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Start of Shear
Peak Shear Stress

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5

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Typical normalized shear stress and excess pore pressure versus strain
for CKoUC tests on resedlmented BBC at reference strain rate (a = 0.5%/h)

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Normalized shear stress, q/'vm

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Normalized effective stress, P'/'vm

Typical normalized effective stress paths for CKoUC tests on resedlmented
BBC at reference strain rate (a = 0.5%/h)
Peak shear stress

Figures by MIT OCW.

Start of Shear

Slow

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Std

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V.Fast

Normalized Undrained Strength, Su/'vm.

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Axial Strain Rate, a (%/hr)

Normalized sheer strength versus strain rate CKOUC tests, resedimented BBC

Figure by MIT OCW.

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B6 Clay
'vc = 72 to 75kPa
'vo = 40 kPa

120
100

1-3

CAUC Triaxial Tests

kPa = Depth

0.5

80
0.05
60

0.5
Test

40

CAUC1
CAUC2
CAUC3
CAUC4

20
0

Symbol

Strain Rate
(%/m)

07
08
06A
08

5.00
0.50
0.50
0.05

.
Axial depthpressure %/hr

30
20
10

Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for B6 Clay

Figures by MIT OCW.

Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)
Symbol Strain Rate
(%/t)

Test

CAUCv-07
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08A
CAUCv-05

'vc(%)

5.00
0.5
0.5
0.05

'vc(%)
40
40
40
40

72.1
73
72.3
72.1

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70

60

0.5
0.05

50
40

Unique!

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10

20

30

40

50

60

p' ('1 - '3)

2

70

80

Stress Paths for Structured B6 Clay

90

100

OLGA CLAY

12

'vc = 72 to 75kPa
'vo = 40 kPa

140
2.5

CAUC Triaxial Tests

120
0.5

1-3

100
80

0.1

60

Test

40

Strain Rate
(%/m)

L-P 06
L-P 08
L-P 10
L-P 11

20
0

Symbol

12.30
0.11
2.48
0.10

Axial depthpressure %/hr

30
20
10

Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for OLGAClay

Figures by MIT OCW.

OLGA CLAY
Test

50

q' ('1 - '3)

2

40

2.5 12

30

Symbol

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L-P 08
L-P 10
L-P 11

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0.1

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CPUC Traxial Tests

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

p' ('1 - '3)

2

70

80

90

100

110

260
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220

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200
180
160
140
120

Ps CLAY (cm/16.7m Depth)

100
80

CAUCv-04
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08

60
40

'vc(%)

Symbol Strain Rate

(%/t)

Test

'vc(%)

5.00

269

144

0.5
0.05

275
287

140
144

20
0

Axial depthpressure %/hr

200
180
160
140

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Stress-strain and pore pressure strain for normally consolidated B6 Clay

Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)

240
200

p' ('1+3')(%)

Symbol Strain Rate

(%/t)

Test

CAUCv-04
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08

160
120

'vc(%)

5.00

269

144

0.80
0.08

275
287

140
144

5
0.5

80

CAU Triaxial Tests

0.05

40
0
0

'vc(%)

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

p' ('1+3')(%)

Stress paths for normally consolidated B6 clay

Figures by MIT OCW.

OLGA CLAY
Test
p-18
p-14
p-13
p-12

120

' +'
p' ( 1 3 ) (kPa)
2

100

Strain Rate (%/t)

Symbol

'vc = 137 kPa

c/u Triaxial test

0.1
0.5
2.5
12.3

80
60
40
20
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

' +'
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2

Stress paths for Normally consolidated Olga Clay

140
120

1-3

100
80
60
Test

40

Symbol

Strain Rate
(%/m)
0.1
0.5
2.5
12.0

-18
-14
-13
-12

20
0

Figures by MIT OCW.

Axial depthpressure %/hr

180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0

Stress-strain and pore pressure-strain curves for normally consolidated Olga clay

1.6
1.4

1.0

1.4

ILC

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1.2

qf/qf(=%/hr)

80

Expermential Sound

1.0

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0.8
0.6

Same Intact & Destructured

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1.0

10.0
.
(%/hr)

100.0

1000.0

10000.0

CHANGE OF UNDRAINED STRENGTH RATIO, NORMALIZED TO UNDRAINED STRENGTH

.
RATIO AT 1 = 1.0%/h, WITH STRAIN RATE FOR ALL INVESTIGATED CLAYS.

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50
5
0.5
0.30

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

0.40

0.05

0.20
.
Symbol a(%/hr) Test No.

Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

Pressure, us/vc
'

0.3

0.2
f

0.1
0.0
-0.1
0.001

0.01

0.6

0.1

10

Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,

OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.051
0.50
5.0
49

21
23
13
33
52

Corresponds to
_ 0.9SD
Avg. 'min = 32.9o +
50

0.30

0.05

0.5

0.5

0.05
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0
.

-0.2
-0.3

0.001

0.01

0.1
1
Axial Strain, a (%)

10

5
0.5

0.5
0.05
0.4

0.3

Symbol

Corresponds to
_ 0.4SD
Avg. 'max = 32.9o +

0.2

0.20

0.6
0.5

50

Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,

OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

38
40
42
41
60

50

0.4

0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54

0.6

Peak Shear Stress

0.40

Test No.

Axial Strain, a (%)

Symbol

.
a(%/hr)

0.1

21
23
13
33
18
52

0.051
0.051
0.50
5.0
49
49

0.4
Normalized Shear-Induced Pore
Pressure, us/vc
'

us= u-at = u- 1 a
3

Symbol

0.6

0.7

0.8

Test No.

0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54

38
40
42
41
60

Peak Shear Stress

0.7

0.8

0.8

1.0

1.1

1.2

' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/

' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/

Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

.
a(%/hr)

0.6

50

0.5
5

0.05 | 5

0.4

Symbol

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.50
5.1
5.0
52

35
29
39
49
27

0.3
0.2

Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

Pressure, us/vc
'

0.1
0.0

-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

-0.5

5
0

0.6

10

0.05 | 5
Symbol

0.4
0.2

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.50
5.1
5.0
52

35
29
39
49
27

Peak Shear Stress

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/

50
4

0.8

50

Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,

OCR = 4 & 5
' = 0.038
C'/min
' = 26.1o

0.0
0.6

f 0.05 | 0.5

-0.4

-0.6

1.0

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

12

14

16

Axial Strain, a (%)

Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

50

1.5
0.05,0.5 | 5

1.0

Symbol

0.5

0.0

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50

44
47
46
43
45

0.0

-0.4
-0.8

1.5

1.0

50

Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,

OCR = 4 & 5
' = 0.038
C'/min
0.05,0.5 | 5
' = 25.1o
Symbol

0.5

0.0

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50

44
47
46
43
45

Peak Shear Stress

0.05,0.5 | 5

-0.5
0.5

-1.2
-1.6

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

Pressure, us/vc
'

'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/vc

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/
50
0

6
8
10 12
Axial Strain, a (%)

14

16

18

Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests,

Resedimented BBC

Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,

OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

Symbol

Applied Stress Level, q/qmax

1.2

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.051
0.50
0.50
5.0
50
49
49

21
23
11
13
33
17
18
52

OCR = 1

1.0

0.05

0.8

0.5

50
Symbol

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

1.2
Applied Stress Level, q/qmax

OCR = 2

2.0

OCR = 4

Symbol

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.051
0.50
0.50
5.1
5.0
52

26
35
15
29
39
49
27

0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54

38
40
42
41
80

Symbol

10

Test No.

OCR = 8

1.0
0.8

.
a(%/hr)

Axial Strain, a (%)

.
a(%/hr)

Test No.

0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50

44
47
46
43
45

10

Axial Strain, a (%)

Friction Angle at peak, 'a ( )

Norm. shear-induced pore press, at peak, u3/'vc

Axial Shear Stress Level vs. Strain, CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

0.05
OCR = 1

0.00
-0.05

OCR = 2
-0.10

OCR = 4

-0.15

OCR = 8

-0.20
30

28 OCR = 2

26

24

22

OCR = 1

0.01

0.1

1
10
Axial Strain Rate, a (%/hr)

100

Summary plots of Mechanisms: (a) Normalized Shear-induced pore pressure and

(b) Friction angle at peak versue strain rate, CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

0.508
0.500

0.526

0.564

Rupture
0.492

10-2

12

0.550

Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

q = 0.594

10-1

10
Axial Strain, Percent

10-3

10-4
CKoUC Em = 0.3%
10-5
100

101

103

102

Elapsed Time, l, Minutes

104

105

10-2

CIUC

6
4

10-3

Primary 8Secondary

30

60

90

120

150

Figure by MIT OCW.

100

10-1

101

103

102

104

Elapsed Time, l, Minutes Log t (min)

105

0.562

0.574

0.598
0.588

0.621

0.630

(B) Isotropically consolidated Triaxial

q = 0.662

100

Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

Rupture

Elapsed Time, t. Minutes

10-5

10-2

10-3

10-4
100

CKoUPSC

101

102

103

Elapsed Time, l, Minutes

104

105

(C) Ko consolidated Plane Strain

Creep rate behavior of normally consolidated undisturbed Haney clay.

Figure by MIT OCW.

6

.
% Axial Strain Until min

Tertiary
Plane Strain
q = 0.596
CKoUPSC

10-4

Isotropic Triaxial

2
Ko Plane Strain

Ko Triaxial
0
0.48

vs. t

Conventional Isotropic Triaxial

q = 0.566

0.525
0.515

0.542

0.566

0.592

CIUC m = 2.8%

0.570

q = 0.630

Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

.
Log (% / min)

10-1

0.619

(a) Consolidated Triaxial

q = (1-2)/'3
8

0.52

0.56

0.60
q = (1 - 3)/'vc

0.64

0.68

D
Axial strain until minimum strain rate as a function of creep stress.

Figure by MIT OCW.

0.72

CKoUC
Triaxial
ko q = 0.550
180

210

240

10-3

10

-4

.
Minimum Strain rate m (S-1)

Frozen MFS

10

-5

CIUC HANCY CLAY

ICE
5

10-6
CKoUC HANCY CLAY

10-7

Note:

10-8

100

No.
1

m = tm
101

Material

Testing

20% S MFS
i
40% S MFS
i
100% S MFS
i

Ice

Ice

Unfrozen
Haney Clay

Time (min)
Reference

Uniaxial Martin
Uniaxial Ting & Load
(1981)
Uniaxial
Uniaxial kuo (1972)

102

103
No.
Tests

m (%)

0.987

2.1

0.993

40

2.7

-1.2

0.991

28

4.6

-0.8

0.987

0.996

0.997

2.8

0.987

0.3

r2

2.8 x 10

-1.2

4.2 x 10

-1.2

8.1 x 10

Bo

-4
-4
-4
-5

7.9 x 10

Jacka, in
-5
-1.0
6.5 x 10
Uniaxial Lue (1979)
-4
-0.9
CIUC
Campanella & 1.3 x 10
-5
CKoUC Void (1974)
1.5 x 10
-0.8

~
~1

6.55

10-4

Summary of minimum creep rate: Correlations of time to minimum for

various materials

7.08

Frozen Hanchester Fine Sand

Si = 40%
Dr= 55%

6.50
5.91
6.24

=5.57 MPa
-5

.
m-tm

5.26
5.17
4.92

Strain rate (S-1)

10

4.87

10

-6

10

-7

.
m ~
~ 2.7 + 0.5%

100

102
Time (min)

103

Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of 40% saturated,

55% relative density Manchester fine sand at - 18.8oC
(data from Martin et al. 1981)

Strain rate (a-1)

Figures by MIT OCW.

101

3.98

10

-6

10

-7

10

-8

10

-9

-10 , 1.0 -10o, 1.2

Polycrystalline ICE
.
m ~
~ 1%

-10 , 0.6
o

tm-5 C =0.5 MPa

1 o
-10 , 0.6
o

10

-5 , 0.2
o

-10 , 0.5
.
m-tm

-10 , 0.1

-10

10

10

10
10
10
Time (min)
Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of polycrystalline ice.
(data by Jacka, see Lile 1979).

Figures by MIT OCW.

= 1.1 x 100 % / min

0.64

Adapted from:

1.8 x 10-1

0.56
1.4 x 10-2

"q" = ('1 - '3) /'c

0.48

2.0 x 10-3

8.4 x 10-4

0.40

0.32

0.24

0.16

0.08

Axial Strain, %

10

12

Influence of rate strain on undrained stress-strain behavior in constant rate of strain shear.

'm = ('1 - '3)max /'c

0.80
Upper yield

0.60
0.40

Const. rate at strain shear

Const. stress rate at 5 min
~ 2.5%

0.20

-0.1 cm/day for 7 cm high sample

0
10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

Rate at strain, % / min.

0.516

0.530

0.552

0.638
0.586
0.572

0.600

101

0.618

Strain rate dependence of undrained strength in constant rate of strain Shear and constant stress creep

Axial strain rate, percent/min

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

0.500

0.374

100

101

102

103

Elapsed time, t - min.

0.446

104

105

Variation of creep rate with time in constant stress creep

Normalized Effective Stress, p'/'vc

0.40

0.30

0.20
Loading (e,%/hr)
(50)
(0.05)
(50)
(0.05)

CTX25
28
52
23

0.10

0.001

0.01

Relaxation

0.1
Axial Strain, a (%)

10

Stress-strain curves, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC: OCR =1

CTX-

Normalized Shear Stress, q/'vc

0.4

Loading (e,%/hr)

28

(0.05)

23

(0.05)

Relaxation

0.3

0.2

0.1

(1%)

(10.12.6%)

(0.1%)

( ) = Relaxation Strain Level

End -of-Relaxation State

0.5

0.6
0.7
Normalized Effective Stress, p'/'vc

0.8

Effective stress paths, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC.OCR = 1,0.05%/h

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

Normalized Shear Stress, q/'vc

0.40

.
(%/hr)

CTX-

0.35

Relaxation Strain, %

25

50

0.1

10

15

28

0.05

0.1

10

12.5

0.30
0.25

q/'vc AT t = 0

0.20
0.15
0.10
0.01

0.1

1
10
100
1000
Relaxation Increment Time, t(min)

10000

Shear stress decay with time, CKoUC relaxation tests on resedimented BBC: OCR =1

CTX-

0.6

Normalized Shear Stress, q/'vm

0.5

0.4

OCR

.
(%/hr)

25

50

28
30
32

1
4
1

0.05
0.05
Varies

Solid Symbols: a < 1.5%

AVG. ' = 25.3

k = 0.40

Open Symbols: a < 2.5%

0.3

0.2
AVG. ' = 19.3
k = 0.50

0.1

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Normalized Effective Stress, p'/'vm

Stabilized stress states at the end of relaxation phases, CKOUC relaxatin tests on resedimented BBC.

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: