Lab 21
Lab 21
Lab 21
No.
Electrochemical cell
Observation
e.m.f. (V) / 0.05 V 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10
(1)/ Copper/iron (2)/ Copper/X In all (3)/ Copper/silver electrochemical (4)/ Copper/aluminium cells, the needle (5)/ Iron/silver of voltmeter (6)/ Iron/aluminium moves from left (7)/ Iron/X to right. (8)/ Silver/X (9) Silver/aluminium (10)/ Aluminium/X *Assume that X will lose 2 electrons. Data Processing and Presentation Electrochemical cell Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) X2+(aq)/X (s) Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) Al3+(aq)/Al(s) Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) Al3+(aq)/Al(s) X2+(aq)/X (s) X2+(aq)/X (s) Al3+(aq)/Al(s) X2+(aq)/X (s) Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) Ag+(aq)/Ag(s) Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) Ag+(aq)/Ag(s) Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) Ag+(aq)/Ag(s) Ag+(aq)/Ag(s) Al3+(aq)/Al(s)
Polarity of the electrode Anode Cathode (negative (positive electrode) electrode) Iron Copper X Copper Copper Silver Aluminium Copper Iron Silver Aluminium Iron X Iron X Silver Aluminium Silver X Aluminium
Half equation for each electrode Anode: Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) Anode: X(s) X2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) Anode: Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) Anode: Al(s) Al3+(aq) + 3e Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s) Anode: Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) Anode: Al(s) Al3+(aq) + 3e Cathode: Fe2+(aq) + 2e Fe(s) Anode: X(s) X2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Fe2+(aq) + 2e Fe(s) Anode: X(s) X2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) Anode: Al(s) Al3+(aq) + 3e Cathode: Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) Anode: X(s) X2+(aq) + 2e Cathode: Al3+(aq) + 3e Al(s)
In electrochemical cell (1), Fe is oxidized to Fe2+ which means Fe is more reactive than Cu. So, Fe is higher in the series compared to Cu. Fe Cu In electrochemical cell (2), X is oxidized to X2+ which means X is more reactive than Cu. So, X is higher in the series compared to Cu. However, in electrochemical cell (7), X is oxidized to X2+ which means X is more reactive than Fe. So, X is higher in the series compared to Fe. X Fe Cu In electrochemical cell (3), Cu is oxidized to Cu2+ which means Cu is more reactive than Ag. So, Cu is higher in the series compared to Ag. X Fe Cu Ag In electrochemical cell (4) and (6), Al is oxidized to Al3+ which means Al is more reactive than Cu and Fe. So, Al is higher in the series compared to Cu and Fe. However, in electrochemical cell (10), X is oxidized to X2+ which means X is more reactive than Al. So, X is higher in the series compared to Al. X Al Fe Cu Ag Thus, the electrochemical series that can be constructed is as below. Theoretical Constructed Properties electrochemical series electrochemical series Ca X Increasing in reactivity Mg Al Al Fe Fe Cu Cu Ag Ag By comparing to the theoretical values1, the possible elements for X are Mg and Ca as both elements can lose 2 electrons in oxidation. However, X is said to be Mg as Mg is the nearest element to Al.
1
Geoff Neuss. IB Study Guide CHEMISTRY for the IB Diploma STANDARD AND HIGHER LEVEL. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. (p. 57)