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5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance: in Out

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Chapter 5

5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance


The general energy balance equation has the form

,
_

Energy of
on Accumulati
=

,
_

Energy of
Input

,
_

Energy of
Output
+

,
_

System to
added Heat

1
]
1

System by
done Work
Let E
sys
be the total energy (internal + kinetic + potential) of a system,
in
m
be the mass flow
rate of the system input stream, and
out
m
be the mass flow rates of the system output stream,
then
dt
d
( )
sys p sys k sys
E E U
, ,
+ +
=
in
m

,
_

+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
u
2
2

out
m

,
_

+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
u
2
2
+ Q

(5.3-1)
where
U
sys
= system internal energy
E
k,sys
= system kinetic energy
E
p,sys
= system potential energy
in
u
,
out
u
= internal energies per unit mass of the system inlet and outlet streams
in
V
,
out
V
= average velocity of the system inlet and outlet streams
Q

= rate of heat added to the system


W

= rate of work done by the system


The net rate of work done by the system can be written as
W

=
s
W

+
f
W

where
s
W

= rate of shaft work = rate of work done by the system through a mechanical
device (e.g., a pump motor)
f
W

= rate of flow work = rate of work done by the system fluid at the outlet minus
rate of work done on the system fluid at the outlet
P
in
P
out
Rate of work = Force
velocity
distance
= Force velocity
Rate of flow work done on the system fluid = P
in
A
in
V
in
= P
in in
F

9
Rate of flow work done by the system fluid = P
out
A
out
V
out
= P
out out
F

Eq. (5.3-1) becomes


dt
d
( )
sys p sys k sys
E E U
, ,
+ +
=
in
m

,
_

+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
u
2
2

out
m

,
_

+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
u
2
2
+ Q


s
W

+ P
in in
F

P
out out
F

(5.3-2)
The internal energy can be combined with the flow work to give the enthalpy
in in
F

in
u + P
in in
F

=
in in
F

,
_

+
in
in
in
P
u

=
in in
F

in
h
In terms of enthalpies
in
h
and
out
h

dt
d
( )
sys p sys k sys
E E U
, ,
+ +
=
in
m

,
_

+ +
in
in
in
gz
V
h
2
2

out
m

,
_

+ +
out
out
out
gz
V
h
2
2
+ Q


s
W

(5.3-3)
The internal energy and the enthalpy can be related to the heat capacities where
C
p
=
p
T
h

,
_

, and C
v
=
v
T
u

,
_

For constant values of C


p
and C
v
h = C
p
(T - T
ref
) and u = C
v
(T - T
ref
)
For solid and liquid C
p
C
v
If the system is at steady state with one inlet and one exit stream m =
in
m
=
out
m
, equation
(5.3-3) is simplified to
h
out
h
in
+ g(z
out
z
in
) +
( )
2 2
2
1
in out
V V
=
m
Q


m
W
s

(5.3-4)
Let = (out) (in), and q =
m
Q

, w =
m
W
s

be the heat added to the system and work done


by the system, respectively, per unit mass flow rate. Equation (5.3-4) becomes
10
h + gz +
2
1
V
2
= q w (5.3-5)
This equation also applies to a system comprising the fluid between any two points along a
streamline within a flow field. If these two points are only infinitesimal distance apart, the
differential form of the energy equation is obtained
dh + gdz + VdV = q w (5.3-6)
The d() notation represents a total or exact differential and applies to the change in state
properties that are determined only by the initial and final states of the properties. The ()
notation represents an inexact differential and applies to the change in properties that
depend upon the path taken from the initial to the final point of the properties. The forms of
energy can be classified as either mechanical energy, associated with motion or position, or
thermal energy, associated with temperature. Mechanical energy is considered to be an
energy form of higher quality than thermal energy since it can be converted directly into
useful work. Mechanical energy includes potential energy, kinetic energy, flow work, and
shaft work. Internal energy and heat are thermal energy forms that cannot be converted
directly into useful work. For systems that involve significant temperature changes, the
mechanical energy terms are usually negligible compared with the thermal terms. In such
cases the energy balance equation reduces to a heat or enthalpy balance, i.e. dh = q.
Example 5.3-1.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In a residential water heater, water at 60
o
F flows at a constant 5 GPM into the 100
gallons tank and leaves at 3 GPM. Initially the tank has 10 gallons of 75
o
F water in it.
The tank gas heater heats the tank contents at a constant rate of 800 Btu/min. Assume
perfect mixing, determine the temperature of the discharge water after 20 min. of
operation.
Water: C
p
= C
v
= 1 Btu/(lb
.o
F), density = 62.4 lb/ft
3
. Unit conversion 1 ft
3
=
7.481 gal.
Q
F
o
, T
o
F, T
Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Step #1: Define the system.
Step #2: Find an equation that contains the temperature of the discharge water.
11
The energy balance for the system gives the desired equation.
Step #3: Apply the energy balance on the system with the reference temperature T
ref
=
0
o
F. Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies compared with the changes in
thermal energies.
dt
d
(VC
p
T) = F
o
C
p
T
o
- FC
p
T + Q


dt
d
(VT) = F
o
T
o
- FT +
p
C
Q


dt
dV
= 5 - 3 = 2 => V = 10 + 2t
Step #4: Specify the initial condition for the differential equation.
At t = 0, T = 75
o
F
Step #5: Solve the resulting equation and verify the solution.
V
dt
dT
+ T
dt
dV
= F
o
T
o
- FT +
p
C
Q

(10 + 2t)
dt
dT
+ 2T = (5)(60) - 3T +
) 1 )( 4 . 62 (
) 481 . 7 )( 800 (

(2t + 10)
dt
dT
= 395.91 - 5T


T
T
dT
75
5 91 . 395
=

+
t
t
dt
0
10 2
-
5
1
ln
,
_

75 5 91 . 395
5 91 . 395 T
=
2
1
ln
,
_

+
10
10 2t
395.91 - 5T = 20.91
5 . 2
10
10 2

,
_

+ t
=> T = 79.182 - 4.182
5 . 2
10
10 2

,
_

+ t
at t = 20 min., T = 79.1
o
F
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Equation (5.3-5) and its differential form, equation (5.3-6), are not convenient for solving
engineering problems.
h + gz +
2
1
V
2
= q w (5.3-5)
12
dh + gdz + VdV = q w (5.3-6)
We can use thermodynamics relations to convert the enthalpy term into a form that involves
temperature, pressure, and density changes across the system.
du = Tds Pd(1/)
dh = du + d(P/) = Tds Pd(1/) + d(P/)
dh = Tds Pd(1/) + Pd(1/) +

dP
= Tds +

dP
(5.3-7)
For an idealized reversible process in which no energy dissipation occurs, the entropy change
arises from heat transfer across the system boundaries
Tds = q
In any real system, the process is irreversible and there is dissipation of energy, therefore
Tds = q + e
f
= du + Pd(1/) (5.3-8)
dh = q + e
f
+

dP
In this equation e
f
represents the thermal energy generated due to the irreversibility of the
system. Substituting dh = q + e
f
+

dP
into the differential energy balance, Eq. (5.3-6),
gives

dP
+ gdz + VdV + e
f
= w
This equation can be integrated along a streamline from the inlet to the outlet of the system to
give

o
i
P
P
dP

+ g(z
o
z
i
) +
2
1
(
o
V
o
2

i
V
i
2
) + e
f
+ w = 0 (5.3-9)
where e
f
=

f
e
, w =

w
, and = kinetic energy correction factor, = 2 for laminar
flow, = 1 for turbulent flow.
The kinetic correction factor is due to the fact that the velocity profile is not uniform over the
cross-sectional area of flow. For uniform flow, the rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is
given as
13
k
E

=
,
_

2
2
1
V
VA
The kinetic energy per unit mass flow rate is then
VA
E
k

=
2
1
V
2
For turbulent flow, the velocity profile is almost flat, therefore
turbulent
k
VA
E


2
1
V
2
= 1 for turbulent flow
L a m i n a r
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e
U n i f o r m
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e
V
v
z
Figure 5.3-1 Laminar velocity profile in a pipe.
The velocity for laminar flow in a pipe is given as
v
z
= 2V
1
1
]
1

,
_

2
1
R
r
= 2V (1
2
), where =
R
r
The rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is
k
E


,
_

R
z
v
0
2
2
1

2rdr
Therefore
k
E

R
z
v
0
3
rdr = R
2

R
z
v
0
3

,
_

R
r
d
,
_

R
r
k
E

= R
2

1
0
8V
3
(1
2
)
3
d = 8R
2
V
3


1
0
3 2
) 1 ( d
k
E

= 8R
2
V
3
1
]
1

8
1

= R
2
V
3
= A V
3
14
Therefore
ar la
k
VA
E
min

=
2
2
V
2
, and = 2 for laminar flow
15

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