1

NCHRP 20-7 Task 262 (M2)

SESI MI C I SOLATI ON DESI GN EXAMPLES
BENCHMARK BRI DGE No 2 (October 3, 2011).
Benchmark bridge No. 2 is a straight, 3-span, steel plate-girder structure with single column piers and
seat-type abutments. The spans are continuous over the piers with span lengths of 105 ft, 152.5 ft, and
105 ft for a total length of 362.5 ft (Figure 2.1). The girders are spaced 11.25 ft apart with 3.75 ft
overhangs for a total width of 30 ft. The built-up girders are composed of 1.625 in by 22.5 in top and
bottom flange plates and 0.9375 in. by 65 in. web plate. The reinforced concrete deck slab is 8.125 in
thick with 1.875 in. haunch. The support and intermediate cross-frames are of V-type configuration as
shown in Figure 2.2. Cross-frame spacing is about 15 ft throughout the bridge length. The total weight of
superstructure is 1,651 kips.
All the piers are single concrete columns with a diameter of 48 in, longitudinal steel ratio of 1%, and
transverse steel ratio of 1%. The calculated plastic moment is equal to 3,078 kft and the plastic shear (in
single curvature) is 128k. The total height of the superstructure is 24 ft above the ground. The clear height
of the column is 19ft.
The design of an isolation system for this bridge is given in this section, assuming the bridge is located on
a rock site where the PGA = 0.4, S
S
= 0.75 and S
1
= 0.20. A 2-column format is used for this design
example, in which the left hand column lays out a step-by-step design procedure and the right hand
column applies this procedure to this particular bridge.
In addition, the design of six variations of this bridge is also provided. These seven design examples (the
benchmark bridge plus six variations) are summarized in the Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 List of Design Examples Related to Benchmark Bridge No. 2
I D Description S
1

Site
Class
Column height Skew I solator type
2.0 Benchmark bridge 0.2g B Both 19ft ,clear 0 Lead-rubber bearing
2.1 Change site class 0.2g D Both 19ft, clear 0 Lead rubber bearing
2.2 Change spectral acceleration, S
1
0.6g B Both 19ft, clear 0 Lead rubber bearing
2.3 Change isolator to FPS 0.2g B Both 19ft, clear 0 Friction pendulum
2.4 Change isolator to EQS 0.2g B Both 19ft, clear 0 Eradiquake
2.5 Change column height 0.2g B 19 and 38 ft, clear 0 Lead rubber bearing
2.6 Change angle of skew 0.2g B Both 19ft, clear 45
0
Lead rubber bearing

Figure 2.1 Plan of 3-Span Benchmark Bridge No. 2.

Figure 2.2 Typical Section of Superstructure and Elevation at Pier
of Benchmark Bridge No. 2.
1050 1526 1050
300
50
190
Isolators
Crossframe
Plategirders
Deckslab
Singlecolumnpierand
hammerheadcapbeam

DESI GN PROCEDURE DESI GN EXAMPLE 2.0 (Benchmark #2)

STEP A: BRI DGE AND SI TE DATA
A1. Bridge Properties
Determine properties of the bridge:
- number of supports, m
- number of girders per support, n
- angle of skew
- weight of superstructure including railings,
curbs, barriers and other permanent loads,
W
SS

- weight of piers participating with
superstructure in dynamic response, W
PP

- weight of superstructure, W
j
, at each
support
- pier heights (clear dimensions)
- stiffness, K
sub,j
, of each support in both
longitudinal and transverse directions of
the bridge
- column flexural yield strength (minimum
value)
- allowable movement at expansion joints
- isolator type if known, otherwise to be
selected



A1. Bridge Properties, Example 2.0
- Number of supports, m = 4
o North Abutment (m = 1)
o Pier 1 (m = 2)
o Pier 2 (m = 3)
o South Abutment (m =4)
- Number of girders per support, n = 3
- Angle of skew = 0
0

- Number of columns per support = 1
- Weight of superstructure including permanent
loads, W
SS
= 1651.32 k
- Weight of superstructure at each support:
o W
1
= 168.48 k
o W
2
= 657.18 k
o W
3
= 657.18 k
o W
4
= 168.48 k
- Participating weight of piers, W
PP
= 256.26 k
- Effective weight (for calculation of period),
W
eff
= Wss + W
PP
= 1907.58 k
- Pier heights are both 19ft (clear)
- Stiffness of each pier in the both directions
(assume fixed at footing and single curvature
behavior) :
o K
sub,pier1
= 288.87 k/in
o K
sub,pier2
= 288.87 k/in
- Minimum flexural yield strength of single column
pier = 3,078 kft (plastic moment capacity).
- Displacement capacity of expansion joints
(longitudinal) = 2.5 in for thermal and other
movements
- Lead-rubber isolators

A2. Seismic Hazard
Determine seismic hazard at site:
- acceleration coefficients
- site class and site factors
- seismic zone
Plot response spectrum.

Use Art. 3.1 GSID to obtain peak ground and spectral
acceleration coefficients. These coefficients are the
same as for conventional bridges and Art 3.1 refers the
designer to the corresponding articles in the LRFD
Specifications. Mapped values of PGA, S
S
and S
1
are
given in both printed and CD formats (e.g. Figures
3.10.2.1-1 to 3.10.2.1-21 LRFD).

Use Art. 3.2 to obtain Site Class and corresponding Site
Factors (F
pga
, F
a
and F
v
). These data are the same as for
conventional bridges and Art 3.2 refers the designer to

A2. Seismic Hazard, Example 2.0
Acceleration coefficients for bridge site are given in
design statement as follows:
- PGA = 0.40
- S
1
= 0.20
- S
S
= 0.75

Bridge is on a rock site with shear wave velocity in
upper 100 ft of soil = 3,000 ft/sec.

Table 3.10.3.1-1 LRFD gives Site Class as B.

Tables 3.10.3.2-1, -2 and -3 LRFD give following
Site Factors:
- F
pga
= 1.0
- F
a
= 1.0
- F
v
= 1.0

the corresponding articles in the LRFD Specifications,

i.e. to Tables 3.10.3.1-1 and 3.10.3.2-1, -2, and -3,
LRFD.


Seismic Zone is determined by value of S
D1
in
accordance with provisions in Table5-1 GSID.

Art. 4 GSID and Eq. 4-2, -3, and -8 GSID give
modified spectral acceleration coefficients that include
site effects as follows:
- A
s
= F
pga
PGA
- S
DS
= F
a
S
S

- S
D1
= F
v
S
1


These coefficients are used to plot design response
spectrum as shown in Fig. 4-1 GSID.







Since 0.15 < S
D1
< 0.30, bridge is located in Seismic
Zone 2.




- A
s
= F
pga
PGA = 1.0(0.40) = 0.40
- S
DS
= F
a
S
S
= 1.0(0.75) = 0.75
- S
D1
= F
v
S
1
= 1.0(0.20) = 0.20

- Design Response Spectrum is as below:



A3. Performance Requirements
Determine required performance of isolated bridge
during Design Earthquake (1000-yr return period).

Examples of performance that might be specified by
the Owner include:
- Reduced displacement ductility demand in
columns, so that bridge is open for emergency
vehicles immediately following earthquake.
- Fully elastic response (i.e., no ductility demand in
columns or yield elsewhere in bridge), so that
bridge is fully functional and open to all vehicles
immediately following earthquake.
- For an existing bridge, minimal or zero ductility
demand in the columns and no impact at
abutments (i.e., longitudinal displacement less
than existing capacity of expansion joint for
thermal and other movements)
- Reduced substructure forces for bridges on weak
soils to reduce foundation costs.


A3. Performance Requirements, Example 2.0
In this example, assume the owner has specified full
functionality following the earthquake and therefore
the columns must remain elastic (no yield).

To remain elastic the maximum lateral load on the
pier must be less than the load to yield the column.
This load is taken as the plastic moment capacity
(strength) of the column (3078 kft, see above)
divided by the column height (24 ft). This calculation
assumes the column is acting as a simple cantilever
in single curvature.

Hence load to yield column = 3078 /24 = 128.0 k

The maximum shear in the column must therefore be
less than 128 k in order to keep the column elastic
and meet the required performance criterion.






0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Period(s)

STEP B: ANALYZE BRI DGE FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADI NG I N LONGI TUDI NAL
DI RECTI ON

In most applications, isolation systems must be stiff for
non-seismic loads but flexible for earthquake loads (to
enable required period shift). As a consequence most
have bilinear properties as shown in figure at right.

Strictly speaking nonlinear methods should be used for
their analysis. But a common approach is to use
equivalent linear springs and viscous damping to
represent the isolators, so that linear methods of analysis
may be used to determine response. Since equivalent
properties such as K
isol
are dependent on displacement
(d), and the displacements are not known at the beginning
of the analysis, an iterative approach is required. Note
that in Art 7.1, GSID, k
eff
is used for the effective stiffness
of an isolator unit and K
eff
is used for the effective
stiffness of a combined isolator and substructure unit. To
minimize confusion, K
isol
is used in this document in
place of k
eff
. There is no change in the use of K
eff
and K
eff,j
,
but K
sub
is used in place of k
sub.


The methodology below uses the Simplified Method (Art 7.1 GSID) to obtain initial estimates of displacement for
use in an iterative solution involving the Multimode Spectral Analysis Method (Art 7.3 GSID).

Alternatively nonlinear time history analyses may be used which explicitly include the nonlinear properties of the
isolator without iteration, but these methods are outside the scope of the present work.

B1. SIMPLIFIED METHOD
In the Simplified Method (Art. 7.1, GSID) a single degree-of-freedom model of the bridge with equivalent linear
properties and viscous dampers to represent the isolators, is analyzed iteratively to obtain estimates of
superstructure displacement (d
isol
in above figure, replaced by d below to include substructure displacements) and
the required properties of each isolator necessary to give the specified performance (i.e. find d, characteristic
strength, Q
d,j
, and post elastic stiffness, K
d,j
for each isolator j such that the performance is satisfied). For this
analysis the design response spectrum (Step A2 above) is applied in longitudinal direction of bridge.

B1.1 I nitial System Displacement and Properties
To begin the iterative solution, an estimate is required
of :
(1) Structure displacement, d. One way to make
this estimate is to assume the effective
isolation period, T
eff
, is 1.0 second, take the
viscous damping ratio, , to be 5% and
calculate the displacement using Eq. B-1.
(The damping factor, B
L
, is given by Eq.7.1-3
GSID, and equals 1.0 in this case.)

Art
C7.1
GSID
J =
9.79S
1
I
c]]
B
L
1uS
1
(B-1)

(2) Characteristic strength, Q
d
. This strength
needs to be high enough that yield does not

B1.1 I nitial System Displacement and Properties,
Example 2.0










J 1uS
1
= 1u(u.2u) 2.u in

Kd
dy
Kisol
Ku
Qd
Fy Fisol
disol
Ku
Isolator
Displacement, d
Isolator Force, F
Kd
Ku
disol = Isolator displacement
dy = Isolator yield displacement
Fisol = Isolator shear force
Fy = Isolator yield force
Kd = Post-elastic stiffness of isolator
Kisol = Effective stiffness of isolator
Ku = Loading and unloading stiffness (elastic stiffness)
Qd = Characteristic strength of isolator

occur under non-seismic loads (e.g. wind) but

low enough that yield will occur during an
earthquake. Experience has shown that
taking Q
d
to be 5% of the bridge weight is a
good starting point, i.e.

d
= u.uSw (B-2)

(3) Post-yield stiffness, K
d

Art 12.2 GSID requires that all isolators
exhibit a minimum lateral restoring force at
the design displacement, which translates to a
minimum post yield stiffness K
d,min
given by
Eq. B-3.

Art.
12.2
GSID
K
d,mn

u.u2Sw
J

(B-3)
Experience has shown that a good starting
point is to take K
d
equal to twice this
minimum value, i.e. K
d
= 0.05W/d





J = u.uSw = u.uS(16S1.S2) = 82.S6 k







K
d
= u.uS
w
J
= u.uS
16S1.S2
2.u
= 41.28 kin

B1.2 I nitial I solator Properties at Supports
Calculate the characteristic strength, Q
d,j
, and post-
elastic stiffness, K
d,j
, of the isolation system at each
support j by distributing the total calculated strength,
Q
d
, and stiffness, K
d
, values in proportion to the dead
load applied at that support:

d,]
=
d
w
]
w

(B-4)
and

K
d,]
= K
d
w
]
w


(B-5)


B1.2 I nitial I solator Properties at Supports,
Example 2.0

d,]
=
d
w
]
w

o Q
d, 1
= 8.42 k
o Q
d, 2
= 32.86 k
o Q
d, 3
= 32.86 k
o Q
d, 4
= 8.42 k

and
K
d,]
= K
d
w
]
w

o K
d,1
= 4.21 k/in
o K
d,2
= 16.43 k/in
o K
d,3
= 16.43 k/in
o K
d,4
= 4.21 k/in

B1.3 Effective Stiffness of Combined Pier and
I solator System
Calculate the effective stiffness, K
eff,j
, of each support
j for all supports, taking into account the stiffness of
the isolators at support j (K
isol,j
) and the stiffness of
the substructure K
sub,j
. See figure below for
definitions (after Fig. 7.1-1 GSID).

An expression for K
eff,j
, is given in Eq.7.1-6 GSID, but
a more useful formula is as follows (MCEER 2006):

K
c]],]
=
o
]
K
sub,]
1 +o
]
(B-6)
where

o
]
=
K
d,]
J +
d,]
K
sub,]
J -
d,]
(B-7)

and K
sub,j
for the piers are given in Step A1. For the

B1.3 Effective Stiffness of Combined Pier and
I solator System, Example 2.0

o
]
=
K
d,]
J +
d,]
K
sub,]
J -
d,]


o
1
= 8.43x10
-4

o
2
= 1.21x10
-1

o
3
= 1.21x10
-1

o
4
= 8.43x10
-4


K
c]],]
=
o
]
K
sub,]
1 +o
]

o K
eff,1
= 8.42 k/in
o K
eff,2
= 31.09 k/in
o K
eff,3
= 31.09 k/in
o K
eff,4
= 8.42 k/in

abutments, take K
sub,j
to be a large number, say 10,000
k/in, unless actual stiffness values are available. Note
that if the default option is chosen, unrealistically high
values for K
sub,j
will give unconservative results for
column moments and shear forces.



B1.4 Total Effective Stiffness
Calculate the total effective stiffness, K
eff
, of the
bridge:

Eq.
7.1-6
GSID
K
c]]
= K
c]],]
m
]=1
( B-8)


B1.4 Total Effective Stiffness, Example 2.0


K
c]]
= K
c]],]
= 79.u2 kin
4
]=1



B1.5 I solation System Displacement at Each
Support
Calculate the displacement of the isolation system at
support j, d
isol,j
, for all supports:


J
soI,]
=
J
1 +o
]
(B-9)


B1.5 I solation System Displacement at Each
Support, Example 2.0

J
soI,]
=
J
1 +o
]


o d
isol,1
= 2.00 in
o d
isol,2
= 1.79 in
o d
isol,3
= 1.79 in
o d
isol,4
= 2.00 in

B1.6 I solation System Stiffness at Each Support
Calculate the stiffness of the isolation system at
support j, K
isol,j
, for all supports:



K
soI,]
=

d,]
J
soI,]
+K
d,]
(B-10)


B1.6 I solation System Stiffness at Each Support,
Example 2.0

K
soI,]
=

d,]
J
soI,]
+K
d,]

o K
isol,1
= 8.43 k/in
o K
isol,2
= 34.84 k/in
o K
isol,3
= 34.84 k/in
o K
isol,4
= 8.43 k/in

dy
Kd
Qd
F
disol
Kisol
dsub
F
Ksub
d = disol + dsub
Keff
F
Substructure, Ksub
Isolator(s), Kisol
Superstructure
d
disol dsub
Isolator Effective Stiffness, Kisol
Substructure Stiffness, Ksub
Combined Effective Stiffness, Keff

B1.7 Substructure Displacement at Each Support

Calculate the displacement of substructure j, d
sub,j
,
for all supports:


J
sub,]
= J -J
soI,]
(B-11)

B1.7 Substructure Displacement at Each Support,
Example 2.0

J
sub,]
= J -J
soI,]


o d
sub,1
= 0.002 in
o d
sub,2
= 0.215 in
o d
sub,3
= 0.215 in
o d
sub,4
= 0.002 in
B1.8 Lateral Load in Each Substructure
Calculate the lateral load in substructure j, F
sub,j
, for
all supports:
F
sub,]
= K
sub,]
J
sub,]
(B-12)

where values for K
sub,j
are given in Step A1.

B1.8 Lateral Load in Each Substructure, Example
2.0

F
sub,]
= K
sub,]
J
sub,]


o F
sub,1
= 16.84 k
o F
sub,2
= 62.18 k
o F
sub,3
= 62.18 k
o F
sub,4
= 16.84 k

B1.9 Column Shear Force at Each Support
Calculate the shear force in column k at support j,
F
col,j,k
, assuming equal distribution of shear for all
columns at support j:



F
coI,],k
=
F
sub,]
# o columns ot support ]


(B-13)

Use these approximate column shear forces as a check
on the validity of the chosen strength and stiffness
characteristics.


B1.9 Column Shear Force at Each Support,
Example 2.0


F
coI,],k
=
F
sub,]
# o columns ot support ]


o F
col,2,1
= 62.18 k
o F
col,3,1
= 62.18 k

These column shears are less than the plastic shear
capacity of each column (128k) as required in Step
A3 and the chosen strength and stiffness values in
Step B1.1 are therefore satisfactory.

B1.10 Effective Period and Damping Ratio
Calculate the effective period, T
eff
, and the viscous
damping ratio, , of the bridge:

Eq.
7.1-5
GSID
I
c]]
= 2n_
w
c]]
gK
c]]
(B-14)

and

Eq.
7.1-10
GSID
=
2 (
d,]
(J
soI,]
-J
,]
)
]
n (K
c]],]
(J
soI,]
+ J
sub,]
)
2
]
(B-15)

where d
y,j
is the yield displacement of the isolator. For
friction-based isolators, d
y,j
= 0. For other types of
isolators d
y,j
is usually small compared to d
isol,j
and has
negligible effect on , Hence it is suggested that for
the Simplified Method, set d
y,j
= 0 for all isolator
types. See Step B2.2 where the value of d
y,j
is revisited

B1.10 Effective Period and Damping Ratio,
Example 2.0


I
c]]
= 2n_
w
c]]
gK
c]]
= 2n_
19u7.S8
S86.4(79.u2)


= 1.57 sec

and taking d
y,j
= 0:

=
2 (
d,]
(J
soI,]
-u)
]
n (K
c]],]
(J
soI,]
+ J
sub,]
)
2
]
= u.Su

for the Multimode Spectral Analysis Method.

B1.11 Damping Factor
Calculate the damping factor, B
L
, and the
displacement, d, of the bridge:

Eq.
7.1-3
GSID
B
L
= _
(
{
0.05
)
0.3
, < u.S
1.7, u.S

(B-16)


Eq.
7.1-4
GSID
J =
9.79S
1
I
c]]
B
L

(B-17)


B1.11 Damping Factor, Example 2.0
Since = u.Su u.S


B
L
= 1.7u

and

J =
9.79S
1
I
c]]
B
L
=
9.79(u.2)1.S7
1.7u
= 1.81 in


B1.12 Convergence Check
Compare the new displacement with the initial value
assumed in Step B1.1. If there is close agreement, go
to the next step; otherwise repeat the process from
Step B1.3 with the new value for displacement as the
assumed displacement.

This iterative process is amenable to solution using a
spreadsheet and usually converges in a few cycles
(less than 5).

After convergence the performance objective and the
displacement demands at the expansion joints
(abutments) should be checked. If these are not
satisfied adjust Q
d
and K
d
(Step B1.1) and repeat. It
may take several attempts to find the right
combination of Q
d
and K
d
. It is also possible that the
performance criteria and the displacement limits are
mutually exclusive and a solution cannot be found. In
this case a compromise will be necessary, such as
increasing the clearance at the expansion joints or
allowing limited yield in the columns, or both.

Note that Art 9 GSID requires that a minimum
clearance be provided equal to 8 S
D1
T
eff
/ B
L
. (B-18)

B1.12 Convergence Check, Example 2.0
Since the calculated value for displacement, d (=1.81)
is not close to that assumed at the beginning of the
cycle (Step B1.1, d = 2.0), use the value of 1.81 as the
new assumed displacement and repeat from Step
B1.3.

After three iterations, convergence is reached at a
superstructure displacement of 1.65 in, with an
effective period of 1.43 seconds, and a damping factor
of 1.7 (30% damping ratio). The displacement in the
isolators at Pier 1 is 1.44 in and the effective stiffness
of the same isolators is 42.78 k/in.

See spreadsheet in Table B1.12-1 for results of final
iteration.

Ignoring the weight of the hammerhead, the column
shear force must equal the isolator shear force for
equilibrium. Hence column shear = 42.78 (1.44) =
61.60 k which is less than the maximum allowable
(128 k) if elastic behavior is to be achieved (as
required in Step A3).

Also the superstructure displacement = 1.65 in, which
is less than the available clearance of 2.5 in.

Therefore the above solution is acceptable and go to
Step B2.

Note that available clearance (2.5 in) is greater than
minimum required which is given by:

=
8 S
1
I
c]]
B
L
=
8(u.2u)1.4S
1.7
= 1.SS in

10

Table B1.12-1 Simplified Method Solution for Design Example 2.0 Final I teration

SIMPLIFIEDMETHODSOLUTION
StepA1,A2 W
SS
W
PP
W
eff
S
D1
n
1651.32 256.26 1907.58 0.2 3
StepB1.1 d 1.65 Assumeddisplacement
Q
d
82.57 Characteristicstrength
K
d
50.04 Postyieldstiffness
Step A1 B1.2 B1.2 A1 B1.3 B1.3 B1.5 B1.6 B1.7 B1.8 B1.10 B1.10
W
j
Q
d,j
K
d,j
K
sub,j
o
j
K
eff,j
d
isol,j
K
isol,j
d
sub,j
F
sub,j
Q
d,j
d
isol,j
K
eff,j
(d
isol,j
+d
sub,j
)
2
Abut1 168.48 8.424 5.105 10,000.00 0.001022 10.206 1.648 10.216 0.002 16.839 13.885 27.785
Pier1 657.18 32.859 19.915 288.87 0.148088 37.260 1.437 42.778 0.213 61.480 47.224 101.441
Pier2 657.18 32.859 19.915 288.87 0.148088 37.260 1.437 42.778 0.213 61.480 47.224 101.441
Abut2 168.48 8.424 5.105 10,000.00 0.001022 10.206 1.648 10.216 0.002 16.839 13.885 27.785
Total 1651.32 82.566 50.040 E K
eff,j
94.932 156.638 122.219 258.453
Step B1.4
StepB1.10 T
eff
1.43 Effectiveperiod
0.30 Equivalentviscousdampingratio
StepB1.11 B
L
(B15) 1.71
B
L
1.70 DampingFactor
d 1.65 ComparewithStepB1.1
Step B2.1 B2.1 B2.3 B2.6 B2.8
Q
d,i
K
d,i
K
isol,i
d
isol,i
K
isol,i
Abut1 2.808 1.702 3.405 1.69 3.363
Pier1 10.953 6.638 14.259 1.20 15.766
Pier2 10.953 6.638 14.259 1.20 15.766
Abut2 2.808 1.702 3.405 1.69 3.363

11

B2. MULTIMODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD

In the Multimodal Spectral Analysis Method (Art.7.3), a 3-dimensional, multi-degree-of-freedom model of the
bridge with equivalent linear springs and viscous dampers to represent the isolators, is analyzed iteratively to
obtain final estimates of superstructure displacement and required properties of each isolator to satisfy
performance requirements (Step A3). The results from the Simplified Method (Step B1) are used to determine
initial values for the equivalent spring elements for the isolators as a starting point in the iterative process. The
design response spectrum is modified for the additional damping provided by the isolators (see Step B2.5) and then
applied in longitudinal direction of bridge.
Once convergence has been achieved, obtain the following:
- longitudinal and transverse displacements (u
L
, v
L
) for each isolator
- longitudinal and transverse displacements for superstructure
- biaxial column moments and shears at critical locations


B2.1 Characteristic Strength
Calculate the characteristic strength, Q
d,i
, and post-
elastic stiffness, K
d,i
, of each isolator i as follows:

d,
=

d,]
n

(B-19)
and

K
d,
=
K
d,]
n

( B-20)
where values for Q
d,j
and K
d,j
are obtained from the
final cycle of iteration in the Simplified Method (Step
B1. 12
B2.1Characteristic Strength, Example 2.0
Dividing the results for Q
d
and K
d
in Step B1.12 (see
Table B1.12-1) by the number of isolators at each
support (n = 3), the following values for Q
d
/isolator
and K
d
/isolator are obtained:
o Q
d, 1
= 8.42/3 = 2.81 k
o Q
d, 2
= 32.86/3=10.95 k
o Q
d, 3
= 32.86/3 = 10.95 k
o Q
d, 4
= 8.42/3 = 2.81 k

and
o K
d,1
= 5.10/3 = 1.70 k/in
o K
d,2
= 19.92/3 = 6.64 k/in
o K
d,3
= 19.92/3 = 6.64 k/in
o K
d,4
= 5.10/3 = 1.70 k/in

Note that the K
d
values per support used above are
from the final iteration given in Table B1.12-1. These
are not the same as the initial values in Step B1.2,
because they have been adjusted from cycle to cycle,
such that the total K
d
summed over all the isolators
satisfies the minimum lateral restoring force
requirement for the bridge, i.e. K
dtotal
= 0.05 W/d. See
Step B1.1. Since d varies from cycle to cycle, K
d,j

varies from cycle to cycle.

B2.2 I nitial Stiffness and Yield Displacement
Calculate the initial stiffness, K
u,i
, and the yield
displacement, d
y,i
, for each isolator i as follows:
(1) For friction-based isolators K
u,i
= and d
y,i
= 0.
(2) For other types of isolators, and in the absence of
isolator-specific information, take

K
u,
= 1uK
d,
( B-21)
and then


J
,
=

d,
K
u,
-K
d,
( B-22)
B2.2 I nitial Stiffness and Yield Displacement,
Example 2.0
Since the isolator type has been specified in Step A1
to be an elastomeric bearing (i.e. not a friction-based
bearing), calculate K
u,i
and d
y,i
for an isolator on Pier 1
as follows:
K
u,
= 1uK
d,
= 1u(6.64) = 66.4 kin

and
J
,
=

d,
K
u,
-K
d,
=
1u.9S
(66.4 -6.64)
= u.18 in

As expected, the yield displacement is small
compared to the expected isolator displacement (~2

12

in) and will have little effect on the damping ratio (Eq
B-15). Therefore take d
y
,
i
= 0.

B2.3 I solator Effective Stiffness, K
isol,i

Calculate the isolator stiffness, K
isol,i
, of each isolator
i:


k
soI,
=
K
soI,]
n

(B -23)

B2.3 I solator Effective Stiffness, K
isol,i,
Example 2.0
Dividing the results for K
isol
(Step B1.12) among the 3
isolators at each support, the following values for K
isol

/isolator are obtained:
o K
isol,1
= 10.22/3 = 3.41 k/in
o K
isol,2
= 42.78/3 = 14.26 k/in
o K
isol,3
= 42.78/3 = 14.26 k/in
o K
isol,4
= 10.22/3 = 3.41 k/in


B2.4 Three-Dimensional Bridge Model
Using computer-based structural analysis software,
create a 3-dimensional model of the bridge with the
isolators represented by spring elements. The stiffness
of each isolator element in the horizontal axes (K
x
and
K
y
in global coordinates, K
2
and K
3
in typical local
coordinates) is the K
isol
value calculated in the
previous step. For bridges with regular geometry and
minimal skew or curvature, the superstructure may be
represented by a single stick provided the load path
to each individual isolator at each support is explicitly
modeled, usually by a rigid cap beam and a set of rigid
links. If the geometry is irregular, or if the bridge is
skewed or curved, a finite element model is
recommended to accurately capture the load carried
by each individual isolator. If the piers have an
unusual weight distribution, such as a pier with a
hammerhead cap beam, a more rigorous model is
recommended.

B2.4 Three-Dimensional Bridge Model, Example
2.0
Although the bridge in this Design Example is regular
and is without skew or curvature, a 3-dimensional
finite element model was developed for this Step, as
shown below.


.

B2.5 Composite Design Response Spectrum
Modify the response spectrum obtained in Step A2 to
obtain a composite response spectrum, as illustrated
in Figure C1-5 GSID. The spectrum developed in Step
A2 is for a 5% damped system. It is modified in this
step to allow for the higher damping () in the
fundamental modes of vibration introduced by the
isolators. This is done by dividing all spectral
acceleration values at periods above 0.8 x the effective
period of the bridge, T
eff
, by the damping factor, B
L.













B.2.5 Composite Design Response Spectrum,
Example 2.0
From the final results of Simplified Method (Step
B1.12), B
L
= 1.70 and T
eff
= 1.43 sec. Hence the
transition in the composite spectrum from 5% to 30%
damping occurs at 0.8 T
eff
= 0.8 (1.43) = 1.14 sec.
The spectrum below is obtained from the 5%
spectrum in Step A2, by dividing all acceleration
values with periods > 1.14 sec by 1.70.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
T (sec)
C
s
m

(
g
)

13

B2.6 Multimodal Analysis of Finite Element Model

Input the composite response spectrum as a user-
specified spectrum in the software, and define a load
case in which the spectrum is applied in the
longitudinal direction. Analyze the bridge for this
load case.

B2.6 Multimodal Analysis of Finite Element
Model, Example 2.0
Results of modal analysis of the example bridge are
summarized in Table B2.6-1 Here the modal periods
and mass participation factors of the first 12 modes
are given. The first three modes are the principal
transverse, longitudinal, and torsion modes with
periods of 1.60, 1.46 and 1.39 sec respectively. The
period of the longitudinal mode (1.46 sec) is very
close to that calculated in the Simplified Method. The
mass participation factors indicate there is no
coupling between these three modes (probably due to
the symmetric nature of the bridge) and the high
values for the first and second modes (92% and 94%
respectively) indicate the bridge is responding
essentially in a single mode of vibration in each
direction. Similar results to that obtained by the
Simplified Method are therefore expected.

Table B2.6-1 Modal Properties of Bridge
Example 2.0 First I teration
Computed values for the isolator displacements due to
a longitudinal earthquake are as follows (numbers in
parentheses are those used to calculate the initial
properties to start iteration from the Simplified
Method):

o d
isol,1
= 1.69 (1.65) in
o d
isol,2
= 1.20 (1.44) in
o d
isol,3
= 1.20 (1.44) in
o d
isol,4
= 1.69 (1.65) in


B2.7 Convergence Check
Compare the resulting displacements at the
superstructure level (d) to the assumed displacements.
These displacements can be obtained by examining
the joints at the top of the isolator spring elements. If
in close agreement, go to Step B2.9. Otherwise go to
Step B2.8.

B2.7 Convergence Check, Example 2.0
The results for isolator displacements are close but
not close enough (15% difference at the piers)

Go to Step B2.8 and update properties for a second
cycle of iteration.
Mode Period Mass Participation Ratios
No Sec UX UY UZ RX RY RZ
1 1.604 0.000 0.919 0.000 0.952 0.000 0.697
2 1.463 0.941 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.000
3 1.394 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.231
4 0.479 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.002
5 0.372 0.000 0.000 0.076 0.000 0.057 0.000
6 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7 0.345 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000
8 0.279 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.002
9 0.268 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.267 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 0.208 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.129 0.000
12 0.188 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001

14

B2.8 Update K
isol,i
, K
eff,j
, and B
L

Use the calculated displacements in each isolator
element to obtain new values of K
isol,i
for each isolator
as follows:

K
soI,
=

d,
J
soI,
+K
d,
(B-24)

Recalculate K
eff,j
:

Eq.
7.1-6
GSID
K
c]],]
=
K
sub,]
K
soI,
(K
sub,]
+K
soI,
)

(B-25)

Recalculate system damping ratio, :

Eq.
7.1-10
GSID
=
2 (
d,
(J
soI,
-J
,
)
]
n (K
c]],]
(J
soI,
+ J
sub,]
)
2
]
(B-26)


Recalculate system damping factor, B
L
:

Eq.
7.1-3
GSID
B
L
= _
(
{
0.05
)
0.3
u.S
1.7 > u.S

( B-27)

Obtain the effective period of the bridge from the
multi-modal analysis and with the revised damping
factor (Eq. B-27), construct a new composite response
spectrum. Go to Step B2.6.
B2.8 Update K
isol,i
, K
eff,j
, and B
L
, Example 2.0
Updated values for K
isol,i
are given below (previous
values are in parentheses):

o K
isol,1
= 3.36 (3.41) k/in
o K
isol,2
= 15.77 (14.26) k/in
o K
isol,3
= 15.77 (14.26) k/in
o K
isol,4
= 3.36 (3.41) k/in


Since the isolator displacements are relatively close to
previous results no significant change in the damping
ratio is expected. Hence K
eff,j
and are not
recalculated and B
L
is taken at 1.70.










Since the change in effective period is very small
(1.43 to 1.46 sec) and no change has been made to B
L
,
there is no need to construct a new composite
response spectrum in this case. Go back to Step B2.6
(see immediately below).

B2.6 Multimodal Analysis Second I teration,
Example 2.0
Reanalysis gives the following values for the isolator
displacements (numbers in parentheses are those
from the previous cycle):

o d
isol,1
= 1.66 (1.69) in
o d
isol,2
= 1.15 (1.20) in
o d
isol,3
= 1.15 (1.20) in
o d
isol,4
= 1.66 (1.69) in

Go to Step B2.7

B2.7 Convergence Check
Compare results and determine if convergence has
been reached. If so go to Step B2.9. Otherwise Go to
Step B2.8.

B2.7 Convergence Check, Example 2.0
Satisfactory agreement has been reached on this
second cycle. Go to Step B2.9

B2.9 Superstructure and I solator Displacements
Once convergence has been reached, obtain
o superstructure displacements in the longitudinal
(x
L
) and transverse (y
L
) directions of the bridge,
and
o isolator displacements in the longitudinal (u
L
)
and transverse (v
L
) directions of the bridge, for
B2.9 Superstructure and I solator Displacements,
Example 2.0
From the above analysis:
o superstructure displacements in the
longitudinal (x
L
) and transverse (y
L
) directions
are:
x
L
= 1.69 in

15

each isolator, for this load case (i.e.

longitudinal loading). These displacements
may be found by subtracting the nodal
displacements at each end of each isolator
spring element.

y
L
= 0.0 in

o isolator displacements in the longitudinal (u
L
)
and transverse (v
L
) directions are:
o Abutments: u
L
= 1.66 in, v
L
= 0.00 in
o Piers: u
L
= 1.15 in, v
L
= 0.00 in

All isolators at same support have the same
displacements.

B2.10 Pier Bending Moments and Shear Forces
Obtain the pier bending moments and shear forces in
the longitudinal (M
PLL
, V
PLL
) and transverse (M
PTL
,
V
PTL
) directions at the critical locations for the
longitudinally-applied seismic loading.
B2.10 Pier Bending Moments and Shear Forces,
Example 2.0
Bending moments in single column pier in the
longitudinal (M
PLL
) and transverse (M
PTL
) directions
are:
M
PLL
= 0
M
PTL
= 1602 kft

Shear forces in single column pier the longitudinal
(V
PLL
) and transverse (V
PTL
) directions are
V
PLL
=67.16 k
V
PTL
=0

B2.11 I solator Shear and Axial Forces
Obtain the isolator shear (V
LL
, V
TL
) and axial forces
(P
L
) for the longitudinally-applied seismic loading.

B2.11 I solator Shear and Axial Forces, Example
2.0
Isolator shear and axial forces are summarized in
Table B2.11-1


Table B2.11-1. Maximum I solator Shear and Axial
Forces due to Longitudinal Earthquake.


The difference between the longitudinal shear force in
the column (V
PLL
= 67.16k) and the sum of the
isolator shear forces at the same Pier (54.63 k) is
about 12.5 k. This is due to the inertia force
developed in the hammerhead cap beam which
weighs about 128 k and can generate significant
additional demand on the column (about a 23%
increase in this case).
Sub-
struc
ture
Isol-
ator
V
LL
(k)
Long.
shear due
to long.
EQ
V
TL
(k)
Transv.
shear due
to long.
EQ
P
L
(k)
Axial
forces due
to long.
EQ
Abut
ment
1 5.63 0 1.29
2 5.63 0 1.30
3 5.63 0 1.29
Pier
1 18.19 0 0.77
2 18.25 0 1.11
3 18.19 0 0.77

16

STEP C. ANALYZE BRI DGE FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADI NG I N TRANSVERSE

DI RECTI ON
Repeat Steps B1 and B2 above to determine bridge response for transverse earthquake loading. Apply the
composite response spectrum in the transverse direction and obtain the following response parameters:
- longitudinal and transverse displacements (u
T
, v
T
) for each isolator
- longitudinal and transverse displacements for superstructure
- biaxial column moments and shears at critical locations

C1. Analysis for Transverse Earthquake
Repeat the above process, starting at Step B1, for
earthquake loading in the transverse direction of the
bridge. Support flexibility in the transverse direction
is to be included, and a composite response spectrum
is to be applied in the transverse direction. Obtain
isolator displacements in the longitudinal (u
T
) and
transverse (v
T
) directions of the bridge, and the biaxial
bending moments and shear forces at critical locations
in the columns due to the transversely-applied seismic
loading.

C1. Analysis for Transverse Earthquake, Example
2.0
Key results from repeating Steps B1 and B2
(Simplified and Mulitmode Spectral Methods) are:
o T
eff
= 1.52 sec
o Superstructure displacements in the longitudinal
(x
T
) and transverse (y
T
) directions are as follows:
x
T
= 0 and y
T
= 1.75 in
o Isolator displacements in the longitudinal (u
T
)
and transverse (v
T
) directions as follows:
Abutments u
T
= 0.00 in, v
T
= 1.75 in
Piers u
T
= 0.00 in, v
T
= 0.71 in
o Pier bending moments in the longitudinal (M
PLT
)
and transverse (M
PTT
) directions are as follows:
M
PLT
= 1548.33 kft and M
PTT
= 0
o Pier shear forces in the longitudinal (V
PLT
) and
transverse (V
PTT
) directions are as follows:
V
PLT
= 0 and V
PTT
= 60.75 k
o Isolator shear and axial forces are in Table C1-1.

Table C1-1. Maximum I solator Shear and Axial
Forces due to Transverse Earthquake.

Sub-
struct
ure
Isol-
ator
V
LT
(k)
Long.
shear d
ue to
transv.
EQ
V
TT
(k)
Transv.
shear due
to transv.
EQ
P
T
(k)
Axial
forces due
to transv.
EQ
Abut
ment
1 0.0 5.82 13.51
2 0.0 5.83 0
3 0.0 5.82 13.51
Pier
1 0.0 15.40 26.40
2 0.0 15.57 0
3 0.0 15.40 26.40

The difference between the transverse shear force in
the column (V
PLL
= 60.75k) and the sum of the
isolator shear forces at the same Pier (46.37 k) is
about 14.4 k. This is due to the inertia force
developed in the hammerhead cap beam which
weighs about 128 k and can generate significant
additional demand on the column (about 31% ).

17

STEP D. CALCULATE DESI GN VALUES

Combine results from longitudinal and transverse analyses using the (1.0L+0.3T) and (0.3L+1.0T) rules given in
Art 3.10.8 LRFD, to obtain design values for isolator and superstructure displacements, column moments and
shears.

Check that required performance is satisfied.

D1. Design I solator Displacements
Following the provisions in Art. 2.1 GSID, and
illustrated in Fig. 2.1-1 GSID, calculate the total
design displacement, d
t
, for each isolator by
combining the displacements from the longitudinal (u
L

and v
L
) and transverse (u
T
and v
T
) cases as follows:

- u
1
= u
L
+ 0.3u
T
(D-1)
v
1
= v
L
+ 0.3v
T
(D-2)
R
1
= u
1
2
+:
1
2
(D-3)

- u
2
= 0.3u
L
+ u
T
(D-4)
v
2
= 0.3v
L
+ v
T
(D-5)
R
2
= u
2
2
+:
2
2
(D-6)

- d
t
= max(R
1
, R
2
) (D-7)



D1. Design I solator Displacements at Pier 1,
Example 2.0
To illustrate the process, design displacements for the
outside isolator on Pier 1 are calculated below.

Load Case 1:
u
1
= u
L
+ 0.3u
T
= 1.0(1.15) + 0.3(0) = 1.15 in
v
1
= v
L
+ 0.3v
T
= 1.0(0) + 0.3(0.71) = 0.21 in
R
1
= u
1
2
+:
1
2
= 1.1S
2
+u.21
2
= 1.17 in

Load Case 2:
u
2
= 0.3u
L
+ u
T
= 0.3(1.15) + 1.0(0) = 0.35 in
v
2
= 0.3v
L
+ v
T
= 0.3(0) + 1.0(0.71) = 0.71in
R
2
= u
2
2
+:
2
2
= u.SS
2
+u.71
2
= 0.79 in



Governing Case:
Total design displacement, d
t
= max(R
1
, R
2
)
= 1.17 in

D2. Design Moments and Shears
Calculate design values for column bending moments
and shear forces for all piers using the same
combination rules as for displacements.

Alternatively this step may be deferred because the
above results may not be final. Upper and lower
bound analyses are required after the isolators have
been designed as described in Art 7. GSID. These
analyses are required to determine the effect of
possible variations in isolator properties due age,
temperature and scragging in elastomeric systems.
Accordingly the results for column shear in Steps
B2.10 and C are likely to increase once these analyses
are complete.

D2. Design Moments and Shears in Pier 1,
Example 2.0
Design moments and shear forces are calculated for
Pier 1 below, to illustrate the process.

Load Case 1:
V
PL1
= V
PLL
+ 0.3V
PLT
= 1.0(67.16) + 0.3(0) = 67.16 k
V
PT1
= V
PTL
+ 0.3V
PTT
= 1.0(0) + 0.3(60.75) = 18.23 k
R
1
= I
L1
2
+I
11
2
= 67.16
2
+18.2S
2
= 69.59 k

Load Case 2:
V
PL2
= 0.3V
PLL
+ V
PLT
= 0.3(67.16) + 1.0(0) = 20.15 k
V
PT2
= 0.3V
PTL
+ V
PTT
= 0.3(0) + 1.0(60.75) = 60.75 k
R
2
= I
L2
2
+I
12
2
= 2u.1S
2
+6u.7S
2
= 64.00 k

Governing Case:
Design column shear = max (R1, R2)
= 69.59 k

18

STEP E. DESI GN OF LEAD-RUBBER (ELASTOMERI C) I SOLATORS

A lead-rubber isolator is an elastomeric

bearing with a lead core inserted on its vertical
centreline. When the bearing and lead core are
deformed in shear, the elastic stiffness of the
lead provides the initial stiffness (K
u
).With
increasing lateral load the lead yields almost
perfectly plastically, and the post-yield
stiffness K
d
is given by the rubber alone. More
details are given in MCEER 2006.

While both circular and rectangular bearings
are commercially available, circular bearings
are more commonly used. Consequently the
procedure given below focuses on circular
bearings. The same steps can be followed for
rectangular bearings, but some modifications will be necessary.

When sizing the physical dimensions of the bearing, plan dimensions (B, d
L
) should be rounded up to the next
1
/
4

increment, while the total thickness of elastomer, T
r
, is specified in multiples of the layer thickness. Typical layer
thicknesses for bearings with lead cores are
1
/
4
and
3
/
8
.

High quality natural rubber should be specified for the elastomer. It should have a shear modulus in the range 60-
120 psi and an ultimate elongation-at-break in excess of 5.5. Details can be found in rubber handbooks or in
MCEER 2006.

The following design procedure assumes the isolators are bolted to the masonry and sole plates. Isolators that use
shear-only connections (and not bolts) require additional design checks for stability which are not included below.
See MCEER 2006.

E1. Required Properties
Obtain from previous work the properties required of
the isolation system to achieve the specified
performance criteria (Step A1).
- the required characteristic strength, Q
d
, per
isolator
- the required post-elastic stiffness, K
d
, per
isolator
- the total design displacement, d
t
, for each
isolator, and
- the maximum applied dead and live load (P
DL
,
P
LL
) and seismic load (P
SL
) which includes
seismic live load (if any) and overturning forces
due to seismic loads, at each isolator.

E1. Required Properties, Example 2.0
The design of one of the exterior isolators on a pier is
given below to illustrate the design process for lead-
rubber isolators.

From previous work
- Q
d
/isolator = 10.95 k
- K
d
/isolator = 6.76 k/in
- Total design displacement, d
t
= 1.17 in
- P
DL
= 187 k
- P
LL
= 123 k
- P
SL
= 26.4 k (Table C1-1)

Note that the K
d
value per isolator used above is from
the final iteration of the analysis. It is not the same as
the initial value in Step B2.1 (6.64 k/in) , because it
has been adjusted from cycle to cycle, such that the
total K
d
summed over all the isolators satisfies the
minimum lateral restoring force requirement for the
bridge, i.e. K
dtotal
= 0.05 W/d. See Step B1.1. Since d
varies from cycle to cycle, K
d,j
varies from cycle to
cycle.

19

E2. I solator Sizing

E2.1 Lead Core Diameter
Determine the required diameter of the lead plug, d
L
,
using:

J
L
=
_

d
u.9

(E-1)
See Step E2.5 for limitations on d
L


E2.1 Lead Core Diameter, Example 2.0


J
L
=
_

d
u.9
=
_
1u.9S
u.9
= S.49 in


E2.2 Plan Area and I solator Diameter
Although no limits are placed on compressive stress in
the GSID, (maximum strain criteria are used instead,
see Step E3) it is useful to begin the sizing process by
assuming an allowable stress of, say, 1.6 ksi.

Then the bonded area of the isolator is given by:

A
b
=
P
L
+P
LL
1.6
in
2
(E-2)

and the corresponding bonded diameter (taking into
account the hole required to accommodate the lead
core) is given by:

B =
_
4 A
b
n
+J
L
2

(E-3)

Round the bonded diameter, B, to nearest quarter inch,
and recalculate actual bonded area using


A
b
=
n
4
(B
2
-J
L
2
) (E-4)

Note that the overall diameter is equal to the bonded
diameter plus the thickness of the side cover layers
(usually 1/2 inch each side). In this case the overall
diameter, B
o
is given by:

B
o
= B +1.u (E-5)


E2.2 Plan Area and I solator Diameter, Example
2.0








A
b
=
P
L
+P
LL
1.6
in
2
=
187 +12S
1.6
= 19S.7S in
2





B =
_
4 A
b
n
+J
L
2
=
_
4 (19S.7S)
n
+S.49
2

= 16.09 in

Round B up to 16.25 in and the actual bonded area is:

A
b
=
n
4
(16.2S
2
-S.49
2
) = 197.84 in
2




B
o
= 16.25 + 2(0.5) = 17.25 in
E2.3 Elastomer Thickness and Number of Layers
Since the shear stiffness of the elastomeric bearing is
given by:

K
d
=
0A
b
I

(E-6)
where G = shear modulus of the rubber, and
T
r
= the total thickness of elastomer,
it follows Eq. E-6 may be used to obtain T
r
given a
required value for K
d


I

=
0A
b
K
d
(E-7)
A typical range for shear modulus, G, is 60-120 psi.
Higher and lower values are available and are used in
special applications.

E2.3 Elastomer Thickness and Number of Layers,
Example 2.0




Select G, shear modulus of rubber, = 100 psi (0.1 ksi)

Then
I

=
0A
b
K
d
=
u.1(197.84)
6.76
= 2.9S in

20

If the layer thickness is t

r
, the number of layers, n, is
given by:

n =
I

(E-8)
rounded up to the nearest integer.

Note that because of rounding the plan dimensions
and the number of layers, the actual stiffness, K
d
, will
not be exactly as required. Reanalysis may be
necessary if the differences are large.



n =
2.9S
u.2S
= 11.72

Round up to nearest integer, i.e. n = 12
E2.4 Overall Height
The overall height of the isolator, H, is given by:

E = n t

+ (n -1)t
s
+ 2t
c
( E-9)

where t
s
= thickness of an internal shim (usually
about 1/8 in), and
t
c
= combined thickness of end cover plate (0.5
in) and outer plate (1.0 in)

E2.4 Overall Height, Example 2.0


E = 12(u.2S) + 11(u.12S) + 2 - 1.S = 7.S7S in
E2.5 Lead Core Size Check
Experience has shown that for optimum performance
of the lead core it must not be too small or too large.
The recommended range for the diameter is as
follows:

B
S
J
L

B
6
(E-10)

E2.5 Lead Core Size Check, Example 2.0
Since B=16.25 check

16.2S
S
J
L

16.2S
6


i.e., S.41 J
L
2.71


Since d
L
= 3.49, lead core size is acceptable.

E3. Strain Limit Check
Art. 14.2 and 14.3 GSID requires that the total applied
shear strain from all sources in a single layer of
elastomer should not exceed 5.5, i.e.,

y
c
+y
s,cq
+ u.Sy

S.S (E-11)

where y
c
, y
s,cq
, onJ y

are defined below.

(a) y
c
is the maximum shear strain in the layer due to
compression and is given by:

y
c
=

c
o
S
0S

(E-12)
where D
c
is shape coefficient for compression in
circular bearings = 1.0, o
S
=
P
L
A
b
, , G is shear
modulus, and S is the layer shape factor given by:

S =
A
b
nBt

(E-13)

(b) y
s,cq
is the shear strain due to earthquake loads and
is given by:

y
s,cq
=
J
t
I

(E-14)
E3. Strain Limit Check, Example 2.0
Since
o
S
=
187.u
197.84
= u.94S ksi

G = 0.1 ksi

anu
S =
197.84
n16.2S(u.2S)
= 1S.Su

then
y
c
=
1.u(u.94S)
u.1(1S.Su)
= u.61







y
s,cq
=
1.17
S.u
= u.S9

21

(c) y

is the shear strain due to rotation and is given

by:

y

B
2
0
t

(E-15)
where D
r
is shape coefficient for rotation in circular
bearings = 0.375, and u is design rotation due to DL,
LL and construction effects. Actual value for u may
not be known at this time and a value of 0.01 is
suggested as an interim measure, including
uncertainties (see LRFD Art. 14.4.2.1).





y

=
u.S7S(16.2S
2
)(u.u1)
u.2S(S.u)
= 1.S2

Substitution in Eq E-11 gives

y
c
+ y
s,cq
+u.Sy

= u.61 +u.S9 +u.S(1.S2)

= 1.66
S.S 0K

E4. Vertical Load Stability Check
Art 12.3 GSID requires the vertical load capacity of
all isolators be at least 3 times the applied vertical
loads (DL and LL) in the laterally undeformed state.

Further, the isolation system shall be stable under
1.2(DL+SL) at a horizontal displacement equal to
either
2 x total design displacement, d
t
, if in Seismic Zone 1
or 2, or
1.5 x total design displacement, d
t
, if in Seismic Zone
3 or 4.

E4. Vertical Load Stability Check, Example 2.0









E4.1 Vertical Load Stability in Undeformed State
The critical load capacity of an elastomeric isolator at
zero shear displacement is given by

P
c(A=0)
=
K
d
E
c]]
2
__(1 +
4n
2
K
0
K
d
E
c]]
2
) -1_

(E-16)
where
E
c]]
= I

+I
s

T
s
= total shim thickness
K
0
=
E
b
I
I

,
E
b
= E(1 +u.67S
2
)
E = elastic modulus of elastomer = 3G
I =
nB
4
64
,

It is noted that typical elastomeric isolators have high
shape factors, S, in which case:
4n
2
K
0
K
d
E
c]]
2
> 1 (E-17)

and Eq. E-16 reduces to:


P
c(=0)
= nK
d
K
0
(E-18)

Check that:
E4.1 Vertical Load Stability in Undeformed State,
Example 2.0



E = S0 = S(u.1) = u.S ksi

E
b
= u.S(1 +u.67(1S.Su
2
)) = 48.S8 ksi

I = n
16.2S
4
64
= S,422.8 in
4


K
0
=
48.S8(S,422.8)
S.u
= SS,2u1 kinroJ

K
d
=
0A
b
I

=
u.1(197.84)
S.u
= 6.S9 kin








P
c(=0)
= n6.S9(SS,2u1) = 189S.S k

22

P
c(=0)
P
L
+P
LL
S

(E-19)

P
c(=0)
P
L
+P
LL
=
189S.S
(187 +12S)
= 6.11 S 0K

E4.2 Vertical Load Stability in Deformed State
The critical load capacity of an elastomeric isolator at
shear displacement A may be approximated by:


P
c()
=
A

A
goss
P
c(=0)


(E-20)
where
A
r
= overlap area between top and bottom plates
of isolator at displacement A (Fig. 2.2-1
GSID)
=
B
2
(o -sino)
4
,
o = 2cos
-1
(

B
, )

A
gross
= n
B
2
4
,


It follows that:
A

A
goss
=
(o -sino)
n


(E-21)



Check that:

P
c()
1.2P
L
+P
SL
1

(E-22)

E4.2 Vertical Load Stability in Deformed State,
Example 2.0
Since bridge is in Zone 2, = 2J
t
= 2(1.17) = 2.S4


o = 2cos
-1
_
2.S4
16.2S
] = 2.8S



A

A
goss
=
(2.8S -sin2.8S)
n
= u.817



P
c()
= u.817(189S.S) = 1S48.6 k










P
c()
1.2P
L
+P
SL
=
1S48.6
1.2(187) +26.4
= 6.17 1 0K

E5. Design Review E5. Design Review, Example 2.0
The basic dimensions of the isolator designed above
are as follows:

17.25 in (od) x 7.375in (high) x 3.49 in dia. lead core

and the volume, excluding steel end and cover plates,
= 1,022 in
3


Although this design satisfies all the required criteria,
the vertical load stability ratios (Eq. E-19 and E-22)
are much higher than required (6.11 vs 3.0) and total
rubber shear strain (1.66) is much less than the
maximum allowable (5.5), as shown in Step E3. In
other words, the isolator is not working very hard and
a redesign appears to be indicated to obtain a smaller
isolator with more optimal properties (as well as less
cost).

This redesign is outlined below. It begins by
increasing the allowable compressive stress from 1.6
to 3.2 ksi to obtain initial sizes. Remember that no

23

limits are placed on compressive stress in GSID, only

a limit on strain.
E2.1
J
L
=
_

d
u.9
=
_
1u.9S
u.9
= S.49 in
E2.2
A
b
=
P
L
+P
LL
S.2
in
2
=
187 +12S
S.2
= 96.87 in
2


B =
_
4 A
b
n
+J
L
2
=
_
4 (96.87)
n
+S.49
2
= 11.64

Round B up to 12.5 in and the actual bonded area
becomes:
A
b
=
n
4
(12.S
2
-S.49
2
) = 11S.16 in
2


B
o
= 12.5 + 2(0.5) = 13.5 in
E2.3
I

=
0A
b
K
d
=
u.1(11S.16)
6.76
= 1.67 in

n =
1.67
u.2S
= 6.7

Round up to nearest integer, i.e. n = 7.
E2.4
E = 7(u.2S) + 6(u.12S) + 2 - 1.S = S.S in
E2.5
Since B=12.5 check

12.S
S
J
L

12.S
6


i.e., 4.17 J
L
2.u8

Since d
L
= 3.49, size of lead core is acceptable.
E3.
o
S
=
187.u
11S.16
= 1.6S2 ksi


S =
11S.16
n12.S(u.2S)
= 11.SS


y
c
=
1.u(1.6S2)
u.1(11.SS)
= 1.4S


y
s,cq
=
1.17
1.7S
= u.67

24

=
u.S7S(12.S
2
)(u.u1)
u.2S(1.7S)
= 1.S4


y
c
+ y
s,cq
+u.Sy

= 1.4S +u.67 +u.S(1.S4)

= 2.77 S.S 0K
E4.1
E = S0 = S(u.1) = u.S ksi

E
b
= u.S(1 +u.67(11.SS
2
)) = 26.89 ksi

I =
12.S
4
64
= 1,198.4 in
4


K
0
=
26.89(1198.4)
1.7S
= 18,411.9 kinroJ

K
d
=
0A
b
I

=
u.1(11S.16)
1.7S
= 6.47 kin


P
c(=0)
= n6.47(18411.9) = 1u84.u k


P
c(=0)
P
L
+P
LL
=
1u84.u
(187 +12S)
= S.Su S 0K

E4.2
o = 2cos
-1
_
2.S4
12.S
] = 2.76S


A

A
goss
=
(2.76 -sin2.76)
n
= u.76S


P
c()
= u.76S(1u84.u) = 827.1Sk




P
c()
1.2P
L
+P
SL
=
827.1S
1.2(187) +26.4
= S.Su 1 0K

E5.
The basic dimensions of the redesigned isolator are as
follows:

13.5 in (od) x 5.5 in (high) x 3.49 in dia. lead core

and the volume, excluding steel end and cover plates,
= 358 in
3


This design reduces the excessive vertical stability
ratio of the previous design (it is now 3.50 vs 3.0

25

required) and the total layer shear strain is increased

(2.77 vs 5.5 max allowable). Furthermore, the isolator
volume is decreased from 1,022 in
3
to 358 in
3
. This
design is clearly more efficient than the previous one.

E6. Minimum and Maximum Performance Check
Art. 8 GSID requires the performance of any isolation
system be checked using minimum and maximum
values for the effective stiffness of the system. These
values are calculated from minimum and maximum
values of K
d
and Q
d
, which are found using system
property modification factors, , as indicated in Table
E6-1.

Determination of the system property modification
factors should include consideration of the effects of
temperature, aging, scragging, velocity, travel (wear)
and contamination as shown in Table E6-2. In lieu of
tests, numerical values for these factors can be
obtained from Appendix A, GSID.


Table E6-1. Minimum and maximum values
for K
d
and Q
d
.

Eq.
8.1.2-1
GSID
K
d,max
= K
d

max,Kd
(E-23)
Eq.
8.1.2-2
GSID
K
d,min
= K
d

min,Kd
(E-24)
Eq.
8.1.2-3
GSID
Q
d,max
= Q
d

max,Qd
(E-25)
Eq.
8.1.2-4
GSID
Q
d,min
= Q
d

min,Qd
(E-26)


Table E6-2. Minimum and maximum values for
system property modification factors.

Eq.
8.2.1-1
GSID

min,Kd
= (
min,t,Kd
) (
min,a,Kd
)
(
min,v,Kd
) (
min,tr,Kd
) (
min,c,Kd
)
(
min,scrag,Kd
)
(E-27)
Eq.
8.2.1-2
GSID

max,Kd
= (
max,t,Kd
) (
max,a,Kd
)
(
max,v,Kd
) (
max,tr,Kd
) (
max,c,Kd
)
(
max,scrag,Kd
)
(E-28)
Eq.
8.2.1-3
GSID

min,Qd
= (
min,t,Qd
) (
min,a,Qd
)
(
min,v,Qd
) (
min,tr,Qd
) (
min,c,Qd
)
(
min,scrag,Qd
)
(E-29)
Eq.
8.2.1-4
GSID

max,Qd
= (
max,t,Qd
) (
max,a,Qd
)
(
max,v,Qd
) (
max,tr,Qd
) (
max,c,Qd
)
(
max,scrag,Qd
)
(E-30)

E6. Minimum and Maximum Performance Check,
Example 2.0
Minimum Property Modification factors are:

min,Kd
= 1.0

min,Qd
= 1.0

which means there is no need to reanalyze the bridge
with a set of minimum values.

Maximum Property Modification factors are:

max,a,Kd
= 1.1

max,a,Qd
= 1.1

max,t,Kd
= 1.1

max,t,Qd
= 1.4

max,scrag,Kd
= 1.0

max,scrag,Qd
= 1.0
Applying a system adjustment factor of 0.66 for an
other bridge, the maximum property modification
factors become:

max,a,Kd
= 1.0 + 0.1(0.66) = 1.066

max,a,Qd
= 1.0 + 0.1(0.66) = 1.066

max,t,Kd
= 1.0 + 0.1(0.66) = 1.066

max,t,Qd
= 1.0 + 0.4(0.66) = 1.264

max,scrag,Kd
= 1.0

max,scrag,Qd
= 1.0

Therefore the maximum overall modification factors

max,Kd
= 1.066(1.066)1.0 = 1.14

max,Qd
= 1.066(1.264)1.0 = 1.35

Since the possible variation in upper bound properties
exceeds 15% a reanalysis of the bridge is required to
determine performance with these properties.

The upper-bound properties are:
Q
d,max
= 1.35 (10.95) = 14.78 k
and
K
d,ma x
=1.14(6.76) = 7.71 k/in

26

Adjustment factors are applied to individual -factors

(except
v
) to account for the likelihood of occurrence
of all of the maxima (or all of the minima) at the same
time. These factors are applied to all -factors that
deviate from unity but only to the portion of the -
factor that is greater than, or less than, unity. Art.
8.2.2 GSID gives these factors as follows:
1.00 for critical bridges
0.75 for essential bridges
0.66 for all other bridges

As required in Art. 7 GSID and shown in Fig. C7-1
GSID, the bridge should be reanalyzed for two cases:
once with K
d,min
and Q
d,min
, and again with K
d,max
and
Q
d,max
. As indicated in Fig C7-1 GSID, maximum
displacements will probably be given by the first case
(K
d,min
and Q
d,min
) and maximum forces by the second
case (K
d,max
and Q
d,max
).

E7. Design and Performance Summary

E7. Design and Performance Summary, Example
2.0
E7.1 I solator dimensions
Summarize final dimensions of isolators:
- Overall diameter (includes cover layer)
- Overall height
- Diameter lead core
- Bonded diameter
- Number of rubber layers
- Thickness of rubber layers
- Total rubber thickness
- Thickness of steel shims
- Shear modulus of elastomer

E7.1 I solator dimensions, Example 2.0
Isolator dimensions are summarized in Table E7.1-1.

Table E7.1-1 I solator Dimensions


Shear modulus of elastomer = 100 psi

Isolator
Location
Overall
diam.
(in)
Overall
height
(in)
Diam.
lead
core
(in)
Bonded
diam
(in)
Under
edge
girder
on Pier 1
13.5 5.5 3.49 12.5
Isolator
Location
No. of
rubber
layers
Rubber
layers
thick-
ness
(in)
Total
rubber
thick-
ness
(in)
Steel
shim
thick-
ness
(in)
Under
edge
girder
on Pier 1
7 0.25 1.75 0.125
E7.2 Bridge Performance
Summarize bridge performance
- Maximum superstructure displacement
(longitudinal)
- Maximum superstructure displacement
(transverse)
- Maximum superstructure displacement
E7.2 Bridge Performance, Example 2.0
Bridge performance is summarized in Table E7.2-1
where it is seen that the maximum column shear is
71.74k. This less than the column plastic shear (128k)
and therefore the required performance criterion is
satisfied (fully elastic behavior). Furthermore the
maximum longitudinal displacement is 1.69 in which

27

(resultant)
- Maximum column shear (resultant)
- Maximum column moment (about transverse
axis)
- Maximum column moment (about longitudinal
axis)
- Maximum column torque

Check required performance as determined in Step
A3, is satisfied.
is less than the 2.5in available at the abutment
expansion joints and is therefore acceptable.

Table E7.2-1 Summary of Bridge Performance

Maximum superstructure
displacement (longitudinal)
1.69 in
Maximum superstructure
displacement (transverse)
1.75 in
Maximum superstructure
displacement (resultant)
2.27 in
Maximum column shear
(resultant)
71.74 k
Maximum column moment
about transverse axis
1,657 kft
Maximum column moment
about longitudinal axis
1,676 kft
Maximum column torque 21.44 kft