Isa

Utility optimization
Vibration analysis
Analyzing downtime
Energy harvesting
Automation Founders
Circle awards
September/October 2011
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September/October 2011 | Vol 58, Issue 5 Setting the Standard for Automation www.isa.org
4 INTECH sEpTEmbEr/oCTobEr 2011 WWW.IsA.orG
CovEr sTory
Happy under
pressure
By Rick Zabel
Annual salary survey indicates higher job
satisfaction with little or no pay increase.
proCEss AuTomATIoN
18 Utility
optimization
By David Twohig
This case study details how a
number of different automation
technologies and techniques were
utilized to identify performance
issues and deliver cost-saving
solutions on a large fermentation
compressed air system.
sysTEm INTEGrATIoN
26 Vibration analysis
goes mainstream
By John Bernet
With advances in sensor, recording,
and analysis technology, vibration
analysis is now within the reach of
even small organizations
spECIAl sECTIoN: ENErGy
30 Energy harvesting
By Roy Freeland
Energy harvesting is becoming a
mainstream method to simplify the
application of wireless monitoring
by eliminating battery maintenance
and simplifying installation.
AuTomATIoN IT
34 Downtime
analysis
By Wayne Matthews
Downtime analysis enables
identication, quantication and
restoration of lost production
capacity by accurately collect-
ing data which measures actual
overall output against theoretical
or rated capacity.
IsA AuTomATIoN WEEk
40 Automation
Founders Circle
By Jim Strothman
This years recipients are Martin
Klein with the Arnold O. Beckman
Founder Award, Gerald Wilbanks
with ISAs 2011 Life Achievement
Award, and Andy Chatha with the
ISA Honorary Member award.
ColumNs ANd dEpArTmENTs
7 Talk to Me
Smart Grid avoiding the real
challenges?
8 Letters
Get to know people and more
10 Automation Update
Avatar replaces vehicle owners
manual, by the numbers, and more
48 Executive Corner
Everything should be as simple as
possible, but no simpler
49 Channel Chat
How much is downtime costing
you?
50 Workforce Development
Developing manufacturing skills for
economic growth
52 Automation Basics
Focus on thermocouples
54 Standards
Proactive versus reactive standards
for nuclear plant design
56 Products & Resources
Spotlight on signal conditioning
61 Association News
Pathway to CAP, professional
development and certication
review
66 The Final Say
Why is good control important?
rEsourCEs
65 Datales
65 Classied Advertising
65 Index of Advertisers
12
InTech provides the most thought-provoking
and authoritative coverage of automation
technologies, applications, and strategies
to enhance automation professionals on-
the-job success. Published by the industrys
leading organization, ISA, InTech addresses
the most critical issues facing the rapidly
changing automation industry.
InTech Online
www.isa.org/intech
Events calendar
Find out about upcoming
events in the industry.
www.isa.org/intech/calendar
breaking Automation News
News is not a 9 to 5 occurrence; it breaks out all the
time. So if you want to be the rst to know about
what is happening across the industry, click here.
www.isa.org/intech1/rss
Automation Industry Connection
See what company is doing what at ISA Jobs.
Find out about people and positions.
www.isa.org/intech1/jobs
products 4 u
Companies are releasing new products all the time;
nd out the latest automation products hitting the
plant oor.
www.isa.org/intech/products
black and white and read all over
White papers are a great way to learn technical detail
behind some of the latest industry advancements.
www.isa.org/intech/whitepapers
story Idea
Have an idea for a story? Pass it along to the InTech editors.
www.isa.org/intech/feedback
people in Automation
Technology is great, but when it all comes down
to it, the industry thrives because of the people
working day in and day out. From movers and
shakers, to the real people behind the scenes,
nd out about the heroes in automation.
www.isa.org/intech/people
2011 InTech ISSN 0192-303X
InTech is published bimonthly by ISA.
Vol 58, Issue 5
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InTech magazine incorporates Industrial Computing

magazine.
WEb ExClusIvE
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Workgroup
What do dog years and industrial
standards development have in
common? Its not because standards
are mans best friend, which they
are. Its about the need for resolve
and persistence to see standards
implemented, and thats the OMAC
story. Read John Kowals feature at
www.isa.org/intech/201110web.
Operator Effectiveness: In order to keep your plant running safely and at its optimum
level, your operators need to be equipped to recognize abnormal situations and
handle them through effective decision making. Advanced alarm management, easy
navigation to plant-wide actionable information, dogged attention to human factors
in the control room, and integrated training simulation will elevate your operators
performance to new heights. Thats the Power of Integration.
Join the conversation at www.processautomationinsights.com
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System 800xA Extended Automation. Elevating
Operator Performance
ISA Intech StAff
CHIEf EdItor
Bill Lydon
blydon@isa.org
PublICAtIonS mAnAgEr
Susan Colwell
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ASSoCIAtE ProduCtIon EdItor
Emily Blythe Kovac
ekovac@isa.org
Art dIrECtor
Colleen Casper
ccasper@isa.org
grAPHIC dESIgn SPECIAlISt
Pam King
pking@isa.org
ISA PrESIdEnt
H. Leo Staples, Jr.
PublICAtIonS VICE PrESIdEnt
Eoin Riain
EdItorIAl AdVISory boArd
Chairman
Steve Valdez
GE Sensing
Joseph S. alford Ph.D., P.E., CaP
Eli Lilly (retired)
Joao miguel Bassa
Independent Consultant
Vitor S. Finkel, CaP
Finkel Engineers & Consultants
Guilherme rocha Lovisi
BAYER MaterialScience
David W. Spitzer P.E.
Spitzer and Boyes, LLC
James F. Tatera
Tatera & Associates Inc.
Gerald r. White P.E.
GRTW Inc.
michael Fedenyszen
R.G. Vanderweil Engineers, LLP
Dean Ford, CaP
Wunderlich-Malec Engineering
David hobart
Hobart Automation Engineering
allan Kern
Tesoro Corporation
IntECH SEPtEmbEr/oCtobEr 2011 7
Smart Grid avoiding the
real challenges?
By Bill Lydon, InTech, Chief Editor
Perspectives from the Editor | talk to me
electricity and possibly demand control.
Generally, demand control described by
Smart Grid experts is deferral of demand
to avoid power peaks. Deferring demand
is not saving energy but putting off the
time some energy will be consumed. This
does lower peak power generation re-
quirements but does not solve the grow-
ing need for more power. I saw a presen-
tation on a novel research project to defer
demand in a vehicle-to-grid demonstra-
tion project that utilizes stored power in
an electric cars battery to feed the elec-
tric grid while it is connected to a charg-
ing station to essentially help lower peak
power generation requirements. In the
example, it was noted that when people
come home from work, they plug in the
car for charging (initially the cars battery
is used as a power source) and turn on
the home air-conditioning. Interesting ap-
proach, but the batteries still need to be
charged before the car needs to be used.
The most effective near-term solution is
energy conservation to use less electricity.
Obviously, conservation lowers the require-
ment to have more generation capacity.
Automation professionals can have a direct
impact on energy conservation looking at
three basic areas for improvement. First,
save energy by running plants and process-
es more efciently using better controls and
optimization. Second, replace older devices
with more efcient ones; for example, re-
place old motors with high-efciency mod-
els. Third, redesign process and production
lines to consume less energy.
Why wait for the Smart Grid; lets be
smart today and nd ways to save energy.
If we all believe the demand and cost of
energy is going to increase over time, we
should be willing to apply energy conser-
vation methods that will lower our cost
and risk. Saving energy improves prots
and is protection against higher energy
prices in the future.
Please share your thoughts at blydon@
isa.org.
In my opinion, there is too much hype about
the Smart Grid without looking at the core
problems from an engineering and business
point of view. There is a constant ow of
information, presentations, and discussions
about the Smart Grid, but I wonder if this
simply makes people feel good and avoids
facing the real issues. Even politicians are
rallying around Smart Grid buzzwords; I
call this kind of discussion cocktail party
technology talk. There is no doubt elec-
trical energy can be managed better, and
the Smart Grid concepts will provide more
data and can be used to control the ow of
energy from generation to users. This does
not address the heart of the issue.
The inescapable fact is the demand for
electricity is going to be larger than gen-
eration capacity in place today, requiring
some real planning to avoid problems. At
the highest level, there are only two key
factors concerning the electrical energy
problem namely, demand and supply. The
amount of growing demand for power
relative to the supply available is a serious
problem. The economic slowdown has
moderated demand, but this will change
as growth returns. Ultimately, there are
only two ways to meet future growing
energy requirementsincrease genera-
tion capacity and lower consumption.
Creating more electrical power takes
time and investment at a pace that is
beyond todays commitments to build
more electrical power generation. This
encompasses traditional and alternative
power generation, including wind and
solar. Adding more capacity, in most cas-
es, requires the addition of more power
lines to deliver electricity to users. Major
investments need to be made installing
electric transmission lines and distribution
transformers in emerging countries and
replacing aging transmission systems in
the U.S. and Europe where about 75% of
the networks are more than 30 years old.
The Smart Grid can be a contribu-
tor helping better manage the ow of
8 IntECH SEPtEmbEr/oCtobEr 2011 WWW.ISA.org
I think the most obvious response
to such a demand would be a system
based on BSD or Linux. Both platforms
are mature and have many developers
worldwide to help out. However, I also
think that Microsoft could continue to
dominate this area by simply licensing the
source code for their older operating sys-
tems at the end of their normal support
cycles.
Either way, industrial control systems
would gain more long-term stability and
reliability because developers could con-
tinuously improve their own programs
instead of playing catch-up to the most
recent releases for a platform over which
they have no control.
John Pilman
Senior Project Engineer
cluding unique proprietary systems, Unix,
BSD, DOS, Windows, and Linux. The most
widely used HMIs and arguably the most
advanced run on Windows.
One difculty presented by the Win-
dows operating platform is the rate at
which the OS changes. HMI developers
exhibit so much time lag while trying to
release stable updates that they can easily
be an entire release behind.
As a systems integrator, I can say that
we are currently (August 2011) sup-
porting the new installation of systems
on Windows XP. Last week, we had to
scramble to nd a copy of Windows 7
with no service packs. Service Pack 1 has
already been released, so this will become
more difcult over time.
Now, I believe the time is right for a
large corporation to
write a specication
that states that the
HMI software will
be distributed with
the operating system
included. The speci-
cation for the OS
should include all the
necessary features:
networking, mem-
ory management,
graphics support,
security, licensing,
etc. From now on,
when HMI software
is sold, it can be sold
as a complete pack-
age. When, in the
future, a computer
fails after many years
of service, there will
be a viable path for
rebuilding the same
system on new hard-
ware.
Get to know people
When I rst started as an engineer, I had
an aversion to networking. In fact, I was
downright ALLERGIC to it.
So, what changed?
For one thing, I real-
ized rather quickly
that the engineer-
ing community here
thinks like a small
t owne v e r y one
knows everyone. If I
hoped to gain (and
retain) employment,
Id better get to know some people. The
other thing that happened was that I be-
came more condent as I advanced in my
profession. Although I still dislike crowds,
I can and will carve out small groups to
speak with at an event. (One thing Ive
been doing to improve that skill is attend-
ing a womens networking event every
month.)
Another good tool is social networks.
You can make a lot of long distance pro-
fessional acquaintances on LinkedIn and
Facebook. But ... social networking via
computer is not and cannot ever com-
pletely replace the need for meeting peo-
ple face to face.
Karen D. morton, P.E.
Letter in reference to July/August InTech
The Final Say
The complete package
In 1968, GM wrote a specication for
a programmable control system, which
could replace relay logic. The timing for
this spec was right, as a group of de-
signers led by Dick Morley was already
working on a design for what became
the Modicon 084. GM purchased this
Programmable Controller (later known
as Programmable Logic Controller), and
the PLC is now an immeasurably impor-
tant technology throughout the world of
manufacturing.
PLCs and Distributed Control Systems
(DCS) routinely interact with plant opera-
tors through computer-based, graphic,
Human Machine Interfaces (HMI). The
development of the HMI has evolved
over a number of operating systems in-
your letters | Readers Respond
Source: Automation.com
One difculty presented by the Windows operating platform
is the rate at which the OS changes. hmi developers exhibit
so much time lag while trying to release stable updates that
they can easily be an entire release behind.
Youll love what weve done
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improved accuracy with a 99.6 % condence level. Fluke process calibrators: Work smarter. Work faster.
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COMMUNI CATI ON FOUNDATI ON
automation update | News from the Field
New infrastructure propels high power
AC drives market
and interactive access to multimedia con-
tent that goes far beyond the information
contained in printed manuals. The self-
explanatory system can be used without
training, making it easy to get familiar
with the operation of a vehicle, said Dr.
Michael Schermann, director of the Au-
tomotive Services research group at the
Institute for Business Informatics.
evant areas during the explanation.
A further option for communicating with
AviCoS is a Touch&Tell mode. If a driver is
unfamiliar with a specic control element, a
simple touch is all it takes to cue the avatar
to provide background information on the
function in question. This is a tool to ex-
plain control elements in a quick and easy,
hands-on way. It is particularly useful in
unfamiliar vehicles, said Professor Helmut
Krcmar, chair of the TU Muenchen Institute
of Business Informatics.
AviCoS can also be used while driv-
ing. To avoid distracting the drivers at-
tention from trafc, as the vehicle speed
increases, rst the animations and later
all graphical output is suppressed. Albeit,
voice communication with the avatar re-
mains available at all times.
Overall, AviCoS provides comfortable
s
cientists at the Technische Univer-
sitaet Muenchen in cooperation
with engineers at Audi AG have
developed an Avatar-based Virtual Co-
driver System (AviCoS) to support a driver
with explicit information on the vehicle
in a natural-language dialogsupported
by images and videosmaking cumber-
some paging through owners manuals a
thing of the past.
The avatar is displayed on the moni-
tor of the Audi Mulitmedia Interface that
comes standard in all new Audi models,
reported ScienceDaily. The virtual gure
understands complete sentences. Using
articial intelligence, AviCoS interprets
questions by the vehicle occupants and
answers in spoken language. The driver
can view descriptive images or videos on-
screen, and the avatar points to the rel-
Avatar replaces vehicle owners manual
T
he high power AC drives market re-
bounded in 2010, recovering from
the economic
downswing in 2009.
ARC Advisory Group ex-
pects the high power AC
drives market to experi-
ence strong growth dur-
ing the forecast period
through 2015. Emerging
economies, including
the BRIC (Brazil, Russia,
India, and China) coun-
tries, drove growth for
the high power AC drives
market in 2010, and these countries also re-
main important markets during the forecast
period.
In advanced and emerging economies,
infrastructure development continued, as
a signicant portion of government stim-
ulus funding was directed to that sector.
Consequently, investments for high pow-
er AC drives in industries such as electric
power generation and water & wastewa-
Rockwell Automation
starts Biofuels
Customer Advisory
Council
T
he Biofuels Customer Advisory
Council (CAC) will provide custom-
ers with a forum to discuss their
needs, challenges and industry opportuni-
ties. Rockwell Automation will utilize the
customer feedback to guide and validate
future strategies and product roadmaps
for its Pavilion8 model predictive control
and plant-wide optimization solutions.
The 2011-2012 CAC is composed of
representatives from a diverse group of
industry-leading companies, including
Cardinal Ethanol, LLC, Golden Grain En-
ergy, LLC, Kansas Ethanol, LLC, Marquis
Energy, LLC, Trenton Agri Products, LLC,
Western Plains Energy, LLC, Western Wis-
consin Energy, LLC, White Energy, LLC
and Zilor Enterprises. As part of their par-
ticipation, members will have the oppor-
tunity to preview new products and take
advantage of beta-testing opportunities.
News brief courtesy of Automation.com.
ter increased at a strong rate. Additionally,
end users and OEMs across a wide range
of industries have recog-
nized that high power
AC drives are a major
contributor to energy
savings as well as achiev-
ing sustainability.
Globalization also cre-
ated a large demand for
modern infrastructure,
especially in emerging
economies. Airport fa-
cilities and new road
construction are driving
demand for products from the metals &
mining, cement & glass, and oil & gas in-
dustries. Emerging economies know that
their current infrastructure is a huge bot-
tleneck for their continuing high economic
growth. High power AC drives will benet
in this environment as they are key compo-
nents for any infrastructure development
and operation.
News brief courtesy of Automation.com.
News from the Field | automation update
The U.S. Steel Co. is converting its
vehicles to run on natural gas, ac-
cording to Manufacturing.Net. The
steelmaker saves 61 cents for every mile driven us-
ing natural gas instead of gasoline or diesel fuel,
according to U.S. Steel Chief Executive John Surma.
So far U.S. Steel has converted ve vehicles at its
Irvin, Pa., plant, and more are planned. The con-
versions cost about $12,000 to $15,000, company
ofcials said. Chesapeake Energy Chairman and
Chief Executive Aubrey McClendon said it has
even bigger goalsconverting its eet of 4,900
trucks and other vehicles to run on natural gas.
The company expects that will save millions each
year when the process is completed in 2013 or
2014. Chesapeake is also investing $1 million to-
ward building 1,000 to 1,250 natural gas stations
across the country, McClendon said.
INTECH sEpTEmbEr/oCTobEr 2011 11
Chemists from Tufts Universitys School of Arts and Sciences have created the
worlds rst single molecule electric motor. The tiny electric motor measures
1 nanometer, which shatters the current world record of 200 nanometers for
the smallest electric motor. The team was able to control the motor with elec-
tricity through the use of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope.
There are only about 100 of these microscopes in the U.S., and it uses electrons instead of
light to identify molecules. With a metal tip on the microscope, an electrical charge was
provided to a butyl methyl sulde molecule that was positioned on conductive copper.
The molecule then had carbon and hydrogen atoms radiating off of it with four carbons
on one side and one on the other. These carbon chains had the ability to rotate around
the sulfur-copper bond. The researchers were able to control the rotation of the mol-
ecule by adjusting the temperature. They found that temperatures at about 5 Kelvin (K),
or minus 450 degrees Fahrenheit, the motors motion was easy to track.
Automation by the Numbers
1
300400
A new creation, known as Adaptiv tech-
nology, is a camouage cloak that masks
a vehicles infrared signature by imitating
the temperature of its surroundings. BAE
Systems, a British multinational defense,
security and aerospace company in London,
is the creator of the camouage cloak, re-
ported DailyTech. Using hexagonal panels,
or pixels, which are made of a material that
can change temperature rapidly, BAE Sys-
tems was able to make a cloak that not only
allows tanks to mimic its surrounding tem-
peratures, but also makes the tanks look like
other objects. The hexagonal panels are op-
erated by onboard thermal cameras, which
repeatedly image the surrounding ambient
temperature of the tank. The panels then
project these temperatures whether the
tank is moving or sitting still. In eld tests,
this cloaking system made a tank look like
its surroundings from a distance of 300400
meters. To make the tank look like other
objects such as cars, large rocks, trucks,
etc., BAE Systems refer to a library of the
heat images of these objects, and projects
them onto the
panels.
BMW is working on laser-powered
headlights that could debut in vehicles
within a few years, the German auto-
maker said. The laser diodes powering
the next generation of headlights will
have an intensity that is 1,000 times greater than conventional light emitting diode, or
LED, technology but consume only half the energy. Laser diodes will also be about 100
times smaller than the small, square-shaped LED cells, reported TechNewsDaily. The light
from the laser diodes is blue but will be converted into a pure white light that is suitable
for use in road trafc, BMW said. The laser headlights are expected to make their rst
appearance in the BMW concept vehicle, the BMW i8.
The microscope sent an electrical current
through the sulfur-based molecule (yellow),
which was set on a conductive copper sur-
face (orange) where carbon and hydrogen
atoms radiated off of it (grey). Controlling
the temperature allowed the researchers to
impact the direction and rotational speed of
the molecular motor. (Source: E. Charles H. Sykes)
A heat scope
detects a car,
even though
it is actually a
tank using the heat masking technology.
(Source: bbc.co.uk)
61
1,000
Source: BMW
iQoncept - Fotolia.com
By Rick Zabel
Happy under pressure

o
l
l
y

-

F
o
t
o
l
i
a
.
c
o
m
T
ime ies. It is hard to believe another year
has passed since we published the 2010
salary survey results. In last years sal-
ary survey article, I wrote about how I and many
other automation professionals just fell into this
industry at some point in our careers, and we are
still here today. According to the survey results,
not much has changed in a year. After all, as en-
gineers (myself included), we do not typically like
change. Change is often difcult to control, and
we thrive on being in control. As a matter of fact,
we get paid to be in control. So maybe it is tting
that we all work in a very conservative industry
where very little changes from year to year. We
appreciate the status quo.
Unfortunately, there are many factors beyond
our control. In the current economic, global,
and competitive environment, manufactur-
ing companies are being forced to continually
analyze, optimize, and improve production ef-
ciencies. According to our survey, one thing
does continue to change. Many of us feel great-
er pressure to increase productivity and reduce
costs. On top of that, many of our manufactur-
ing plants and processes are being controlled
by old systems and are (or soon will be) in need
of replacement or upgrades. Fortunately for us,
automation plays a huge role. There are a wealth
of technologies, tools, and software available to
help us to address these pressures.
As pressures increase, however, the average
salaries of automation professionals have not
increased. Yet, we remain satised. Job satisfac-
tion has increased among automation profes-
Annual salary survey indicates higher job satisfaction
with little or no pay increase
Fast Forward
many of us feel greater pressure to increase
productivity and reduce costs.
more than 80% of respondents indicated
they are satised with their job.
The largest percentage of respondents
(23%) reported a salary in the $100,000
$124,999 pay range.
pretty much non-exis-
tent again in 2010; 25%
had no increase, and
46% received a 13%
increase. At least a por-
tion of the compensa-
tion of 59% of our re-
spondents came in the
form of commissions
or bonuses. The largest percentage of respondents
(35%) clocked between 41 and 45 hours per week,
and the average vacation time was three weeks per
year. Lets take a closer look at the data.
Salary facts
The largest percentage of respondents (23%)
reported a salary in the $100,000$124,999 pay
range. The second largest percentage (13%) was
a pay range of $70,000$79,000. The average sal-
ary in the U.S. is $99,540that is only $203 dol-
lars more than the average salary last year. Two
other regions of the world reported a higher av-
erage salary. Canadian respondents reported an
average salary of $101,646, while Australia and
New Zealand respondents reported a whop-
ping $121,089. It is interesting to note the dollar
exchange rate in both of these regions is fairly
close to a 1:1 ratio. However, the cost of living is
typically higher in both regions, and the average
salaries reect those higher living expenses.
Average salary by region of the world
The average salary of the largest percentage
of respondents by job function (22%, Automa-
tion/Control Engineering) was $102,660. The
top ve highest paid job functions are listed be-
lowit is no surprise three of them are manage-
ment positions. The highest paid job function
is Consulting Engineering. With the increasing
sionals. More than 80% of respondents, up 7%
over last year, indicated they are satised with
their job. 34% said they are very satised, and
46% said they were somewhat satised.
Based on the survey results, job satisfaction
is tied to a number of factors. While salary is a
leading factor, it is not the most important fac-
tor. Like last year, the feeling of accomplishment
rated the highest, with job security, benets,
salary, technical challenge, pleasant work envi-
ronment, and good relationship with work col-
leagues all as contributing factors. The top four
most important benets include health insur-
ance (77%), pension plan/401K (52%), exible
working hours (37%), and paid time off (36%).
Year after year, I argue salaries of automation
professionals are low when compared to the val-
ue automation brings to a manufacturing com-
pany. And each year, I keep waiting for those
salaries to increase. As the workforce shortage
continues to grow, I maintain the demand for
experienced automation professionals will in-
crease. I still think that time is coming. But that
will require a changeone change that we engi-
neers would certainly welcome. By the looks of
it, we will still be here. After all, we are problem
solvers, and what is most important to us is the
feeling of accomplishment.
This year, InTech again collaborated with Au-
tomation.com to conduct the annual salary sur-
vey. The survey had 4,737 completed responses
from automation professionals located around
the world, with 58% from the U.S. Salaries
around the world vary greatly. Instead of tallying
all the results together, we decided to break out
the U.S. respondents, to avoid skewing results.
All the results quoted in this article, other than
Average salary by region of the world, repre-
sent U.S. responses only.
Snap shot of typical respondents
The job function of the typical survey respondent
was an Automation/Control Engineer, accounting
for 22% of responses. The most prominent aver-
age age range was 4554. Nearly half (44%) of the
respondents were college graduates with a bach-
elors degree, with the largest percentage of those
(36%) possessing a bachelors degree in Electrical
Engineering. 25% of respondents attended gradu-
ate school, and 18% received an advanced degree,
of which the largest percentage (26%) acquired a
Business Administration degree. The largest per-
centage of respondents (27%) have more than 31
years of professional work experience, while more
than half (57%) have been with their current em-
ployer for less than 10 years. Salary increases were
COVER STORY
Region of world Average salary Percent respondents
U.S. $99,540 57.5%
Canada $101,646 8.2%
Mexico $45,833 1.2%
Central America (including Caribbean) $60,147 0.8%
South America $62,526 4.5%
Europe (Western) $90,196 5.0%
Europe (Eastern) $49,479 1.1%
Africa $63,846 1.5%
Middle East $73,896 5.3%
Australia and New Zealand $121,089 1.4%
Asia and South Pacic $47,290 9.1%
South Asia $44,673 4.4%
COVER STORY
skills shortage, this proves the demand is high for seasoned
industry consultants.
Consulting Engineering $168,692 (3.5%)
Engineering Management $125,993 (5.5%)
Safety Systems Engineering $120,714 (0.6%)
General or Operations Management $114,448 (3.1%)
Project Management $111,060 (3.7%)
Average salary by job function
A degree of higher learning
More than 69% of respondents possessed a college degree or
higher. The average salary of college graduates (without ad-
vanced degrees) is $103,961. The results show those who at-
tended at least some graduate school (but did not nish) only
commanded a marginal increase in salary of $795. Those
respondents who actually completed an advanced degree
reported an average salary of $110, 810that is a $7,000 in-
crease over college graduates. If you factor that increase over
your career, it certainly pays to nish that advanced degree.
The largest percentage of respondents (32%) received a
bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering, pulling an aver-
age salary of $109,492. The other top ve average salaries by
degree are:
Chemical Engineering $120,845 (10.8%)
Physics $112,069 (1.5%)
Other Science $108,136 (3.0%)
Other Engineering $107,173 (4.3%)
Business Administration $105,657 (5.1%)
Participants of our survey work in 40 different industry
segments. The largest number of responses came from the
Engineering Services segment (12%), where the average sal-
ary is $113,074. It is interesting to note which industries are
the biggest payers. The highest average salary ($126,786) is
being paid to those who work in Utilities Pipelines, except
Natural Gas. The next ve highest salaries are being paid to
professionals in these industry segments:
Oil & Gas Extraction $120,765 (4.0%)
Petroleum Rening & Related Industries $117,255 (6.3%)
Engineering Services $113,074 (12.2%)
Utilities Combo (Nuclear/Fossil Fuel, etc.) $109,500
(1.6%)
Valves, Fittings, Fabricated Metal Products $108,750 (0.7%)
For a complete list of salary breakdowns by job function,
degree, country, industry, etc., please visit: www.automation.
com/salary_survey_2011.
Membership has its privileges
Namely, increased pay. Once again this year, it is apparent
professionals who are members of some industry organiza-
tions pulled in higher salaries, on average, than those who
are not members. Nearly half of all respondents (43%) were
ISA members, and their average salary is $103,965. Compare
that to respondents who dont belong to any organizations
(32%), whose average salary is $92,560. Interested in ISA
membership now? Visit www.isa.org/join to learn more.
Points of interest
The average salary for a male is $100,422, while the average
salary for a female is $87,351a $13,000 difference. If you
go to any industry event, it is apparent a small percentage of
women (less than 7% of respondents) work in the automa-
tion industry. You could argue the reason might, in part, be
due to the salary gap between men and women. However, ac-
cording to an April 2010 Time.com article, Why Do Women
Still Earn Less Than Men, a womans salary can vary between
81% and 91% of a mans salary, when factoring comparable
education and experience. So, even though the salaries are
not equitable, the 87% difference reected in our survey is
within the norm. I am not saying it is right, I am just stating
the facts. Arguably, one reason for the lower womans salary
is women are typically the primary caregiver for children in a
family, and they are more likely to take time from their career
to raise their children.
Job function Average
salary
Percent
respondents
Application Engineering $87,000 2.4%
Automation/Control Engineering $102,660 22.0%
Consulting Engineering $168,692 3.5%
Design Engineering $94,318 6.2%
Engineering (Other) $98,953 3.0%
Engineering Management $125,993 5.5%
Environmental Controls $85,893 0.6%
Facilities Management $90,833 0.7%
General or Operations Management $114,448 3.1%
Information Technology $90,543 0.9%
Instrumentation Engineering $105,052 5.7%
Marketing & Public Relations $100,000 1.8%
Networking/Communication Systems $105,313 0.3%
OEM Product/Systems Engineering $78,864 0.4%
Operations and Maintenance $86,718 9.1%
Plant Engineering $98,802 1.9%
Process Engineering $107,679 1.1%
Production Design Engineering $105,833 0.8%
Production/Manufacturing Engineering $76,300 1.0%
Project Management $111,060 3.7%
Quality Control, Evaluation & Testing $75,455 0.9%
Research & Development $104,527 1.5%
Safety Systems Engineering $120,714 0.6%
Sales (Inside) $55,385 1.0%
Sales (Outside) $107,450 6.1%
Software Engineering $101,696 1.1%
Systems Integrator $91,833 2.4%
Technical/Application Support $84,432 5.3%
Training/Education $83,333 1.3%
Other $96,517 6.0%
COVER STORY
The average salary of an independent contractor was al-
most identical to that of a direct employee, less by $13 per
year. In previous years of the survey, independent contrac-
tors typically received a few thousand dollars more per year.
93% of respondents indicated they are a direct employee,
while 7% indicated they are a contract employee.
The average salary consistently increases as your tenure
with a company increases. The average salary of a profes-
sional who has been at their company for less than two years
is $86,731. That compares to $108,685 for those who have
been at their company for 21 or more years. The average sal-
ary also consistently increases as the size of the company/
division increases. The average salary of a professional who
works for a company with less than 30 employees is $86,267.
That compares to $113,050 for those who work for a compa-
ny or division with 10,000 or more employees. The bottom
line: It appears you can earn more money by working for a
larger company and staying with that company for the dura-
tion of your career.
Upcoming retirements and skills shortage
There continues to be concern about the exodus of retirees
from the automation industry and the imminent workforce
skills shortage. More than 65% of respondents are over the
age of 45 and in the second half of their career. Brace yourself
for this: More than 30% of respondents will retire in the next
10 years, and almost 14% will retire in the next ve years. An-
other 9% are not sure when they will retire. Are your compa-
nies preparing themselves to retain, replace, or augment this
aging workforce?
The good news is 49% of those respondents who said they
will retire in the next 10 years indicate they will continue to
work part-time or offer consulting services after retirement.
And who wouldnt when a Consulting Engineer can com-
mand a 60+% pay increase above other job functions? Anoth-
er 29% of those future retirees are not sure what they will do
after retirement. So, it appears there will still be a signicant
talent pool available, at least in the short-term future.
Automation newbies must brush up on skills
Unfortunately, many of those few, young professionals join-
ing the automation industry are missing some key skills. This
is not surprising because most of them did not specically
train for this industry. There are few college programs that
focus on automation and control engineering, so newbies
are forced to learn on the job. The top skill missing with new
automation professionals is the understanding of automated
processes; 43% of survey respondents selected this skill as
missing. The second most lacked skill, coming in at 33%, is
basic engineering principles. In third place, 31% say newbies
are missing business acumen.
Pressures to reduce cost, improve productivity increase
In 2009, 81% of respondents indicated they felt an increased
pressure to reduce costs. Last year, 64% said they felt in-
creased pressure over the last 12 months. This year, 56% feel
increased pressure yet again. For the majority of the remain-
ing respondents (42%), the pressure has stayed the same.
Nearly identical to the last two years, 65% percent of respon-
dents said they felt more pressure to increase productivity,
while 34% said the pressure stayed the same. While work-
place pressures continue to increase, salaries do not. What is
wrong with this picture?
Under 25
1.3%
2534
12.5% 3544
20.9%
4554
36.7%
65 and over
4.9%
5565
23.7%
Basic engineering
principles
Ability to program/
configure PLCs
Electrical controls
design
Understanding of
automated processes
Safety
knowledge
Security
knowledge
Networking and
communications protocols
Enterprise integration
knowledge
Wireless
knowledge
Environmental
knowledge
Business acumen
None
Other
(please specify)
33.1%
26.5%
23.8%
42.6%
29.8%
13.0%
22.0%
13.7%
11.0%
10.8%
31.0%
6.2%
11.9%
Your age
In your opinion, what skills are new automation professionals missing?
COVER STORY
Cooperation between Engineering & IT
Again this year, we asked the question about convergence or co-
operation of IT and automation groups within companies. The
complaint of dueling IT and engineering departments is con-
tinuing to subside, as it should. With the pressures to increase
productivity and reduce costs, it has become essential that busi-
ness processes and manufacturing process work together nicely.
Up 7% from last year, 54% of respondents said their IT and en-
gineering groups operate separately, but they cooperate well.
Showing a slight decrease, 17% of respondents said their IT and
engineering groups are separate, and they do not cooperate.
A few companies have even combined their IT and en-
gineering groups. 4% of companies have combined the
groups, and everyone reports to an engineering leader, while
2% have combined, and everyone reports to an IT leader.
The remaining 23% of respondents said this question did
not apply to them, likely because their company is too small
to have dened groups or they work for a systems integra-
tion or engineering services company.
Conclusion
Not much has changed in salaries in the last year. However,
based on the data from the salary survey, it is easy to conclude
automation professionals are generally satised with their
jobs. The pressure to increase productivity and reduce costs
is a natural result of the tough economy and global competi-
tion. As automation professionals, we need to step up to the
challenges and solve those problems that hinder our manu-
facturing processes and bottom-line protability. Lets use our
expertise to analyze, optimize, and improve operations. But
do not forget to measure the results of your improvements. By
measuring results and return on investments, you can prove
to management the value of your profession and ultimately be
able to command higher salaries. It is a win-win for everyone
involved. This is one change you can drive.
More analysis of the salary data
Because many of you are highly analytical, we published a num-
ber of salary-related tables, charts, and graphs on Automation.
com, including a breakdown of average salaries by regions within
the U.S. There are literally hundreds of ways to analyze and com-
pare the data, but we had to stop somewhere. Go to www.auto-
mation.com/salary_survey_2011, and see how you stack up.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Rick Zabel is vice president and publisher of Automation.com. He
would like to extend a special Thank You to all who took the time
to complete our survey; and to Kia Weller and Stephanie Dwyer at
Automation.com for all their help compiling the survey data.
View the online version at www.isa.org/intech/20111001.
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Driving economic performance
through the utilization of automation
technologies
Utility
optimization
By David Twohig
surge. (Note: Surge is
dened as the point at
which the compressor
cannot add enough
energy to overcome
the system resistance
or in this case the
header pressure. This
causes a rapid reversal
of ow, or surge, back
through the system,
which can result in vi-
bration and mechani-
cal damage.)
This excess air was
then vented to atmo-
sphere via a blow-off valve or through a spare
fermenter vessel. And although this method
was inefcient in terms of energy usage, it did
provide the production team with an aeration
buffer. This buffer was used to absorb sudden
process oscillations that might impact product
quality. And so, over the 50-year life span of the
system, this technique became culturally in-
grained in the team when running the compres-
sors, and as a result, the systems overall ef-
ciency suffered, resulting in high running costs.
Historically, this culture would not have
been perceived to be a problem given the cost
of manufacturing product dwarfed the associ-
ated energy costs; however, the company has
since become increasingly focused on the unit
cost of energy. In addition, people have be-
come more environmentally conscious, and
so the expectation is to become more energy
efcient. While previous projects had attempt-
ed to optimize the performance of the com-
pressors, it proved difcult due to the limited
availability of process data from the compres-
sor control system. The net result of all of the
above was we knew the system needed improv-
ing, but quantifying and evaluating success
with its current conguration was going to be
difcult. However, because the cost of energy
has spiralled, and the culture in managing the
compressors was poor (i.e., there was obvious
wastage), the system did present itself as the
proverbial low hanging fruit with regards to
I
mproving business performance comes as
a pre-requisite when you work as an engi-
neer in the manufacturing industry. While
this can be achieved in numerous ways, cost
reduction is the obvious primary objective for
most companies. Operations are continually
trying to achieve greater throughput for less
input. Therefore, this has become the long-
standing challenge to automation systems,
as the business tries to become more com-
petitive in expanding their market share and
gaining that competitive edge. It is no longer
acceptable for control systems to just manu-
facture product or manage utilities effectively;
we must maintain those standards but achieve
them more efficiently.
In practical terms, when you consider the dif-
ferent ways of trying to achieve these objectives,
improving your energy efciency is an obvious
choice. This case study outlines the benets of
how various automation technologies were uti-
lized to reduce costs and improve the perfor-
mance of a large compressed air system.
Background
Typically, two of three air compressors are used
to supply aeration to an Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient fermentation process. The compres-
sors draw in air from the local atmosphere, and
in compressing the air, supply a common me-
chanical header. Individual fermenter vessels
then manipulate their own aeration demand
from this header through an air ow control
loop. The principle of operation for the com-
pressors originally consisted of the production
team entering a common xed pressure set-
point through the SCADA HMI. The compres-
sors then worked to maintain this setpoint by
manipulating their volumetric throughput.
Presently, the system is congured to run one
compressor at full capacity while the secondary
compressor varies its supply as the process de-
mand for aeration oscillates. (Note: This cong-
uration is applied due to the age of the equip-
ment. The older, less efcient compressor is
run at its optimal point, which is approx 100%,
while the secondary compressor is utilized to
vary its output because it has a better efciency
curve.)
Because the supply of aeration is critical to
the manufacturing process, historically these
compressors were manually manipulated to
ensure there was an excess of air in the system.
This practice also served the purpose of ensur-
ing the compressors were operating safely with-
in their own performance curves, i.e., away from
Process AutomAtIon
Fast Forward
Improving business performance has always
been an expectation of engineers working
within the manufacturing industry, never
more so than the last number of years.
This case study details how a number of
different automation technologies and tech-
niques were utilized to identify performance
issues and deliver cost-saving solutions on a
large fermentation compressed air system.
simple, robust, low-cost automation
solutions used to deliver improved business
performance through energy reduction
and operational excellence8% reduction
in annual electrical charge and 3%
reduction in Co
2
targets.
In practical terms, when you consider the different
ways of trying to achieve these objectives, improving
your energy efciency is an obvious choice.
Process AutomAtIon
to be identied and then implemented
on a live manufacturing process.
Initially, a solution was put forward
based on ISAs Instrument Engineers
Handbook, Third Edition Section 8.9
Optimized Load Following whereby
the positions of the air-flow control-
lers on the supply line of the fermen-
ter vessels could be used to determine
the optimal operating pressure of the
header system. By using a simple se-
lector block to determine which valve
across all the fermenter vessels was
in the most open position, that value
was then compared to an optimal po-
sition of 90%. Through an integral-
only controller, the difference in this
positional relationship was used as
the offset to determine the optimal
pressure setpoint for the system. (Ex-
ample: As the pressure setpoint re-
duced, the varying compressor would
reduce its volumetric throughput.
As this reduced the volume of air in
the header, the supply valves of the
fermenter vessels would open up to
maintain their recipe setpoint. The
setpoint of the pressure controller
would reduce the air in the system
until the position of most open valves
would reach 90%.) This simple solu-
tion utilized the valve positions of the
vessels as an indirect indication of
the air requirements of the fermen-
tation process. And so, increased or
decreased, the system pressure to op-
timize the electrical utilization of the
compressors, while still ensuring suf-
ficient aeration, was supplied.
We can see the results from the ini-
tial trial period (see chart above), where
the optimized pressure setpoint, i.e.,
able to quickly identify and quantify
the performance/cost gaps. Utilizing
this data further, the team was able to
develop individual energy proles for
each compressor, and these proles
provided the metrics to which the proj-
ect would validate its success.
Having examined the overall perfor-
mance of the entire system, there were
two primary issues with the supply of
aeration. First, the compressors were
utilized to produce an excess of air.
Over certain periods, this could be as
high as 15%, and in producing this air
they did so at a pressure higher than
was required. Referring to engineering
rst principles and heuristic data, the
team was able to conclude the power
utilization of the compressors was pro-
portional to the volume of air being
produced and the pressure at which it
was produced. Therefore, the solutions
appeared obviouseliminate the waste
air and optimize the pressure. Simple
in theory! However, in reality, the tech-
niques to enable these solutions needed
reducing manufacturing costs, and
so we were about to try again. After
some initial investigating, it became
apparent the automation technolo-
gies needed to drive improvement had
evolved over the last number of years
and become more reliable and afford-
able. Therefore, the opportunity to
drive improvement became more of a
realization.
To ensure the potential savings were
correctly identied and quantied for
the business, a Lean Six Sigma project
was implemented to quantify, opti-
mize, and validate all elements of im-
provement technically and culturally.
system overview
Although the fermentation process re-
lied on the supply of air, the compres-
sors were controlled by an indepen-
dent system that did not communicate
with the main Fermentation DCS. The
compressors were controlled on a
PLC/SCADA system that operated on
a standalone network. By contrast, the
fermentation process was controlled
by a large DCS that was fully integrated
into the site historian. And even though
they operated as systems in isolation,
they were heavily dependent on each
other to ensure manufacturing ran
smoothly (i.e., fermentation depended
on the supply of aeration, and the com-
pressors depended on fermentation to
vary its demand proportionally to en-
sure they avoided surge conditions).
As a result, the production became the
common denominator in this balanc-
ing act.
Project life cycle
To ensure the project started effec-
tively, different automation technolo-
gies were utilized to interface the com-
pressed air control system with the site
historian and Fermentation DCS. From
this integration, it became possible to
evaluate the performance of the com-
pressors in terms of their energy con-
sumption and process performance,
particularly with respect to fermenta-
tions processing activities.
By correlating this data with the data
from the electrical energy meters on
each compressor, the project team was
the solutions appeared
obviouseliminate the
waste air and optimize the
pressure. simple in theory!
However, in reality, the tech-
niques to enable these solu-
tions needed to be identied
and then implemented on a
live manufacturing process.
Process AutomAtion
the purple line hugs the lower pres-
sure limit of 1.48 barg except for short
infrequent periods of high demand.
(Note: This data is provided from the
initial six-week commissioning period
in which a lower limit of 1.48 barg was
applied.) However, if you examine the
secondary axis (green lines), you will
notice there is still a sizeable difference
between the active most open valve po-
sition and the optimal setpoint of 90%.
This was a clear indication the system
was producing sufcient aeration at
the lower pressure. And that the pres-
sure setpoint could be reduced further
in order to drive the most open valve to
the optimal setpoint and capitalize on
further energy savings.
In terms of dealing with the volu-
metric wastage, there were two chal-
lenges. First, there was an operational
issue with regards to the production
teams understanding of how the
compressors should run effectively.
They knew surge conditions were to
be avoided, and so increasing the vol-
umetric throughput of the compres-
sors via wastage provided a comfort
zone in doing so. To improve the dai-
ly management of the compressors,
the production team had indicated if
they had a simple way of monitoring
surge, they would be willing to oper-
ate closer to the edge of the prover-
bial surge cliff. In response, the auto-
mation group was able to capitalize
on the integration of both systems
and utilized existing compressor PLC
code to develop some surge profile
displays for the fermentation HMIs.
Because the PLC control strategy
utilized some simple mathematical
techniques to develop its own com-
pressor profile, these displays were
able to convey the dynamic position
of a compressor in relation to its surge
profile. In simple terms, the operator
could look at the screen and under-
Process AutomAtion
stand the compressor needed to op-
erate with a specific envelope and as
a result could pre-empt manufactur-
ing decisions to ensure it remained
within said envelope.
In the compressor charts, we can see
the operating zone displayed on the
operator HMI showing the dynamic
position of the compressor relative to
some earlier warning alarms and the
actual surge line.
Second, there were legitimate situ-
ations in which some wastage would
be required. One example was if the
manufacturing demand for air was
more than one compressor could
supply but less than the minimal out-
put required to run both compressors
safely.
To address this legitimate wastage
requirement (although tolerating wast-
age is technically not a Six Sigma pol-
icy), the automation group developed
an Air Waste Management Strategy.
Implementation of this software solu-
tion enabled the production team to
activate a recipe in the DCS that would
continually minimize the waste air re-
quired to safely run two compressors.
It did this by manipulating the aera-
tion throughput of an empty fermenter
vessel based on the difference between
the real demand and the minimum
throughput required to run two com-
pressors. By creating this dummy de-
mand, the compressors interpreted it
as a real aeration requirement and so
responded accordingly. This resulted in
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lowers the carbon footprint
PlantStruxure
architecture is a collaborative solution that allows

industrial and infrastructure companies to meet their automation
needs and at the same time deliver on growing energy
management requirements.
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
3
0
,
0
0
0
3
2
,
5
0
0
3
3
,
0
0
0
3
3
,
5
0
0
3
4
,
5
0
0
3
5
,
0
0
0
3
6
,
5
0
0
3
7
,
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0
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8
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0
0
4
0
,
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,
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Compressor 3 airflow range Nm
3
/hr
K
w
h
Varying compressor Kwh pre vs post project
Pre project KWH
Post project KWH (trial period)
To learn more about Honeywell field solutions, please call
1-877-466-3993 or visit www.honeywell.com/ps/hfs
2011 Honeywell International, Inc. All rights reserved.
right bait
Honeywell has the right bait for any
catch large or small.
Reliable and cost-effective, we offer a constantly expanding
portfolio of field solutions to satisfy a broad range of your
process needs. From analytical sensors and transmitters, to
pressure and temperature transmitters, to flow and modular
controllers. Ho neywell offers fit-for-purpose solutions. Honeywells collection of field
solutions let you tackle any job with ease to improve business performance.
Process AutomAtion
the compressors operating safely away
from surge but had the added benet
of increasing or decreasing this dummy
demand as productions requirements
oscillated, i.e., as legitimate demand
came online, the software recipe would
reduce the air demand of the dummy
vessel.
results
Because the Six Sigma concept is to
categorise results in terms of benet,
i.e., Type 1 to 4 with Type 1 being bal-
ance sheet savings and Type 4 being
indirect savings such as operational
improvements, it therefore provided
the team with a strong framework in
which to quantify the success of the
automated solutions.
Initially, the team utilized compres-
sor energy proles to determine cer-
tain savings. In this example, we can
see the impact the pressure reduction
strategy had with respect to the vary-
ing compressor. Aligning the Varying
Compressor chart with the earlier
trend, and it is evident the compres-
sor is producing sufcient air volume,
but in doing so at a lower pressure, it
has reduced its energy consumption.
(Note: This analysis represents the
previous chart, and so there is a lower
pressure limit in place. Because the
process data indicates the limit can
be reduced further, we can conclude
greater energy savings are to be real-
ized once the positional setpoint is
optimized.)
In addition, the team was able to
quantify a reduction in volumetric
wastage utilizing the site historian.
It was evident from the data that the
air being produced was being utilized
more efciently compared to before
the project. The direct savings have
been quantied in the region of an 8%
reduction of a typical annual electrical
charge and 3% reduction in the sites
CO
2
target emissions.
While this is considerable, there have
also been other signicant improve-
ments that have contributed to im-
proved business effectiveness. The site
historian is now used by the production
and support groups to track the perfor-
mance of the compressors. By moni-
toring various trends in conjunction
low-cost automation solutions can have a large impact
on improving business performance, and automation has a
large role to play in driving cost reduction for companies.
Process AutomAtion
to the HMI displays, the production
team has been able to improve the day-
to-day management of the compres-
sors, keeping costs and environmental
impact minimized.
In addition, since the process data
has become available, the mainte-
nance team has been able to moni-
tor the performance of the compres-
sors equipment more effectively. This
monitoring has enabled the team to
proactively calibrate equipment and
prevent situations that historically
have shown the compressors to trip
out. Because of this pro-active cul-
ture, the compressors have tripped
out only once in 18 months compared
to the three trips in the rst quarter,
prior to the project being implement-
ed. This has not only led to improved
performance, but it has contributed
to changing the culture of the produc-
tion team with regards to managing
the compressors.
closing statement
While this is a specic example that
may not be applicable to all com-
pressed air systems, it does demon-
strate how, with some lateral think-
ing, different automation concepts
can be applied to reduce costs and
limit environmental impact. When
you consider that the most significant
contribution in terms of reducing the
costs of running the compressors was
the pressure reduction strategy, this
in automation terms is just a simple
integral only controller. The case
study therefore demonstrates that
low-cost automation solutions can
have a large impact on improving
business performance, and automa-
tion has a large role to play in driving
cost reduction for companies. The
smarter use of our systems should be
seen as the key enabler when it comes
to improved business performance
and optimizing existing utilities.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
David twohig (Twohig_William_David@Lilly.
com) has been working as an automation
engineer for Eli Lilly in the U.K. for a number
of years. He has a degree in Applied Physics
and is presently working on a research Mas-
ters with the Chemical Engineering Dept. at
Newcastle University. In addition, he is a full
member of the Institute of Engineering &
Technology and is presently serving as an
executive committee member for the Con-
trol and Automation Community.
rEsourCEs
Implementing safeguards creates
cost-effective machine safety solutions
http://www.isa.org/InTech/20110603
Thriving during the economic down-
turn by building a real-time enterprise
www.isa.org/intech/workdev_201002
Vibration analysis
goes mainstream
With advances in sensor, recording, and analysis
technology, vibration analysis is now within the
reach of even small organizations
By John Bernet
M
ost machines have rotating parts, and
rotating parts vibrate. Measuring how
and how much those parts vibrate can
tell you a lot about the health of a machine. Wheth-
er it is the rumble of worn bearings or the shaking,
shimmying, or thumping of loose, misaligned, or
unbalanced parts, machines have a tale to tell to
those who are willing and able to listen.
Vibration analysisthe art and science of
measuring and interpreting those telltale rum-
bles and shakeshas been around for decades,
but mostly in the domain of specialists operating
exotic instruments for corporations and govern-
ment agencies with mission-critical equipment
and very deep pockets. For everyone else, vibra-
tion analysis was typically performed by a me-
chanic using a makeshift stethoscope fashioned
from a screwdriverthe tip held to the machine,
the handle held to the earor, more often, not
done at all. Recent developments in vibration
sensor, data acquisition, and analysis technolo-
gies, however, are making vibration analysis
cheaper, easier, and more widely available.
What vibration analysis tells you
Among the most important mechanical
faults that vibration analysis can reveal are:
Imbalance: A heavy spot in a rotat-
ing component causes vibration when
the unbalanced weight rotates around the
machines axis, creating a centrifugal force.
As machine speed increases, the effects of
imbalance become greater. Imbalance can
severely reduce bearing life as well as cause
undue machine vibration.
Misalignment/shaft runout: Vibration can
result when machine shafts are out of line.
Angular misalignment occurs when
the axes of (for example) a motor and
pump are not parallel. When the axes
are parallel but not exactly aligned,
the condition is known as parallel mis-
alignment. Misalignment may happen
during assembly or develop over time,
due to thermal expansion, components
Technician using a handheld
vibration analyzer
SyStem IntegratIon
Inside the sensor, an
array of tiny electronic
accelerometers convert
movement along any of
the three axes (up and
down, back and forth,
side to side) into an
electrical signal fed to
a recording device. Re-
corded vibration data
can be analyzed at the
test site for an immedi-
ate diagnosis and can
also be saved for later
analysis or comparison with earlier recordings to
monitor trends in machine health.
Studies conducted by the U.S. Navy found many
vibration analysis programs were not collecting all
of the data needed to make an accurate diagnosis.
The studies concluded that to diagnose machine
condition accurately, data was needed from all
three axes of a rotating shaft. When only two axes
of data were used, diagnostic accuracy dropped to
80%. When data from only a single axis was ana-
lyzed, diagnosis accuracy dropped to 46%.
automating the analyst
Collecting and storing vibration data from a sen-
sor is only the beginning. To be useful, vibration
data must be analyzed and interpreted. A vibra-
tion graph can reveal a lot to a trained and expe-
rienced vibration analyst, but hiring (or training
and then retaining) a vibration analyst is such
an expensive proposition that only large, well-
funded organizations have been able to afford
to keep analysts on staff. Everyone else has had
to hire vibration consultants only when need is
shifting, or improper reassembly after main-
tenance. The resulting vibrations may be in
the direction of the rotation, along the shaft
axis, or both.
Wear: As components, such as bearings, drive
belts, or gears, become worn, they may cause
vibration. When a roller-bearing race be-
comes pitted, for instance, the bearing rollers
will cause a vibration each time they travel
over the damaged area. A gear tooth that is
heavily chipped or worn, or a drive belt that is
breaking down, can also produce vibration.
Looseness: Vibration that might otherwise
go unnoticed may become obvious and de-
structive if the component vibrating has loose
bearings or is loosely attached to its mounts.
Such looseness may or may not be caused by
the underlying vibration. Whatever its cause,
looseness can allow any vibration present to
cause damage, such as further bearing wear
or wear and fatigue in equipment mounts and
other components.
measuring vibration
Vibration sensors have advanced far beyond the
mechanics screwdriver. There are a variety of
sensor types, but the accelerometer is the most
common. To take a measurement, a small metal
sensor is attached to the appropriate location
on the equipment to be tested. The attachment,
which can be permanent for continuous moni-
toring or temporary for machines that are eval-
uated only periodically, must be at a position on
the machine that reveals the best information
about the vibration being investigated (at the
bearings of a motor, for example, or close to a
rotating shaft).
Fast Forward
measuring the vibrations of motors,
pumps, and other common machines can
reveal valuable information about machine
healthor impending failures.
Vibration analysis can reveal four of the
most common mechanical faults: imbalance,
misalignment, wear, and looseness.
Easier measurement procedures combined
with automated vibration analysis enables
personnel with minimal training and
experience to use vibration to evaluate
machine health and determine required
maintenance.
Point where
failure starts
to occur
The P-F curve, adapted from John Moubrays book Reliability Centered Maintenance II
P = Potential failure
P
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Changes in vibration P-F interval 19 months
IR thermography P-F interval 312 weeks
Audible noise P-F interval 14 weeks
F = Failure
Wear debris in oil P-F interval 16 months
Quantitative PM P-F interval 58 weeks
Heat by touch P-F interval 15 days
Attaching a vibration sensor with a magnetic mount Potential failure curve over a nine-month interval
SyStem IntegratIon
of machine health builds condence
in maintenance schedules, budgeting,
and productivity estimates.
Why add vibration analysis to
maintenance program?
Run to fail maintenance programs,
while simple, often have costlier re-
pairs, loss of revenue from production
stoppage, and expensive overtime.
Preventive maintenance programs,
in which machinery is serviced after
a certain number of hours of opera-
tion, can result in unnecessary work
being performed, and unmonitored
machinery can still fail before the
maintenance interval elapses. When
vibration analysis is incorporated into
a maintenance program, however, the
condition of monitored machines is
known, so unnecessary maintenance
work is avoided, and required work can
be scheduled for convenient times and
when parts are available. Maintenance
staff knows which machines are good
enough to run, which need repairs
scheduled soon, and which need to be
shut down before they fail.
getting started with vibration
analysis program
The U.S. Navy determined 30 years
ago it wanted the benets of vibration
analysis, but could not afford to have
a vibration expert on every ship. What
are the roadblocks to implementing a
program?
a hazardous condition occurs.
Revenue: Well-maintained machines
have fewer unexpected and serious
failures, helping to prevent produc-
tion stoppages that cut into the bot-
tom line.
Increased maintenance intervals:
When machine health is being tracked,
maintenance can be scheduled by
need, not just by accumulated hours
of operation.
Reliability: Monitored machinery has
fewer unexpected or catastrophic
failures.
Cost savings: Running machinery
until failure often results in more ex-
pensive repairs, overtime, and forced
purchases. Twenty-ve years of doc-
umented savings show a 20:1 bene-
t-to-cost ratio for vibration analysis
programs.
Peace of mind: A better understanding
justied and budget allowed.
Making vibration analysis available
and affordable for everyone who could
benet from it would require not just af-
fordable equipment but also automat-
ing the analyst. Automated diagnostic
programs were needed that could ana-
lyze raw vibration data and give useful,
simple, actionable recommendations
for non-experts. The key to automating
vibration analysis, as it turned out, was
to compare the vibration data in ques-
tion with data from a similar, healthy,
known good machine. Although the
concept of comparing the data from
the machine in question with base-
line data from a similar, known-good
machine is simple, the implementa-
tion is complicated. A vibration analy-
sis program performs a sophisticated
analysis, comparing hundreds of data
points with the fault patterns of simi-
lar machines to give a simple, under-
standable, diagnosis that makes clear
how healthy the machine is and wheth-
er maintenance is needed. The result-
ing diagnostic report should give the
operator or maintenance technician a
clear picture of machine condition and
action required.
Benets of vibration analysis
Predictability: Studies have shown
vibration analysis can provide early
warnings of impending machine fail-
ure, giving maintenance staff time
to schedule required repairs and ac-
quire needed parts.
Safety: Having information about
machine health enables operators to
take faulty equipment ofine before
Vibration intensity and frequency of a rotating shaft
Automated vibration analysis can report on machine health in terms that are understand-
able and actionable by technicians without vibration analysis experience.
SyStem IntegratIon
Trainingstaffandthenretainingstaff
withtheextensivevibrationanalysis
skillsisexpensive.
Results achieved may not justify the
costinequipment,training,labor,etc.
Company priorities change, so a vi-
brationprogramisscrapped.
Recent advances in vibration analy-
sis, however, have enabled programs
that can diagnose common machine
faults without the need for prohibi-
tivelyexpensiveequipmentandexpert
operators.
The suggestions below can help any
organizationinitseffortstoimplement
avibrationanalysisprogram.
Start small and grow. Do not try to
monitor 500 machines in a plant
all at once. Instead, choose 25 to 50
machines to start with, then add ad-
ditional machines as priorities, time,
and budget allow. Organizations that
alreadyhaveareliabilitygroupcanin-
creasethescopeoftheirmaintenance
programtoincludevibrationanalysis.
Focus on problem machines. If you
have machines that have a history
offailureorafewmachinesthatcan
take down half the plant, start with
them. Even small machines that are
not deemed big enough for a reli-
ability group to monitor may be im-
portant to the maintenance and op-
erationsgroupsbecausetheyarethe
onesthatrequirethemostattention.
Focus on the common machine
faultsimbalance, misalignment,
looseness, and bearing failuresbe-
cause they account for 80-90% of
machinefaults.
Use automation and proven mea-
surementmethodologytogetacom-
plete picture of the machines entire
power train. Maintenance techni-
ciansandoperatorsdonothavetime
tolookoverreamsofdatatheyhave
aplanttorun.Asystemthatscreens
thedataandprovidesanswersabout
what is wrong with a machine and
whattodotoxitshouldbethegoal.
Summary
Advances in vibration sensor, data ac-
quisition, and analysis technologies
haveenabledtheintroductionofpow-
erful, portable, affordable, easy-to-use
vibration measurement and analysis
tools that enable even smaller organi-
zationswithlimitedtrainingandhard-
warebudgetstoenjoytheconsiderable
benetsofvibrationanalysis.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Bernet (John.Bernet@uke.com) is
a vibration application specialist at Fluke
Corporation and a Category II-certied
vibration analyst. He has more than 20
years of vibration analysis experience in
industry and the U.S. Navy.
T
here are some exciting high-growth pro-
jections for wireless sensing for the au-
tomation industry. More sensors mean
more process efciency, lower operating costs,
lower maintenance costs, higher reliability, and
greater safety. Wireless sensing provides the op-
portunity to install masses of sensors with virtu-
ally no cost of installation by reducing the need
for cables carrying the signals from the eld to
the control room. Wiring costs can easily be 80%,
or more in a hazardous area, of the total cost of
installing a new sensor. Who wouldnt like to get
the same job for one-fth of the cost or ve times
as many sensors for the budget? And it isnt just
the cost of the installation; there are many cases
in which a plant has to be shutdown to facilitate
installation, adding another massive sum to the
cost of new sensors.
Most of us routinely use wireless (cell phones,
Wi-Fi) for communication, and the potential for
M2M (machine to machine) wireless communica-
tion is considered to be even larger. Wireless trans-
mission of sensor data is now well established as
a reliable method of monitoring industrial plants.
It is even being perceived by some users as more
reliable and maintenance-free than hard wiring.
This new approach to automation has been
made possible by the convergence of new tech-
nologies:
l Low-power electronics, including micropro-
cessors with sleep modes
l RF transmission systems that use digitally
encoded signals (e.g., digital television and
Wi-Fi) with an order of magnitude less power
required than older analog systems
l New energy harvesting techniques
By Roy Freeland
Fast Forward
l Energy harvesting enables remote sensing
at low cost.
l Energy harvesting is the ideal solution for
indenite long-term powering of wireless
sensor nodes or networks (WsN) without
maintenance.
l Energy-harvesting-powered WsN is
possible due to the convergence of new
technologies.
Energy
harvesting
A practical reality for
wireless sensing

f
e
r
g
r
e
g
o
r
y

-

F
o
t
o
l
i
a
.
c
o
m
Special Section: energy HarveSting
mission, self discharge, and low temperatures.
Some newer designs perform closer to theoreti-
cal capacity and may include energy storage to
help with the peak power requirements of WSNs.
Battery size nominal
capacity
life at 3mW (3.6v)
AA 2.4 Ah Less than 3 months
C 8.5 Ah Less than 10 months
D 19 Ah Less than 2 years
energy harvester power
So what are the options for energy harvesters to
deliver 3mW? The following are systems that are
available today, and they represent each of the
main types of energy source that can be used
in practice in many types of plant and other
machine applications to provide the required
power. Each of these uses a source of energy that
is readily available in many but not all applica-
tions; however with this choice, it should be
possible to select a suitable device for the vast
majority of applications.
1. Vibration: Perpetuums vibration harvester
will produce 3mW from about 40-50mg of vi-
bration, depending on the exact frequency. Its
bandwidth is important to ensure adequate
coverage of a wide range of machines.
2. Heat: Micropelts thermal harvester will pro-
duce 3mW from a suitable heat source at about
75C assuming ambient temperature of 25C.
The rate of heat transfer is important and in-
stalling a probe in hot liquid ow reduces the
temperature required for 3mW to 55C.
3. Photovoltaic: G24 Innovations Photovoltaic
Dye sensitized thin lm photovoltaics require
an area of 233mm x 135mm to produce 3mW
in a typical industrial indoor environment
with a light level of 500 lux.
4. RF power transmission: Powercasts RF trans-
mission system requires a 3W transmitter to
So why is there so much interest in energy har-
vesting? Simply, you cannot get the full benet of
wireless unless the power source is also wireless.
This means you need either a battery or some
form of energy harvester. Until recently, the usual
power source available to power a wireless sen-
sor node or network (WSN) has been batteries.
With their limited and non-deterministic lifes-
pan, hazardous content, shipping, and disposal
requirements, batteries alone are not likely to
provide a power source that will last the life cycle
of the WSN application without maintenance
intervention. The ideal solution is an energy har-
vester that is t and forget and will have a lifes-
pan in excess of the WSN that it is powering.
power requirements for WSns
Whether the power source is an energy har-
vester or a battery, it is important to minimize
power consumption. Much can be done to min-
imize average power requirements, for exam-
ple reducing reporting frequency. If a wireless
system is being used for machinery condition
monitoring, then it is unnecessary to specify
the transmission of full vibration spectra every
minute, when it is replacing a man on a bicycle
with a hand-held device who goes around once
a month (provided it is not raining and he has
nothing more urgent to do). Also parameters
can be monitored and analyzed in the WSN, and
it can be programmed to transmit alarm signals
only when there is a problem.
To illustrate the issues, this article takes the
example of a WSN that requires an average pow-
er of 3mW to compare various options. This is
not untypical of either a frequent reporting re-
quirement (such as several times per minute)
or a high-data requirement (such as complete
vibration spectra).
The following table shows the theoretical life
of standard-sized cells from a leading Lithium
battery manufacturer. In practice, the theoreti-
cal capacity is reduced by such factors as the
need for intermittent high currents for RF trans-
What is energy harvesting? Energy harvesting
is the extraction of usable energy (usually con-
verted into electrical energy) from otherwise
wasted energy available in the environment. On
the macro scale (MegaWatts - MW) this includes
hydro-electricity, wave power, solar panels, and
wind turbines. However for wireless sensing, we
are talking about harvesting immediately avail-
able energy such as vibration, heat, light, and RF
energy to produce milliWatts - mW.
The ISA100.18 Working Group is preparing standards and information docu-
ments on power sources for WSNs. Key objectives are to dene specications
for the interchangeability of various power sources, including batteries, energy
harvesters, and other possible types, such as 4-20mA loops, and to dene
performance specications so users can compare different harvesters and
choose the optimum power source for each application. The working group
is cooperating with a range of organizations, including VDI and NAMUR on
battery standards for WSNs and other organizations using 802.15.4, such as
WirelessHART and Zigbee as well as other low power wireless protocols.
Power source standards
Special Section: energy HarveSting
National Instruments recently start-
ed to offer vibration and photovoltaic
solutions to powering their wireless
devices.
the future
The benets of using wireless for automa-
tion monitoring and eventually control
are so strong that practical solutions for
suitable power sources will continue to
develop. Energy harvesting has many dif-
ferent forms that have been fully demon-
strated to be ideal solutions for indenite
long-term powering of WSNs without
maintenance. Although the power re-
quirements of some electronics will con-
tinue to fall, we are probably getting close
to the limit of low-power RF transmis-
sions as well as the chemical energy den-
sity possible in primary battery cells. The
energy available from various energy har-
vesting techniques in most applications
already signicantly exceeds the power
requirements of existing WSNs. The re-
cent rush to design in energy-harvesting
options for battery-powered WSNs will
not only lead to much wider use of energy
harvesters but also ensure much wider
use of low-cost wireless sensing with all
the benets of increased monitoring for
plant safety and efciency.
aBoUt tHE aUtHor
roy Freeland (Roy.freeland@perpetuum.
com) is president of Perpetuum Ltd. and
co-chair of the ISA100.18 Power Sources
Working Group. He has wide internation-
al experience in running engineering and
electronics companies in the U.K., the
U.S., Sweden, France, and Canada.
Lange eld in the North Sea and pump
it across to England. Although it was
a greeneld site, it was found that the
cost of hard wiring was excessive to
monitor most of the plant. Therefore a
wireless system powered by vibration
energy harvesters was used on a num-
ber of machines to provide full vibra-
tion data from accelerometers to the
central data processing system.
Newer installations with the latest
vibration energy-harvester-powered
system have been installed in power
stations. It is notable that previous ex-
perience with the power available from
vibration harvesters leads to a decision
to use one harvester to power a node
with four sensors rather than the pre-
vious ratio of 1 to 1 for harvesters and
sensors. It is a fascinating insight into
the business case that it is economical
to use vibration energy harvesters to
produce milliWatts of power in a plant
that is producing Megawatts.
Micropelts thermal harvester is be-
ing used to monitor the temperature of
power busbars to identify critical situa-
tions. Any rapid rise in temperature will
cause an alarm to be transmitted wire-
lessly to a control room.
produce 3mW of usable power at a
range of 1.2M (4ft). This system is
technically wireless power transmis-
sion rather than energy harvesting.
practical applications
End users who have trialed battery pow-
ered WSNs have generally become very
enthusiastic about the benets. How-
ever, we are now seeing views being
expressed that the power supply issue
must be resolved and that changing bat-
teries is not acceptable in most industri-
al situations. This is not only because of
the cost of the work to order, stock, or-
ganize, and physically replace batteries,
but also, particularly in hazardous area
and inaccessible areas, there is an un-
derstandable reluctance to send main-
tenance staff into potentially danger-
ous areas. The major systems builders
are, therefore, almost without exception
working on offering energy-harvesting-
powered options for their WSNs.
A good example is the GE Bently Ne-
vada wireless condition monitoring
system installed as a pilot at Shells Ny-
hamna Gas Plant for predictive mainte-
nance. This was a site built in Norway
to process natural gas from the Ormen
Temperature monitoring WSN powered by Micropelts thermal
harvester.
BE Bently Nevada vibration energy-harvester-powered wireless
sensor node installed for machinery condition monitoring at
Shells Nyhamna Gas plant.
How to calculate the power needed? Typical wireless sensor nodes have a duty cy-
cle with varying power requirements ranging from sleep or quiescent modes,
where little is happening and power consumption may be of the order of 0.1mW or
less, to brief bursts of higher consumption when microprocessors are handling and
interpreting data with peaks of power of 100mW or more when the RF transmis-
sion occurs. The energy harvester does not normally supply the peak level of power
continuously but charges up a capacitor, supercapacitor, or rechargeable battery to
provide the peak-power requirements. The important calculation is, therefore, the
average power required over the complete duty cycle, including inactive periods.
CSA International
is pleased to welcome
Sira Certification
to our organization.
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comprehensive Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs), which show the causes, duration, and
timing of downtime and rate losses. Reports
produced by DTA systems are used by produc-
tion management and process engineers to
implement continuous process improvement
programs that can reduce the level of downtime
and increase production rates.
Real-time reporting and analysis of KPIs en-
able the true impact of production interruptions
to be determined and correctedimproving
return on assets and availability, while increas-
ing utilization of critical production processes.
The costs attributable to unplanned downtime
can be enormous, and for high throughput op-
erations such as reneries, the cost of downtime
U
nplanned production stoppages and
rate loss can have an enormous im-
pact on the productivity and protabil-
ity of process plants. Rate loss is dened as the
steady-state deviation in actual output from the
rated maximum.
Downtime analysis (DTA) is an essential part
of plant operations management, as it provides
a powerful tool that enables a better under-
standing of the underlying issues that affect
plant availability and rate loss. DTA enables
identication and quantication of lost produc-
tion capacity by accurately collecting data and
measuring actual overall output against theo-
retical or rated capacity.
DTA systems provide easy-to-understand and
By Wayne Matthews
Downtime
analysis
Analyzing downtime increases uptime and production by
optimizing operation and prioritizing maintenance
automation it
chosen time period
and also the latest
Downtime and Rate
Loss events. This en-
ables comparisons
to be made between
different production
lines and shifts over a
chosen time period.
Lost production can
be measured either as
Downtime (on a time
basis) or as Rate Loss
(measured by production quantity lost). Down-
time information can be translated into Rate
Loss (and vice versa) based on assigned plant
and unit capacities.
DTA enables staff to add reasons for each
event, adding valuable understanding to the
underlying reasons for lost production. Losses
can also be attributed to multiple reasons, di-
viding the total loss by assigned percentages.
Downtime can still appear in reports even if a
reason has not been entered. Downtime Losses
can be automatically collected and registered
on a per-plant basis, while Rate Loss can be cal-
culated and registered on a daily basis per plant
item. DTA results can be stored in the Plant His-
torian to ensure a common data set with other
production performance information.
Typical DTA system reports include a sum-
mary report, reason classications, downtime
rankings, and rate loss rankings. Users can usu-
ally view reports by day, week, month, quarter,
or year. Custom reports can often also be cre-
ated within Microsoft Excel and/or through cus-
tomer database queries. These and standard re-
ports can generally be scheduled for e-mailing
to users.
Why analyze?
Like any hardware or software product added
to the basic regulatory control system, DTA re-
quires expense and effort in implementation.
But a correctly designed, implemented, and
operated DTA system will provide a host of ben-
ets as described below.
1. Maximizes return on assets
Maximizing asset utilization and plant pro-
ductivity are keys to the protability of process
operations. Successfully identifying production
underperformance and implementing process
improvements forms the underlying basis for
achieving these goals.
DTA helps achieve these objectives by iden-
tifying non-productive times when the plant
can run into the hun-
dreds of thousands of
dollars per hour.
DTA is typically pro-
vided via a vendor-
supplied software pro-
gram, but in addition
can also include serv-
ices in which process
experts assist custom-
ers in interpreting the
KPIs and then make
recommendations as
to best courses of ac-
tion. DTA software is
usually run on a PC,
and typically commu-
nicates with the host
automation system via
an industry standard
protocol such as OPC
to gather the required
data. This data is then
analyzed and present-
ed to plant personnel
via printed reports and
the automation system
HMIsor via viewing
platforms such as of-
ce PCs, smart phones,
and other web-enabled
devices.
DTA provides a
complete record of
lost production by
utilizing automated processes to capture all pro-
duction stoppages and slowdowns. With some
DTA software packages, operators can manually
attribute each downtime or rate loss event to a
specic cause or causes, adding valuable addi-
tional information, which complements the au-
tomatically gathered data. These records provide
a holistic view of all relevant information, key to
diagnosing underlying issues and providing ef-
fective solutions.
typical functionality
A DTA system needs to have functionality that is
appropriate for the particular type of industry in
which it is used. For example, a downtime sys-
tem intended for use in the process industries
should include the ability to measure rate loss.
These hidden losses are often overlooked or dif-
cult to see, but can have a substantial impact
on overall plant productivity.
DTA provides KPIs for lost production over a
Fast ForwarD
Downtime analysis is often performed
manually in many process plants with
limited results.
Automated downtime analysis supplemented
by manual identication of causes has
proven to be a superior method for capturing
downtime and rate loss information.
Automated downtime analysis software
presents results in easily understood
terms that facilitate analysis of results
and subsequent corrective action.
As with many process
plants, downtime
incidents at this fer-
tilizer plant are very
costly. Downtime
analysis software and
systems can reduce
these incidents to
increase uptime and
throughput.
automation it
6. Identies areas for improvement
When a DTA is implemented, the most
signicant causes of downtime become
readily apparent. DTA systems commonly
provide a list of the top downtime causes
and show the time, number of occurrenc-
es, and percentage of total time for each
downtime cause. Using this information,
underlying causes can be identied and
a case developed for any necessary ac-
tion, weighing the additional prot from
increased production against the costs
involved in rectifying the problem.
7. Prioritizes maintenance
By identifying the causes and effects
of production loss, plant management
can make informed decisions on main-
tenance priorities and schedules. In ad-
dition, when DTA systems are installed,
the level of maintenance required typi-
cally decreases due to an improved un-
derstanding of the process and to bet-
ter overall operation of the plant.
8. Improves operations and shared
best production practices
The ndings from DTA can help plant
management make informed deci-
sions on a range of practices including
spares holding, operator training (e.g.,
enabling them to deal with incidents
directly rather than calling in external
help, leading to a quicker resolution
of the problem), and operational pro-
cedures that can mitigate or eradicate
causes of downtime. DTA ndings also
facilitate the sharing of best practices
to reduce potential downtime.
9. Optimizes planning and scheduling
Regular unplanned stoppages and
production slowdowns result in con-
stant reshufing of production plans
and schedules. Reducing the level of
these interruptions leads to more con-
sistent production schedules and more
accurate delivery forecasts.
10. Provides continuous plant avail-
ability improvement
DTA is an important tool for any con-
tinuous improvement program such as
Six Sigma, as it provides a clear guide
to where production is being lost, and
where operational changes are needed
to increase availability.
DTA benets are substantial, but
implementation is not always straight-
forward.
to exceptional conditions, the cost of
prevention may outweigh the benet
gained.
4. Compares existing and past per-
formance
Comparisons can be made between
current and past performance. Todays
process plants are rarely run steady-
state as there are often continual chang-
es in raw materials, operating condi-
tions, and end products. As a result, the
impact of these changes needs to be un-
derstood and quantied. For example, a
plants steady-state throughput may be
increased, but this may come at the cost
of excessive downtime.
5. Generates accurate actionable in-
formation
The automated collection of down-
time information, veried and en-
hanced with manual input, ensures
all downtime and rate loss events are
recorded without undue bias from
operators or other staff. DTA provides
quantiable, accurate information that
directs users to production areas and
processes that need attention. Tradi-
tional manual recording techniques
are highly prone to staff bias and in-
complete recording of incidents.
is not running at its rated throughput.
The latter issue can be easily missed
with staff unaware of the level of lost
production from running the plant at
less than rated capacity.
2. Identies common equipment
failures
DTA causes can be grouped together
to create a hierarchy of faults with ma-
jor classications such as mechanical,
electrical, raw materials, procedural,
personnel, and availability being ex-
panded into more detailed causes.
As major causes of downtime are
uncovered and underlying reasons ad-
dressed, the focus on particular down-
time causes will change with some
categories being expanded, with less sig-
nicant causes being grouped together.
3. Reduces unplanned stoppages
and production slowdowns
Using DTA, process engineers can
gain a clear understanding of the most
important causes of unplanned stop-
pages and production slowdowns. Of-
ten it is the short regular incidents that
have the greatest cumulative effect on
downtime. Large unusual events will
certainly attract the attention of staff,
but if these occur infrequently due
76.5
149.5
218.2
236.8
254.9
268.6
279.4 287.2
292.5
73 68.7
18.6 18.1
13.7
10.7 7.8 5.4
76.5
Reason lost product
Reason lost product
Plant
Month
Train A
2010-08
Top 10 contributors (tons)
Rate loss
LP steam line to MED 76.5
No instrument air 73
No power 68.7
Unassigned 18.6
Scales formation 18.1
Raw material quality 13.7
COATING OIL HEATER 10.7
Inadequate design 7.8
Straining Choking 5.4
Reason Contribution to loss
Page 1 of 1 Yokogawa Exaquantum/DTA
LP steam line to MED
No instrument air Unassigned Raw material quality Inadequate design
No power Scales formation COATING OIL HEATER Strainer choking
Rate loss, depicted on this screen
shot, is dened as the steady-
state deviation in actual output
from the rated maximum. With-
out downtime analysis, these
losses are difcult to detect.
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automation it
plant was being restarted, it would be
producing off-spec material, which
would either need to be disposed of or
reworked, with both of these activities
being costly and wasteful.
Factors that influenced the deci-
sion to include DTA in the plants au-
tomation system included the need
to ensure product quality and con-
sistency, a strong desire to quickly re-
solve the inevitable issues that attend
the commissioning and start-up of a
plant, and the need to ensure power
and utilities maintained 100% conti-
nuity of supply.
When downtime or rate loss inci-
dents occur, the DTA system captures
these incidents and allows plant per-
sonnel to attribute each incident to
specic causes. This knowledge is help-
ing the plant to reduce the frequency
of future events and incidentswhile
providing invaluable insights that will
allow production, maintenance, and
engineering teams to bring the plant to
its full output potential.
DTA is an essential part of a continu-
ous plant improvement program, as it
provides a powerful tool that enables a
better understanding of the underlying
issues that affect plant availability and
rate loss. The costs of unplanned down-
time can be enormous, so even small re-
ductions in downtime can have signi-
cant benets to plant protability.
Implementing a DTA system requires
buy-in at management and operations
level if it is to succeed, and incorporat-
ing DTA into a continuous improvement
program helps ensure actions identied
by the system are implemented.
aBoUt tHE aUtHor
Wayne matthews is technical director for
Yokogawa Marex Ltd., responsible for con-
sultancy services, software development,
systems integration, sales, and marketing.
Matthews has been with Yokogawa for
more than 18 years and in his present role
for seven years. His background is in design-
ing, implementing, and deploying manu-
facturing execution and plant information
management software and systems.
so will cause difculties in attributing
causes from very long drop-down lists,
and will not add useful information to
results since most possible downtime
events occur infrequently.
4. Quantifying the cost of downtime
in lost production
In order to calculate the impact of
downtime, it is necessary to under-
stand the cost to the business of con-
sequent lost production. Establishing
this enables accurate ROIs to be calcu-
lated for proposed action plans.
5. Follow through to make sure ac-
tion items are performed
A DTA system will help uncover the
underlying causes of downtime and
rate loss events. It is the responsibil-
ity of plant management, and the DTA
champion in particular, to ensure this
knowledge is translated into a plan of
action that is carried through. Linking
the DTA system to a continuous im-
provement program provides the mo-
tivation and accountability that an ac-
tion plan requires.
A pilot project can be a good way to
address challenges, as it allows the DTA
system to be tested before it is rolled
out across the entire plant. During the
pilot project, inevitable implementa-
tion issues can be resolved, and expe-
rience can be gained in assigning the
most appropriate downtime classica-
tions. The pilot will also provide useful
training and experience to the continu-
ous improvement team prior to full-
scale implementation.
From theory to practice
DTA was implemented for a major
Middle East petrochemical producer
on a world-scale facility producing a
range of fertilizer products. The DTA
package was developed to meet part of
the requirement for a complete instru-
mentation and control system.
Due to the scale and complexity of
the production facilities, restarting
even a single production unit following
a shutdown could take several shifts to
complete. Bringing a plant back to full
capacity would take days and possibly
weeks, with signicant problems asso-
ciated with inevitable pipe and equip-
ment blockages. In addition, while the
implementation challenges
Although DTA is a powerful tool with a
wide body of proven applications, there
are challenges to implementation:
1. Integration of existing automa-
tion systems with the DTA system
A successful DTA system relies on ac-
curate data from the plants regulatory
control system. To correctly register a
downtime or rate loss event, the DTA
system needs a clear and unambiguous
signal concerning the state of the equip-
ment. These signals are typically cal-
culated tags derived from raw tag data
provided by the control system. While it
may appear easy to determine whether
or not a production unit has stopped,
this is not always the case as manual
overrides can mask true conditions.
2. Management and staff buy-in
Gaining Management and Operations
staff buy-in is crucial to the success of a
DTA project. At the management level,
a product champion is needed to be the
prime decision maker and move the
project forward, ensuring the necessary
resources and training are provided.
This person will also drive the project
forward by setting and evaluating objec-
tives and system usage.
At the operator level, developing an
operator-friendly system is equally cru-
cial. Operators are already under sig-
nicant pressure, so they must see any
additional tasks as assisting them rath-
er than adding to their burden. While
events are captured automatically, it is
the operators who manually attribute
each event to one or more causes. If op-
erators believe the downtime system is
too onerous, for example in classifying
downtime causes, they will be tempted
not to attribute causes or to do so in a
haphazard manner. This will result in a
signicant number of downtime events
that are misattributed.
3. Downtime classication choices
DTA is typically implemented as part
of an improvement project. As a result,
operations management will know ap-
proximately where the problem lies.
The challenge becomes designing a
useful classication list and hierarchy
of downtime or rate loss causes. The
temptation is to create a very detailed
listing covering every possibility. Doing
By Jim Strothman
F
ifty years ago, Martin Klein, then a young
electrical engineering student at Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
needed a subject for a thesis.
He kind of stumbled into the MIT lab of Dr.
Harold E. Doc Edgerton, the E in EG&G In-
ternational, Inc. I asked if he had anything in-
teresting to work on, Klein recalled.
My life changed forever that day, he said.
Edgerton, who had been doing underwater pho-
tography with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-
tion since the late 1930s, had begun experimenting
with sonar technology in the 1950s while working
with famed oceanographer Jacques Cousteau.
Cousteau was taking deep-underwater photos
in the Mediterranean. In order to position that
camera in the deep sea, (Edgerton) developed a
device that produced two main signals that were
tracked on a special recorder, Klein said. Edger-
ton observed that the device showed the bottom,
and also the geology under the bottom.
Mud penetrator launched career
He started working on a gadget called the mud
penetrator, and by a quirk of fate, I started assist-
ing on this project. Klein signicantly improved
the devices signal clarity, delighting Edgerton.
In the years that followed, Klein developed
then continually improvedan instrumentation
technology that forever changed underwater
exploration.
Called commercial dual-channel side-scan
sonar, the technology enabled ocean explor-
ers to find the Titanic in 1985; USS Monitor;
one of the most preserved War of 1812 ships
sunk in Lake Ontario; and Benedict Arnolds
gunboat in Lake Champlain, among many
other shipwrecks.
Side-scan sonar also was used to nd the
remains of the Space Shuttle Challenger and
downed aircraft, including TWA Flight 800,
Swiss Air Flight 111, and John F. Kennedy Jr.s
plane off the Massachusetts coast.
EDITORS NOTE: ISA continues its tradition of honoring leaders throughout the automation industry by
presenting the Automation Founders Circle awards. This years recipients are Martin Klein with the Arnold
O. Beckman Founder Award, Gerald Wilbanks with ISAs 2011 Life Achievement Award, and Andy Chatha
with the ISA Honorary Member award, the highest honor bestowed by the Society.
A
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T
O
MA
T
I
O
N

F
O
U
N
D
E
RS

C
I
R
C
L
E

Sonar advances,
underwater discoveries
earn Klein ISA
Beckman Award
Martin Klein with the rst
commercial towed side-scan
sonar, Boston Harbor, 1966.
Martin Klein with
students at the
MATE-ROV Competition
held at MIT in 2003.
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used more by underwater archeologists
than Klein side-scan sonar, said Joseph
W. Zarzynski, a board-certied underwa-
ter archaeologist and executive-director
of Bateaux Below, Inc., Wilton, N.Y.
Received many honors
Last March, the Boston Sea Rovers, a pi-
oneer diving organization, named Klein
2011 Diver of the Year. This year also
is MITs 150
th
anniversary, and a special
exhibition at the MIT Museum includes
one of Kleins side-scan sonars.
In 2006, he received one of the Ma-
rine Technology Society/IEEEs highest
honors, the Compass Distinguished
Achievement Award.
An ISA Senior Life Member, he also is a
LIFE Member of IEEE and the Navy League.
He holds several U.S. and U.K. patents re-
lated to his technology and authored or
co-authored numerous papers and articles
for technical journals about the technology
and underwater explorations.
Mentors young inventors
Mirroring his own mentor, Doc Edger-
ton, Klein since 2003 has volunteered his
time to judge and mentor at regional and
international remotely operated vehicle
(ROV) competitions sponsored by the
Marine Advanced Technology Education
(MATE) Center, based in Monterey, Calif.
Funded in part by the National Sci-
ence Foundation, the MATE competi-
tion challenges grade 5 through college
students worldwide to work in teams
developing ROVs.
Klein inspired and encouraged (stu-
dents), as well as teachers and parents
who participated, to pursue their pas-
sions, seek the knowledge and skills
they need, and remain committed,
said Jill Zande, MATE Center associate
director and competition coordinator.
One of my goals in life is to help stu-
dents and entrepreneurs starting their
own businesses, Klein said.
I come back from those meetings
saying, the world is OK. (The students)
are bright and have a positive attitude.
Its fun!
I believe (Kleins) legacy will be his
technology developments as well as
his giving back and encouraging future
pioneers in the eld, Zande said.
Kleins citation credits him for the
invention and development of the
dual-channel side-scan sonar instru-
mentation, which opened the worlds
oceans for exploration, safe navigation,
and underwater recovery.
Im honored and humbled, said Klein,
who left EG&G in 1967 to form his own
company, Klein Associates, Inc. He started
it in a basement of his rented apartment,
and then later moved to a lumberyard he
converted in Salem, N.H.well aware his
sonar-manufacturing competitors were
giant defense rms with deep pockets, in-
cluding EG&G and Westinghouse.
Because of my eld, Im involved in
many different worlds. In some, I am
well known, in others, not at all. But
like Beckman, Ive always felt of myself
as an instrument man, he said.
We made a difference in opening up
ocean exploration, Klein humbly said.
Award draws accolades
Marty was the rst to envision com-
bining side-scan sonar technology with
sub-bottom proling, manufacturing
what would be known as the Klein Tri-
Fish, said Garry Kozak, who became a
customer in 1974 and several years lat-
er became a Klein Associates employee.
Michael Fedenyszen, an I&C engineer
with Vanderweil Engineers and ISA Bos-
ton Section Nomination Committee chair,
nominated Klein for the Beckman award
and obtained numerous letters from past
and present Klein professional colleagues
supporting Kleins nomination.
Today, side-scan sonar instrumen-
tation is used by the U.S. government,
corporations, research institutions, and
marine archaeologists around the world
to map ocean oors, lakes, and river
beds and to nd objects of great interest
and value, Fedenyszen said.
Martin Klein was the unanimous
choice of the (ISA Honors & Awards) sub-
committee for the Beckman Founders
Award, said Alan McMurry, subcommit-
tee chair. His contribution to the auto-
mation eld with his side-scan sonar in-
vention clearly meets the award criteria.
Underwater archaeologists are in-
debted to Martin Klein and his instru-
mentation. There is no single piece of
remote sensing equipment that has been
Towsh linked to surface recorder
Kleins technology typically consists of a tor-
pedo-looking underwater device, dubbed a
towsh. Instrumented with transducers,
the sonar device is attached via cable to a
recorder aboard a surface ship.
Weve used the systems on big ships
and small boats. Ive used canoes, sail-
boats all manner of vessels, Klein said.
Today, many nations Navies use side-
scan sonar, as do oil companies determin-
ing where to build pipelines. The sonar is
also used in marine geology, hydrography,
environmental studies, sheries, dredg-
ing, and engineering projects.
Explored Loch Ness
In 1970, Klein teamed with Robert H.
Rines, a famous patent attorney and MIT
teacher of patent law. Rines had a fasci-
nation with Loch Ness reputed monster.
Also an inventor and holder of numerous
technical patents, Rines in 1963 founded
the Academy of Applied Science.
We never did see a monster, Klein
recalled, but we saw large moving ob-
jects in the Loch. He acknowledges
they may have been tree branches or
clumps of algae.
However, we did nd signicant
things, he said. His side-scan sonar
showed large caves existed in the Lochs
steep walls. In addition, we found stone
circle formations, which may have been
made by an ancient civilizationmaybe
100 feet in diameteracross the length
and width of the Loch.
By accident, we also found a twin-
engine British Wellington Bomber Air-
craft that went down in World War II,
Klein said. It was raised and is now on
display in an England museum.
Wins Beckman Award
Recognizing the signicance of his
technology, ISA will honor Klein by
presenting him with its Arnold O. Beck-
man Founder Award on 17 October, the
opening day of ISA Automation Week.
Given in honor of Dr. Arnold O.
Beckman, founder of Beckman Instru-
ments, the award recognizes a signi-
cant technological contribution to the
conception and implementation of a
new principle of instrument design,
development, or application.
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markets around the world.
E
ven before being promoted in 1973 to en-
gineering manager Control Systems at
engineering and construction giant Rust
Engineering Co., W. Gerald Wilbanks realized
better education and training tools for young
instrumentation engineers and technicians
were sorely needed.
In those days, most all instrumentation knowl-
edge had to be developed by experience and
self-studies, said Wilbanks, P.E., recalling his ex-
periences after earning his electrical engineering
degree at Mississippi State University in 1964 and
beginning his career as an electrical controls engi-
neer for Union Carbide Corp. in Port Lavaca, Tex.
A lot of my early education came from ISA.
I joined ISA in 1966, and when I moved to Rust
Engineering in 1968 and got promoted to engi-
neering manager Control Systems ve years
later, we were hiring additional people, and I re-
alized we needed to better train young graduate
engineers, he said.
So, we developed an educational lab to en-
hance measurement and other skills, devel-
oping lecture material and lab exercises. I got
involved with the local ISA section teaching a
three-day course on fundamentals.
Elected 50
th
ISA President
Wilbanks, soon after, became active with ISA
at the national level, then international level.
He became ISAs 50
th
president in 1995, the
year ISAs Certied Control Systems Technician
program was launched. For four decades, Wil-
banks has worked at improving education and
training tools and teaching courses. His efforts
helped hundreds of engineers and technicians
improve skills and advance their careers.
While ISA has been his main focus, Wilbanks
has also been involved in examinations and
other activities with the Alabama Society of Pro-
fessional Engineers (ASPE), National Council of
Examiners for Engineers and Surveyors (NCEES),
and several other professional organizations.
Two years ago, Alabama Governor Bob Riley ap-
pointed Wilbanks to the Alabama State Board of
Licensure for Professional Engineers and Land Sur-
veyors. He currently serves as the boards secretary.
Recognizing his numerous accomplishments,
ISA will honor Wilbanks by presenting him with
the Societys prestigious Life Achievement
Award on 17 October, the opening day of ISA
Automation Week in Mobile, Ala.
Recognizes sustained dedication
The award recognizes individuals with a his-
tory of sustained dedication to the instrumen-
tation, systems, and automation community.
Wilbanks award citation reads: In recognition
of a lifetime of dedication to technical education,
professional practice, certication and credential-
ing, and leadership to industry, the automation
community at large, and his beloved vehicle for
sharing the knowledge, mentoring, and leadership
extension: ISA.
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Championing better
education and training
tools earns Wilbanks ISA
Life Achievement Award
By Jim Strothman
The subcommittee unanimously selected Gerald Wilbanks
because of the collective personal knowledge of Geralds com-
mitment to the automation profession and how he manifested
his exemplary efforts to the benet of ISA. In short, Gerald has
always been a strong section mentor and supporter, leading
the Birmingham (Ala.) Section along with a host of motivated
local leaders over a long period of time to be one of the most
successful in (ISA), said Steve Huffman, chair of the ISA Hon-
ors & Awards subcommittee, which recommended Wilbanks
receive the Life Achievement Award.
Asked his reaction when learning he won the award, I was
completely speechless and humbled, Wilbanks said. I did
not know my name was even submitted for that award.
Two years ago, ISAs Birmingham section honored Wilbanks
by creating the Daris and Gerald Wilbanks Endowment,
which provides scholarships through the ISA Educational
Foundation Scholarship fund. He gives much credit for his
successful professional career to his wife, Daris, his bride of
almost 51 years and to his son, Scott, and daughter, Lisa.
Developed CSE exam course
Nearly all U.S. states require individuals to pass a Control Systems
Engineer (CSE) exam in order to become a licensed CSE profes-
sional. Around the year 2000, Wilbanks determined several local
ISA chapters offered courses that trained engineers to pass pieces
of the exam. However, ISA offered no structured, national-level
course specically designed to help engineers pass state exams
and become licensed CSEs.
You know how it is when you suggest something. You get to
do it, Wilbanks laughed. I spent a year, working with my (busi-
ness) partner, sandwiching together pieces, extracting parts of
ISA classes, developing a three-day ISA course. Titled Control
Systems Professional Engineer Exam Review, the course was
launched in 2002. Since its inception, Wilbanks has taught the
course several times a year in regional locations throughout the
U.S. Also, he instructs a six-part web seminar on the same subject
each summer as a part of the distance learning efforts of the ISA
Training Institute.
If I had to pick out a singular accomplishment of which Im
most proud, I would pick out that, he said. I get a lot of letters
from students thanking me for developing the class and teaching
the class.
While ISA President and during his years on the Societys Ex-
ecutive Committee in the mid-1990s, he helped make ISA a more
international organization. He served as a member of the China
Instrument Society Liaison Committee, as chair and member of
the Conference & Exhibit Global Oversight Board, and as chair
and member of ISAs Globalization Development Council.
Consulting rm
Wilbanks has his own consulting rm, Documentation & En-
gineering Services, based in Trussville, Ala. As its principal en-
gineer, he provides training, consulting services, auditing as-
sistance, and design engineering to the industrial community.
I always wanted to do two things: own my own business and
be in sales and marketing. About 2004, my son and I acquired an
existing manufacturers representative rm, so I accomplished
my two goals. I had the excitement of meeting payrolls, doing
sales, keeping up with paperwork and licenses, he said. After
four years, we sold (the rm) to a company in North Carolina.
My son still works there, as a vice president, and I was able to
make a dime or two and ride off into the setting sun.
Wilbanks worked for Rust Engineering for 32 years (from
1968 until 2000). During the 19 years he served as engineer-
ing manager Control Systems, his department had nearly
200 employees working on a myriad of projects. Motivating
him to improve training was the fact that the better they
were trained, the better job they did. And the better job they
did, the better job the bosses would say I did.
ISA also honored Wilbanks in 2002, recognizing him as an
ISA Fellow. In 1991, he was named Birmingham Alabama Soci-
ety of Professional Engineers (ASPE) Engineer of the Year, and
that same year, he was named Birmingham Area Engineer of
the Year by the Engineering Council of Birmingham (ECOB).
He served as ECOBs president in 1978.
All of this (ISA, career, and other professional accomplish-
ments) is tied to my passion for training, Wilbanks said. I
get an uplifting experience when I see young people who I
helped train and develop move ahead and advance in their
professional careers.
Instrumentation and Control
Enclosures
Rose+Bopla manufactures
an extensive line of
standard industrial
enclosures, operator
interface enclosures, and
suspension arm systems.
The Rose line is suited
for industrial applications
and harsh environments
in various materials including cast or extruded aluminum,
stainless steel, berglass, polyamide, polycarbonate, and
ABS. By contrast, Bopla produces a diverse line of modular,
instrumentation, handheld and wall-mount enclosures
designed to meet todays demands for aesthetic electronic
packaging. Rose+Bopla also offers several specialized
nishing services for customizing enclosuresall in one
place and all at a cost-effective price.
rose+bopla
www.rose-bopla.com
T
wenty-ve years after founding re-
search and consulting rm, ARC Advi-
sory Group, Andy Chatha is still thinking
about industrys future.
When he and other ARC consultants predict
what manufacturing technologies and business
infrastructure concepts will be important near-
term and well into the future, virtually all major
industry suppliers and end users listen.
We do a lot of thinking about the future, said
ARCs founder and CEO. Looking ve years out
is typical for our market forecasts, but were also
constantly thinking about and researching new
concepts, new technologies, and new processes,
and how companies can use new and existing
enabling technologies to become more competi-
tive. Increasingly, weve been looking at the hu-
man side of the equation, as well, Chatha said.
ARC was a one-man research operation when
Chatha started the industrial consulting and
forecasting business in 1986. Since then, Ded-
ham, Mass.-based ARC has grown to nearly 80
employees with ofces in North America, Eu-
rope, Japan, India, China, and Brazil.
Prestigious client list
ARCs clients include many Fortune 1000 user
companies and other industrial giants. The list
includes 3M, ABB, BASF, Dow Chemical, Du-
Pont, Emerson, ExxonMobil, General Dynam-
ics, IBM, Invensys, Microsoft, Mitsubishi Elec-
tric, Nestl, Oracle, Procter & Gamble, Rockwell
Automation, SAP, Schneider Electric, Siemens,
Yokogawa, and others.
Recognizing his contributions to the automa-
tion industry, ISA has awarded Chatha its highest
honorHonorary Member. The award recognizes
special individuals for support of, and/or contri-
butions to the advancement of the arts and sci-
ences of instrumentation, systems, and automa-
tion. The society will present the honor to Chatha
on 17 October, the opening day of ISA Automation
Week 2011 in Mobile, Ala. ARC industry experts
will also be participating in the conference.
The ISA Honors and Awards committee is
pleased to bestow upon Andy Chatha the pres-
tigious designation of Honorary Member. He is
recognized for his many accomplishments to
the eld of automation, said Gerald W. Cock-
rell, committee chair, an ISA past president, and
Professor Emeritus at Indiana State University.
Industry experience cited
Chathas citation credits him for his over 35 years
experience in enterprise applications and auto-
mation and as a successful CEO of the respected
ARC; executive advisor to some of the largest com-
panies in the world; market analyst in the automa-
tion industry; project manager, software engineer,
and designer of automation systems.
Aside from establishing ARC as a respected
market research and consulting business and
hosting the very successful annual ARC World
Industry Forum, Andy has also worked closely
By Jim Strothman
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Chatha, ARC Advisory Group
Founder, wins highest ISA
awardHonorary Member
Organized in teams
ARC has many teams, which focus on
specialized areas such as automation,
asset management, eld devices, sup-
ply chain management, enterprise soft-
ware, product lifecycle management,
and energy optimization, among others.
Clients, who typically pay an annual
fee, receive weekly and monthly research
reports. In addition, Clients can call us
at any time if they have an issue, Cha-
tha said. We provide consulting services
and also host forums and other high-val-
ue events that clients can and do attend.
ARCs annual World Industry Forum
in Orlando, Fla., typically attracts top in-
dustry executives from around the world.
The next such forum will be 69 February
2012 at the Renaissance Seaworld Hotel.
Our success is because of our peo-
ple, Chatha said. ARCs analysts are
experts from the industry who have
spent most of their professional ca-
reers working with industrial compa-
nies on multiple business issues and
with ISA over the past few years by in-
cluding ARC forum programs in Auto-
mation Week and other activities, said
Steve Huffman, chair of ISAs Honorary
Member subcommittee, which recom-
mended Chatha.
He is a supporter of the ISA core com-
petencies and our efforts to get more
denition and recognition for our auto-
mation profession, Huffman added.
Before founding ARC, Chatha was an
engineer and marketing manager at The
Foxboro Company (now Invensys) for
six years (19791985) during the early-
distributed control system (DCS) days.
He served as a project manager at
Westinghouse Electric Co. for ve years
(19741979) helping implement a blast
furnace and a rolling mill automation
project for two steel makers. From
19701973, he was a project engineer at
General Electric Co. in the U.K., work-
ing on a rolling mill project.
Receiving the recognition is a great
honor, Chatha said.
technologies, he said.
Chatha is particularly proud of ARCs
global perspective. Not coincidentally,
he was born in India, where he earned
an electrical engineering degree at Pan-
jab University. He obtained a Master of
Science degree in systems engineering
at Queen Mary University in London,
where he also lived several years work-
ing for GE. He earned his MBA at Boston
Universitys School of Management.
Asked about todays hot button is-
sues, Chatha listed energy management,
cyber security, new production manage-
ment technologies, lifecycle manage-
ment, cloud computing and mobility.
Collaborative Process Automation
Systems, a well-received ARC model
created to encourage suppliers to devel-
op easier-to-use, easier-to-implement
automation systems, is also a major ARC
focus, Chatha said. Another is Collabor-
ative Value Networks, which encourages
end users to develop collaborative, inte-
grated networks with their suppliers.
Schneider Electric, Telemetry & Remote SCADA Solutions,
is a global supplier of remote automation solutions for
SCADA systems in oil and gas, water and electrical utili-
ties applications. Solution components include Accutech
wireless instrumentation, SCADAPack controllers, Trio
long-range data radios, and ClearSCADA enterprise soft-
ware. All products are engineered to operate in harsh,
unattended environments delivering higher productivity
and efciency while reducing operational costs across a
wide area infrastructure.
schneider Electric, Telemetry & remote
sCADA solutions
www.controlmicrosystems.com
Senscient
introduces
ELDSTM
Version 1.2
Senscients proven ELDS
technology overcomes
the problems of existing
open path and point
gas detectors with no
sensor replacements, no
eld calibration, false
alarm free operation, but with superior response in the
harshest conditions. ELDS Version 1.2 includes wireless
communications with a 2.4 GHZ operating frequency for
commissioning, alignments and the ability to download
searchable event logs, self check results, and system di-
agnostics. Senscient ELDS is the 2009 Intech Innovators
Gold Award winner.
senscient
www.senscient.com
executive corner | Tips and Strategies for Managers
mousetrap appears elementary. The original design,
however, has not changed for more than 100 years,
and the product remains popular today. Its longevity
proves that indeed sometimes less is more.
The product characteristics of simplicity, reli-
ability, and affordability that affect the customers
buying decision can be extended far beyond the
actual product, and when implemented effectively,
can create the best customer experience possible.
In terms of simplicity, how easy is it to do business
with the manufacturer? Can the customer easily get
the product through the distribution channel? How
effective is the distributor in providing the product?
And how easy is it to install and maintain the prod-
uct? The answers to these questions determine how
satisfying the customer experience will be.
Reliability is another product characteristic that
can be extended to the total buying experience.
A certain stock level in the distribution channel is
essential to ensure quick delivery. How reliable is
the distributor in stocking? Is the manufacturers
product documentation trustworthy? Do the man-
ufacturer and distributor have a history of working
together that the customer can rely upon?
Economy, another attribute derived from the
simplicity concept, goes far beyond the initial prod-
uct cost. How economical is the product to operate
over time? Does it require frequent maintenance
or service? If service is required, how expensive is
it? Ultimately, the customer will determine which
manufacturer best lives up to the promise of eco-
nomical ownership.
In the end, it is not just the product that keeps
the customer coming back, but the customer ex-
perience as a whole. To quote Einstein once again,
Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and
more complex. It takes a touch of genius to
move in the opposite direction.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Brian LaBelle (Brian.LaBelle@georgscher.com) is
director of Marketing for GF Piping Systems (www.
gfpiping.com), a provider of engineered solutions
for the conveyance, measurement, and control of
liquids. The company provides a range of piping
products and instrumentation, including ow, pH,
conductivity, pressure, temperature, level, turbidity,
and chlorine monitors.
The abbreviated quote by Albert Einstein
Everything should be as simple as possible, but
no simplercan be used to illustrate an impor-
tant contributor to business success.
In the industrial automation world, custom-
ers require products that fulll a need or solve
a problem. They want straightforward products,
not over-engineered with unnecessary features
that increase costs and reduce reliability. From the
manufacturers standpoint, providing products in
the simplest form, which address that need or
problem, is the rst step toward success. How
consistently the manufacturer accomplishes this is
a strong determinant of success.
Customers consider several product aspects when
buyinghow simple the product is to use, how reli-
able it is, and how affordable it is. For the manu-
facturer, creating a simple product is not necessarily
simpleit challenges the designer to be as efcient
as possible, refraining from adding features that
may be technologically impressive, but of peripheral
value in meeting the need for which the product
was intended. More often, extra features make the
product more complicated to use, more unreliable,
and more expensive. From a reliability standpoint,
minimizing moving parts reduces the chance of mal-
function. And a simple design will also result in the
most cost-effective product to manufacturefewer
parts mean less materials and labor to produce.
The classic example illustrating the principle of
product simplicity is the mousetrap. Invented in 1894,
the mousetrap solves a precise problem by using a
plain spring-loaded bar and trip mechanism. The
simple design not only makes it very easy to use, it
also results in two other important advantages. With
few mechanical parts, reliability is high, and it
is very inexpensive to produce. Com-
pared to todays sophisticat-
ed electronics, the
Everything should be as simple as
possible, but no simpler
By Brian LaBelle
Downtime costs
Per occurrence
n Time: Calculate and record the time
from the rst occurrence of equipment
breakdown to the time when equip-
ment was back in full production.
n Reduced production
n Scrap
n Band-aid costs: Figure in the costs of
temporary xes until the permanent x
is in place.
n OEM, consulting, contractor costs: In-
clude the annual fee or estimated cost
per year for support during downtime.
n Tooling: Calculate the replacement
or rework cost for tooling (per occur-
rence).
n Parts/Shipping cost
As you can see, there are many factors
to consider when determining TDC. With
so much at stake, an accurate estimate
of TDC is essential to your bottom line.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dave Crumrine, P.E., PMP, is president of
Interstates Construction Services, Inc.,
and Doug Post, P.E., is president of Inter-
states Engineering, Inc., headquartered
in Sioux Center, Iowa. You may e-mail
them at dave.crumrine@interstates.com
or doug.post@interstates.com. The rms
website is http://www.interstates.com.
separate downtime category.
Take a look at the important compo-
nents of TDC. As you read the list, assess
whether your downtime number fully in-
cludes these issues.
Equipment related costs
Annually calculated as a constant unit price
n Labor cost: Account for the full cost of
direct and indirect labor with benets,
and include a share of all overhead po-
sitions in the plant, such as managers
and support staff.
n Product cost: The cost per unit of pro-
duction at each stage in the process,
along with the units per hour at the
machine/prot center, can tell you the
value of the product lost during an inci-
dent.
n Startup cost (per machine, line, cell,
and prot center): Include energy surge
costs, setup (materials and manpower),
percent of reduced production (units
per hour lost), scrap produced (include
recycle costs and/or scrap value), quali-
ty inspection and rework costs), as well
as other startup costs.
n Bottleneck cost: Predict the cost impact
on downstream equipment at each
stage in the process.
n Sales expectation: Include the excess
capacity, such as larger buildings, spare
production equipment, etc.
D
owntime costs every factory at
least 5% of its productive capac-
ity, and many lose up to 20%.
But an estimated 80% of industrial fa-
cilities are unable to accurately estimate
their total downtime cost (TDC). Many of
these facilities are underestimating their
downtime by 200-300% according to
downtime consultants.
Not knowing your TDC compounds it-
self when you set priorities on capital in-
vestments. As your organization becomes
more sophisticated at using nancial
tools, such as return on investment (ROI)
and other leverage metrics, these tools
become the key criteria in selecting and
approving projects.
When ROI is used, it is especially im-
portant to know the real cost of down-
time in your plant. By signicantly under-
estimating it, you could be missing out
on valuable opportunities for your own
plant, making poor decisions, or neglect-
ing what you intuitively know are the
most important priorities. By knowing
your TDC, you can pick the best capital
projects and then make better decisions
within these projects.
Sometimes the overall approach to
a project can change based on this im-
portant number. It is not uncommon for
the TDC on a retrot project to approach
or exceed the projects capital cost. In a
situation like this, the right project deliv-
ery method and the right project deliv-
ery team are critical when executing an
aggressive plan to minimize downtime.
Selection decisions on your engineer-
ing, contracting, and other team support
must be based on increasing your total
project ROI (including reducing downtime
and risk). This may be contrary to your
normal purchasing methods. Keep your
eye on the project ROI ball to overcome
these hurdles to building a great team.
Many of the real costs of downtime
are hidden in other cost areas and do not
show up unless you account for them
properly. To effectively calculate TDC, un-
cover all of these costs and list them in a
Tips and Strategies for Systems Integrators | channel chat
How much is downtime costing you?
By Dave Crumrine and Doug Post
obtain them certify an individual possess-
es the basic skills required to work in any
sector of the manufacturing industry.
The manufacturing system can be envi-
sioned as a pyramid of skills certications,
with an initial focus on the skills required for
all entry-level jobs in manufacturing today:
Personal effectiveness skills
Foundational academic competen-
ciesfor manufacturers, those are ap-
plied math, reading, locating, and us-
ing information
General workplace competencies, which
cover the fundamentals of business
Industry-wide technical skills related to
basic manufacturing processes, includ-
ing production, logistics, machining,
quality assurance, safety and health, and
technology
The foundational competencies in
the rst tiers are grounded in ACTs Na-
tional Career Readiness Certicate. The
workplace and technical competencies
are covered by the Manufacturing Skill
Standards Councils Certied Production
Technician, the National Institute for Met-
alworking Skills Machining and Metal-
forming certications, and the American
Welding Societys Certied Welder series.
Finally, the Society of Manufacturing En-
age their human capital. The Manufac-
turing Institute is rolling out the agship
education initiative of the manufacturing
industry as the national solution to the
talent challenge.
In manufacturing, the core premise of
this solution is there are standards for ev-
ery imaginable input and output. Whether
it is the composition of steel, the tolerance
of machines, or the failure rate of a part,
manufacturers can give the details to three
decimal points. A manufacturing educa-
tion and training system, then, should al-
low manufacturers to be as rigorous in the
standards they apply to their most impor-
tant assethuman capital.
These standards are not in the form used
by traditional education, which measures
seat time through credit hours. Instead,
these standards are competency based,
demonstrated through mastery, and veri-
ed through certication.
To develop the manufacturing tal-
ent solution, called the NAM-Endorsed
Manufacturing Skills Certication System,
The Manufacturing Institute joined with
several other leading industry groups to
create a system of nationally portable,
industry-recognized credentials. These
credentials and the training required to
o
ver the past few months, manu-
facturing has enjoyed something
of a national spotlight. It has been
one of the few industries to show consistent
growth, adding over 280,000 jobs in the
past year and a half. And surveys show con-
tinued growth and condence in the sector.
Manufacturing has been one of the
few bright spots in an otherwise stagnant
economy, and the newspapers and com-
mentators have taken notice.
It is tting manufacturing should now
be getting such recognition because it is
an industry that is truly vital to our eco-
nomic security. No other industry creates
more value or has a higher multiplier ef-
fect, and this results in a 17% compensa-
tion premium for manufacturing workers
nationwide.
And it is possible more good news is on
the horizon. Recent reports from two of
the biggest consulting rms in the world,
Boston Consulting Group and Accenture,
looked at what is euphemistically being
called on-shoring. What their research
shows is manufacturers are discovering
China is not as cheap as everyone thought.
When you factor in everything from the
shipping of goods to the availability of
workers to the inexibility of the supply
chain and the manufacturing specics, the
cost of producing goods in the U.S. is actu-
ally very competitive with the Chinese cost.
However, human capital is one of the
critical issues facing U.S. manufacturing.
Between the coming renaissance in manu-
facturing and the impending baby-boom-
er retirement, manufacturers are going to
have to ll millions of positions in the next
decade.
In fact, we are already seeing the beginning
of the problem today. In a recent nationwide
survey by The Manufacturing Institute and
Deloitte, 32% of manufacturers reported
moderate to severe skills shortagesand this
was in the summer of 2009, at the height
of the recession and job losses.
The time is right for manufacturers to
change the way they approach and man-
workforce development | Professional Growth
Developing manufacturing skills for economic growth
By Emily Stover DeRocco
Between the coming renaissance in manufacturing and the
impending baby-boomer retirement, manufacturers are going
to have to ll millions of positions in the next decade.
of awarding 500,000 credentials for high-
quality manufacturing jobs in the next ve
years. However, we cannot reach this goal
without help from our nations manufactur-
ers. As we make signicant progress align-
ing education with the needs of industry, we
need industry to reect this paradigm shift
in their hiring practices. Manufacturers can
accelerate these efforts, becoming strong
advocates for building credentialed talent.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Emily Stover DeRocco is president of
The Manufacturing Institute. This article
was adapted from a speech given at the
Lehigh Valley Manufacturing Summit in
Allentown, Pa.
connections down to high schools and
technical schools and up into universities.
The specic learning content needed to
obtain the skills required to achieve each
certication has been mapped to educa-
tional pathways. And these educational
pathways are aligned to career pathways
in quality jobs in manufacturing.
This system is not just a training pro-
gram for manufacturers. It is the frame-
work for building a workforce procient
in applied science, technology, engineer-
ing, and math (STEM) because as our
economy continues to advance, more
and more industries are going to require
a STEM-capable workforce.
On 8 June, we stood with President
Barack Obama and announced the goal
gineers Engineering Technologist certi-
cation caps the entry-level skills system,
recognizing the infusion of technology
into all manufacturing processes.
The Institute also is developing higher-
level pathways for sector-specic skills
and competencies, including automation.
We have recently announced a partner-
ship with ISA to bring automation and
control systems certications into the
Manufacturing Skills Certication System,
adding ISAs Certied Control Systems
Technician (CCST) and Certied Automa-
tion Professional (CAP) certication pro-
grams to the systems offerings.
The Skills Certication System is cur-
rently being implemented in community
colleges for-credit programs of study with
Professional Growth | workforce development
Thermocouples: What one needs to know
By Thomas W. Kerlin and Mitchell P. Johnson
automation basics | Thermocouples
T
ypical thermocouples are very
simple, consisting only of two dis-
similar conductors joined at one
end and connected to instrumentation at
the other end. Thermocouples are rugged
and inexpensive. They are widely used and
will continue to be. They typically provide
satisfactory temperature measurements,
but are not foolproof. Problems in applica-
tions can happen when users are unaware
of some simple facts about thermocouple
properties and principles or are careless or
uninformed during installation.
Here are the 12 essential facts:
1. Thermocouple measurements have
signicant uncertainties due to manufac-
turing tolerances. For example, the toler-
ance on a standard grade Type K ther-
mocouple at 1000
o
C (1832
o
F) is 7.5
o
C
(13.5
o
F), indicating two sensors could
differ by 15
o
C (27
o
F). Errors at the extreme
of the tolerance range are possible but
unlikely because manufacturers strive to
build sensors with nominal calibrations.
2. Thermocouples do not produce a
voltage at the junction. Rather, the voltage
produced occurs along the length of wires
that are in a temperature gradient.
3. Thermocouple thermometry requires
measurement of the voltage produced by
the thermocouple while no current ows
in the circuit. (We need to have the open
circuit voltage.) Consequently, read-out
instrumentation must have a large input
impedance to adequately approximate
open circuit conditions.
4. Thermocouples can decalibrate in
use. This is usually a gradual process and
can easily go unnoticed. Decalibration can
impact process performance.
5. The most likely cause of decalibration
is creation of inhomogeneous sections in
one or more wires caused by chemical at-
tack that alters the wire composition or
mechanical effects that alter the wire met-
allurgy. Such an inhomogeneous section
causes errors if, and only if, it experiences
a temperature gradient.
6. Recalibration of used thermocouples is
ineffective and a waste of time. Errors due to
inhomogeneities, the likely cause of decali-
bration, depend on the temperature gradi-
ent when in use and duplicating that gradi-
ent in a calibration facility is not possible.
7. Metal-sheathed thermocouples and
thermowells that house sensors conduct
heat along their length. This can cause
the sensor to read a temperature that lies
between the process temperature and the
temperature at the back end of the sensor.
This problem increases with shorter, fatter
sensors.
8. Sensors and thermowells can suffer
mechanical failure due to vibration, stress,
or pressure. Software is available to enable
selection of components that are unlikely
to experience these problems.
9. The time response of a sensor im-
mersed in a process depends strongly on
uid conditions around the sensor. Time
constant values reported by sensor manu-
facturers apply only for the conditions at
which they made a measurement.
10. Thermocouple voltage depends on
the temperature difference between the
junction and the back end where the voltage
is measured. But the thermocouple tables
are based on a back end temperature of 0
o
C.
Determining temperature requires compen-
sation for departure of the back end tem-
perature from 0
o
C. Dedicated thermocouple
instruments handle this automatically, but
using a voltmeter requires an understanding
of the compensation procedure.
11. Thermocouple loop analysis is a sim-
ple method whose use explains all aspects
of thermocouple use and misuse. Every se-
rious user of thermocouples should learn
and use this method.
12. The so-called Laws of Thermoelec-
tricity should be forgotten. They have
been part of the folklore for decades but
are of little or no value in making good
measurements. Thermocouple loop analy-
sis is the way to go.
Thermocouple loop analysis
A homogeneous section of a conductor
that experiences a temperature T
0
at one
end and a temperature T
1
at the other
end experiences a voltage difference, V,
between the two ends. The voltage, V, is
given by the following equation:
V = S (T
1
T
0
) (1)
where
S = the Seebeck coefcient (V/C)
The Seebeck coefcient (also called the
thermoelectric power) is the funda-
mental thermoelectric property related to
thermocouple thermometry. It is a physi-
cal property of a material, like its density,
thermal conductivity, or electrical resistivity.
It is independent of the size and shape of
the conductor but does vary with tem-
perature. Because of this temperature de-
pendence, the relation shown in Equation
1 is an approximation. This approximation
is adequate for the qualitative analysis of
thermocouple circuits but is inadequate
for predicting the voltage that would be
observed for a specic thermocouple in a
specic temperature gradient. However, for
understanding how various thermocouple
congurations work, it is quite satisfactory.
The simple relation between voltage and
temperature difference along the conduc-
tor may be used to predict thermocouple
performance, analyze thermocouple con-
gurations, and troubleshoot problems with
thermocouple thermometry. This procedure
is called thermocouple loop analysis. The
procedure may be illustrated for the basic
thermocouple shown in Figure 1. The ap-
proach is simply to sum up the voltage con-
tributions for each homogeneous portion of
the conductor. For example, if we choose to
start the summing process at the open end
of conductor A, the voltage is as follows:
V = S
A
(T
1
T
0
) + S
B
(T
0
T
1
) (2)
This is algebraically the same as
V = (S
A-
S
B
)(T
1
T
0
) (3)
Note the difference in the Seebeck
coefcients for the two conductors ap-
pears in Equation 3. This always happens
in thermocouple loop analysis, and it is
52 INTECH sEpTEmbEr/OCTObEr 2011 WWW.IsA.OrG
Thermocouples | automation basics
the property that is of practical interest
in thermocouple thermometry. It is called
the relative Seebeck coefcient (between
material A and material B) and is written
S
AB
. That is,
S
AB =
S
A
- S
B
(4)
Consequently, Equation 4 may be writ-
ten as follows:
V = S
AB
(T
1
T
0
) (5)
This is the fundamental relation in ther-
mocouple thermometry.
Thermocouple loop analysis enables
the thermocouple user to characterize
any thermocouple conguration. It ex-
plains the consequences of damage to
any part of a thermocouple circuit.
Reference temperature
compensation
The thermocouple tables and mathematical
functions for voltage vs. temperature give
temperature for measured voltage when the
reference end (the point where the voltage is
measured) is at 0
o
C. Since the reference tem-
perature is not 0
o
C in typical applications, a
correction must be made before determin-
ing the junction temperature. Using thermo-
couple loop analysis, we may write
V( T
2
-0) = V( T
1
-0) + V(T
2
T
1
). (7)
That is, we must add the voltage that
would have been observed if the junction
was at temperature T
1
and the reference
temperature was at 0
o
C (the rst term in
Equation 7). Thermocouple readout instru-
ments perform this correction automati-
cally. Of course the reference temperature,
T
1
, must be known. Instruments include a
sensor (usually an integrated circuit sensor
or a thermistor) to provide T
1
. The instru-
ment then determines the voltage, V( T
1
-
0) from a stored formula for voltage as a
function of temperature, and adds it to the
measured voltage in order to obtain the
voltage that would have been measured if
the reference temperature was 0
o
C.
The inhomogeneity problem
In the case in which chemical or metallur-
gical changes occur only along a portion
of the thermocouple wire, the Seebeck
coefcient is unchanged, except over
the length of wire where the chemical or
metallurgical changes occurred. A simpli-
ed depiction of the situation is shown in
Figure 2, where the changes in Seebeck
coefcient occur abruptly. Thermocouple
loop analysis gives the following:
V = S
AB
(T
1
T
0
) + S
AA
(T
2
T
3
) (7)
The rst term is the voltage that would
have been produced if the thermocouple
had not undergone attack. Consequently,
the second term is the error caused by the
inhomogeneous region. If the relative See-
beck coefcient between the unaffected
wire and the altered wire is nonzero, then
a measurement error will occur if T
2
is not
equal to T
3
. That is:
An inhomogeneous section in a ther-
mocouple wire will cause a measurement
error if, and only if, it resides in a tem-
perature gradient.
This is a very important result. Process or
environmental conditions usually cause alter-
ations only along some portion of a wire. This
makes the measurement error dependent
on the temperature prole along the wires.
One consequence of this is it confounds any
attempts to recalibrate used thermocouples.
This is because in a calibration facility it is im-
possible to duplicate the temperature prole
that the thermocouple system will experience
when it is being used in a process.
The error caused by the development
of an inhomogeneous section in a ther-
mocouple circuit may be positive or nega-
tive. As can be seen in Equation 7, the
polarity depends on the relative Seebeck
coefcient between the affected and un-
affected segments (since S
AA
= S
A
-S
A
,S
AA

can be positive or negative). Also, the
polarity depends on the temperature dif-
ference, T
2
-T
3
, across the affected region,
and this can be positive or negative.
Conclusions
Thermocouples are widely used and are
here to stay. Problems are infrequent, but
potentially serious. Users need to know
how to use thermocouples properly and
to troubleshoot effectively when problems
arise. Thermocouple loop analysis is simple
(eighth grade mathematics), comprehen-
sive, and effective. It is an essential tool for
all who are responsible for ensuring tem-
perature measurements are correct.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Thomas W. Kerlin is Professor Emeritus
from The College of Engineering at The
University of Tennessee where he served
as Professor and Head of The Nuclear En-
gineering Department before retirement.
He has published numerous articles and
two books on temperature measurement.
Mitchell P. Johnson is president of JMS
Southeast, Inc., a 31 year manufacturer of
thermocouples and related products. He
serves as a member of ISA, the ASTM Tem-
perature Measurement committee, the
ASME Thermowells committee and has
published articles and presentations on
temperature measurement through ISA.
INTECH sEpTEmbEr/OCTObEr 2011 53
Figure 1 Figure 2
T
0
A A A
1
B
T
0
T
2
T
3
T
0
T
0
T
1
T
1
A
B
V V
rEfErENCE
Practical Thermocouple Thermometry
www.isa.org/link/PTT
general in nature. General Design Criteria
(GDC) 22 discusses the use of functional
diversity to reduce the probability of a
complete loss of the protection function.
NRC guidance in BTP 7-19 provides more
specics with regard to acceptance criteria
for software common cause failures.
ISA-84 deals with D3 proactively in two
parts. First, the layers of protection (LOPs)
are dened. The safety instrumented func-
tions (SIFs) are dened as a result of the
process hazard and risk assessment and are
allocated to the various LOPs (i.e., defensive
levels using nuclear terminology). In addi-
tion, the SIL level associated with each SIF
is dened and allocated at the same time.
This integrates the activities of the deter-
ministic safety analysis and the probabilistic
safety analyses performed in nuclear power
plant design. Second, independence of the
LOPs is specied and analyzed.
Reliability
NRC requirements regarding reliability in-
clude GDC 21 and IEEE Std 603 clauses
4i, 5.1, 5.6.1, and 5.15. While GDC 21
states the protection system shall be de-
signed for high functional reliability and
in-service testability commensurate with
the safety functions to be performed,
in general, the reliability requirements are
qualitative in nature and do not require
quantitative reliability goals. Specically,
NRC requirements use the single failure
criteria, along with independence be-
tween redundant divisions, to provide a
certain measure of reliability in the perfor-
mance of safety functions.
is based on IEC 61511. This standard is
written specically to deal with the types
of technology typically found in I&C sys-
tems today, including electrical, electronic,
and programmable electronic technology.
The scope includes requirements for
the entire life cycle of a SIS, ensuring it
can be condently entrusted to place or
maintain the process in a safe state. This
starts with overall management of func-
tional safety, going through SIS installa-
tion, operation, and decommissioning.
In comparison, the approach in the NRC
requirements and guidance is generally a
reactive approach, analyzing what is there
to see if it is acceptable versus the ISA-84
approach of dening defense-in-depth di-
versity (D3) at the top and owing it down.
The NRCs BTP 7-14 only addresses
safety software and is generally silent on
the broader life cycle in which the soft-
ware must reside. By not addressing the
whole system (while still recognizing the
role that software plays as ISA-84 does),
the remainder of the quality assurance
under the NRC rules falls under 10 CFR
50 Appendix B, which is not well coordi-
nated with BTP 7-14.
In contrast, ISA-84 considers the whole
system, including sensors, logic solvers,
and nal elements. In addition, it provides
a quality management and safety life-cy-
cle framework for the entire system, while
still recognizing the special role software
plays. This approach is more integrated
with greater assurance the SIS will per-
form its intended high-quality functions.
NRC requirements regarding D3 are also
T
oday, the U.S. nuclear industry is
in the process of designing and
licensing a new generation of nu-
clear power plants with modern, digital
instrumentation and control (I&C) safety
systems. These systems are being licensed
against standards historically based on
analog technology. At the same time,
other process industries have adopted
a newer set of standards for the design
of safety instrumented systems (SIS)
that reect advances in I&C technology.
While the nuclear industry has struggled
in this area, the general process industry
has been able to develop and implement
standards for safety I&C systems that use
various types of digital technology.
The ISA-84 series of standards address-
es functional safety of safety instrument-
ed systems through a more proactive ap-
proach, as opposed to the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commissions (NRC) reactive
approach in its regulations. The NRC reg-
ulations regarding quality are high level
in nature. However, there are other NRC
requirements (10 CFR 50 Appendix B)
and guidance documents (various regula-
tory guides, endorsed IEEE standards, and
branch technical positions, or BTPs) on
software quality management that would
apply to a SIS. Take a look at how the two
compare and contrast to get a broader
perspective of both standards.
ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC
61511-1 MOD), Functional Safety: Safety
Instrumented Systems for the Process In-
dustry Sector - Part 1, is the primary stan-
dard in the U.S. for the design of SIS, which
Proactive versus reactive standards
for nuclear plant design
By Jeremy Shook and Mark Burzynski
standards | New Benchmarks & Metrics
peteri - Fotolia.com
damental difference in nuclear plants from
typical process facilities, which is the gener-
ation of decay heat after reactor shutdown,
and thus the need for continued operation
of the SIS after initial accident mitigation.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Jeremy Shook is a I&C Engineering Discipline
Lead at Areva in Charlotte, N.C. (jeremy.
shook@areva.com) Mark Burzynski is a I&C
Licensing Manager at Rolls-Royce in Chat-
tanooga, Tenn. (mark.j.burzynski@ds-s.com)
This article was edited from a paper entitled,
An Evaluation of ISA84 for Use in the De-
sign and Licensing of Nuclear Power Plants,
presented at the 54
th
ISA POWID Symposium
in June 2011. To read the entire paper, visit
www.isa.org/link/Standards_INT.
which is ensured by redundancy and in-
dependence. The challenge in many re-
cent reviews of digital safety I&C designs
is how to achieve and demonstrate in-
dependence. With the ISA-84 approach,
reliability is dened quantitatively with
the SIL criteria, along with a qualitative
hardware fault tolerance. As such, inde-
pendence is not a specic requirement,
but the degree of independence between
redundant elements either simplies or
complicates the reliability analysis, which
is the true design objective.
Only two main areas are not specically
discussed in the ISA-84 frameworksup-
port system operation (such as electrical,
cooling water, and HVAC) and post-acci-
dent operation. Both stem from the fun-
ISA-84 uses a qualitative and a quanti-
tative approach for reliability, using the SIL
concept. In this concept, a specic quanti-
tative reliability goal is established for each
SIF based on the level of risk reduction re-
quired. In addition, clause 11.4 species
minimum hardware tolerance for a given
SIL. It is interesting to note while in some
cases SIL 1 functions do not require any tol-
erance to hardware failures, SIL 4 functions
(the level at which many reactor trips and
engineered safety features actuations may
be specied), would require tolerance to
three hardware failures at a minimum.
The primary advantage of the ISA-84
approach is in the treatment of indepen-
dence. In the NRC approach, reliability
is provided by the single failure criteria,
New Benchmarks & Metrics | standards
ISA100. Here. Now. Certied.
As the only wireless standard developed for, and
by, end-users, the ISA100.11a standard reects end-
user requirements for interoperability, scalability,
and sustainability in an industrial wireless system
purpose-built for industrial performance.
ISA100.11a is the rst industrial wireless standard
driven by end-users and approved by a standards
organization in an open, balanced, ANSI-accredited
consensus process. It is also the rst industrial
wireless standard to certify devices in an independent
ISO/IEC17025 test lab.
Industry leading suppliers have made strong com-
mit ments to ISA100.11a product portfolios including
Honeywell, Nivis, GE, Yamatake, Fuji, Yokogawa,
Flowserve, R3 Sensors, Apprion, and Gastronics.
For vendors developing ISA100.11a certied
devices,development tools, support, and
certication services are readily available.
To learn more about how to
build and certify ISA100.11a
based products and see
who else is committed to
the technology, visit the
ISA100 Wireless Compliance
Institute website.
Make ISA100.11a your choice for
better performance, ease of use, and
to future-proof your industrial wireless
systems. www.isa100wci.org.
67 Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-990-9222 aristaino@isa.org
Focus on signal conditioning
product spotlight | Signal Conditioning
GE
Intelligent Platforms
2011 GE Intelligent Platforms, Inc. All rights reserved.
*Trademark of GE Intelligent Platforms, Inc.
All other brands or names are property of their respective holders.
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AS-Interface analog modules
VBA-2E-G11-I/U/PT100-F G11-style
AS-Interface Analog Modules offer
IP69k-rated and eld-mountable G11
style housing with industry-standard
M12 style connectors to enable quick
installation and removal, even under
power. The units water-tight housing
accepts two freely selectable analog
inputs for 4-20mA, 0-10V or PT100 type signals. The overall analog
conversion speed of these modules is just 8 ms.
Additional features: Automatic scaling to 4000-20000 for
4-20mA, 0-10000 for 0-10V, and -2000 to 8500 for -200C-
+850C; user-selectable 0-20mA or 4-20mA input option; inputs
powered by AS-Interface or Auxiliary, user-selectable via a dip
switch under the units cover; and unique G11 O-ring sealing
technique that makes these modules impervious to water, dirt,
and oils. The symmetric sealing contours around the gold-plated
piercing pins provide a precise t to the AS-Interface cable.
Pepperl+Fuchs, www.pepperl-fuchs.us
Signal conditioners
Comprised of 29 distinct
products, the Allen-Brad-
ley Bulletin 931 analog
signal conditioners are
designed for process ap-
plications and they isolate
multiple signals on the
same power source, re-
ducing ground loop and
common mode noise. By incorporating the Bulletin 931 analog sig-
nal conditioners into an existing control system, users can convert a
wide range of signals from eld devices into a standard 4 to 20 milli-
amp signal. The signal conditioners can be integrated with the Plant-
PAx Process Automation System, leveraging a single control platform
for discrete, batch, process, safety, drives and motion control. The
signal conditioners convert thermocouple signals into the standard
4 to 20 milliamp signal, which can be run over long distances on
standard cable with less chance of signal deterioration.
Rockwell Automation, www.rockwellautomation.com/go/prsignal
See us at ISA Automation WeekBooth 716
L-Series midrange controller
The L-Series
is Mitsubi-
shis newest
mi dr ange
cont rol l er
that is de-
signed specically to ll the gap between
many brick style microcontrollers and large
modular rack-based systems. The L-Series is
modular in design and can be easily ex-
panded beyond its built-in I/O using a wide
range of compact I/O modules and specialty
modules that include analog, motion, and
networking interfaces. The L-Series offers
many other embedded features making it
ideal for machine builders and most mid-
range applications.
Mitsubishi Electric, www.meau.com
PLC with Ethernet Remote I/O
The Modicon Quantum
PLC now supports Eth-
ernet Remote I/O (RIO).
The 140CRP31200 and
140CRA31200 Ether-
net head and drop
modules allow customers to move to an
open standard EtherNet/IP network. The
architecture now is easier to implement,
support and maintain. Larger amounts of
data can be written to/read from the RIO
drops reducing the number of I/O drops
required and allowing higher density of
analog modules in the remote racks.
Schneider Electric
www.schneider-electric.com
Research, advisory rm
ARC Advisory Group helps clients get value
from technology investments. ARC is the
leading research and advisory rm for in-
dustry and infrastructure. For the complex
business issues facing organizations today,
our market and technology analysts have
the industry knowledge and rst-hand ex-
perience to help our clients nd the best
answers and avoid the mistakes others
have made. Our comprehensive market
reports provide accurate business intel-
ligence for fact-based decision making.
ARC Advisory Group, www.arcweb.com
Free-chlorine analyzer
Designed with am-
perometric sensing
technology, the Sig-
net 4630 Free-Chlo-
rine Analyzer System
incorporates a clear
ow cell, ow regula-
tor, sensors, lter,
and rotameter. The
fully integrated sys-
tem provides a turn-
key solution for accu-
rately measuring free chlorine. Applications
include primary/secondary disinfection,
water distribution, de-chlorination, algae
growth prevention, slime (bio-lm) con-
trol, and taste and odor control. The re-
agent-less system includes pre-wired elec-
tronics, a 120 VAC power plug, two 4 to
20 mA outputs and two mechanical relays.
GF Piping Systems
www.gfpiping.com
Infrared temperature sensor
The infrared sensor
with wireless trans-
mitter features re-
mote IR sensor and
radio wireless
transmitter in a
NEMA enclosure.
Each unit transmits
process tempera-
ture, ambient tem-
perature, signal strength, and battery status.
This unit features an adjustable emissivity
from .10 to 1.0, and one receiver has the
ability to work with up to 48 transmitters.
The low power operation and sleep mode
feature allows for a long battery life. Package
comes with free software that converts your
PC into a multi-channel chart recorder or
data logger. It interfaces with other Omega
products, the UWTC-REC1 for multi-channel
PC chart recording and data logging or
UWTC-REC2 (Single Channel Industrial
Transceiver with Analog Output and Alarm.)
OMEGA Engineering, www.omega.com
Polymeric tubing
The company has ex-
truded tight toler-
ance PEEK tubing for
years, and has re-
cently added uo-
ropolymers to its
product line. Includ-
ed in this offering are
FEP, PFA, and ETFE
(Tefzel), in 360um,
1/32", 1/16" and 1/8" OD, with IDs from
.004" to .095", dependent upon OD. Each
is available in natural or a variety of colors.
Custom sizes and colors are available in OEM
quantities. PEEK tubing is available in a wide
variety of forms including natural, solid color
coded, dual layer color-coded, striped, and
dash-stripe coded. The dual-layer color cod-
ed PEEK is recommended where maximum
chemical resistance and biocompatibility are
required. Tolerance is .0005" for IDs up to
.010", and .001" for larger IDs.
VICI Metronics, Inc.
www.vicimetronics.com
products & resources | Hot Stuff for the Automation Market
Process Communications Solutions
Super Duplex Coriolis meter
The Micro Motion
ELITE High Capacity
Coriolis meter in Super
Duplex material to
handle corrosive appli-
cations and harsh envi-
ronments. The Super
Duplex meter is avail-
able for line sizes from 8-10 (DN 200-
250mm) and improved pressure rating to
2320 psi (160 bar). Super Duplex stainless
steel offers the same reliability, accuracy and
turn down performance as meters made
with 316 stainless steel material, with the
added benet of increased corrosion resis-
tance and pressure rating. Super Duplex de-
livers excellent resistance to high chloride
levels found in the oil eld, such as formation
water, and is particularly well suited for mea-
suring production uids and medium pipe-
line pressure applications. The Micro Motion
ELITE High Capacity Coriolis meter offers
0.10 percent mass and volume ow accu-
racy for liquids and mass accuracy of 0.35
percent for gas. The High Capacity Coriolis
meter offers density accuracies of 0.0005
g/cc and can handle a maximum liquid ow
capacity of 94,000 lb/min (2,550 tons/hr).
Emerson Process Management
www.emersonprocess.com
Circuit board terminals
Pluggable
pr i nt e d
c i r c u i t
b o a r d
(PCB) ter-
minals of-
fer a 3.5 millimeter pitch high density PCB
connector that provides an extremely high
density design while still maintaining a pitch
that is easy to work with. The angled PCB
headers are particularly designed for con-
tacting automation technology control de-
vices or controllers. The newly designed PCB
headers offer a particularly high contact den-
sity inside a compact housing. The two-tier
and three-tier headers are available in two to
16 pole designs per tier, in straight or angled
versions, with or without latching anges for
mating connectors. The three-tier version,
wiecon 8513 SDGN, features a maximum of
48 poles for the connection of 1.5 mm
wires.
Wieland Electric, www.wielandinc.com
CO2 analyzers
The expanded GD-888
SERIES of Infrared Car-
bon Dioxide gas analyz-
ers for measuring full
ranges of Carbon Diox-
ide (CO2) up to 1% in
10 ppm increments,
10%, or 100% Volume
are available in portable or wall mounted
NEMA 4X enclosures. Optional Electro-
chemical Oxygen and Toxic gas sensors
can be added. Weighing about three
pounds, the GD-888 SERIES includes an
internal sample pump, backlit LCD digital
display, adjustable alarms, and can be con-
gured with 0-1 VDC or 4-20 mA outputs,
contact closure relay, and rechargeable
batteries that allow for portable use or
continuously on AC power with the in-
cluded battery charger. Carrying cases,
calibration kits, and a datalogger with ca-
ble and Windows PC software are some of
the optional accessories available.
CEA Instruments, Inc.
www.ceainstr.com
Industry PCs
The Industry PCs sup-
port the new IEEE
802.11n WLAN stan-
dard. The new stan-
dard features faster
data transfer rates,
better reach, more efcient energy con-
sumption, and increased overall security
for transmissions. Companies that have,
or are planning for, wireless network con-
nections for their industrial PCs will ben-
et. Compared to previous versions, the
new IEEE 802.11n WLAN standard (also
referred to as the n-standard) features
signicant overall improvements in data
transfer processes. This n-standard is now
supported by the companys industrial
PCs. The greatest advantage is higher
data transfer rates reaching gross bit rates
of up to 450 MBit/s and a net bit rate of
roughly 180 MBit/s. To optimize speed,
users can employ either the 2.4-GHz or
5-GHz channel. To maintain uninterrupt-
ed transmission, the Industry PCs have up
to three antennas that will receive and
send information simultaneously.
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Testing windows
Three testing windows have been made
available throughout the yeareach win-
dow lasting for about 60 days. The ap-
plicant is required to register before the
exam application postmark deadline date
to avail the respective testing window. I
registered last year for 2010s Window 3:
1 November December 2010.
Preparation
The CAP body of knowledge covers a
vast set of knowledge areas, including
control systems design, installation, main-
tenance, and so on.
With automation becoming ubiquitous
in industries, the automation professional
encounters a wide range of automated
control systems from batch processing in
food industries to continuous critical and
safety processes in the oil and gas sectors,
and it becomes incumbent upon the au-
tomation professional to keep themselves
familiarized with industry requirements.
To meet these growing demands, the
CAP body of knowledge (www.isa.org/
link/CAP_skills) covers a wide range of
topics from MES system design, enter-
prise control systems, safety instrumented
systems and batch processing.
With the integration of automation as
If you do not have sufcient work ex-
perience and are a new graduate as well,
you can still go for the CAP Associate
program. The applicant has a six-month
window of eligibility to take the exam,
three months before or after the appli-
cants graduation date from the four-year
degree program. A CAP Associate counts
as 1,500 man hours of experience.
Application processing
Filling out the application for CAP is
quite straightforward and hassle free.
The online application at ISAs website al-
lowed me to ll in personal details and
professional work experience history.
ISA uses this information to evaluate the
candidates eligibility for CAP. As a rule
of thumb, one is not required to pres-
ent proof of their work experience and
academic credentials. The ISA randomly
selects a number of applications and
subjects them to an audit. In case an ap-
plication is selected, proof of your creden-
tials will need to be shared with ISA.
The application fee for CAP is $345. As an
ISA member, I took advantage of their reduc-
tion on the application fee by $50. Payments
can be made online using a credit card or via
check/money order. For any related queries,
you can call ISA at 919-549-8411.
Editorial note: This is the
second of a three-part series
on the Certied Automation
Professional (CAP) program.
W
ith the growing production
demands and need for stan-
dardization, automation sys-
tem vendors are introducing more robust
and efcient platforms to meet customer
requirements. As they become more
aware of their clients requirements, ven-
dors also recognize the need for a consis-
tent skill set for their employees. Since I
joined the automation eld, I have kept
up with these growing technologies us-
ing any continuous education opportuni-
ties available. This led me to discover the
Certied Automation Professional (CAP)
program from ISA.
CAP helps automation professionals de-
velop a strong knowledge base of a wide
range of topics and the best standard
practices used in industry. It was a perfect
match to my career development needs
and demands, so I decided to move ahead.
Eligibility
The rst step to proceed in the CAP pro-
gram is to check eligibility for certica-
tion. An applicant may fall in one of two
categories:
1. If you hold a four-year technical de-
gree, you will need ve years of work
experience or a total of 7,500 man
hours in the eld of automation.
2. If you hold a two-year degree or do not
have a degree, you will need 10 years
of work experience or a total of 15,000
man hours in the eld of automation.
I had already completed 7,500 man
hours at work, so I collected documenta-
tion of past projects and shared a sum-
mary with our Human Resource (HR)
department. With consultation from my
engineering manager, HR drafted a refer-
ence letter that veried my work experi-
ence, which I presented with my CAP ap-
plication to ISA.
Pathway to CAP and professional development
By Abdul Rauf
Highlights and Updates | association news
Integration and
software
21%
Deployment and
maintenance
16%
Work structure
14% Basic continuous
control
14%
Basic discrete, sequencing,
and manufacturing control
13%
Advanced control
9%
Reliability, safety
and electrical
13%
Distribution of topics covered in the CAP body of knowledge
CAP body of knowledge
association news | Highlights and Updates
In memoriam
James Patrick Carew of Cinnaminson,
N.J., passed away 11 August 2011. He
was a native of Brooklyn, N.Y. and for-
merly lived in New York, New Jersey,
California, and Texas. Carew served in the
U.S. Army, stationed in Georgia and Fort
Dix during the Korean War.
Carew was a Life Senior Member of
ISA, joining in 1969. He was a member of
the Houston Section for many years. He
most recently worked on several ISA stan-
dards, including on ISA5, Documentation
of Measurement and Control Instruments
and Systems (voting member); ISA5.1, In-
strumentation Symbols and Identication
(voting member and chair); ISA5.8, Mea-
surement & Control Terminology Review
(voting member); ISA84, Electrical/Elec-
tronic/Programmable Electronic Systems
(E/E/PES) for Use in Process Safety Appli-
cations (information member; previously
voting member); and ISA97, In-Line Sen-
sors (voting member).
Carew was a retired engineer for Stone
& Webster, Boston, Mass., where he de-
signed chemical plants and reneries. He
was a graduate of The Polytechnic Insti-
tute of Brooklyn with a Bachelor of Sci-
ence in Mechanical Engineering degree.
Tools of the Trade:
Tool for Success:
ISAs Certified Control Systems Technician
(CCST
) program
promotes the professional development of control systems
technicians by recognizing and documenting knowledge,
experience, and education in automation and control, and
by providing a measurable qualification for hiring and
employee promotions.
Online Application Now Available!
To apply for or learn more about ISA CCST,
visit www.isa.org/CCST/Success.
an integral part in our production indus-
tries and growing demands, standardiza-
tion and need for skilled recourses has
now become a proven fact. CAP helped
me to match up with these demands. It
increased my reach to new job markets
and advocated as a potential resource
looking ahead to grow in the automation
eld. Peers tend to nd CAP unique and
grow curious, so it provided me a great
opportunity to increase my professional
networking across the eld.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Abdul Rauf (arauf@avanceon.com) is an
ISA Certied Automation Professional
working at Avanceon as senior applica-
tion engineer.
rEfErENCEs
Certied Automation
professional (CAp)
www.isa.org/cap
A Guide to the Automation Body
of Knowledge, Second Edition
www.isa.org/autobok
Certication Review | association news
Documenting skills is value-add
ISA Certied Automation
Professional (CAP) program
Certied Automation Professionals (CAPs) are responsible for
the direction, design, and deployment of systems and equip-
ment for manufacturing and control systems.
CAP question
Which of the following network security technologies does not
use encryption?
A. Digital Signatures
B. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
C. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
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Arc-ash sensor
ISA certication provides an objective, third-party assessment,
and conrmation of a persons skills. It gives manufacturing and
factory staff the opportunity to differentiate themselves from
their peers and gain recognition. InTech covers two certication
areas in this monthly Certication department.
CAP answer
The correct answer is B. A virtual local area network (VLAN) is
achieved through conguration of Ethernet switches and not
encryption. It divides a physical network into smaller logical net-
works to increase performance, improve manageability, and sim-
plify network design.
Answer A is not correct because digital signatures are en-
crypted. Information signed, such as a contract or data record, is
compressed via a cryptographic one-way function (a hash) into
a short bit string.
Answer C is not correct because a virtual private network
(VPN) is an encrypted private network that operates as an over-
lay on a public infrastructure.
Answer D is not correct because Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP) is an encryption algorithm for IEEE 802.11 wireless net-
works, originally intended to provide data condentiality com-
parable to a wired network.
Reference: ANSI/ISA-TR99.00.01-2400 Security Technologies
for Manufacturing and Control Systems
association news | Certication Review
Certied Control System Technicians
(CCSTs) calibrate, document, trouble-
shoot, and repair/replace instrumentation
for systems that measure and control lev-
el, temperature, pressure, ow, and other
process variables.
ISA Certied Control Systems Technician (CCST) Program
CCST question
A uid is owing through a 10-inch diam-
eter pipe at a velocity of 6 feet/sec. When
the pipe reduces to an 8-inch diameter,
and all other owing parameters remain
the same, the uid velocity becomes
________ feet/sec.
A. 2.550
B. 6.075
C. 9.375
D. 12.75
CCST answer
The constant between the run of pipe
that has a 10-inch diameter and the run
of pipe with a diameter of 8 inches is that
the ow rate (and other uid properties)
is the same in both pipe lengths.
Flow through a round pipe can be ex-
pressed as:
Q = Velocity (ft/sec) x Area of Pipe (ft
2
)
Since ow is constant between the two
pipe sizes, we can set:
Velocity
1
x Area
1
= Velocity
2
x Area
2
,
where the subscript = 1 for the initial con-
ditions (10-inch pipe) and subscript = 2
for the nal conditions (8-inch pipe).
Solving for Velocity
2
:
Velocity
2
= Velocity
1
x Area
1
/ Area
2
For the 10-inch pipe, Area (in ft
2
) = pi x
D
2
/ 4 = 0.5454 ft
2
. Dont forget to divide
10 inches by 12 to get Diameter in feet
before squaring.
For the 8-inch pipe, Area (in ft
2
) = pi x D
2
/ 4
= 0.3490 ft
2

Substituting these values in the equation
for Velocity
2
above:
Velocity
2
= Velocity
1
x Area
1
/ Area
2
Velocity
2
= 6.0 ft/sec x 0.5454 / 0.3490
= 9.375 ft/sec
The correct answer is C.
Reference: Goettsche, L.D. (Editor), Main-
tenance of Instruments and Systems, 2nd
Edition (2005), ISA Press
datales classieds
Datales list useful
literature on prod-
ucts and services
that are available
from manufacturers
in the instrumenta-
tion and process-
control industry. To
receive free copies
of this literature,
please contact each
manufacturer via
their provided con-
tact information.
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sample of Jobs
Available at IsAJobs.org
See more at ISAJobs.org, where you can
search for available jobs or advertise positions
available within your company. ISA Members
post resumes at no charge.
Junior, intermediate
and senior Project managers
see more at ISAJobs.org
instrumentation and
Controls engineer
solutions Tank gauging
Business manager
Why is good control important?
By Dick Caro
the nal say | Views from Automation Leaders
amount of a product component winds up in the
waste stream or in a secondary product ow. Many
times, the primary economic factor is product yield.
In many processes, the operating conditions must
be held within certain constraints. Very often, the
process may be operated anywhere between those
constraints, but some type of penalty will result if
those constraints are violated. Processes with a high
amount of variability must have their setpoints ad-
justed such that the constraint will not be violated.
Control loops that are out of tune or do not
have some type of advanced control to eliminate
or compensate for long dead time, appear to be
noisy, as illustrated by the left-hand recording
chart in the gure. When optimal tuning or ad-
vanced control is implemented, the recording
chart might appear more like that illustrated by the
right-hand chart in the gure.
Notice the process constraint remains the same,
but the reduced process variance now allows us to
raise the setpoint much closer to that constraint.
This assumes that by raising the setpoint closer to
the constraint, some economic advantage will be at-
tained, which here is called setpoint improvement.
The setpoint improvement might be to increase pro-
duction rate or to improve product yield, for example.
Note it is not enough just to tune the control loop
to gain this economic advantage. You must adjust
the setpoints. Of course, it was the reduction in con-
trol loop variability that enabled you to adjust the set-
point. Now you know why good control is important.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dick Caro is an industrial automation consultant
for CMC Associates, a Certied Automation Pro-
fessional, and a Life Fellow of ISA. Caro chairs the
ISA50 (eldbus) standards committee and two
ISA100 (wireless) subcommittees.
It takes a lot of effort to attain good control. Cer-
tainly, loop tuning is taught at ISA, but few control/
instrument engineers actually practice loop tuning.
Most of the distributed control systems (DCSs) have
some type of automated loop tuning, and suppliers
provide loop tuning software that can be added to
any system, including programmable logic controllers
(PLCs). Some processes, however, make it almost im-
possible to achieve optimal loop tuning. Understand-
ing ways to improve control makes engineers more
valuable to their company and improves operations.
First, what do we mean by good control? A
control loop is said to be in tune when the pro-
cess does not deviate from the setpoint. A poorly
tuned control loop has excessive deviations from
setpoint, which is referred to as noise, often caused
by improperly set tuning constants. Sometimes,
the process is nonlinear, so one set of optimal tun-
ing constants to have good control is not possible.
Processes that have large dead times such that the
process reaction time to setpoint changes or load
changes are greater than the process time con-
stant cannot be tuned to improve performance us-
ing simple feedback control are another challenge.
In these cases, improvements can be achieved by
selecting some type of advanced control.
Aside from simple feedback loop control con-
cepts, good control also means the process
setpoints are set at the values that will make the
process economic. Every process has some eco-
nomics that should govern the values for all of the
setpoints. The objectives of running the process
will determine those setpoints. For example, the
setpoints for achieving maximum product produc-
tion rate are quite different from those to achieve
minimal consumption of energy. Often, the product
purity is the governing factor, while in other pro-
cesses, it is more economical to assure that the least
Constraint
Setpoint
Setpoint improvement
Noisy process
Constraint
Setpoint
Well controlled process
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