PROCEDURAL ACCIDENTS

Dr.Moeen Al Weshah

DEFINITION
Endodontic mishaps or procedural accidents are those unfortunate accidents that happen during treatment, some owing to inattention to detail, others being totally unpredictable

TORABINEJAD AND LEMON IN ENDODONTICS PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE :

I. Perforations during access preparation II. Accidents during cleaning and shaping III. Accidents during obturation IV. Accidents during post space preparation

ACCIDENTS DURING ACCESS PREPARATION

Proper access opening is key to ensure an errorless procedure during cleaning and shaping, if not gained it would be beginning of procedural failure. Main errors during access opening are Access Cavity Perforations Treatment of the Wrong Tooth Missed Canals Damage to an Existing Restoration

ACCESS CAVITY PERFORATIONS

The prime objective of an access cavity is to provide an unobstructed or straight-line pathway to the apical foramen. Accidents, such as excess removal of tooth structure or perforation, may occur during attempts to locate canals. Failure to achieve straight-line access is often the main etiologic factor for other types of intracanal accidents.

CAUSES
A. Lack of attention to degree of axial inclination in relation to adjacent teeth or bone gouging and perforation usually through indirct visioin (cast crown) *Could be avoided by periodic review of bur tooth relationship, transillumination, magnification and radiographs B. Searching for chamber or canal orifices through underprepared access cavity C. Failure to recognize when a bur passes through a small or flattened pulp chamber in multirooted teeth

RECOGNITION:
Sudden pain while local anesthesia was adequate Sudden hemorrhage perodontium > bone? Dry field? Burning pain or bad taste during NaOCl- irrigation Reading on AL. RG mal-positioned file. Early detection is vital to treatment as cleaning and shaping of PL or bone worsen the prognosis and resulted in severe postoperative pain Inform your patient of questionable prognosis and refer to endodontist.

TYPES OF PERFORATION DURING ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION

Lateral root perforation

Supracrestal easy repair full crown- covering the defect Infracrestal repair-- poorest prognosis, ortho-extrusion or periosurery. Or internal repair using MTA

Furcation perforation
Direct: punched out defect if dry GIC or composite otherwise MTA Immediately Stripping: Furcation side of the coronal surface inner surface i.e the opposite surface of the lateral perforation (multirooted) this will lead to periodontal pocket. Failure will be due to leakage of repair material. MTA improves the prognosis of nonsurgical repair compared with other materials.

PREVENTION

Clinical and radiographical examinations

Tilted, misoriented casting, calcified chamber Even 2D angulated RG give will give at least distorted 3D

Operative procedures
Postpone RD application in difficult cases Constricted chamber or canals must be sought with small amount of dentine removed at a time Use safe non cutting edge burs after de-roofing the chamber (Endo Z, pulp shaper bur) RG and AL to detect early perforation Use split dam group isolation A bur is secured in the hole with cotton pellet and RG taken: Direct facial RG and Angled RG Use fiberoptic light to locate canals , direct light beam through the access and illuminate the pulp chamber Use of magnifications loupes or microscope

TREATMENT:

Nonsurgical
Prefered to surgical if possible, difficulties because of visibility hemorrhage control, management and sealing ability of repair material should be sealed immediately MTA best prognosis

Surgical
Complex restorative procedures Demand good oral hygiene Options if bone level allows: bicuspidation or hemisection or intentional reimplantation (IR) IR: consider if more than one problem present

PROGNOSIS
Depend on many variables: Location Length of root trunk Size of the defect, <1 mm Presence/absence of periodontal communication Time lapse between perforation and repair Sealing ability of restorative material Competence of the dentist/patient oral hygiene

TREATMENT OF THE WRONG TOOTH

Treatment of the wrong tooth can be so easily prevented. One should make sure through testing, examining, and radiography that one has confirmed which tooth requires treatment Open the access cavity before applying the rubber dam

MISSED CANALS

Additional canals in the mesial roots of maxillary molars and the distal roots of mandibular molars are the most frequently missed. Second canals in lower incisors, and second canals and bifurcated canals in lower premolars, as well as third canals in upper premolars are also missed. One must prepare adequate occlusal access

DAMAGE TO AN EXISTING RESTORATION

Porcelain crowns are the most susceptible to chipping and fracture. When one is present, use a water-cooled, smooth diamond point and do not force the bur, let it cut its own way . Also, do not place a rubber dam clamp on the gingiva of any porcelain or porcelain-faced crown

ACCIDENTS DURING CLEANING AND SHAPING

Ledge formation Root perforation Artificial canal creation Instrument separation Extrusion of irrigation solution Aspiration or ingestion and tissue emphysema

LEDGE FORMATION

Occur when WL can no longer be negotiated and canal patency lost

Causes: Inadequate straight line access into the canal Inadequate irrigation and lubrication Excessive enlargement of curved canals with large files Debris packing in canal s apical portion

PREVENTION
I. PREOPERATIVE A. curvatures: mostly severe coronal curvature. Apical curvature with improper access preparation B. length: longer canals more prone than shorter C. initial size: small diameter canals are more prone to ledging.

II: OPERATIVE: optimum straight line access, frequent irrigation and recapitulation, good lubrication. flexible files 1/8-1/4 REAMING motion in the apical part and away from furcation area. Each file should be loose before next size is used.

MANAGEMANT AND PROGNOSIS

Management: size 10 ss, 2-3 mm sharply bent toward canal curvature, with good lubrication, with picking motion. once original WL gained work with reaming motion and up and down to remove debris

Prognosis: depend on amount of debris remains Usually short and cleaned apical ledge have good prognosis Should clinical or radiographic evidence of failure arises, refer to endodontist

CREATING AN ARTIFICIAL CANAL

Causes: ledge, insist on WL , usually by ss files Management: confirm WL AL,radiograph and PP adjust WL and create a stop and obturate, how? If there is no perforation: warm compaction technique Perforated: the defect should be repaired internally with MTA or surgically Prognosis: depend on the ability to renegotiate, prepare and obturate the original canal. Renegotiated canals had good prognosis while unnegotiated especially when large portion is missed is poor. If symptoms arises, surgery to resect uninstrument portion?

ROOT PERFORATION
Could be perforated at any level A. Apical: overinstrumnetation: Incorrect WL or inability to maintain WL cause zipping of apical foramen. Signs: bleeding, pain, sudden loss of apical stop, Prevention: take WL with apex locator and consider change of WL during/after CS Treatment: establish new WL seat , use of MTA apically to prevent extrusion of filling materials Success will depend on size and shape of the defect reverse funnel, open apex, the need to interfere surgically will influence outcome. B. Lateral Midroot perforatrion: inability to maintain curvature due to curvature plus size and inflexibility of larger files Treatment, bypassed the ledge if possible and seal the perforation site, use mild irrigation concentration Prognosis buccal has better prognosis. Corrective techniques include repair of perforation site, root resection to perforation level, root amputation, hemisection, extraction C. Coronal root perforation: occur during access preparation as the operator try canal orifice or during flaring procedure with files GG peeso reamer. Poorest long term prognosis

SEPARATED INSTRUMNET

Due to limited flexibility and strength combined with improper use (overuse or excessive force applied) Recognition: the file comes out shorter than the length when it was inserted. RG: to confirm Inform the patient Prevention: knowing the limits of the instrument, copious irrigation, avoid instrument overuse, examine your instrument before insertion Small files should be replaced frequently Your set of files should be replaced if possible NiTi show no signs of weakening Unwound or twisted files should be replaced Examine your instrument under magnification

SEPARATED INSTRUMNET
Treatment: Attempt to remove, bypass or up to the segment if couldnt bypass or remove. Try to bend 2-3 mm of small size 8 or 10 s.s file as ledge treatment, if bypassed you can use ultrasonics, barbed broaches headstrom files to try to remove the instrument Prognosis: How much undebridment before separation and unobturated portion apical to the instrument. Poor prognosis if small files at apical portion or beyond the apex. Surgery should be considered if there are symptoms.

EXTRUSION OF IRRIGANT SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ACCIDENT

Caused by wedging of the needle in the canal or sometimes out of perforation with forceful expression of the irrigant (NaOCl-) to periradicular tissues which could be a life threatening emergency. Signs and symptoms: sudden prolonged and sharp pain followed by rapid diffuse swelling. Prevention: keep irrigating needles loose in the canal, dont wedge the needle, dont make excessive force while irrigating and use proper(perforated) needles for irrigation Use side vented needles not subcutaneous needles for irrigation Treatment: palliative, sometimes analgesics anti-inflammatory medication with no antibiotics at initial management, reassurance, follow up on daily basis.

INSTRUMENT ASPIRATION OR INGESTION

One of the most serious mishaps 87% swallowed and the rest aspirated The patient should be referred immediately to medical service All aspirated and some swallowed will need surgical intervention by thoracic surgery or abdominal surgery

TISSUE EMPHYSEMA

Relatively uncommon Two actions may cause this to happen: a blast of air to dry a canal exhaust air from a high-speed drill directed toward the tissue and not evacuated to the rear of the handpiece during apical surgery. Emphysema from a blast of air down the canal is more likely to happen with youngsters, in whom the canals in anterior teeth are relatively large. The usual sequence of events is rapid swelling, erythema, and crepitus. Although the problem should not be treated lightly, the majority of reported cases have followed a benign course to total recovery. Prevention is simple: use paper points. Do not blow air directly down an open canal, and employ a handpiece that exhausts the spent air out the back of the handpiece rather than into the operating field.

ACCIDENTS DURING OBTURATION:

The quality of obturation reflects canal preparation (cleaning and shaping) which is the key for proper obturation) A. underfilling Natural barrier Ledge Insufficient flaring Poorly adapted master cone Inaqedate condensation pressure this doesnt mean using excessive force on spreader or plugged which will result in root fracture Always take cone fit radiograph and if suspicious before you sear excessive gutta percha. Treatment: redo.

ACCIDENTS DURING OBTURATION:

B. overfilling A consequence of over-preparation through apical constriction or lack of proper taper in prepared canals Either naturally (open apex, resorption) or due to over preparation will mean absence of matrix against which to condense which will result in extrusion of filling material due to uncontrolled condensation (compaction) The presence of seat is necessary Prevention: cone fit RG Treatment: redo if possible, surgery Prognosis will depend on quality of apical seal , biocompatibility of extruded, host response, toxicity and sealing ability of the root end filling material

Accidents during obturation:

C. Vertical Root Fracture Etiology Causative factors include root canal treatment procedures and associated factors such as post placement. The main cause of vertical root fracture is post cementation, and the second in importance is excessive application of condensation forces to obturate an underprepared or overprepared canal. Prevention As related to root canal treatment procedures, the best means of preventing vertical root fractures are appropriate canal preparation and use of balanced pressure during obturation. A major reason for flaring canals is to provide space for condensation instruments. Finger spreaders produce less stress and distortion of the root than their hand counterparts. Indicators Long-standing vertical root fractures are often associated with a narrow periodontal pocket or sinus tract stoma, as well as a lateral radiolucency extending to the apical portion of the vertical fracture. To confirm the diagnosis, a vertical fracture must be visualized. Exploratory surgery or removal of the restoration is usually necessary to visualize this mishap

ACCIDENTS DURING POST SPACE PREPARATION

To prevent root perforation, gutta-percha may be removed to the desired level with heated pluggers or electronic heating devices Attempting to remove gutta-percha with a drill only can result in perforation. When a canal is prepared to receive a post, drills should be used sequentially, starting with a size that fits passively to the desired level. preparation may result in perforation at any level. indicators Appearance of fresh blood during post space preparation is an indication for the presence of a root perforation. The presence of a sinus tract stoma or probing defects extending to the base of a post is often a sign of root fracture or perforation. Radiographs often show a lateral radiolucency along the root or perforation site.

ACCIDENTS DURING POST SPACE PREPARATION

Treatment and Prognosis the prognosis of teeth with root perforation during post space preparation depends on the root size, location relative to epithelial attachment, and accessibility for repair. Management of the post perforation generally is surgical if the post cannot be removed. If the post can be removed, nonsurgical repair is preferred . Teeth with small root perforations that are located in the apical region and are accessible for surgical repair have a better prognosis than those that have large perforations, are close to the gingival sulcus, or are inaccessible.

PROTECTION GLASS