Kylfings

Kylfings
The Kylfings (Old Norse Kylfingar; Finnic Kylfingid; Hungarian Klpnyek; Old East Slavic , Kolbiagi; Byzantine Greek , Koulpingoi; Arabic al-Kilabiyya) were a people of uncertain origin active in Northern Europe during the Viking Age, roughly from the late ninth century to the early twelfth century. They could be found in areas of Lapland, Russia, and the Byzantine Empire that were frequented by Scandinavian traders, raiders and mercenaries. Scholars differ on whether the Kylfings were ethnically Finnic or Norse.[1] Also disputed is their geographic origin, with Denmark, Sweden and the Eastern Baltic all put forward as candidates.[2] Whether the name Kylfing denotes a particular tribal, socio-political, or economic grouping is also a matter of much debate.[3] They are mentioned in Old Norse runestone inscriptions, sagas (most notably in Egil's Saga), and poetry (such as Thorbjorn Hornklofi's poem Haraldskvi), as well as Byzantine records and Rus' law-codes, in which they (along with another Scandinavian group, the Varangians) were afforded significant economic and social privileges. According to The Norslunda Runestone, bearing runic the sagas, the Kylfings opposed the consolidation of Norway under inscription U 419, which mentions the personal Harald Fairhair and participated in the pivotal late ninth century Battle name Kylfingr of Hafrsfjord. After Harald's victory in that battle, they are described in the sagas as having raided in Finnmark and elsewhere in northern Norway and having fought against Harald's lieutenants such as Thorolf Kveldulfsson.

Etymology
The exact etymology of the word kylfing is disputed and many different theories have been put forward as to its ultimate origin. The general trend has been to trace kylfing to the Old Norse words kylfa and kolfr, but scholars disagree as to the meaning of these words as well. Cleasby notes that in Old Norse, kylfa can mean a club or cudgel.[4] Thus the national Icelandic antiquarian Bari Gumundsson translated Kylfing to mean "club-wielders".[5] As Foote points out, it can also mean a smaller stick, such as a tally-stick or wooden token used by merchants,[6] and, according to Jesch, it can also mean the "highest and narrowest part" of a ship's stem.[7] Holm discussed the term kylfa in connection with the word hjkolfr which means "meeting" or "guild"; according to Holm, the second element kolfr could refer to a symbolic arrow traditionally used as a device to summon people for a meeting.[8] These varied derivations have led to a number of interpretations. Holm offers two meanings: "archer" and "man armed with a cudgel".[8] A number of historians have asserted that Kylfing referred to a member of a "club in the social or Anglo-American sense", a "brotherhood" or a member of a Norse flag.[8][9][10] In a number of minor Icelandic manuscripts on mathematics and geography, Kylfingaland is identified as Gararki, i.e. Kievan Rus', but the sources are unclear as to whether Kylfingaland is named for the Kylfings or vice versa, or whether, indeed, there is any connection at all.[8] The Russian cognate of Kylfing is Kolbjag, following the pattern of development *koling (*kuling) > *kolg > kolbjag. The Kolbiagi were a group of foreign merchant-venturers and mercenaries mentioned in a number of Old Russian sources. They are often mentioned together with the Varangians, a term used in Eastern Europe to describe Scandinavian traders and pirates. In Byzantine Greek, they were named koulpingoi and they served as a unit of the Byzantine army listed alongside the Varangian Guard, which was of Scandinavian origin.[11]

Kylfings A very different derivation was put forward by the Russian scholar B. Briems. He hypothesised that Kylfingr was a direct Norse translation of the Votic self-designation Vatjalaiset and Vatja (or Vadjalaiset and Vadja) used by the Votes, a Finnic tribe residing in Ingria, Russia.[8] A non-Norse origin was also proposed by Julius Brutzkus, who argued that both Varangian and Kylfing derived from the Turkic languages, particularly the Bulgar and Khazar languages. Brutzkus asserted that Varangian came from the Turkic root varmak ("to walk, travel") while Kylfing was a Norse pronunciation of the Slavic kolbiagi, itself deriving from the Turkic phrase kl-beg ("sea-king"); under this interpretation the word Kylfing would be more or less synonymous with "Viking".[12]

Identity
According to Egil's Saga, the Kylfings were trading and plundering in Finnmark around the year 900. Thorolf Kveldulfsson, King Harald's tax agent in northern Norway, engaged Saami scouts to monitor the Kylfings' movements and report back to him. Countering their raids, he is reported to have killed over a hundred Kylfing marauders.[13] Some scholars see them as Scandinavians while others consider them to have been a Finnic tribe, and assert a connection between the word Kylfing and the Finnish, Saami, and Karelian myths of Kaleva.[14] Elsewhere they are described as a mixture of Norse and Finnish people who were employed as mercenaries and tax-agents by Scandinavian rulers; in this context Ravndal interpreted the kylfa element to refer to a "club" in the sense of organization.[9] Arbman argues that the Kolbiagi were a separate fur-trading guild.[10] Postan et al., on the other hand, hypothesize that Kolbiag denoted a junior participant in a Varangian trade guild, rather than a separate group.[15]

Finnic peoples
Holm (1992) considers Egil's saga to equate the Kylfings with the Finnic ethnicities, i.e. Kvens and Karelians.[16] In the 14th century, when the Swedish kings began to direct their attention northwards and encourage Swedish colonization in Norrbotten, there were regulations that the Finnish Birkarls and the Saami peoples were not to be interrupted in their traditional activities. In addition, there are many medieval sources that present Lapland as being dominated by Finns.[17] A large part of the Karelians were under Novgorod which was included in what Icelandic sources called Kylfingaland, and thus the Kylfings could have been Baltic Finnish tribes under Novgorod.[11] Both East Slavs and Byzantines consistently made a clear distinction between Varangians and Kylfings, and Byzantines distinguished between them in the same manner as they separated Franks from Saracens. According to Holm such separations are indicative of clear ethnic differences between the two groups. Additionally, both East Slavic and Byzantine sources explicitly associate the Varangians with Baltic region, which they called Varangia, and in Arabic, the Baltic Sea was called Bahr Varank, i.e. the "Varangian Sea". There are no comparable connections when they mention the Kylfings. Another difference is the fact that the Byzantine sources connect the word varangoi with rhs in order to make it clear that the rhs-varangoi and the varangoi originate in Baltic just like the rhs, but do not establish

The eastern shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, proposed by proponents of a Finnic origin for the Kylfings as that group's homeland

the same associations for the koulpingoi.[18] The Kylfings have also been identified with the Votic people.[19] Carl Christian Rafn, Edgar V. Saks, B. Briem and Sigurur Nordal have proposed Kylfings to have been the Norse name for the Votes. The reason is that the ethnonym Vadja(laiset) can be associated with the word vadja (modern Estonian vai') which means "stake", "wedge" or "staff", which corresponds to Old Norse kolfr. Vadjalaiset would consequently be translated into Old East Norse as kolfingar, which in Old West Norse (Old Icelandic) would be umlauted as kylfingar. Whereas some native names

Kylfings were Scandinavized, as Rostov into Rstofa, the Norse learned of the meaning of other names and translated them, which they did at Volkhov, and in the case of some of the Dniepr rapids. The theory that the Kylfings were Votes has been opposed by Max Vasmer and Stender-Petersen,[20] whereas Holm finds it likely. Holm considers it apparent that the Varangians and the Finnic tribes were able to cooperate well, and he points to the relative ease and stability with which Finland was later integrated as a part of the Swedish kingdom.[21] Jorma Koivulehto, a Finnish linguist, disagrees with the Vote theory and maintains that the Votic name or any other Finnic ethnonym is not etymologically connected with the name Kylfingar. Estonians have also been identified as Kylfings.[22]

Scandinavians
Bari Gumundsson identified the Kylfings as an East Scandinavian, possibly Swedish, tribe that infiltrated northern Norway during the late ninth century.[23] Gumundsson connects the Kylfings with the Germanic Heruli who were active throughout northern Europe and in Italy during the fifth and sixth centuries. According to Gumundsson, many of these Kylfings may ultimately have emigrated to Iceland during the ninth and tenth centuries.[5] Other scholars have assigned a Danish origin to this tribe.[5] Some scholars have considered the Kylfings of Egil's Saga to be a "conquering Germanic people", or the Swedish king's tax collectors.[24] Holm (1992) considers such suggestions to be anachronistic due to the fact that the Swedish kings lacked any interest in northern Fenno-Scandia during the ninth and tenth centuries, and not even the later law of Hlsingland mentions any Swedish settlement north of Bygde in southern Vsterbotten.[25] Pritsak identified the Kylfings as a "professional trading and mercenary Runestone S 318, containing the personal name Kylfingr organization" that organized expeditions northward, into the Saami lands, as distinct from other Varangian and viking groups whose expeditions focussed on lands to the west and east of Scandinavia.[26] This interpretation is supported by such historians as Stender-Petersen.[27] A number of runestones in Sweden contain the personal name Kylfingr, which may or may not be connected to the Kylfings as a group.[28][29]

Kylfings

Other suggestions
A few historians have hypothesized that the Kylfings were a West Slavic people related to the Pomeranians. Under this interpretation, the Slavic term Kolbiag may share common origins with such place-names as Koobrzeg (formerly Kolberg), a town on the Pomeranian Baltic coast, and Kolpino, a settlement near modern St. Petersburg.[30]

Status in Eastern Europe

Byzantine Empire
Eleventh-century Byzantine sources refer to Kylfings (, Koulpingoi; often attested in the genitive plural , Koulpingon) as being among the foreigners serving as mercenaries in Constantinople, but appear to distinguish between them and the Varangians.[31][32] For instance, an imperial chrysobull, an edict bearing a golden seal, issued in 1073 exempts certain monasteries from being forced to billet soldiers of specific ethne: Varangians, Rus', Saracens, Franks and Koulpingoi. In previous edicts issued in 1060 and 1068 the Koulpingoi had not been separately delineated.[33] Similar edicts were issued in 1082, 1086, and 1088.[33] The edict issued by Alexios I Komnenos 1088, for instance, reads:

Varangian Guardsmen, an illumination from the 11th century chronicle of John Skylitzes

The whole of the above-mentioned island [of Patmos], as well as the monastery with all its properties, is granted exkousseia [exemption] from the billetting [mitata] of all commanders, both Roman [Rhomaioi] and foreign allies, that is the Rus, Varangians, Koulpingoi, Inglinoi, Frangoi, Nemitsoi, Bulgarians, Saracens, Alans, Abasgoi, the Immortals, and all other Romans and foreigners.[34]

Russia and the eastern Baltic

The Kylfings were also active in the eastern Baltic and northern Russia. Kylfingaland may have been used to refer to Karelia; on some runestones it has been interpreted as a synonym for Garariki, the Old Norse name for Russia.[5][35] The eleventh-century Ruskaya Pravda, the law code of the Kievan Rus', grants certain privileges to Kylfings ( or "Kolbiagi") in addition to Varangians ("Varyagi").[36] For instance, Varangians and Kylfings were entitled to press charges with an oath without relying on any witnesses. In addition, in order to swear innocence, they needed only two witnesses, whereas a native Slav needed as many as seven. Moreover, the Varangians and the Kylfings were entitled to give shelter to a fugitive for as many as three days, whereas Slavs and others had to hand him over directly.[21] Also in the eleventh century, the Persian historian Al-Qazwini[37] reported the presence of Kylfings (who he called al-Kilabiyya) in Russia and their interaction with Middle Eastern traders.[19]

Hungary
A military organization called Klpnyek is reported to have existed in Medieval Hungary during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Hungarian scholars have proposed that the Klpnyek were identical with the Kylfings/Kolbiagi.[38][39] Hungarian sources regard the Klpnyek as being of Scandinavian origin. They were hired by the early rulers of the House of Arpad, particularly Taksony of Hungary in the 950s, to serve as frontier guards. They fought with their Magyar employers alongside Sviatoslav I of Kiev against Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. Alternatively, the Klpnyek may have been of Pecheneg origin, as there was a Pecheneg tribal group called Klbej during roughly the same period.[40]

Kylfings

Austkylfur
The skaldic poet Thorbjorn Hornklofi wrote about Austkylfur, or "East-Kylfings", in his epic poem Haraldskvi. In some manuscripts the name was, probably erroneously, rendered aukylfur or "rich men".[41] Some philologists, using the nautical meaning of the word kylfa, interpret the phrase as "eastern ships".[42] Others, such as F. Jonsson, interpreted Austkylfur to mean "eastern logs", while Vigfusson believed that the phrase properly meant simply "men of the east".[41] Another interpretation of the term used in Haraldskvi is the derogatory "eastern oafs".[43] Gumundsson specifically identified the Austkylfur of Hornklofi's poem with the Kylfings mentioned elsewhere in Scandinavian and Eastern European sources, and interpreted the phrase Austkylfur to mean "eastern club-wielding men".[44] In Haraldskvi as recorded by Snorri Sturluson in the Heimskringla, the Austrkylfur were described as being opponents of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Norway ca. 872 CE (with Harald's Hafrsfjord. As such they formed part of the force, led by Kjotve the Rich of kingdom shown in red) before the Agder and the kings and jarls of Hordaland, Rogaland, and Telemark, that came defining Battle of Hafrsfjord to Hafrsfjord to fight Harald's encroaching hegemony. The exact relationship between the Austkylfur and the anti-Harald coalition is unknown. Nora Chadwick identifies the Austkylfur as the part of the force opposing Harald that came from Agder and Telemark. These districts lie further east than the other kingdoms opposing Harald's rule.[41] After their defeat by Harald and his army, the Kylfings' property was plundered and their womenfolk, described as "eastern maidens", were distributed by the victorious king among his warriors.

Timeline
Date c. 880s Work mentioned Details

Thorbjorn Hornklofi's Haraldskvi, composed c. 900 (as The "Austkylfur" participate in the Battle of Hafrsfjord between Harald preserved in the 13th-century Heimskringla) Fairhair, King of Norway, and a coalition led by King Kjotve of Agder; their women are divided as spoils of war among Harald's [41][45] warriors. Egil's Saga (13th century) Thorolf Kveldulfsson defeated a large force of Kylfing marauders in [13] northern Norway around this time. Prince Taksony of Hungary hires mercenaries called Klpnyek, [38][39] probably identical with the Kylfings. Klpnyek mercenaries serve in the Magyar army in support of [39] Sviatoslav I of Kiev's Bulgar campaign. Swedish runestones are erected bearing the personal name [46] "Kylfingr". Start of codification of Russkaya Pravda, which grants special rights and [47] privileges to the Kolbiagi.

c. 900

c. 950

Gesta Hungarorum, written 1100-1200

970972

Gesta Hungarorum

c. 1000

Runestones S 318, U 320, U 419, U 445

1010s

Russkaya Pravda, law code of the Kievan Rus'

c. 1050

Persian geographer Al-Qazwini[37] reports the presence of Kylfings (who he called al-Kilabiyya) in Russia and discusses their interaction with Middle Eastern [19] traders.

Kylfings

1070s1080s Byzantine chrysobulls

Koulpingoi are mentioned among other nations with contingents in the [48] Byzantine army. Klpnyek mercenaries still active in Hungary. Russia is referred to as Kylfingaland. [46] [39]

c.1100 c.1150

Gesta Hungarorum Landfri, a geographical text by Icelander Nikolas Bergsson Bjarkarimur, a poem based in part on the lost Skjoldunga Saga

c.1400

Mention is made of a berserkr from the "Land of the Kylfings."

[49]

Notes
[1] See, e.g., Ravndal 75; Arbman 90; Postan 481. [2] See, e.g., Bugge 309; Gumundsson passim. [3] E.g., Gumundsson passim; Hastings 640. [4] Cleasby 366. Another, still less likely Norse definition offered by Cleasby is "stammer" (kylfa). Ibid. [5] Gumundsson passim. [6] Foote 97. [7] Jesch 150. [8] Holm 85 [9] Ravndal 75. [10] Arbman 90. [11] Holm 88. [12] Brutzkus 81102. [13] Egil's Saga 10 (Scudder 20). [14] Hastings 640. [15] Postan 481. [16] Holm 86. [17] Holm 87. [18] Holm 89. [19] Pulsiano 557. [20] Holm 91. [21] Holm 95. [22] Kaikamees -- ajalooline aunimi. (http:/ / voitlus. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 03/ kaikamees-ajalooline-aunimi. html) [23] Gumundsson passim; Bugge 309. [24] Holm 86, citing to the work of Max Vasmer in 1931, Gustav Storm in 1889 and Elias Wessn in 1936. [25] Holm 86ff. [26] Pritsak 383. [27] E.g., Blndal 6. [28] See S 318, U 320, U 419, U 445 in Rundata. [29] Pritsak 384. [30] Sootak 52. [31] Norvin 12. [32] Waldemar Nissen theorized that Koulpiggon and Koulpingoi referred to members of the Germanic or South Slavic Guduscani tribe, who were settled around the Kulpa River in Dalmatia; this view has been largely rejected by historians. Blndal 8283 at n. 3. [33] Laiou 91. [34] Chrysobull of Alexios I for the Monastery of St. Christodoulos on the island of Patmos, MM 6:47.37, as translated at Khazdan 257. [35] Anderson 521. [36] E.g., Vernadsky 28. [37] http:/ / toolserver. org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Kylfings& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/ editintro& client=Template:Dn [38] A Pallas Nagy Lexikona. [39] Szkely 11. [40] E.g., A Pallas Nagy Lexikona. [41] Chadwick 186. [42] Anglia 137. [43] Percy 245. [44] Gumundsson 82.

Kylfings
[45] [46] [47] [48] [49] Gumundsson 6768. Struminski 234. Vernadsky 28. E.g., Laiou 91. Bjarkarimur verse 43 (Jnsson 117).

References
(German) Anderson, T. " Kylfingar (http://books.google.com/books?id=-Uo6OAap41gC& printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false)." in Hoops, Johannes, et al., Reallexikon Der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Walter de Gruyter, 2000. p.520522. ISBN 3-11-016907-X (German) Anglia: Zeitschrift fr englische Philologie. Niemeyer, 1924. Arbman, Holger. The Vikings. Praeger, 1961. Blndal, Sigfs and Benedikz, Benedict S. The Varangians of Byzantium (http://books.google.com/ books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-21745-3. (German) Brutzkus, Julius. "Warjager und Kolbjager." Acta Seminari Kondakov. 1935. Bugge, Sophus. "The Norse Lay of Wayland and its Relation to the English Tradition." The Saga Book of the Viking Club, Vol. II. David Nutt, 1898. Chadwick, Nora Kershaw. Anglo-Saxon and Norse Poems. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1922. Originally published under her maiden name. Cleasby, Richard and Gubrandur Vigfusson. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press, 1874. Foote, Peter Godfrey and David Mackenzie Wilson. The Viking Achievement. Praeger, 1970. Gumundsson, Bari. The Origin of the Icelanders. Lee Hollander, transl. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967. Hastings, John. "Kalevala". Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. vol. 7. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. (Estonian) Kaikamees -- ajalooline aunimi. (http://voitlus.blogspot.com/2009/03/ kaikamees-ajalooline-aunimi.html) 1931 (Swedish) Holm, Gsta. "Kylvingar och Vringar: Etymologiska Problem Kring tv Folkgruppsnamn", in Svenska Akademiens Handlingar. - 0349-4543. ; 1992(18), pp.85101. Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse (http://books.google.com/books?id=RkNY2KrdvscC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Boydell & Brewer, 2008. ISBN 978-0-85115-826-6 (Danish) Jnsson, Finnur, transl. Hrlfs saga Kraka og Bjarkarmur. Copenhagen, S. L. Mllers bogtr., 1904. Kazhdan, A. P. and Ann Wharton Epstein. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (http://books.google.com/books?id=qlU37xo9LeUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). University of California Press, 1985. ISBN 0-520-05129-7 (Hungarian) "Klpn." A Pallas Nagy Lexikona (http://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00060/html/060/pc006033. html#9). Arcanum Adatbzis Kft, 1998. Laiou, Angeliki E. and Roy P. Mottahedeh. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (http://books.google.com/books?id=YTAhPw3SjxIC&printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Dumbarton Oaks, 2000. ISBN 0-88402-277-3 Norvin, William. Classica et mediaevalia: revue danoise de philologie et d'histoire. Librairie Gyldendal, 1938. Percy, Thomas and Margaret Clunies Ross. The Old Norse Poetic Translations of Thomas Percy: A New Edition and Commentary. Brepols, 2001. Postan, M. M., Edward Miller, and H. J. Habakkuk. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987. Pritsak, Omeljan. The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991. Pulsiano, Philip and Kristen Wolf. Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis, 1993. Ravndal, Gabriel Bie. Stories of the East-Vikings. Augsburg Publishing House, 1938.

Kylfings Scudder, Bernard, transl. "Egil's Saga". Sagas of Icelanders. Penguin, 2001. Sootak, Jaan. " Development of Estonian Criminal Law (http://www.juridica.ee/print_article_en. php?document=en/international/1996/1/6131.ART.0.pub.php)." Juridica International, Vol. 1996-I. pp.5253. Struminski, Bohdan. Linguistic Interrelations in Early Rus. CIUS Press, 1996. Szkely, Gyrgy. Hungary and Sweden: Early Contacts. Akadmiai Kiad, 1975. Vernadsky, George. Medieval Russian Law. Columbia Univ. Press, 1961.

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