Solve the resulting equation and verify the solution.
V
dt
dT
+ T
dt
dV
= F
o
T
o
- FT +
p
C
Q
(10 + 2t)
dt
dT
+ 2T = (5)(60) - 3T +
) 1 )( 4 . 62 (
) 481 . 7 )( 800 (
(2t + 10)
dt
dT
= 395.91 - 5T
T
T
dT
75
5 91 . 395
=
+
t
t
dt
0
10 2
-
5
1
ln
,
_
75 5 91 . 395
5 91 . 395 T
=
2
1
ln
,
_
+
10
10 2t
395.91 - 5T = 20.91
5 . 2
10
10 2
,
_
+ t
=> T = 79.182 - 4.182
5 . 2
10
10 2
,
_
+ t
at t = 20 min., T = 79.1
o
F
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Equation (5.3-5) and its differential form, equation (5.3-6), are not convenient for solving
engineering problems.
h + gz +
2
1
V
2
= q w (5.3-5)
12
dh + gdz + VdV = q w (5.3-6)
We can use thermodynamics relations to convert the enthalpy term into a form that involves
temperature, pressure, and density changes across the system.
du = Tds Pd(1/)
dh = du + d(P/) = Tds Pd(1/) + d(P/)
dh = Tds Pd(1/) + Pd(1/) +
dP
= Tds +
dP
(5.3-7)
For an idealized reversible process in which no energy dissipation occurs, the entropy change
arises from heat transfer across the system boundaries
Tds = q
In any real system, the process is irreversible and there is dissipation of energy, therefore
Tds = q + e
f
= du + Pd(1/) (5.3-8)
dh = q + e
f
+
dP
In this equation e
f
represents the thermal energy generated due to the irreversibility of the
system. Substituting dh = q + e
f
+
dP
into the differential energy balance, Eq. (5.3-6),
gives
dP
+ gdz + VdV + e
f
= w
This equation can be integrated along a streamline from the inlet to the outlet of the system to
give
o
i
P
P
dP
+ g(z
o
z
i
) +
2
1
(
o
V
o
2
i
V
i
2
) + e
f
+ w = 0 (5.3-9)
where e
f
=
f
e
, w =
w
, and = kinetic energy correction factor, = 2 for laminar
flow, = 1 for turbulent flow.
The kinetic correction factor is due to the fact that the velocity profile is not uniform over the
cross-sectional area of flow. For uniform flow, the rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is
given as
13
k
E
=
,
_
2
2
1
V
VA
The kinetic energy per unit mass flow rate is then
VA
E
k
=
2
1
V
2
For turbulent flow, the velocity profile is almost flat, therefore
turbulent
k
VA
E
2
1
V
2
= 1 for turbulent flow
L a m i n a r
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e
U n i f o r m
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e
V
v
z
Figure 5.3-1 Laminar velocity profile in a pipe.
The velocity for laminar flow in a pipe is given as
v
z
= 2V
1
1
]
1
,
_
2
1
R
r
= 2V (1
2
), where =
R
r
The rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is
k
E
,
_
R
z
v
0
2
2
1
2rdr
Therefore
k
E
R
z
v
0
3
rdr = R
2
R
z
v
0
3
,
_
R
r
d
,
_
R
r
k
E
= R
2
1
0
8V
3
(1
2
)
3
d = 8R
2
V
3
1
0
3 2
) 1 ( d
k
E
= 8R
2
V
3
1
]
1
8
1
= R
2
V
3
= A V
3
14
Therefore
ar la
k
VA
E
min
=
2
2
V
2
, and = 2 for laminar flow
15