PSERC

Transient Testing of Protective Relays: Study of Benefits and Methodology

Final Project Report

Power Systems Engineering Research Center A National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center since 1996

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

Transient Testing of Protective Relays: Study of Benefits and Methodology

Final Project Report

Project Team Faculty Mladen Kezunovic, Project Leader, Texas A&M University Sakis Meliopoulos, Georgia Institute of Technology Ward Jewell, Wichita State University Graduate Students Jinfeng Ren, Texas A&M University Q. Binh Dam, Georgia Institute of Technology Piyasak Poonpun and Miaolei Shao, Wichita State University

PSERC Publication 08-05

March 2008

Information about this project For information about this project contact: Mladen Kezunovic, Ph.D. Texas A&M University Department of Electrical Engineering College Station, TX 77843-3128 Tel: 979-845-7509 Fax: 979-845-9887 Email: kezunov@ece.tamu.edu

Power Systems Engineering Research Center This is a project report from the Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC). PSERC is a multi-university Center conducting research on challenges facing the electric power industry and educating the next generation of power engineers. More information about PSERC can be found at the Centers website: http://www.pserc.org. For additional information, contact: Power Systems Engineering Research Center Arizona State University Department of Electrical Engineering Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering Phone: (480) 965-1879 Fax: (480) 965-0745

Notice Concerning Copyright Material PSERC members are given permission to copy without fee all or part of this publication for internal use if appropriate attribution is given to this document as the source material. This report is available for downloading from the PSERC website.

2008 Texas A&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Wichita State University. All rights reserved.

Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the industry advisors that actively participated in the discussions during the course of this project: Bajarang Agrawal (Arizona Public Service), Ali A. Chowdhury (California Independent System Operator), John Horwath (Exelon), Joseph Hughes (Electric Power Research Institute), Richard Hunt (NxtPhase), Bill Middaugh (Tri-State Generation and Transmission), and Don Sevcik (CenterPoint Energy). Graduate students and research staff who carried out project activities over the years were Jinfeng Ren and Chengzong Pang (Texas A&M University); Q. Binh Dam, George Stefopoulos, and Dr. George Cokkinides, Visiting Professor (Georgia Institute of Technology); and Miaolei Shao and Piyasak Poonpun (Wichita State University).

Executive Summary
The operational security of the power system depends upon the successful performance of the thousands of relays that protect the system from cascading failures, that protect equipment, and that help balance load with generation when system frequency is too low or too high. The failure of a relay to operate as intended may jeopardize the stability of the entire system and equipment in it. In fact, major system failures after a disturbance are more likely to be caused by unintended protective relay operation rather than by the failure of a relay to take an action at all. Appropriate relay testing provides one line of defense against relay failures. Relay testing can help validate the design of relay logic, compare the performance of different relays, verify selection of relay settings, identify system conditions that might cause unintended relay operation, and carry out post-event analysis to understand the causes of unintended or incorrect relay actions. Relay testing improvements need to continue because of the new demands placed on relays from power system conditions that are more variable in the past, because of high customer expectations for power delivery reliability, and because of changing relay technologies. The research described in this report describes new approaches for testing distance relays, generator protection relays, and underfrequency load shedding relays. Results are provided for actual relay testing. Part I: Distance Relay Tests (Texas A&M University) Distance relay testing can evaluate relay performance, calibrate relay settings, and identify system conditions that could cause unexpected relay operation. Developing a relay testing methodology requires consideration of how to model the power system to simulate specific system disturbances, how to select and generate test scenarios, and how to execute relay tests efficiently. The efficiency and effectiveness of relay testing can be enhanced with a test case library containing scenarios that enable consistent yet robust testing. In this research, a laboratory was used to test three different distance relays using a proposed test methodology with associated test tools and test case library. The testing focused on protective relay operation under transients. Conformance and compliance tests were conducted. Conformance Test: The objective is to test the basic functionality of a relay, to verify is operating characteristics, to calibrate the relay settings, and to implement periodic maintenance testing. Statistical performance data are collected on relay operating characteristics and tripping times using wide-ranging disturbance conditions generated through simulation. Compliance Test: The objective is to test if actual relay performance matches expected performance under atypical yet possible power system conditions. The trip/no trip responses and relay operating time performance are measured under specific scenarios. Compliance tests can be used in a post-event analysis to analyze the causes of an unwanted relay operation The IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) reference model and IEEE 14bus system were used to simulate disturbance scenarios. Software programs were developed for automated testing for creating test cases, executing batch tests, and ii

collecting relay event reports. The test case library included test scenarios, records from digital fault recorders (DFRs) and blackout scenarios of interest. Test results provided information that was not documented in the relay manuals, and that definitely could affect proper coordination and performance of the relaying schemes. The conformance test results indicated that relay operating characteristics should be carefully selected applied to improve the dependability of the relaying scheme. The compliance test results indicated that the zone 3 relays operated incorrectly in a few unusual power system operating conditions. Thus, quadrilateral operating characteristic may be needed to assure correct relay responses. Part II: Generator Relay Tests (Georgia Institute of Technology) Protective generator relays are usually tested against simplified generator models or simplified test signals. Many factors may vary with the location and generator, including the impedances of the network to where the generator is connected to, operating point, grounding arrangements, etc. The testing also should ensure that the settings of the relay are consistent with the intended protection scheme. Generator relay tests using realistic models of the generator and the electric power system can verify consistent behavior of a relay regardless of the protected generator, and assert that the intended protection schemes are robust for a variety of fault conditions. A comprehensive testing platform was built to reproduce and simulate conditions in the system as close to reality as possible. The platform included (a) a power system simulator to accurately compute short-circuit conditions as seen in an actual system by the protective relays; (b) a signal conditioning unit that reproduces the simulated voltages and currents at relay instrumentation voltage and current level, as if they were delivered by actual potential and current transformers; and (c) a set of procedures to conduct and validate the different tests of the generator relay, including relay connections, software configuration, and different test scenarios. A comprehensive set of generator transient events were created to exercise all the functions of a modern generator relay. For accurate testing, as many common characteristics of all generators are needed to simulate generator responses that are as close to field observations as possible. To achieve the highest accuracy possible, the software platform included a full time domain, transient, two-axis synchronous generator model with access to generator windings for fault creation in the windings. The simulation software models the power system more accurately than most other existing approaches. The simulation software is based on full three-phase models of power system components that are described by their physical parameters. The simulator accurately simulates the dynamics of the models by using the quadratic numerical integration method, which is more precise compared to other methods commonly used methods in power system analysis. Using virtual relay testing, configuration and waveform data were sent directly to the inputs of the relay functions, and the relay outputs were processed on the host computer with the benefits of specialized analysis software. Virtual testing facilitates relay testing by eliminating the constraints of a hardware setup, including waveform generation, wiring, and communications. Comprehensive transient testing was conducted on two different generator protective relays. The detailed results are given in the report. iii

Part III: Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Tests (Wichita State University Researchers) If insufficient generation is available on the system to maintain stability, non-critical loads can be removed (or shed) from the system to restore a balanced condition. Such methods of automatic load shedding are designed as a last resort to prevent a major system outage. Underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) relays detect overload conditions by sensing low system frequency and shedding enough load to rebalance generation and load, and reestablish the nominal frequency. UFLS relays are able to automatically restore load after frequency recovery. UFLS is an effective and reliable method that helps to prevent blackouts. A review of the Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, prepared by the U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, indicates that, during the cascading events leading up to the widespread blackout: UFLS relays operated properly, according to their settings Settings for some UFLS relays may not have been appropriate for their applications Regardless of settings, load shedding by UFLS and undervoltage relays would not be expected to mitigate the magnitude of events that occurred during this disturbance. While UFLS relays appeared to operate as set during the 2003 blackout, a number of issues regarding their operation were nevertheless identified. These issues, which are not addressed by conventional relay test methods, include the effects on relay operation of: Rate of change of frequency Continuous, rather than step, changes in frequency Rapid fluctuations, including both increases and decreases, in frequency Overfrequency events Other events identified by simulation or recording of actual events. To address these issues, two test protocols, which go beyond those tests usually performed using commercial UFLS relay test systems, were developed. The conformance test protocol subjects a relay to a series of tests whose values are determined by the relay specifications. The application test protocol subjects the relay to events generated through simulations of a typical system using electromagnetic transients software. A third set of tests can also be performed if actual recorded event data is available. Recorded events can be played back in the laboratory to determine relay response to actual events. Both conformance and application tests were performed on two commonly-used digital UFLS relays. Relay response was out of manufacturers specifications for some of the tests. Industry team members indicated, that the magnitude of the errors identified were well within tolerances expected by industry, and that such errors had no practical effect on the relays abilities to shed load as expected during underfrequency events. Future Work: It has been recognized that forming a library of test cases using records from blackouts or common power system model would be quite beneficial. Developing methodology and tools for both laboratory and field testing aimed at evaluating how GPS synchronized IEDs, including relays, will perform under various operating conditions is also needed. iv

Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PART I: DISTANCE RELAY TEST (TAMU) ..................................................... 2 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Test Methodology ............................................................................................ 3 2.2.1 Test Classification ............................................................................... 3 2.2.2 Test System Model .............................................................................. 3 2.2.3 Test Scenarios Generation ................................................................. 6 2.2.4 Test Case Library ............................................................................. 10 2.3 Test Implementation ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Test Procedure .................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Laboratory Setup .............................................................................. 14 2.4 Test Results .................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Power System Data for Conformance Test .................................... 16 2.4.2 Power System Data for Compliance Test ....................................... 17 2.4.3 Distance Relay Setting ...................................................................... 17 2.4.4 Test Results and Analysis ................................................................. 18 2.5 Future Work .................................................................................................. 22 3.0 PART II: GENERATOR RELAY TEST (GATECH) ....................................... 23 3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Description of Platform ................................................................................ 24 3.2.1 Generator Protection Relays ............................................................ 24 3.2.2. Overview of the Testing Platform ................................................... 25 3.2.3 Software ............................................................................................. 25 3.2.4 Test Bench.......................................................................................... 29 3.2.5 Virtual Relay Testing ........................................................................ 33 3.3 Generation Relay Testing Setup .................................................................. 34 3.3.1 Purpose............................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Event Simulation and Testing Procedure ....................................... 34 3.3.3 Description of Test System #1 .......................................................... 35 3.3.4 Description of Test System #2 .......................................................... 40 3.3.5 Beckwith Relay Setup ....................................................................... 43

3.3.6 Simulation of Power System Events ................................................ 46 3.3.7 Reporting Tests and Simulated Events ........................................... 46 3.4 Basic Event Triggering and Oscillographic Record Analysis ................... 46 3.4.1 Beckwith M3425-A............................................................................ 46 3.4.2 SEL 300-G.......................................................................................... 50 3.5 Equations for the Protection Variables....................................................... 52 3.5.1 Notation.............................................................................................. 52 3.5.2 Setup 1 Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only ................. 52 3.5.3 Setup 2 Same Currents In and Out .............................................. 52 3.5.4 Operating Current and Restraint Current..................................... 53 3.6 Individual Protection Function Tests (M-3425A) ...................................... 53 3.6.1 Common Procedures ........................................................................ 53 3.6.2 Function 87 Phase Differential ..................................................... 54 3.6.3 Function 27 Phase Undervoltage .................................................. 57 3.7 Expanded Test Scenarios ............................................................................. 59 3.7.1 Mock Generator Acceleration ......................................................... 59 3.7.2 Three-Phase Fault with Unstable Swings after Clearance ............ 61 3.7.3 Wide-Area Partial Load Shedding .................................................. 63 3.7.4 Inadvertent Generator Breaker Operation .................................... 67 3.7.5 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response................................... 67 3.7.5 Disconnected Phase ........................................................................... 69 3.7.6 Three-Phase Fault followed by Generator Breaker Operation Test on Both Relays .......................................................................... 74 3.8 Future Work .................................................................................................. 77 4.0 PART III: LOAD SHEDDING RELAY TEST (WSU) ...................................... 78 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 78 4.1.1 Background ....................................................................................... 78 4.1.2 Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Relay Introduction ..... 78 4.1.3 UFLS Tests ........................................................................................ 79 4.1.4 UFLS Research.................................................................................. 79 4.1.5 Report Organization ......................................................................... 80 4.2 Review of UFLS Relay Operation during the 2003 North American Blackout ......................................................................................................... 80

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4.2.1 Background ....................................................................................... 80 4.3 UFLS Relay Test System .............................................................................. 83 4.3.1 UFLS Relay Test System Overview................................................. 83 4.3.2 UFLS Relay Test System Hardware ............................................... 85 4.3.3 Software ............................................................................................. 86 4.3.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relays ........................................ 86 4.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relay Test Scenarios ............................ 87 4.4.1 Conformance Test ............................................................................. 87 4.4.2 Test Waveforms ................................................................................ 87 4.4.3 Application Test ................................................................................ 90 4.5 UFLS Relay Test Results .............................................................................. 93 4.5.1 Conformance Tests ........................................................................... 93 4.5.2 Application Tests ............................................................................... 94 4.6 Interpretation of the Results ...................................................................... 107 4.6.1 Conformance Tests ......................................................................... 107 4.6.2 Application Tests ............................................................................. 107 4.6.3 Error Analysis ................................................................................. 107 4.7 Future Work ................................................................................................ 110 5.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 111 5.1 Distance relays ............................................................................................. 111 5.2 Generator Relays ........................................................................................ 111 5.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding Relays ................................................... 112 6.0 PROJECT PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................. 113 7.0 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 114 APPENDIX A: LINE DISTANCE RELAY TEST ................................................... 117 A.1 Relay Settings .............................................................................................. 117 A.2 Test Results .................................................................................................. 120 APPENDIX B: GENERATOR RELAY TEST ......................................................... 159 B.1 Generator Relay Protection Scheme and Connections............................ 159 B.2 List of Generator Events for Relay Testing .............................................. 165 B.3 High-Fidelity Generator Model for Event Simulation ............................ 167 B.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 167 B.3.2 Synchronous Machine Full Transient Time-Domain Model ...... 168 vii

B.3.3 Excitation System Model ................................................................ 181 B.3.4 Prime Mover System Model ........................................................... 190 B.4 Example Response Chart for Generator Relay Testing Events ............. 195 B.5 IEEE COMTRADE Standard Information for Relay Testing ............... 197 B.5.1 A Primer on the IEEE COMTRADE File Format ...................... 197 APPENDIX C: LOAD SHEDDING RELAY TEST ................................................ 200 C.1 Test Results .................................................................................................. 200 C.2 13-Bus Test System ..................................................................................... 241

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: One-line diagram for IEEE PSRC system ....................................................... 4 Figure 2.2: Detailed model for IEEE PSRC system .......................................................... 4 Figure 2.3: ATPdraw model for IEEE PSRC system ........................................................ 4 Figure 2.4: One line model for IEEE 14-bus system ......................................................... 5 Figure 2.5: ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system ....................................................... 5 Figure 2.6: Batch simulation program block diagram ....................................................... 6 Figure 2.7: ATPdraw model for manual simulation .......................................................... 6 Figure 2.8: Test case library............................................................................................. 11 Figure 2.9: Program interface for converting MAT file to RLA file ............................... 11 Figure 2.10: Program interface for converting ATP file to COMTRADE file ................ 11 Figure 2.11: Example for loading test cases .................................................................... 12 Figure 2.12: Example for waveforms displayed by Relay Assistant software ................ 12 Figure 2.13: Example of test result for internal fault ....................................................... 13 Figure 2.14: Example of event report shown as oscillograph .......................................... 13 Figure 2.15: Software framework for relay testing .......................................................... 14 Figure 2.16: Laboratory setup for relay testing ............................................................... 15 Figure 2.17: Block diagram for relay test environment ................................................... 15 Figure 2.18: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Conformance Test ... 16 Figure 2.19: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Compliance Test...... 17 Figure 2.20: Example of comparative test results ............................................................ 19 Figure 2.21: Three-phase voltage and current waveforms from relay event ................... 20 Figure 2.22: Out-of-step function and parameters ........................................................... 21 Figure 2.23: Load encroachment function and parameters .............................................. 22 Figure 3.1: Overall project approach ............................................................................... 23 Figure 3.2: The Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay ..................................... 24 Figure 3.3: The SEL 300-G generator protection relay ................................................... 24 Figure 3.4: Overview of the testing platform................................................................... 25 Figure 3.5: Sample model definitions in the high-fidelity simulator software: (a) transmission line physical design parameters and (b) three-phase substation bus connections ......................................................................................................... 26 Figure 3.6: Comprehensive generator model of the software platform: (a) parameter definition window and (b) visual representation of the connection points......... 27 ix

Figure 3.7: Simulation output in various forms stored in a COMPTRADE file ............. 28 Figure 3.8: Summary of the software portion of the testing platform ............................. 29 Figure 3.9: Test bench layout........................................................................................... 29 Figure 3.10: Picture of the actual laboratory setup .......................................................... 30 Figure 3.11: Test bench layout for relay testing with a scale model ............................... 31 Figure 3.12: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing ........... 32 Figure 3.13: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing ........... 33 Figure 3.14: Virtual relay testing principle ...................................................................... 34 Figure 3.15: Network schematic of test system #1 .......................................................... 35 Figure 3.16: Generator and step-up transformer grounding scheme ............................... 36 Figure 3.17: Settings for the generator grounding transformer ....................................... 36 Figure 3.18: Settings for the generator step-up transforme ............................................. 37 Figure 3.19: Settings for the transmission line in the test system.................................... 38 Figure 3.20: Settings for the equivalent source at the infinite source .............................. 39 Figure 3.21: Network schematic of test system #2 .......................................................... 40 Figure 3.22: Parameters for Generator 1 (Test System #2) ............................................. 41 Figure 3.23: Parameters for Generator 2 (Test System #2) ............................................. 42 Figure 3.24: Parameters for Generator 3 (Test System #2) ............................................. 43 Figure 3.25: General relay settings dialog box ................................................................ 45 Figure 3.26: Manual output contact control with IPSutility and visual feedback from the relay .................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 3.27: The oscillograph retrieval screen ................................................................ 47 Figure 3.28: Graphical sample of the waveforms and state of the output contact ........... 49 Figure 3.29: Records of the initiation of the voltage supply to the relay......................... 50 Figure 3.30: Characteristic of Function 87 function with 0.3 A pickup and 10% slope . 54 Figure 3.31: Settings for the differential relay function .................................................. 54 Figure 3.32: Function 87, phase differential, waveforms for the combined pickup and dropoff tests ........................................................................................................ 56 Figure 3.33: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from pickup and dropoff test ............................................................................................................................ 57 Figure 3.34: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from time delay test ............ 58 Figure 3.35: M-3425A relay retrieved waveforms for the protection scenario ............... 60 Figure 3.36: Capture of the waveforms sent to the relays for Test System #2 ................ 62

Figure 3.37: Principle for wide area partial load shedding .............................................. 63 Figure 3.38: RMS values of electric quantities until one second after load drop ............ 64 Figure 3.39: Expanded simulation shows continuous increase of generator frequency and rotor slip.............................................................................................................. 66 Figure 3.40: Waveforms captured for inadvertent breaker operation .............................. 68 Figure 3.41: Generator 1 and load with per-phase circuit breaker .................................. 69 Figure 3.42: Response of the system after opening phase A of Generator 1 ................... 70 Figure 3.43: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Generator 1 ....... 71 Figure 3.44: Response of the system after opening phase A of Load 1........................... 72 Figure 3.45: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Load 1 ............... 73 Figure 3.46: Response on a three-phase fault followed by opening of generator breaker75 Figure 3.47: Superimposed relay measurements of phase A voltage after display scaling time shifting ........................................................................................................ 76 Figure 3.48: Phase undervoltage output from (a) the 300-G and (b) the M-3425A relay 76 Figure 4.1: Configuration of UFLS relay test system ...................................................... 84 Figure 4.2: UFLS relay test system.................................................................................. 85 Figure 4.3: UFLS relay test system software ................................................................... 86 Figure 4.4: Frequency decay ............................................................................................ 88 Figure 4.5: Voltage with 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics .............................................. 88 Figure 4.6: Variable voltage magnitude........................................................................... 89 Figure 4.7: Single line diagram of 13-bus equivalent system .......................................... 90 Figure 4.8: Generator frequencies without UFLS implementation ................................. 91 Figure 4.9: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (1 step) ......................... 92 Figure 4.10: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (2 step) ....................... 92 Figure A.1: Phase distance protection ........................................................................... 118 Figure A.2: Power swing protection .............................................................................. 119 Figure A.3: Load encroachment protection ................................................................... 119 Figure B.1: Instrumentation connections of the generator protection relays ................. 160 Figure B.2: M-3425A detailed connections of measurement channels to relay inputs for a typical protection scheme ................................................................................. 161 Figure B.3: M-3425 functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the relay .................................................................................................................. 162 Figure B.4: Typical connection diagram for the 300G relay ......................................... 163

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Figure B.5: 300G functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the relay .................................................................................................................. 164 Figure B.6: Connections between signal amplifiers and the tested generator relays..... 165 Figure B.7: Electrical model of a synchronous machine as a set of mutually coupled windings ........................................................................................................... 168 Figure B.8: Mechanical model of synchronous machine as a rotating mass ................. 169 Figure B.9: Stator self-inductance as a function of ................................................... 171 Figure B.10: Mutual inductance between stator windings............................................. 172 Figure B.11: Elements of a generator excitation system ............................................... 182 Figure B.12: Voltage source with internal impedance................................................... 183 Figure B.13: Current source circuit ............................................................................... 184 Figure B.14: DC armature circuit with internal impedance ........................................... 185 Figure B.15: Elements of a generator prime mover system........................................... 190 Figure C.1: Excitation system model for synchronous machine ................................... 241 Figure C.2: Branch data of 13-bus equivalent system ................................................... 241

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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Fault Scenarios for Conformance Test ............................................................. 7 Table 2.2: Non-fault Scenarios for Conformance Test ...................................................... 8 Table 2.3: Test scenarios for Compliance Tests .............................................................. 10 Table 2.4: Functions and software for selected distance relays ....................................... 15 Table 2.5: Power system data for Conformance Test ...................................................... 16 Table 2.6: Secondary impedances for Conformance Test ............................................... 16 Table 2.7: Power system data for Compliance Test ........................................................ 17 Table 2.8: Functions table applied for test ....................................................................... 18 Table 2.9: Example of statistical test results .................................................................... 19 Table 2.10: Summary for relays performance ................................................................ 19 Table 3.1: Function 87, trigger and target times and corresponding current ................... 55 Table 3.2: Function 87, trigger and drop-out times and corresponding currents ............. 56 Table 3.3: Function 27, times and voltage levels for function trigger and release .......... 58 Table 3.4: Function 27, time delay test results ................................................................ 59 Table 3.5: Settings for selected protection functions ....................................................... 61 Table 4.1: Characteristic of power amplifiers.................................................................. 85 Table 4.2: Relay 1 specifications ..................................................................................... 87 Table 4.3: Relay 2 specifications ..................................................................................... 87 Table 4.4: Settings of UFLS scheme ............................................................................... 91 Table 4.5: Load shedding time......................................................................................... 93 Table 4.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ............. 95 Table 4.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ............. 96 Table 4.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ............. 97 Table 4.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ............. 98 Table 4.10: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ............................................................................................. 99 Table 4.11: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 100 Table 4.12: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 101 Table 4.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 102 xiii

Table 4.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 103 Table 4.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 103 Table 4.16: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 104 Table 4.17: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 104 Table 4.18: Application test of relay 1 (Time Delay: 2 Cycles) .................................... 105 Table 4.19: Application test of relay 2 (Time Delay: 3 Cycles) .................................... 106 Table 4.20: Data for pickup frequency test (55 Hz Frequency Setpoint) ...................... 108 Table A.1: Setting table for SEL-421 for Conformance Test ........................................ 117 Table A.2: Setting table for SEL-421 for Compliance Test .......................................... 118 Table A.3: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-421 ................................................... 120 Table A.4: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-421 ................................................ 122 Table A.5: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-421 ................................................ 123 Table A.6: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-421 ................................................... 124 Table A.7: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-421 ................................................ 125 Table A.8: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-421 ................................................ 126 Table A.9: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-421 ................................................... 128 Table A.10: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-421 .............................................. 129 Table A.11: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-421 .............................................. 130 Table A.12: Statistical test results for internal faults for SEL-421 ............................ 130 Table A.13: Test results for no-fault scenarios for SEL-421 ......................................... 131 Table A.14: Compliance test result for SEL-421........................................................... 132 Table A.15: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-321 ................................................. 133 Table A.16: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 135 Table A.17: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 136 Table A.18: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-321 ................................................. 137 Table A.19: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 138 Table A.20: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 139 Table A.21: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-321 ................................................. 141 Table A.22: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 142 Table A.23: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 143 xiv

Table A.24: Statistical test results of internal faults for SEL-321.............................. 143 Table A.25: Test results of no-fault scenarios for SEL-321 .......................................... 144 Table A.26: Compliance test result for SEL-321........................................................... 145 Table A.27: Test results for condition F1 for GE D60 .................................................. 146 Table A.28: Test results for condition F2-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 148 Table A.29: Test results for condition F2-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 149 Table A.30: Test results for condition F3 for GE D60 .................................................. 150 Table A.31: Test results for condition F4-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 151 Table A.32: Test results for condition F4-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 152 Table A.33: Test results for condition F5 for GE D60 .................................................. 154 Table A.34: Test results for condition F6-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 155 Table A.35: Test results for condition F6-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 156 Table A.36: Statistical test results for internal faults for GE D60 ............................. 156 Table A.37: Test results of no-fault scenarios for GE D60 ........................................... 157 Table A.38: Compliance test result for GE D60 ............................................................ 158 Table B.1: Type, extension, and purpose of the three COMTRADE file types ............ 197 Table C.1: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ........... 200 Table C.2: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ............. 201 Table C.3: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ........... 202 Table C.4: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ........... 203 Table C.5: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ............. 204 Table C.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ........... 205 Table C.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ........... 206 Table C.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ............. 207 Table C.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ........... 208 Table C.10: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ......... 209 Table C.11: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ........... 210 Table C.12: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ......... 211 Table C.13: Actual time delay ....................................................................................... 212 Table C.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 213 Table C.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 214

xv

Table C.16: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 215 Table C.17: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 216 Table C.18: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 217 Table C.19: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 218 Table C.20: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 219 Table C.21: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 220 Table C.22: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 221 Table C.23: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 222 Table C.24: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 223 Table C.25: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 224 Table C.26: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 225 Table C.27: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 226 Table C.28: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 227 Table C.29: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 228 Table C.30: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 229 Table C.31: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 230 Table C.32: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 230 Table C.33: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 231 Table C.34: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 231

xvi

Table C.35: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 232 Table C.36: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 232 Table C.37: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 233 Table C.38: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 233 Table C.39: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 234 Table C.40: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 234 Table C.41: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 235 Table C.42: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 235 Table C.43: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 236 Table C.44: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 236 Table C.45: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 237 Table C.46: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 237 Table C.47: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 238 Table C.48: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 238 Table C.49: Application test of relay 1 (Time delay: 2 Cycles) .................................... 239 Table C.50: Application test of relay 2 (Time delay: 3 Cycles) .................................... 240 Table C.51: Exciter data ................................................................................................ 241 Table C.52: Generator data ............................................................................................ 241

xvii

1.0 Introduction
This report summarizes results from PSERC project T-30, Transient Testing of Protective Relays: Study of Benefits and Methodology, which was a joint project conducted by Texas A&M University (TAMU), Georgia Institute of Technology (GaTech) and Wichita State University (WSU). The TAMU team focused on the study of distance relay behavior under transient and dynamic conditions. The GaTech team studied generator protection test requirements and developed test methods. The WSU team approached load shedding relay test requirements and performed series of tests to evaluate their performance. All activities were aimed at specifying test requirements that reflect some difficult real time scenarios and implementing novel test methodology and tools to perform such tests.

2.0 Part I: Distance Relay Test (TAMU)

2.1 Introduction The security and reliability of power system highly depend on the performance of the thousands of relays. The correct operation of protective relay is supposed to clear the fault, as well as reduce and/or eliminate the impact of disturbances on power system. On the contrary, unintended or incorrect operation may further deteriorate the system condition and even jeopardize the stability of the entire system. A review of major system disturbances, such as blackouts, indicates that a fatal consequence of a disturbance is more likely to be caused by an unintended operation of a protective relay rather than the non-action [1]. Appropriate relay testing should help validate the design of the relay logic, compare the performance of different relays, verify selection of relay settings, identify vulnerable conditions apt to causing unintended operations, and carry out post-event analysis for the understanding of unintended or incorrect relay behavior. Many scientists and engineers have put much effort in developing testing tools and methodologies. The Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society formed the working group for Relay Performance Testing (I-13) in 1989, which promoted development of new relay test approaches. This section of the report describes the test classification, methodology, power system modeling, test scenario generation, and creation of library of test case for testing distance relays for transmission line protection. It also comments on implementation and execution of tests on distance relays in TAMUs lab, as well as on the results obtained by such tests. According to the difference in the input signals, the relay tests can be classified into two categories: phasor-based and transient-based. Phasor-based relay tests: Predefined phasors representing different pre-fault and fault condition are used. Test waveforms can be derived by simulation from a simple power system model. The ideal sinusoidal signals are then replayed into relay inputs. By adjusting the magnitude and angle of the signals, the operating characteristic of a relay is measured and compared to a generic one or the one given by the vendor. Phasor-based relay testing method is a traditional one, which was widely used in the field in the past. This steady state method cannot represent an actual situation during a fault and may not be used to fully verify the security or dependability of a relay [2]. Transient-based relay tests: Transient signals used during testing represent actual transients generated during faults. They are replayed into a relay through a digital simulator. The transient signals can be obtained from simulated fault scenarios or recorded waveforms from substations. Results of transient-based relay testing are more

accurate than those of traditional phasor-based methods because the waveforms are much closer to the real fault signals [3]. 2.2 Test Methodology The test methodology including comprehensive power system modeling, generating test scenarios, automating simulation and forming test case library is given as follows: Select standard power system models suitable for creating different disturbance scenarios. Generate a set of test scenarios through simulation, and/or collect disturbances of interest from digital fault recorder (DFR) and blackout events. Form a library of test cases for easy reuse and utilization as a reference. Automate the simulation to minimize the test time. Implement comparative tests for a set of different relays with similar functions. Collect relay response events, analyze the results and summarize them in a test report with comparative results. 2.2.1 Test Classification

The transient tests for distance relay were the focus of the TAMU group study. Two different types of tests with different test objectives are defined: conformance test and compliance test. The transient-based method is used to implement the conformance and compliance test on distance relays at TAMU labs. Conformance Test: The objective is to test the basic functionality of the relays, verify the operating characteristics, calibrate relay settings and implement periodic maintenance test. The concern of this test is the statistical performance related to the relay operating characteristic and tripping time. To fulfill this test, a batch of test cases with a variety of disturbance conditions including faults and non-faults are generated through simulation. Compliance Test: The objective of compliance application test is to verify whether a relay can operate correctly under peculiar circumstances in power system particularly during abnormal operating conditions. That is to say, this type of test is to investigate the compliance feature that real performance of a protective relay complies with its expected performance. The concern of this test is the trip/no trip response and relay operating time performance under specific scenarios. A typical example is the use of the recorded data to analyze causes of an unwanted relay operation in a post-event analysis. 2.2.2 Test System Model

Power System Model for Conformance Test Two power system models are used to simulate disturbances for the conformance test and compliance test: IEEE PSRC system and IEEE 14-bus system respectively. A reference model created by IEEE Power Engineering Society Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) used for conformance test is described in [4]. The one-line diagram is given in Figure 2.1. This system has three sources, four buses and single and parallel mutualcoupled overhead transmission lines. The detailed model is shown as Figure 2.2.

BUS 1 nZL2 S1
Fault Location

BUS 2 (1-n)ZL2

BUS 4

S2 ZM ZL4 (1-m)ZL1
CT PT

L5

mZL1

TR2
Alternate Potential Location RELAY SW Alternate Potential Location RELAY

BUS 3 S3

ZL3

Alternate Potential Location RELAY

Figure 2.1: One-line diagram for IEEE PSRC system

BUS1 S1 SRC1 L1RBK L4F3 L4F7 TR2L

L2F1

L2F3

L2F5

L2F7

BUS2 L4F1 L4F5 BUS4 TR2H S2

L1LBK

L1F1

L1F3

L1F5

L1F7

RELAY

RELAY L3RBK BUS3 SRC3 S3

L3F1

L3F3

L3F5

L3F7

B3BK

RELAY

Figure 2.2: Detailed model for IEEE PSRC system The ATPdraw implementation is given in Figure 2.3. This model is used for manual simulation by setting various individual scenarios.

Figure 2.3: ATPdraw model for IEEE PSRC system

Power System Model for Compliance Model The one-line diagram and ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system are given as Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5 [5]. It has 5 synchronous machines, 20 branches, 11 constant impedance loads, circuit breakers, and voltage and current measurements. Various power system disturbances can be simulated on this model as well as specific operating state study to find vulnerable conditions apt to cause relay unintended operations.

Figure 2.4: One line model for IEEE 14-bus system

Figure 2.5: ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system

2.2.3

Test Scenarios Generation

Test Scenarios for Conformance Test The IEEE PSRC reference system is used for conformance tests. Both automatic and manual simulation can be implemented in ATP [6]. The Batch simulation program is developed in MATLAB for PSRC reference model system is developed based on the text version of atp file [7]. The simulation block diagram is given in Figure 2.6. This set up can automatically simulate different fault scenarios with different fault types, locations, resistances and inception angles. The output of the waveforms can be PL4, MAT (converted by PL42MAT program) and COMTRADE (converted by PL42COM program). The ATPdraw model is developed for manually generating test cases as shown in Figure 2.7. For the batch simulation, the fault point should be within 10%-90% of the line length because an ATP basic model has limitation for distributed line model. For the fault positions between 0% and 10% between 90% and 100%, ATPdraw model is used. For each simulation, fault type, location, resistance and inception angle in this case need to be set manually and one scenario is generated at one time.

Figure 2.6: Batch simulation program block diagram

Figure 2.7: ATPdraw model for manual simulation For the conformance test using the IEEE PSRC reference system, two categories of scenarios are chosen: fault scenarios and non-fault scenarios. The detailed test items are given in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2. 6

a) Fault Scenarios (dependability) F1 Internal Fault: Verify whether the relay has successful detected internal faults. F2 External Fault: Verify whether the relay has not tripped for faults outside the protected zone. F2-1: faults on Line 2 F2-2: faults on Line 4 F3 One-End-Open Internal Fault: Verify the ability of the relay to detect a fault with no infeed. F4 Switch onto Fault: Verify the ability of the relay to detect a fault immediately after closing the line. F4-1: Bus-side Potential Transformer F4-2: Line-side Potential Transformer F5 Fault during Power Swing: Verify the ability of the relay to trip properly when a fault occurs during a power swing. F6 Internal Fault during Frequency Fluctuation: Verify the capability of relay to trip properly when the system frequency fluctuates within a normal range. F6-1: Frequency increases to 60.5Hz F6-2: Frequency decreases to 59.5Hz Table 2.1: Fault Scenarios for Conformance Test
Condition F1 F2-1 F2-2 F3 F4-1 F4-2 F5 F6-1 F6-2 Type AG, BC, BCG ABC AG, BCG BC, ABC AG, BC, BCG, ABC AG, BCG BC, ABC AG, BCG BC, ABC AG, BCG BC, ABC AG, BCG, BC, ABC AG, BCG, BC, ABC AG, BCG, BC, ABC Location [%] 0, 50, 70, 90 10, 50, 90 0, 50, 90 0, 50, 90 0, 50, 90 0, 50, 90 0, 50, 90 50, 90 50, 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 45, 90 Resistance [] 0, 5, 10, 25 0 0, 10, 25 0 0 0, 5 0 0, 25 0 0, 25 0 0 0 0

For the batch simulation, the fault point should be within 10%-90% of the line length (ATP limitation for distributed line model). For the positions within 0% and 100%, please note that the ATPdraw model is used.

b) No-fault Scenarios (security) N1 Line Closing: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip when line closing occurs. N1-1: Bus-side Potential Transformer N1-2: Line-side Potential Transformer N2 Loss of Potential: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of loss of phase voltage inputs. N3 Loss of Load: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of loss of load. N4 Restoring the Potential: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of restoring the voltage inputs. N5 Power Swing: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip during a power swing condition. N6 Load Encroachment: Verity the capability of the relay not to trip during heavy sload. Table 2.2: Non-fault Scenarios for Conformance Test
Condition N1 SW status Open Object Line 1 breakers Operation Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Remove S1, S2, S3 respectively after 2 cycles Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles Open SW after 2 cycles Restore S1, S2, S3 respectively after 2 cycles Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Power swing occurs after three-phase fault on Line 1 Increase the load on Bus 2 from normal to maximum

N2

Close

Source S1, S2, S3 Bus 4 breaker Bus 2 breaker SW Source S1, S2, S3 Line 1 Line 1

N3

Open Close

N4 N5 N6

Close Open

For load encroachment scenarios, the use of different impedances measured by relays at Bus 1 represents the various level of load increase. According to the system parameters, the secondary impedances under normal load and maximum load are 57.4 and 7.86 respectively. Four conditions whose corresponding secondary impedances are 31.88, 22.34, 12.74 and 7.90 were selected as the scenarios to execute the load encroachment logic testing. Test Scenarios for Compliance Test The first task for the application of compliance test is to select those possible scenarios which may cause relay unintended operation. Two approaches named steady state approach and dynamic state approach are proposed to achieve this task.

Steady state approach: This approach uses the steady state methods to find some transmission lines that are designated as vulnerable lines due to stressed operating conditions. Those important lines must have high security of the protection scheme. For a given system, topology processing method [8] will find the lines, such as tie-lines, or single-connection lines whose outage will disconnect the generator, load or even part of an area, parallel lines, long lines, etc. Power flow method is used to identify transmission lines which may have overload conditions and whose connected buses may have low voltage problems. Under such conditions, the apparent impedance seen by distance relays may fall into their backup protection zones. They may trip the lines and trigger the cascading outage. Dynamic state approach: This approach studies the protective relays in dynamic conditions such as the case when after the fault and its clearing, the power swing occurs, which may confuse some distance relays as the apparent impedance may fall into the protection zones. The relays may operate as not intended and cause conditions that may result in further tripping. The dynamic apparent impedance phasors can be retrieved from the time domain transient stability analysis and such waveforms are evaluated to select the power system scenarios of interest for the application relay tests [9]. For a large system, the number of relays that need to be carefully evaluated in detail will be greatly reduced by using this approach. By having a digital relay model embedded in EMTP/ATP [10] one can select a group of scenarios that could cause relay unwanted operation. The EMTP/ATP relay model can be connected to the transmission line models from the list created by the steady state and dynamic state study selections. We can obtain each relay actions through a set of contingency scenarios. If incorrect relay operation is found, that scenario will be recorded and saved into the test case library, which will be used to validate behavior of physical relays. The following conditions were used for tests using the IEEE 14-bus system for the compliance test: [A1]: Single 3-phase fault with critical clearing time (CCT) at the base load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing. [A2]: Single 3-phase fault with critical clearing time (CCT) at the increased load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing and overload conditions. [A3]: Two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with CCT, at the base load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing. [A4]: Two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with CCT, at the increased load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing and overload. To see relay performance during out of step condition both at the base load and overload conditions, the following tests are performed: [A5]: Out of step: single 3-phase fault with clearing time larger than CCT at the base load condition.

[A6]: Out of step: single 3-phase fault with clearing time larger than CCT at the increased load condition. [A7]: Out of step: two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with clearing time larger than CCT, at the base load condition. [A8]: Out of step: two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with clearing time larger than CCT, at the increased load condition. Table 2.3: Test scenarios for Compliance Tests
Purpose Verify the relay ability not to trip at stable power swing Verify the relay ability not to trip at stable power swing and overload conditions Verify the relay ability not to trip at stable power swing Verify the relay ability not to trip at stable power swing and overload conditions To see the relay performance at out of step condition To see the relay performance at out of step condition To see the relay performance at out of step condition To see the relay performance at out of step condition Test Sequence 3-phase fault, with critical clearing time (CCT), base load condition 3-phase fault, with critical clearing time (CCT), increased load condition Two successive 3-phase faults, first with fixed clearing time, second with CCT, base load condition Two successive 3-phase faults, first with fixed clearing time, second with CCT, increased load condition 3-phase fault, with clearing time larger than CCT, base load condition 3-phase fault, with clearing time larger than CCT, increased load condition Two successive 3-phase faults, first with fixed clearing time, second with clearing time larger than CCT, base load condition Two successive 3-phase faults, first with fixed clearing time, second with clearing time larger than CCT, increased load condition Test Variations Fault location: 10%, 50%, 90% Same as above Same as above

[A1] [A2] [A3]

[A4]

Same as above

[A5] [A6] [A7]

Same as above Same as above Same as above

[A8]

Same as above

The purpose of those test scenarios is to study the influence of stable power swing, out of step and overload conditions on distance relays. 2.2.4 Test Case Library

For each of the relay types considered, a library of power system models and disturbance scenarios was created. As shown in Figure 2.8, the test scenarios generated for the application of conformance test and compliance test are placed into the library. The abnormal power system operating conditions and vulnerable transmission lines which may cause relay unintended operations can also be described and stored into the library. The scenarios of interest from digital fault recorder (DFR) records and blackout events can be added to the library as well. The test case library can be used widely as reference test cases for relay performance evaluation and trouble shooting.

10

Figure 2.8: Test case library 2.3 Test Implementation Two automatic conversion programs are developed in C++. One is to convert from MAT file (generated through MATLAB/ATP) to RLA file (Relay Assistant software [11] file), whose interface is shown in Figure 2.9. Another is to convert from ATP file to COMTRADE file [12], as shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.9: Program interface for converting MAT file to RLA file

Figure 2.10: Program interface for converting ATP file to COMTRADE file

11

2.3.1

Test Procedure

The procedure of performing relay test is described as follows: 1) Generate test scenarios. Test cases (ATP, MAT or COMTRADE file) are generated through batch simulation program (ATP and MATLAB) and/or cases of interest are selected from digital fault recorder (DFR) files or blackout event files. 2) Convert Data format. The program developed in C++ is used to automatically convert various formats of test cases to the format which can be recognized by Relay Assistant software, such as COMTRADE. 3) Create test session. The test session is created by loading selected test cases with Relay Assistant software. Each test session contains specific scenarios sorted by different types of disturbances or power system operating conditions. For example, the fault session can be sorted by fault type, location, inception angle and resistance. Figure 2.11 and Figure 2.12 show the loading process and the loaded waveforms displayed in Relay Assistant software user interface.

Figure 2.11: Example for loading test cases

Figure 2.12: Example for waveforms displayed by Relay Assistant software 12

4) Set protective relays. The relay settings group corresponding to a given transmission line and protection scheme is activated from the relay front-panel buttons or through the relay setting program. 5) Execute simulation. The signal waveforms (voltage and current) are sent to the digital simulator to generate the real voltage and current signals for relays. 6) Collect relay response or event report. The relay responds to the input signals for each case and generates an event report containing the detailed operation information. The trip signals are captured by simulator as output signals and used to automatically calculate an operation feature such as tripping time. The event reports are collected by the file retrieval program for further study. Figure 2.13 and Figure 2.14 show the relay response captured by Relay Assistant software and event report containing oscillography data recorded as COMTRADE file.

Figure 2.13: Example of test result for internal fault

Figure 2.14: Example of event report shown as oscillograph

13

Figure 2.15 gives the framework for software implementation.

Figure 2.15: Software framework for relay testing By executing the simulation, the signal waveforms (voltage and current) are sent from computer to the digital simulator I/O box to generate the real voltage and current for the relays. The distance relay will respond to the waveforms and send trip signal to the simulator digital (contact) inputs if a fault is detected. Also the digital inputs can be sent to relays through simulator digital outputs for certain purpose, such as the trip circuit breaker signal, etc. Then the trip signal and event report are collected to analyze the relay performance. Field recordings can also be replayed in Relay Assistant software to test relays. 2.3.2 Laboratory Setup

The laboratory setup is shown in Figure 2.16. The major components include a PC used to run related software programs, a digital simulator used to generate real voltage and current signals and the physical relay under test. A commercial software program called Relay Assistant residing on the PC communicates with digital simulator. It is capable of sending transient voltage and current data and receiving contact status data [11]. The digital simulator applies the voltage and current waveforms to the relay and records the relay trip contact status. A relay setting software program residing on the PC communicates with the relay to configure relay settings and an automated relay file retrieval software program residing on the PC communicates to the relay to automatically retrieve relay event reports triggered by certain pre-set conditions. The connections between computer, digital simulator (amplifiers and D/A converters), and distance relay are marked in Figure 2.16.

14

The test environment including the software and hardware as shown in Figure 2.17 describes the flow of relay test execution.

Figure 2.16: Laboratory setup for relay testing

Figure 2.17: Block diagram for relay test environment 2.4 Test Results The SEL 321, SEL 421 and GE D60 distance relays were selected for the study. Table 2.4 lists their functions and software used for interfacing with computer. Comparative study was carried out to evaluate these relays performance. Table 2.4: Functions and software for selected distance relays
Type SEL-421 SEL-321 GE-D60 Function High-speed Line Protection, automation, and control system Phase and ground distance relay Transmission line distance relay Manual [13][14] [16] [18] Software SEL-5030 [15] SEL-5010 [17] UR Setup [19]

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2.4.1

Power System Data for Conformance Test

For the Conformance Test, IEEE PSRC system is used. Relays are applied at Bus1 to protect Line 1. Figure 2.18 shows the one-line diagram of transmission line model and relays position. Table 2.5 lists the power system data for this application.

Figure 2.18: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Conformance Test

Table 2.5: Power system data for Conformance Test

Parameter Nominal system line-to-line voltage Nominal relay current Nominal frequency Line 1 length Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1 Zero-sequence mutual coupling: Z0M Source Bus1 impedances: Z1B1, Z0B1 Line 4 impedances: Z4L1, Z4L2 PTR (potential transformer ratio) CTR (current transformer ratio) Ratio of CTR to PTR: k Phase rotation Value 230kV 5A secondary 60Hz 45miles 41.084.20 primary, 113.281.70 primary 72.2380.29250 primary 17.7869.930 primary, 8.7972.120 primary 33.7782.920 primary, 70.4481.230 primary 230kV: 100V = 2300 2kA: 5A = 400 0.1739 ABC

In order to calculate relay settings, the power system impedance should be converted from primary to secondary using ratio k. Table 2.6 lists the corresponding secondary impedances. Table 2.6: Secondary impedances for Conformance Test
Parameter Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1 Zero-sequence mutual coupling: Z0M Source Bus1 impedances: Z1B1, Z0B1 Line 4 impedances: Z4L1, Z4L0 Value 7.1384.20 secondary, 19.6881.70 secondary 12.5680.29250 secondary 3.0969.930 secondary, 1.5372.120 secondary 5.8782.920 secondary, 12.2581.230 secondary

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2.4.2

Power System Data for Compliance Test

For the Compliance Test, IEEE 14-Bus system is used. Relays are applied at Bus2 to protect the transmission line between Bus2 and Bus3. Figure 2.19 gives the one-line diagram of transmission line model and relays position. Table 2.7 lists the power system data for this application.

Figure 2.19: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Compliance Test

Table 2.7: Power system data for Compliance Test

Parameter Nominal system line-to-line voltage Nominal relay current Nominal frequency Line length Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1 PTR (potential transformer ratio) CTR (current transformer ratio) Ratio of CTR to PTR: k Phase rotation Value 138kV 5A secondary 60Hz 33miles 20.3576.640 primary, 50.8876.590 primary 1.4876.640 secondary, 3.6976.590 secondary 138kV: 100V = 1380 500A: 5A = 100 0.0725 ABC

2.4.3

Distance Relay Setting

To fully test the relay functionality and operating characteristic three zone protection schemes are applied in three selected relays. These applications are for a single circuit breaker, three-pole tripping cases. Some functions, such as power swing, load encroachment, etc, are applied as well to calibrate the relay performance during particular power system operating conditions. The applied functions are described as follows: Three zones of phase (mho) and ground (mho) distance protection Zone 1 forward-looking, instantaneous under reaching protection, covers 80% of the protected line. Zone 2 forward-looking, time-delayed trip covers 100% of the protected line. Zone 3 forward-looking, time-delayed trip covers 100% of the protected line, backup protection for the adjacent downstream line.

17

 Switch Onto Fault (SOTF) protection, fast tripping when the circuit breaker closes (This item is not applicable for Compliance Test). Power swing, Out-of-step logic, prevents unintended tripping when power swing occurs. Load encroachment logic, prevents unintended tripping during increasing load conditions. Table 2.8 gives a brief summary of the functions applied for conformance test and compliance test. The setting tables for tested relays are given in Appendix A.1. They provide the crucial setting values for both conformance test and compliance test so that the test can be repeated. Table 2.8: Functions table applied for test
Function/Element Fault Location Phase Distance Ground Distance Switch Onto Fault Power Swing/ Out of Step Load Encroachment Conformance Test Enabled Mho 3-Zone Mho 3-Zone Enabled Enabled Enabled Compliance Test Enabled Mho 3-Zone Mho 3-Zone Disabled Enabled Enabled

2.4.4

Test Results and Analysis

According to the number of test repetitions for each test scenario, the test approach can be divided into two classes: random tests and statistical tests. For the random tests, each test case is applied only once, and the relay responses (trip or no trip, trip zone and trip time) are recorded. For the statistical tests, some interesting scenarios are selected and repeated 30 times, and the relay responses of each test are recorded to calculate the trip or no trip rate, maximum trip time, minimum trip time, mean trip time and deviation of trip time if the relays trip. The comparative results among the three relays are studied as well. The complete test results for all the test items listed in section 2.3.3 (Test Scenarios Generation) as shown in Table 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 for the three selected distance relays can be found in Appendix A.2. Two examples to describe how the statistical test results would look like are given here. One example obtained by executing conformance test on SEL-421 relay is given in Table 2.9. In this example, different test cases were simulated for different type of faults, locations, and inception angles. Each test is repeated 30 times, and statistical methods are used for determining operating time for the tested relay. One can notice very interesting results with respect to differences in operating times for different fault conditions as well as differences between maximal and minimal values of operating time for the same fault condition.

18

Table 2.9: Example of statistical test results

Type AG AG AG BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Trip Zone I I II I I II I I II I I II No.T 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 MeanT [ms] 22.57 28.32 318.20 24.71 28.64 356.23 18.73 29.72 365.47 20.88 31.25 359.65 MaxT [ms] 24.30 30.90 357.1 26.40 30.30 357.1 20.10 31.20 370.3 21.90 33.40 361.3 MinT [ms] 20.60 27.40 313.4 22.50 26.80 355.1 17.90 28.10 360.0 20.00 29.30 357.2 Devtn [ms] 0.85 0.82 7.87 0.79 0.83 0.59 0.58 0.65 1.12 0.61 0.97 1.41

Another example obtained by applying conformance test is given in Figure 2.20. The figure depicts a comparative analysis of trip time vs. fault incidence location for three distance relays. Trip time shown in this figure is obtained statistically after several tests cases are repeated. Relays are set to operate in zone 1 coving 80% of the line. An interesting outcome is that the trip time, for some relays, becomes much longer than expected.

Figure 2.20: Example of comparative test results In general, the three relays operated correctly but some exceptions still exist as shown in Table 2.10, which summarizes their performance. Table 2.10: Summary for relays performance
Test Items F1 F2 F3-F6 N1-N6 A1-A7 SEL-421 Wrong trip Zone (Z1 Z2), delayed trip time. Zone 3 failed to trip Correct Correct Correct SEL-321 Wrong trip Zone (Z1 Z2), delayed trip time. Zone 3 failed to trip Correct Correct Correct GE D60 Wrong trip Zone (Z1 Z2), delayed trip time. Zone 3 failed to trip Correct Correct Correct

19

For the unexpected operations that occurred in scenarios F1, details are given in Appendix A.2 as shown in Table A.3, A.15 and A.27. It appears that the increased fault resistance caused the incorrect operations. Even SEL-321 failed to trip when the resistance increased to 10. All these incorrect operations occurred because of the use of Mho characteristic distance element. The situation can be improved by applying the Quadrilateral characteristic for the distance element. Zone 3 relay failed to trip as a backup protection for the adjacent downstream line under the condition of Phase A to ground fault at the 90% location of the adjacent line. Results are given in Table A.5, A.17 and A.29. Practically zone 3 protection elements are set to trip breakers after certain time delay from the time the phase distance element or ground distance element picks up so that coordination with zone 1 and zone 2 relays is achieved. In this application, the time delay was set to commonly used 60 cycles. From the Figure 2.21 captured from SEL-421 relay event, we can clearly see that ground distance element Z3G picked up instantaneously after single phase-to-ground fault occurred. Then a power swing developed followed, which appeared as fault type transition to the relay and caused phase distance element M3P to pick up. However, the apparent impedance seen by the relay changed due to the impact of developed power swing. Thus, the both two protection elements Z3G and M3P could not pickup and hold the pickup state for the preset time delay (used to coordinate with zone 1 and zone 2 relays), which finally resulted in failing to trip the breakers. Special protection scheme should be applied to improve the relaying system for this condition. This test case is added to the test case library as an interesting condition used to evaluate relay dependability feature.

Figure 2.21: Three-phase voltage and current waveforms from relay event There are some cases that relays operated during non-faulted conditions, such as power swing conditions listed in conformance test scenarios N5 as shown in Table 2.2 and compliance test scenarios A1-A4 as shown in Table 2.3, and load encroachment conditions listed in conformance test scenarios N6 as shown in Table 2.2. These

20

unintended relay operations were improved by utilizing out-of-step function and load encroachment function respectively, which are residing in relays as protection elements. Moreover, proper settings are essential for relaying scheme to solve the corresponding situations. Figure 2.22 and Figure 2.23 present these two functions and their parameters. Settings for the cases tested in the project can be found in Appendix A.1. These cases discussed above are related to the relay security characteristics, which can also be added to the test case library.

Figure 2.22: Out-of-step function and parameters

21

Figure 2.23: Load encroachment function and parameters These results provide important information which was not documented in the relay manuals, and which definitely may affect proper coordination and application performance of the relaying schemes. The conformance test results evaluate the operating features and indicate that other function elements should be applied to improve the dependability of the relaying scheme. The compliance test results indicate that the zone 3 relays operated incorrectly during some unusual power system operating conditions. Thus, some special schemes should be carried out to improve these situations. 2.5 Future Work The unintended operation of protective relays may cause cascades when power system operates in abnormal conditions such as increasing heavy loads followed by multiple line trips. Appropriate relay test can help evaluate relay performance, calibrate relay settings and figure out the vulnerable conditions apt to causing relay unwanted operation. The proposed test methodology includes the issues how to model power system used to generate disturbances and study specific conditions, how to select and generate test scenarios, and how to execute relay test in efficient way. An idea of forming a common model to be used in industry for simulating transmission line disturbances and faults, including cascading events, as well as forming a test case library for relay users so that the test scenarios can be used repeatedly as a reference when evaluating or purchasing relays should be pursued in the future.

22

3.0 Part II: Generator Relay Test (GaTech)

3.1 Overview This document describes a comprehensive test platform for transient testing of protective relays and its application to generator relay testing. Comprehensive transient testing of generator relays requires testing for a variety of events that should exercise all the functions of a modern generator relay. Most of the work has been focused on defining the events for which the generator relays should be tested. We refer to these as comprehensive set of generator transient events. The implementation of testing of generator relays against these events requires an engine for creating the transient data for these events and a platform to feed the transient data into a generator relay. For this purpose a new, physically-based generator model was developed (two axes model with access to generator windings for fault creation in the windings). The model has been useful in creating the transient data for the defined events. In addition, a platform for feeding the transient data into a system of amplifiers that create the actual voltages and currents to be fed into the generator relay has been developed. The overall project approach is illustrated in Figure 3.1.
Training on relay setup Begin relay testing (waveform playback)

Obtain new laboratory space

Ordering parts for scale model

Assembly Assembly of scale model

Setup Setup experiments permanently

Begin relay testing Test (scale model) Test the scale model

Development of generator model

Figure 3.1: Overall project approach This part of the report is organized as follows: Section 3.2 describes the platform for testing generator relays. Section 3.3 describes the generator relay testing procedure. Section 3.4 presents testing results and observations. Section 3.5 provides a number of observations and conclusions. There are several appendices supporting this report. Appendix B.1 provides a typical modern generator relay connection. Appendix B.2 provides a comprehensive list of events for testing generator relays. Appendix B.3 provides the high fidelity generator model that is part of the high fidelity simulator. The simulator is used to create the events

23

listed in Appendix B.2. Appendix B.4 provides example generator relay responses to specific events. Finally, Appendix B.5 provides the structure of the COMTRADE file. The COMTRADE standard is used for exchange of testing cases. 3.2 Description of Platform This section describes the platform for generator relay testing. The platform consists of software and hardware that can create the appropriate signals at the correct voltage levels for inputting into the relays. The section provides an overview of both the software and the hardware. The actual relays that are tested are (a) the Beckwith M3425-A, and (b) the SEL 300G generator relays. These relays were donated by Beckwith and SEL. A description of the relays is provided followed by the testing hardware and software. 3.2.1 Generator Protection Relays 3.2.1.1 Beckwith M3425-A

One of the relays used in this study is the Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay, illustrated in Figure 3.2. It was kindly donated by its manufacturer, whose support is hence greatly appreciated. The software to communicate with the relay through a serial or Ethernet connection is provided by the manufacturer. The provided software can be used to define relay parameters and protection scheme and retrieve recorded waveform data. Many aspects of the operation of this relay are described in a comprehensive instruction manual [20].

Figure 3.2: The Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay 3.2.1.2 SEL 300-G

The second relay used in this study is the SEL 300-G illustrated in Figure 3.3. It has also been donated by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL), and their support has been instrumental in the setup of the laboratory.

Figure 3.3: The SEL 300-G generator protection relay

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3.2.2. Overview of the Testing Platform A flexible testing platform has been developed to perform protective relay testing. The overall testing platform is illustrated in Figure 3.4. The testing platform can reproduce the voltage and current waveforms seen in the field by protective relays. Such simulated signals are then sent to the different inputs of the tested relay. Specifically, these signals are generated by simulating the power system under study on a computer. An event is simulated in the system, and voltage and current waveforms at the location of the VT and CT that are connected to the relay are recorded. With proper scaling factors, these waveforms replicate the outputs of voltage transformers (VTs) or current transformers (CTs). The recorded computer waveforms are then transformed into electrical signals using a D/A converter and an amplifier. Finally, each output of the D/A converteramplifier block is equivalent to the output of a VT or a CT, and is sent to the proper input of the relay under test. The constituent parts of the testing platform of Figure 3.4 are described in detail in sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4.

Signal Amplifier Host Computer Theater Signal Amplifier High-Fidelity Simulator Comprehensive Generator Model PCI Board/Waveform Generator

Transformer Bank Step-up Transformers

Generator Relay

Figure 3.4: Overview of the testing platform 3.2.3 Software

The first component of the testing platform is the high-fidelity simulation software (program WinIGS-T). This computer program models the power system more accurately than most of the other existing approaches. Precise models of power system components allow an accurate simulation of a variety of events encountered by protective relays. The ability to simulate these events in a laboratory setup provides a benchmark for the robustness of the parameters entered in the considered generator protection schemes. In this section a concise description of the software is provided. Elsewhere in the report this software is utilized to develop transient waveforms for testing generator relays. The data are stored in COMTRADE format and therefore can be used by other testing devices. 3.2.3.1 High-Fidelity Modeling and Simulation

The simulation software is based on full three-phase models of power system components that are described in terms of their physical parameters. An example is provided in Figure 3.5. Models include transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and synchronous generators. All connections between the different models are explicitly represented with bus-bar links and switchgear. This approach uses actual device parameters instead of 25

equivalent sequence parameters. The simulator accurately simulates the dynamics of the models by using the quadratic numerical integration method, which is more precise compared to other methods commonly used in power system analysis. The quadratic integration method has significant advantages in terms of numerical properties and can hence provide realistic results for a complete range of generator, transformer, and transmission line events that can be tested in a laboratory setting.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.5: Sample model definitions in the high-fidelity simulator software: (a) transmission line physical design parameters and (b) three-phase substation bus connections 3.2.3.2 Comprehensive Generator Model

The focus of this part of the project is on testing generator relays. It is therefore desirable to capture as many characteristics common to all of the generators as possible to simulate a response of the generator that is as close to field observations as possible. To achieve the highest accuracy possible, the software platform includes a full time domain, transient, two-axis synchronous generator model. This model is described in greater detail in Appendix B.3. Figure 3.6 illustrates the user interface for this model. The generator model is physically based, with explicit representation of the actual stator and rotor physical windings. Faults can therefore be simulated anywhere in the coils of the generator, without any model complications and therefore this model can be used to study and test the effectiveness of 100 % stator protection schemes. Harmonics generated by the actual, non-sinusoidal winding layout are also accurately simulated, resulting in a complete and accurate generator representation.

26

(b) (a) Figure 3.6: Comprehensive generator model of the software platform: (a) parameter definition window and (b) visual representation of the connection points 3.2.3.3 Waveform Generation from Scenario Analysis

The simulation software has the capability to output the computed (simulated) waveforms in the IEEE COMTRADE format [21]. The COMTRADE format is commonly used between equipment manufacturers to exchange transient waveform data. The main characteristics of COMTRADE files are compactness and ease of implementation. Once recorded, the waveforms can be transferred to a computer for offline analysis and further processing. A description of the IEEE COMTRADE format for the purpose of relay testing can be found in Appendix B.5. Within the simulation software there is output processing software that can present the data in various forms, for example, the rms value of a certain waveform, the frequency of a certain waveform, the phase angle of a certain waveform, etc. In other words, the COMTRADE file may contain a number of time domain waveforms of physical quantities, such as voltages and currents, also and computed waveforms such as phasors, frequency, etc. Figure 3.7 illustrates these capabilities. Using the above procedures a number of events have been simulated and the results stored in COMTRADE format. These events will be described in subsequent sections. The actual COMTRADE files have been uploaded in a web site for use by persons involved in this project. The link to this web site is: http://www.xyz.com/.

27

Simulated event

WinIGS test case models

Quasistatic time-domain simulation (phasor info)

Creation of full timedomain waveforms

Generated full time-domain waveform

To COMTRADE file To arbitrary waveform generator interface Figure 3.7: Simulation output in various forms stored in a COMPTRADE file 3.2.3.4 Summary

The implementation of the software portion of the relay testing platform is summarized in Figure 3.8.

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Simulated Event

Simulated Waveforms WinIGS Test Case Models COMTRADE File With Simulated Waveforms

Host Computer

Figure 3.8: Summary of the software portion of the testing platform 3.2.4 Test Bench The second component of the testing platform is a test bench to reproduce conditions in an actual power system that the tested relays have to protect. 3.2.4.1 Waveform Generator

After simulating the power system, waveforms of interest are recorded and played back to different types of relays. A computer-controlled waveform generator is utilized to generate voltage and current signals from the stored COMTRADE files. A D/A converter and signal generator from National Instruments translates waveform data to analog signals. The 10 V generated signals are amplified using theater sound equipment. The 30 V outputs of the sound equipment (audio amplifiers) are then stepped up to standard relay voltages and currents (69 V or 115 V and 1 A or 5 A) through a transformer bank. The final signals are directly sent to the relays, as they replicate the outputs of the VTs and CTs in an actual power system. The layout of the test bench is presented in Figure 3.9. A picture of the actual setup is shown in Figure 3.10.

COMTRADE File With Simulated Waveforms

Emulated CT/PT output

PCI Board Waveform Generator 10 V

Transformer Bank Step-up Transformers

115 V, 5A

Trip!

30 V, 5A Host Computer Generator Relay Signal Amplifier

Figure 3.9: Test bench layout

29

Figure 3.10: Picture of the actual laboratory setup 3.2.4.2 Scale Model

In addition to the previously described testing platform, an alternative testing method has been developed using a scaled power system model. The scale model represents a simplified power system consisting of three substations, a generating substation, and two transmission substations. The scaling factor is 1000:1. Despite the scaling, the model includes all major elements of an actual power system, including transmission lines, a source behind a step-up transformer, circuit breakers, disconnect switches, as well as potential and current transformers for instrumentation. The source utilizes the output of the waveform generator mentioned above. The scale model is used to test transient relay response under actual rather than simulated conditions. Such conditions may also include imbalances (inherent imbalances from transmission line construction) and asymmetrical conditions (one or two phases disconnected). The model itself does not replicate the effect of the rest of the system to the voltage source, since there is no feedback loop between the two. The scale model is integrated with the rest of the testing platform as it is illustrated in Figure 3.11. Construction details of the scaled power system are described in [33], [34].

30

Generator Model Simulated Waveforms

Scale Model With All Instrumentation

PCI Board Waveform Generator Scale Model Measurements

Trip!
Host Computer Signal Amplifier Transformer Bank Generator Relay

Figure 3.11: Test bench layout for relay testing with a scale model 3.2.4.3 Auxiliary Independent Voltage and Current Channels

Relay testing utilizing either of the two systems described above requires the use of independent voltage and current channels to generate the input signals to the relays at the appropriate level. Specifically, the output of the scaled model of the power system or the output of the COMTRADE data converted into analog are in general low level signals. The independent voltage and current channels simply amplify these signals to levels appropriate for input to the relays under test. The independent voltage and current channels are designed to accept the output of (a) the PC-controlled D/A converter and the existing theater amplifier or (b) the output of the scaled power system model. As an example, the schematic of the voltage channel is illustrated in Figure 3.12, and its actual layout is shown in Figure 3.13.

31

Figure 3.12: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing (schematic, includes neutral voltage)

32

Figure 3.13: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing (actual layout) The independent current channels have a similar design. For generator relay testing, a minimum of four independent voltage channels and three independent current channels are required. 3.2.5 Virtual Relay Testing For completeness we discuss the process of virtual relay testing. The basic idea/objective of the virtual relay testing is to test the manufacturers relay software directly without the need to generate actual voltage and current inputs to the relay. Thus, the principle of virtual testing is to perform the tests using only the binary code of the relay firmware. Configuration and waveform data can be directly sent to the inputs of the relay functions, and the relay outputs can be processed on the host computer with the benefits of specialized analysis software. As a result, virtual testing eliminates the constraints of a hardware setup, including waveform generation, wiring, and communications, and facilitates the testing of the relays. Therefore, all the relay testing is performed on a host computer as it is illustrated in Figure 3.14. There is one major obstacle to virtual relay testing, however. Specifically, manufacturers must be willing to provide the binaries of their relay functions, and this is currently not the case. This approach also requires that manufacturers document the interface parameters of their algorithms before the tests can be performed. Possible applications of virtual relay testing are described in [22] and [23].

33

Simulated Event

Simulated Waveforms WinIGS Test Case Models

010010 110011 001110 101101

Relay Firmware Function/Logic

Trip!

Host Computer

Figure 3.14: Virtual relay testing principle 3.3 Generation Relay Testing Setup This section presents the generator relay testing procedure. A test system has been created for testing generator relays. The test system has been so selected as to be able to create the events required for a comprehensive transient generator testing, i.e., cable of creating all the transient events that are pertinent to generator relay operation. 3.3.1 Purpose

Protective relays are usually tested against simplified generator models that do not account for variations in the electrical properties of the generator. Many factors such as soil properties may vary with the location and generator and affect the grounding impedance. Relays with identical settings and protecting the same type of generators are expected to respond identically to a given power system event since the protection schemes are digitally implemented. In reality, the responses may vary because the relays operate in slightly different environments. Also, the waveforms seen by a relay may be affected by factors internal or external to the system. More generally, it is necessary to ensure the settings entered by protection engineers are consistent with the intended protection scheme. The purpose of the tests is to verify a consistent behavior of the relays regardless of the protected generator and to check that the intended protection schemes are robust against the actual parameters of the system. 3.3.2 Event Simulation and Testing Procedure

The testing procedure for the available generator relays is as follows, and it can also be applied to other types of protective relays. A set of events, including faults, imbalances, over- and under-excitation is applied to a test system, and the behavior of the different relay functions are checked against the intended protection scheme. The tests concern all individual functions of the relay for each event, as some scenarios call certain functions to target or trip and other functions to remain passive. The robustness of the applied protection scheme is tested using different variants of the test system, where differences consist in minor changes in the generator parameters. For both variants of the system, a 34

response that is identical to the intended protection scheme is expected. 3.3.3 Description of Test System #1

The first test system is illustrated with the following simplified network model in Figure 3.15.
Generator Breaker

BUSG

BUS1

BUS2BUS3

FARSRC

IM

SECBUS1

Figure 3.15: Network schematic of test system #1 The test system above includes most aspects of the generator configuration. Specifically, the network above consists of a comprehensive generator model behind a step-up transformer, connected to an infinite source via a transmission line. An equivalent load is present at the infinite source side to represent load conditions in the rest of the system. The grounding connections of the generator and the transformer secondary are an integral part of the test system. It is extremely important for all grounding aspects to be accurately modeled. Indeed, the magnitude of ground fault currents is tied with the impedance of the ground connection. As a result, explicit, comprehensive models of the generator and transformer grounding are provided. The grounding scheme includes a low-rated resistor at the secondary of a grounding transformer placed between the generator neutral and the remote earth. Moreover, solid and resistive grounding can be modeled for both the generator and the transformer. With such a comprehensive model of generator grounding, it is possible to simulate a wide range of conditions and submit the resulting voltage and current waveforms to the generator protection relay for testing. 3.3.3.1 Generator Model

The full time transient generator model developed for this project is described in Appendix B.3. This is a 800 MVA, 15 kV generator operating at 60 Hz. Line-to-neutral voltage: 8.66 kV 800 Nominal (base) current: I Base = = 30.8 kA 15 3

35

3.3.3.2

Generator and Transformer Grounding

The test system provides an explicit model for generator and transformer grounding. The grounding scheme in the test case is equivalent to the one illustrated in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16: Generator and step-up transformer grounding scheme The grounding resistor is 1 behind a 8.66 kV/240 V single-phase grounding transformer that sits between the generator neutral and the earth (Figure 3.17). The lowside of the grounding transformer is connected to the same remote earth. The neutral of the high-side of the step-up transformer is also connected to the same remote earth through a grounding path. Note that the grounding path for the step-up transformer has a resistance of 5 .
Single Phase Transformer/Centertapped Secondary
Title
Transformer with Secondary Centertap (Single Phase)

Accept Cancel

Transformer Rating (kVA) Side 1 kV Rating Side 2 kV Rating Series Resistance (pu) Series Reactance (pu) Side 1
BUS1_N

15.0 8.66 0.24 0.005 0.035

Terminal Names

Side 2
SECBUS1_L1 SECBUS1_NN

BUS1_G 1

SECBUS1_L2

Circuit Number

Figure 3.17: Settings for the generator grounding transformer

36

3.3.3.3

Step-up Transformer Model Settings

The transformer is a delta-wye step-up 600 MVA transformer. Low-side voltage is 15 kV, high-side transmission voltage is 230 kV (Figure 3.18).

3-Phase Transformer
Side 1 Bus
BUS1A 15.0

Cancel

Accept

Transformer (Two-Winding, Three-Phase)

c a

Side 2 Bus
BUS2 230.0

kV
Wye

kV
Wye

Delta

b a

Delta

Phase Connection

Standard Alternate

30

Transformer Rating (MVA) Winding Resistance (pu) Leakage Reactance (pu) Nominal Core Loss (pu) Nominal Magnetizing Current (pu)

600.0 0.004 0.075 0.002 0.005

Tap Setting (pu) Minimum (pu) Maximum (pu) Number of Taps Circuit Number

1.0 1.0 1.0 1

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M104 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.18: Settings for the generator step-up transformer

3.3.3.4

Transmission Line Parameters

The transmission line is a 10-mile section with three phase overhead conductors and shield wires. The line operates at 230 kV (Figure 3.19).

37

3-Phase Overhead Transmission Line

Three-Phase Overhead Transmission Line

Accept
Cancel 28.0' N1 B1 A1 N1 C1

Phase Conductors Shields/Neutrals Tower/Pole

Structure Name

Type Size Type Size Type Circuit Number

JellowJacket

ACSR JOREE HS 5/16HS 101A

1

67.8 feet

Tower/Pole Ground Impedance (Ohms) 25.0 R= X=

Get From GIS

0.0

Line Length (miles) Line Span Length (miles) Soil Resistivity (Ohm-Meters)

10 0.1 100.0

GA. Power H-Frame WoodPole TOWER

Bus Name, Side 1

BUS4 Insulated Shields

Circuit Number
1

Bus Name, Side 2

FARSRC
230.0 Operating Voltage (kV) Insulation Level (kV) 100.0 FOW (Front of Wave) 100.0 BIL (Basic Insulation Level) 100.0 AC (AC Withstand)

Transposed Phases Transposed Shields

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M102 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.19: Settings for the transmission line in the test system

38

3.3.3.5

Equivalent Source and Infinite Bus

The source at the infinite bus has parameters illustrated in Figure 3.20 below.
Three Phase Source Behind Impedance
Equivalent Infinite Source Accept Cancel
Bus Name
132.79 230.0 0.0

Source Voltage
Line to Neutral Line to Line Phase Angle Phase Sequence kV kV Degrees
Update L-N Update L-L

FARSRC
A

Positive Negative Zero

C
B

Circuit Number

Source Impedance
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance

Ohms
0.13225 11.903 0.26450 13.886 0.52900 5.2900

PU
0.002 0.18 0.004 0.21 0.008 0.08

Base
800.0 230.0

MVA kV(L-L) kA Ohms

2.008 66.125

Update Ohms

Update PU

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M110 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.20: Settings for the equivalent source at the infinite source 3.3.3.6 Instrumentation Channels

Instrument channels are set as follows: Generator high-side PT: 15,000:120 (base line-to-neutral voltage is 8.66 kV and 69 V for the high and low side respectively, and the generator is moderately grounded (not solidly grounded)) Generator neutral PT: 4:1 (measurement taken from low-side of grounding transformer, ratio 240:69 3.5) Generator CT, low-side and high-side (standard ratio): 35,000:5 (base current is 30.8 kA) Generator neutral CT: 240:5 (measurement from secondary of grounding transformer, max current 240 A) PT/CT correction factor: we assume instrumentation channels are perfect. Therefore, all additive correction factors are set to zero, and all multiplicative correction factors

39

are set to unity. 3.3.4 Description of Test System #2

The second test system is depicted in Figure 3.21. The system consists of three generators operating at 15, 18, and 20 kV (Figure 3.22, Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24), three-phase and single-phase loads attached at the generator buses, and transmission lines connecting the generators together. There is an additional load between generators 1 and 3. All generators are behind step-up transformers that bring the voltage to 115 kV nominal. Like the first test system, the neutral of each generator is connected to a grounding transformer that carries a small resistance at its secondary. Meters capture the voltage and current phasors out of the phase terminals of the generator and the neutral. The meters also capture the frequency, real and reactive power, and rotor angle. The system is equipped with fault logic models to simulate a range of system events and monitor the response of the relay. The main focus is on Generator 1 (to the left in the figure). Waveforms with fault events are recorded for this generator and played back in the tested relays. This system is the starting point for a number of the tests described in this document, and the system is modified to accommodate some of the scenarios simulated.
GNDRES3

P, Q, f, rotorPos
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GEN3N

VA, VB, VC, VN

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

P, Q, f, rotorPos
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

LOAD3
1Ph
P/Q P/Q

GEN3H

GEN3

P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

IA, IB, IC, IN

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

VA, VB, VC, VN

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

IA, IB, IC, IN

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

P, Q, f, rotorPos
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

LINETERM1
1 2

LINETERM2

VA, VB, VC, VN

1 2
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GEN1

GEN1H
1Ph 1Ph

GEN2H

GEN2
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

IA, IB, IC, IN

GEN2N
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GEN1N

P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

P/Q

GNDRES1

GNDRES2

Figure 3.21: Network schematic of test system #2

40

Synchronous Generator Model

Generating Unit 1
Machine Identifier Circuit Number
N/A 1

Accept
Cancel
In Service

Machine Status Controls

Out of Service

Power Bus
GEN1
15.0 1.0

Nominal Voltage (kV) Voltage Setpoint (pu)

T
E

PV Control PQ Control Slack

Voltage Regulated Bus

GEN1
2.5

Other Parameters

Per Unit Inertia Constant Output Power Real Reactive

90.0 0.0 1.0

Minimum Power
0.0 -50.0

Maximum Power
100.0 50.0

MW MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor

Source Impedance Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance

Ohms
0.0022500 0.40500 0.0022500 0.42750 0.0022500 0.22500

PU
0.001 0.18 0.001 0.19 0.001 0.1

Base
100.0

MVA kV kA Ohms

15.000 3.849 2.250

Update Ohms

Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.22: Parameters for Generator 1 (Test System #2)

41

Synchronous Generator Model

Generating Unit 2
Machine Identifier Circuit Number
N/A 1

Accept
Cancel
In Service

Machine Status Controls

Out of Service

Power Bus
GEN2
18.0 1.0

Nominal Voltage (kV) Voltage Setpoint (pu)

T
E

PV Control PQ Control Slack

Voltage Regulated Bus

GEN2
3.0

Other Parameters

Per Unit Inertia Constant Output Power Real Reactive

90.0 0.0 1.0

Minimum Power
0.0 -100.0

Maximum Power
300.0 100.0

MW MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor

Source Impedance Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance

Ohms
0.0010800 0.19440 0.0010800 0.20520 0.0010800 0.10800

PU
0.001 0.18 0.001 0.19 0.001 0.1

Base
300.0

MVA kV kA Ohms

18.000 9.623 1.080

Update Ohms

Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.23: Parameters for Generator 2 (Test System #2)

42

Synchronous Generator Model

Generating Unit 3
Machine Identifier Circuit Number
N/A 1

Accept
Cancel
In Service

Machine Status Controls

Out of Service

Power Bus
GEN3
20.0 1.0

Nominal Voltage (kV) Voltage Setpoint (pu)

T
E

PV Control PQ Control Slack

Voltage Regulated Bus

GEN3
2.5

Other Parameters

Per Unit Inertia Constant Output Power Real Reactive

140.0 0.0 1.0

Minimum Power
0.0 -50.0

Maximum Power
200.0 50.0

MW MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor

Source Impedance Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance Resistance Reactance

Ohms
0.0020000 0.40000 0.0020000 0.38000 0.0020000 0.20000

PU
0.001 0.2 0.001 0.19 0.001 0.1

Base
200.0

MVA kV kA Ohms

20.000 5.774 2.000

Update Ohms

Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.24: Parameters for Generator 3 (Test System #2) 3.3.5 Beckwith Relay Setup 3.3.5.1 Connections and Wiring

A schematic of the connections between the relay and the generator are shown in Figure B.1 in Appendix B.1. This schematic is mostly derived from the connections diagrams in the relay manual [20], and it would apply in the case of an actual generator protected by the Beckwith relay. In this study, however, the generator instrumentation is simulated with software and reproduced using a signal generator and amplifier. The connections and wiring between the signal amplifier and the generator relay are shown in Figure B.6 in Appendix B.1. 3.3.5.2 Communications

The relay can be configured from a remote computer using serial communications through a null-modem cable. Alternatively, the relay can be configured using an Ethernet connection or even the front panel. The focus of this document is on serial communications to take advantage of the manufacturer-provided configuration software. The Beckwith M3425-A relay is built to listen to requests sent in a specific format known 43

as the BECO communications protocol (see [24] and [25] for more information). As a result, the relay does not check the presence of a client or provide a prompt interface with common terminal programs. When the relay receives a well-formed request, it responds by constructing a formatted message that the client can retrieve. Response messages may include requested data from the client such as set points, output status, and full oscillograph records. While it is possible to implement this protocol independently, the provided configuration software is a better choice for an initial approach. The software makes the protocol requirements transparent to the user by translating basic setup information into a request with the appropriate format. 3.3.5.3 Setup Software

The provided software consists of two separate computer programs: IPSCOM and IPSutility. IPSCOM is a general program to setup, monitor, and retrieve relay configuration and status data. It can translate and display the information retrieved from the relay in a number of textual and graphical ways. While most parameters of the relay can be set via IPSCOM, the program does not provide manual control of the output contacts. IPSutility is a lightweight program that can perform a limited number of operations. While very limited compared to IPSCOM, IPSutility can take control of the output contacts. A procedure to setup the relay and retrieve information is described in the following subsections. 3.3.5.4 General settings

Establishing communications with the relay when it is connected to a computer through a null-modem cable is very simple using the provided software: The communications port is set to COM1. The baud rate can be set to the highest supported value (9600 bps). Other fields are left untouched.

General settings pertain to the calibration of the relay and the availability of a number of features. The IPSCOM program provides the user interface to define the general settings (Figure 3.25).

44

Figure 3.25: General relay settings dialog box The user interface for general relay settings also provides inputs for the following parameters: nominal current and voltage, CT and PT configuration and ratios, according to the generator nominal voltage and current, and the instrumentation channel parameters defined in section 3.3.3; state of the inputs: closed or open; seal-in time for each of the channels.

Nominal CT secondary current and base frequency cannot be changed as they are built into the relay at the time of purchase. 3.3.5.5 Individual functions

Individual functions are configured using a specific screen for each function. The intrinsics of each function is described in the instructions book of the relay. The IPSCOM program also provides displays that summarize the parameters and status of all functions

45

in the relay. 3.3.5.6 GPS Synchronization

The tested relays can both synchronize their clocks to a signal provided from a GPS antenna. Both relays have an IRIG-B input that enables this capability. 3.3.6 Simulation of Power System Events

The high-fidelity simulation software allows faults to be placed anywhere in the system. Faults can be simulated anywhere along transmission lines, circuit connectors, as well as inside the windings of generator models and transformers. A number of events can be simulated with this model. First are faults outside of the generator and outside the protection range of the generator relay. These events include faults at the transformer or along the transmission line. For these events, the generator relay should not perform any action, unless a certain amount of time has elapsed. Second are events inside the protection range of the relay and events that concern the generator itself. These events include ground faults inside the generator, turn-to-turn faults along the stator of the generator, rotor faults, and excitation failures. The test simulates these generator events, and the response of the relays to such events is noted. The simulated events can be reproduced using WinIGS and following the suggested procedure provided in Appendix B.2. 3.3.7 Reporting Tests and Simulated Events The tests are reported in a relay response chart that contains a comprehensive set of events used to test the response of each of the functions of the relay. Two copies of the document are needed for each series of tests: one for the test itself and one for the intended response of the relay for each of the events listed. We provide a procedure to reproduce each event in the test system using the WinIGS software in Appendix B.2. An example response chart of the relay for each of the events simulated is given in Appendix B.4. 3.4 Basic Event Triggering and Oscillographic Record Analysis 3.4.1 Beckwith M3425-A

The Beckwith relay has the capability to record and store waveforms for a time window that covers an event in the system. 16 oscillograph channels are available to record and store various events. The waveform data can be downloaded at a later time to a remote computer using the IPSCOM program or any software that is compatible with the communication protocols of the relay. 3.4.1.1 Manual Event Triggering and Retrieval

It is possible to trigger the oscillograph and record measurements even if the relay does not detect any event in the system. The following was performed for this basic operation:

46

Generate three-phase, balanced sinusoidal voltages, RMS value 69 V, in positive sequence (120 degrees apart) using the waveform generator. Feed the voltage measurement inputs VA, VB, VC with the generated voltages (pins 38 to 43 at the back of the relay). Close output contact number 8 using the IPSutility.

With the default settings of the relay, closing an output contact using IPSutility triggers the oscillograph and records a target hit. Upon contact closing, visual feedback is provided by the relay with the target LED, the oscillograph trigger LED, and the output contact LED illuminated. In addition, the relay flashes target information on the front panel display (Figure 3.26).
Target and oscillograph trigger LED are lit. Screen flashes target information.

Output LED is lit.

Figure 3.26: Manual output contact control with IPSutility and visual feedback from the relay The records generated from this event can be viewed and/or erased using the IPSCOM program. Specifically, the oscillographic data can be downloaded in two formats: COMTRADE or the proprietary Beco format (Figure 3.27). For compatibility, files are downloaded in the COMTRADE format. Note that the relay can store up to 16 oscillograph records. The maximum number of records available can be configured from the relay front panel or the configuration software.

Figure 3.27: The oscillograph retrieval screen

47

3.4.1.2

Oscillographic Record Analysis

The waveform records comply with the 1999 version of the COMTRADE standard. The record consists of three files: a text configuration file, a data file in the binary format specified in the standard, and a header file. The configuration file is shown in Appendix E. Twelve analog measurement channels include the three line voltages, the six phase currents on each side of the coils, the neutral voltage and current, and one multi-purpose voltage. The file has provisions for 40 status channels, but only 14 channels are utilized to record the state of the 8 outputs and 6 inputs. Having fed the relay with generated waveforms, the downloaded COMTRADE data can be visualized to check consistency of the relay setup. The IGS-XFM program [22] and the Waveform Analyzers software [23], both developed at Georgia Tech for the study of protective relaying, can be used to display the data. Figure 3.28 shows an excerpt of the generated voltages seen by the relay. In addition, the figure includes a plot of the status of the output contact that has been toggled. By default, the length of the retrieved oscillographic record is 4.6 seconds. There are 4480 data points sampled at 960 Hz (16 times the base system frequency). Records may contain up to 472 cycles (7.8 seconds duration) at this fixed sampling rate. As expected, the recorded values for the voltage waveforms are about 97 V peak, and a RMS value that is stabilized between 68.80 and 68.95 V. The phases follow the positive sequence order. The plot for Output 8 shows its status changing from zero (open) to one (closed). Additionally, if the voltage inputs start less than 4 seconds before the output contact is triggered, the oscillograph is able to record the connection of the relay to the voltage source (Figure 3.29).

48

Input Voltages (V) 100 + + + +

++

VA
+

VB

VC
+

Output contact triggered

++ + + ++ + + ++ +

50

+ + ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ + ++ ++

VA + (V) VB (V) VC (V)

0 + +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ + + + + + + +

+

OUTPUT 8

-50

+ +

+ + ++ 3500000

+ + ++

+ + + + ++ 3530000 3540000 Time (s) + +

+ ++

+ 3510000

-100

3490000

3520000

Figure 3.28: Graphical sample of the waveforms and state of the output contact (Scaled up) recorded by the Beckwith relay. For readability, data points are shown for phase A voltage and output contact status only

49

Input Voltages (V) 100 + + 50 + +

V + A + +
+ +

VB

VC

+ + + + +

0 ++ +++++++++++ ++++++++++++

VA (V) VB (V) VC (V)

+ -50 + + + + 260000 270000 280000 +

+ + + + 300000

-100

290000

310000 Time (s)

Figure 3.29: Records of the initiation of the voltage supply to the relay 3.4.2 SEL 300-G The setup for the 300-G relay is performed through the SEL Acselerator QuickSet software [15]. The system settings applied for the M3425-A relay are entered in the 300G relay as well. The 300-G relay has the capability to record and store waveforms for time windows of different lengths to cover a variety of events in the system. The number of oscillograph records available is only limited by memory. The waveform data can be downloaded at a later time to a remote computer using the Acselerator program. The records generated from this event can be viewed and/or erased using the provided configuration software. Oscillograph data is downloaded in a proprietary event file (CEV) format before it can be converted to COMTRADE by the viewing software. 3.4.2.1 Event Triggering, Retrieval, and Analysis

It is possible to manually trigger the oscillograph and record measurements even if the relay does not detect any event in the system. This can be done directly using the configuration software. The waveform records comply with the 1991 version of the COMTRADE standard. The record consists of three files: a text configuration file, a data file in text format, and a header file. The file contains 12 analog measurement channels: phase, neutral, and

50

ground currents, phase and neutral voltages, power supply voltage, one multi-purpose voltage, and a record of the frequency. The file has provisions for over 400 status channels. The state of each function, output, and related variables is recorded in the file as well. The downloaded COMTRADE data can be visualized using the IGS-XFM program and the Waveform Analyzers software. By default, the length of the retrieved oscillographic record is 256 data samples at 960 Hz (16 times the base system frequency, total 266 ms). Analysis of event waveforms is described in the test case showing the same waveform sent to both relays for comparison.

51

3.5 Equations for the Protection Variables This section presents the basic protection variables in generating unit protective relays. It defines the notation and some basic tests to determine the proper connection to the inputs of the relay. 3.5.1 Variable Nom Pickup Op Restraint Suffix _X Suffix _x Notation Description Nominal CT secondary current (5 A) Pickup current (at CT secondary) Operating current (at CT secondary) Restraint current (at CT secondary) Functions All All 87 87

Corresponding variable on phase X on high- All voltage side of generator (X is A, B, or C) Corresponding variable on phase x on neutral All side of generator (x is a, b, or c)

3.5.2 Setup 1 Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only ~ ~ ~ ~ j120 ~ ~ j 240 ~ Va = V ; Vb = V e ; Vc = V e ; V = 1.0e jt p.u. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I A = I B = I C = 0; I a = I ; I b = I e j120 ; I c = I e j 240 ; I = I (t )e jt . This setup reproduces a turn-to-ground fault on all three windings of the generator simultaneously. In this case, the neutral current is equal to three times the zero sequence current which is also zero with all three windings shorted to the ground simultaneously. ~ ~ As a result, the neutral voltage can be neglected, and I N = 0, VN = 0 . 3.5.3 Setup 2 Same Currents In and Out ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = V ; Vb = Ve j120 ; Vc = V e j 240 ; V = 1.0e jt p.u. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = I a = I ; I B = I b = I e j120 ; I C = I c = I e j 240 ; I = I (t )e jt .

~ Va ~ IA

No current is lost in any phase from the neutral to the transformer side of the generator. This setup reproduces operating conditions that do not involve a fault or abnormal conditions within the generator windings, and may also represent turn-to-turn fault conditions.

52

3.5.4

Operating Current and Restraint Current

Operating current: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Op _ X = CTC I X I x = I X I x (assumes matching CTs and correction factor CTC = 1) Restraint current: ~ ~ ~ ~ CTC I X + I x I X + I x ~ I Restraint_X = = (same assumption) 2 2
3.6 Individual Protection Function Tests (M-3425A) 3.6.1 Common Procedures

The M-3425A relay offers protection engineers the possibility to use different sets of parameters simultaneously for the same relay function. This is as if the same function was duplicated within the relay. In particular, each set of parameters includes a different pickup level/zone and a different time delay. This is very useful for testing purposes as it is possible to compare different settings in parallel or to compare different settings with the same reference. Applicable functions, with at least two available sets of parameters, are as follows: 21, 24 (definite time only), 27, 27TN, 32, 40, 49, 50, 50DT, 59, 59N, 59X, 64F, 81, 81A, 81R, 87, IPSLogic Functions not listed above have only one set of parameters and cannot benefit from this common procedure: 24 (inverse time), 25, 46, 50N, 50BF, 50/27, 51N, 51V, 59D, 60FL, 64B, 64S, 67N, 78, 87GD, BM, TC
3.6.1.1 Time Delay Testing

In one of the parameter sets used as a reference, the time delay is set to the lowest value possible (1 cycle in most cases, which is an almost instantaneous output trigger), and a reference output channel is selected. For each of the remaining parameter sets, the time delay is set to values in increments up to the maximum possible delay, and an output other than the reference output is selected. The pickup setting is the same in all the parameter sets. Because the different parameter sets available can be enabled simultaneously, it is possible to compare the behavior of the function with different time delays in a single run. Specifically, the output switching times determine the accuracy of the time delays in the relay.
3.6.1.2 Pickup Testing

In one of the parameter sets used as a reference, the pickup setting is set to the lowest value possible. For the remaining parameter set(s), the pickup is set to values in increments up to the maximum range possible. The time delay in all the parameter sets is set to the minimum delay possible (in most cases 1 cycle for almost instantaneous tripping). Because the different parameter sets available can be enabled simultaneously, it is possible to compare the behavior of the function with different pickup settings in a single run. Specifically, the levels where the functions trigger determine the accuracy of
53

the pickup setting in the relay.

3.6.2 Function 87 Phase Differential 3.6.2.1 Description

This function trips when the operating current IOp exceeds a value that is a function of the restraint current. For the Beckwith relay, we think the equation of the characteristic, in term of RMS values, is max( I Pickup , I Restraint slope) if I Restraint < 2 I Nom I Op = I Restraint 4 slope otherwise The function takes one slope parameter and one pickup parameter. The function activates designated outputs after a set delay. The characteristic is shown in Figure 3.30. Settings for the IPSCOM program are shown in Figure 3.31.
Operating current (A) 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 Trip 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5

Block

10 15 Restraint current (A)

Figure 3.30: Characteristic of Function 87 function with 0.3 A pickup and 10% slope

Figure 3.31: Settings for the differential relay function

54

3.6.2.2

Setup 1 Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only

Assuming I(t) < 2 INom, the relationship between operating and restraint current becomes ~ ~ ~ IX + Ix Ix ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Op _ X = I X I x = I x ; I Restraint_X = = ; 2 2 ~ ~ Thus, I Op _ X = 2 I Restraint_X , and I Op _ X = 2 I Restraint_X .
3.6.2.3 Minimum Pickup and Dropout Level Test (Setup 1)

For the minimum pickup test, the slope coefficient must be made passive, i.e. I Restraint slope < I Pickup for all I Restraint < 2 I Nom The slope coefficient becomes passive (does not affect the characteristic below 2 INom) when I slope Pickup . 2 I Nom Since the relay does not report function pickup in any of its outputs, we reduce the delay from pickup to trigger to the minimum possible which is 1 cycle. The relay is set to trigger Output #2 after one cycle. To test the function, we look in the recorded waveforms the time when Output 2 changes from zero (inactive) to one (active). The function is tested first with each neutral-side current input energized individually while the others remain unenergized. Then, the function is tested with all three currents active. The first round of tests consist of applying a current ramp from 0 to 1.0 p.u., increasing at 0.05 p.u./s, and to note at which RMS value of the current the relay picks up/triggers the function. For record purposes, the time refers to the time origin of the waveforms retrieved from the relay. Note that the relay does not provide outputs for function targets; therefore, targets are estimated using the 1-cycle delay setting entered for this relay function. The results are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Function 87, trigger and target times and corresponding current Run ID Phases Trigger Trigger Est. Est. Time for time (s) RMS target target 1.00 A (A) time (s) RMS (A) RMS
1011_171402 1011_172345 1011_173446 1011_150058

A B C All

+1232544 0.99507 +1216929 +1232544 0.99800 +1216929 +1220052 0.99142 +1204437 +1220052 0.98615 +1204437

0.98645 0.99292 0.98689 0.98340

+1314783 +1261692 +1283553 +1436580

Remarks: The M3425-A has a current accuracy of 3 % or 0.1 A. The current record is offset by approximately 0.13 A, and this offset is observable when no current is flowing

55

through the relay. Some errors may occur when retrieving oscillograph records (corrupted files, e.g. in 20071011_173446). In the second round of tests, a sinusoidal waveform in a triangular envelope is utilized to trigger the relay function and activate Output #2. The objective is to show that the output contact (here Output #2) is deactivated when the RMS current falls to a value below the pickup level defined for the relay. Settings are 0.80 A pickup, delay 1 cycle, slope 1 %, and waveform with triangular envelope from 0 to 0.6 p.u. and 0.6 p.u to 0 at 0.1 p.u./s. Again, each phase is tested individually for differential current pickup. An example of recorded waveforms for the test on phase A is shown in Figure 3.32. Trigger and dropout times are shown in Table 3.2 and compared with the times computed RMS values reach the pickup setting.

Ia (A) OUTPUT 2 Ia_RMS

Figure 3.32: Function 87, phase differential, waveforms for the combined pickup and dropoff tests Table 3.2: Function 87, trigger and drop-out times and corresponding currents Run ID Phases Trigger Trigger Drop-out DropTime Time for time RMS time (s) out for 0.80 0.80 A (s) (A) RMS A RMS RMS (A) up down
1015_112933 1015_111904 1015_110813

A B C

+936900 0.798317 +3339528 0.789908 +937941 +3279150 +941064 0.790976 +3422808 0.790298 +961884 +3369717 +936900 0.801595 +3335364 0.790668 +933777 +3276027

56

3.6.2.4

Test of Slope (Setup 1)

It is not possible to test the slope using setup 1 since I Op = 2 I Restraint = slope I Restraint , I Restraint < 2 I Nom slope = 2 , and the slope factor cannot be greater than 1.
3.6.3 Function 27 Phase Undervoltage 3.6.3.1 Description

This function operates after a specified delay when the voltage on certain phases drops and remains below a specified value. General generator settings: these settings reproduce a voltage sag at the bus of the generator: Triangular signal, maximum = 64 V RMS, minimum = 57 V, Slope at 0.03 p.u./s. The entire event lasts about 5 seconds.
3.6.3.2 Pickup Test (Setup 1)

The three sets of parameters are defined with voltage thresholds: 62 V, 60 V, and 58 V. The time delay is set to the minimum possible (1 cycle). The response of the relay is shown in Figure 3.33. Results are shown in Table 3.3.

VA (V) OUTPUT 1 OUTPUT 2 OUTPUT 3 Thres_62V Thres_60V Thres_58V VA_RMS

Figure 3.33: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from pickup and dropoff test

57

Table 3.3: Function 27, times and voltage levels for function trigger and release

Set pickup level (V) Output 1 Output 2 Output 3 62 60 58

Measured trigger level (V)

Measured release level (V)

Time V Trigger time settles under pickup level 678732 1413678 2163198 716208

Time V Release time settles above pickup level 4210845 4463808 3664320 2998080

61.79 59.63 57.92

62.78 60.64 58.83

1515696 3468612 2186100 2726379

3.6.3.3

Time Delay Test (Setup 1)

The threshold for the function is set to 60 V for all parameter sets. The delays are 1 cycle, 10 cycles, and 20 cycles. The response of the relay is shown in Figure 3.34.

VA (V) OUTPUT 1 OUTPUT 2 OUTPUT 3 Thres_60V VA_RMS

Figure 3.34: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from time delay test

Pickup voltage is 60.04 V. Note that from data, the relay waits until the RMS voltage on phase A drops below 60.00 V for 4 sampling periods. The difference with the previous experiment is that all settings have the same dropoff delay of 0.23 s (13.8 cycles) after the RMS voltage permanently stays above 60.00 V. The dropoff voltage is 60.61 V. Results

58

are shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Function 27, time delay test results Set delay Measured delay w.r.t. (cycles) Output 1 (cycles) 1 N/A 10 8.99424 20 18.9878 Operated RMS voltage (V)

Output 1 Output 2 Output 3

60.04 59.72 59.33

To check for time delay accuracy and check that the relay does not operate below the time delay, all delays are set at 4 seconds (240 cycles). Then, the triangular function is fed to the relay. As expected, there was no operation. Note that the general target LED and the LEDs in the target pane are not illuminated, unless an output contact is triggered. In particular, the target LEDs remains unlit voltage drops below the threshold and returns above the threshold before the timeout has elapsed.
3.7 Expanded Test Scenarios

This section discusses a number of scenarios for testing generator relays that may involve the triggering of multiple protective functions of the relay. For each one of the composite scenarios, the appropriate data files in COMTRADE format have been generated and briefly described in this section. The actual data can be found in the project web site.
3.7.1 Mock Generator Acceleration 3.7.1.1 Tested Functions

The following protection functions are included: 24 (V/Hz), 27 (undervoltage), 50 (overcurrent), 51V (inv. time overcurrent w/ voltage restraint), 59 (overvoltage), 81 (overfrequency). For each protection function to be tested appropriate events are generated and stored in COMTRADE format. These events have been uploaded to the project web site.
3.7.1.2 Description

This test scenario is meant to demonstrate the capabilities of the laboratory setup described in section 3.2. Using Test System #1, a fault with an acceleration of the rotor of the generator is simulated by configuring the voltage source to produce a voltage and frequency ramp. For this experiment, the current is kept in phase with the voltage by placing a symmetric resistive load between the phases and the neutral. Simulated voltages vary from 12.3 to 14.5 kV L-L (57 to 67 V at the relays). Currents in each phase change 59

from 10.6 to 12.3 kA (1.52 to 1.75 A at the relay). The frequency changes from 60 to 62 Hz. All the changes take place in 3 seconds, while the waveforms are recorded through the relays. The objective is to observe changes in the transient response as the voltages and currents gradually rise. Finally, the voltage and current supply is discontinued after 3 seconds to simulate circuit breaker operation. Recording continues beyond 3 seconds to capture lingering changes in the relay status.
3.7.1.3 Example Results

Waveforms were recorded for the M-3425A relay only. Oscillograph data is retrieved from the relay in IEEE binary COMTRADE format. The retrieved waveforms for the phase voltages and outputs are shown in Figure 3.35. In particular, several changes in the different output signals can be observed while the voltage ramps up.
VA

Output 1

Output 2 Output 3 Output 4 Output 5

Figure 3.35: M-3425A relay retrieved waveforms for the protection scenario

The protection settings and actual behavior are shown in Table 3.5 in relay metrics. The protection scheme responded as expected despite simplifications in the experiment. The frequency function failed to start in this particular trial, but responded in another run with slightly different conditions.

60

Function 24 (V/Hz)

Table 3.5: Settings for selected protection functions Setting Delay OutExpected Observed put response response

1.15 58 V 1.60 A 1.60 A 62 V 61 Hz ---

30 cycles 1 cycle 1 cycle 2.0 dial 1 cycle 3 cycles ---

3 1 2 4 1 5 3

No trip Must release Must trip Check Must trip Must trip No trip

No trip Released VA = 58 V Tripped IA = 1.68 A Tripped Tripped No trip No trip

27 (undervoltage) 50 (overcurrent) 51V (inv. time overcurrent w/ voltage restraint) 59 (overvoltage) 81 (overfrequency) All other functions

3.7.2

Three-Phase Fault with Unstable Swings after Clearance 3.7.2.1 Tested Functions and Events

Functions: 21 (distance), 32 (directional power), 27 (phase undervoltage), 50 (overcurrent), 78 (out-of-step), 81* (frequency). Events: 3-phase fault on transmission line, generator motoring, reactive power transfer, system frequency increase/variations, system instability after fault clearing. 3.7.2.2 Description

Test System #2 is modified to include the fault logic to reproduce a three-phase fault on one of the lines that connects Generator 2 (see Figure 3.21). The fault lasts 0.45 s and is cleared by opening the circuit breakers at both ends of the considered line. The transient swings are observed after the fault is cleared. The settings are selected for the system to become unstable after fault clearance. This example is derived from transient stability test systems.
3.7.2.3 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

Captures of voltage and current waveforms from Generator 1 sent to the relays are shown in Figure 3.36. Waveforms for Generators 2 and 3 are similar. There are a few phenomena common to unstable generator swings: voltage swings increase in magnitude, transitions of the units from generating to motoring, and vice-versa, high fault currents, acceleration of generator frequency, and drifting of rotor position. Considering the individual relay functions, we expect the relays to trip for power reversal, frequency increases, rotor position drifts, overcurrents, undervoltages, and so on. It is also desirable 61

to obtain a single response of the relays to this event, which is the triggering of the outof-step relay function (78) along with an indicator stating Unstable swing.
12.25 k Generator1_VA_Time60Hz (volts) Generator1_VB_Time60Hz (volts) Generator1_VC_Time60Hz (volts)

0.000

-12.25 k 1.703 m Generator1_VN_Time60Hz (volts)

-6.288 u

-1.716 m 18.65 k Generator1_IA_Time60Hz (volts) Generator1_IB_Time60Hz (volts) Generator1_IC_Time60Hz (volts)

-216.2 m

-18.65 k 1.703 m Generator1_IN_Time60Hz (volts)

-6.288 u

-1.716 m 120.5 M Generator_1__Real_Power (W) Generator_1__Reactive_Power (VA)

-54.44 M

-229.4 M 179.9 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-15.19 m

-180.0 27.5 28.0 28.5

Time (s)

Figure 3.36: Capture of the waveforms sent to the relays for Test System #2

62

3.7.3

Wide-Area Partial Load Shedding 3.7.3.1 Functions and Events Tested

Functions: 81* (frequency), Events: 10 % reduction of load (P and Q), sudden partial loss of load, frequency increase/variations.
3.7.3.2 Description

Wide-area load shedding occur from the action of utilities or system operators when load is in excess of the available power from the generators in service. Note that different entities have called the population for voluntary load cuts (such as turning off lights), simultaneously, region or nation-wide, for a short duration (five minutes), from the order of 10 %. A simultaneous drop in load can lead to an undesired response from the system. Using Test System #2, 10 % of the three-phase loads is shed after 1 second of simulation (Figure 3.37). The responses of the generators are observed.
Loads to be shed (circuit breaker opens after about 1 second). These loads represent 10% of the remaining load.
GNDRES3

GEN3N

1
LOAD3 LOAD13 GEN3H

2
GEN3

1Ph

1
GEN1

2
GEN1H LOAD11 LOAD12 GEN2H

2
GEN2

GEN1N

GEN2N

GNDRES1

GNDRES2

Figure 3.37: Principle for wide area partial load shedding

63

3.7.3.3

Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

Averaged values are shown in Figure 3.38.

118.6 m -5.575 u 1.112 m -15.59 u 60.34 60.00 44.90 4.915 8.710 k 8.660 k 10.43 k 10.39 k 11.61 k 11.55 k 3.570 k 3.273 k 4.748 k 4.141 k 4.107 k 3.755 k 157.7 -123.9 -83.03 M -90.00 M -128.7 M -146.7 M -20.00 M -25.13 M -14.53 M -19.29 M

All neutral voltages All neutral currents All generator frequencies All rotor generator positions
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)

Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)

Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)

Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)

Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)

Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)

All voltage and current phase angles

Generator_1__Real_Power (W)

Generator_2__Real_Power (W) Generator_3__Real_Power (W) Generator_3__Reactive_Power (VA) Generator_1__Reactive_Power (VA) Generator_2__Reactive_Power (VA)

10.60

10.90

11.20

11.50

Figure 3.38: RMS values of electric quantities until one second after load drop

With the load reduced by 10 %, a similar drop and slight swing in current, real and reactive power is observed. The voltage at the generator terminals increases by less than

64

1 % and remains at that level. Note that the phase angles of all the electric quantities does not exhibit fast variations compared to unstable swings, but all angles do increase. Similarly, the frequency increases up to 60.5 Hz one second after load has been cut. Rotor angles seem to drift at a similar rate as well. In this situation, there is no overcurrent, under/overvoltage, or fast swings. Only the frequency increases, and the phenomenon may not be detected until after a second. After a second, frequency relays are likely to pickup the frequency variation and trip the generators. Small swings of power and currents go undetected. The expanded simulation over 8 seconds is shown in Figure 3.39.

65

8.710 k

Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)

8.694 k

8.677 k

8.660 k -83.00 M Generator_1__Real_Power (W)

-85.33 M

-87.67 M

-90.00 M 180.0 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

59.97

-60.01

-180.0 63.61 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

62.41

61.20

60.00 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0

Figure 3.39: Expanded simulation shows continuous increase of generator frequency and rotor slip

66

3.7.4

Inadvertent Generator Breaker Operation 3.7.4.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: Sudden loss of load (Generator 1), load exceeds generating capacity (Generators 2 and 3), frequency increases or decreases, stator overloads. Functions: 81* (frequency), 50 (overcurrent).
3.7.4.2 Description

Using Test System #2, a circuit breaker is placed on the high side of Transformer 1. The circuit breaker is open after one second of simulation (simulation over 2 seconds).
3.7.5 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

The responses of Generators 1 to 3 are shown in Figure 3.40. Note that RMS voltages and currents are plotted. The first thing to remark is that Generator 1 accelerates dramatically to 70 Hz after losing the load. Generators 2 and 3 slow below 59 Hz in less than one second to compensate for the additional burden. The evolution of rotor positions and phase angles of all electrical variables reflect the fast changes in frequency. Synchronism must be achieved again before Generator 1 can be reconnected. For generator 1, the voltage increases by 5 % upon loss of load. The voltage decrease for Generators 2 and 3 is about 2 %, while their current rises by 45 % and 21 % respectively. The change in voltage is not likely to be detected by the relays; however, the relays will most likely react to the instantaneous, significant increase in the stator current.

67

69.97

Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

58.52 180.0 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-180.0 180.0

-180.0 9.070 k Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)

8.660 k 10.39 k Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)

10.22 k 11.55 k Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)

11.34 k 3.540 k Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)

5.700 5.267 k Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)

3.629 k 4.961 k Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)

4.086 k 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5

Figure 3.40: Waveforms captured for inadvertent breaker operation

68

3.7.5

Disconnected Phase 3.7.5.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: disconnected phase, imbalances. Functions: 49 (negative sequence), *N (neutral-related functions), 27 (undervoltage), 46 (phase current balance), 47 (phase voltage balance), 50 (overcurrent), 59 (overvoltage).
3.7.5.2 Description

Test System #2 is modified to include per-phase breakers, so phases can be disconnected independently of each other. The switches/breakers are located at the high-side of the step-up transformer for Generator 1 and at the load connected to that generator (see Figure 3.41). The first experiments involve opening one and two phases of the generator breaker. The second type of experiments deals with opening one and two phases of the three-phase load connected to Generator 1.
1
GEN1

2
GEN1CB GEN1H LOAD1

GEN1N

1Ph

GNDRES1

Figure 3.41: Generator 1 and load with per-phase circuit breakers 3.7.5.3 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

The response of the system is observed in Figure 3.42, Figure 3.43, Figure 3.44 and Figure 3.45. Relays should trigger on imbalance and frequency increase/swings. Large voltage and current swings should be detected with instantaneous threshold functions.

69

60.34

Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

59.82 38.05 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

2.524 180.0

-180.0 9.536 k Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.174 k 10.41 k Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.10 k 11.56 k Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.26 k 6.305 k Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.878 k 4.589 k Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.143 k 4.581 k Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

3.341 k 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5

Figure 3.42: Response of the system after opening phase A of Generator 1

70

61.04

Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

59.56 95.43 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-2.090 180.0

-180.0 9.789 k Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

5.297 k 10.47 k Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

9.370 k 11.63 k Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.51 k 9.883 k Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

5.705 6.214 k Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.196 k 5.092 k Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.586 k 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5

Figure 3.43: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Generator 1

71

60.80

Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

60.00 146.9 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

3.823 180.0

-180.0 8.967 k Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.530 k 10.54 k Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.34 k 11.71 k Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.51 k 4.179 k Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.668 k 3.641 k Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.405 k 4.100 k Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

3.408 k 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

Figure 3.44: Response of the system after opening phase A of Load 1

72

61.59

Generator_1__Frequency (Hz) Generator_2__Frequency (Hz) Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

60.00 180.0 Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg) Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-180.0 180.0

-180.0 8.970 k Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.494 k 10.54 k Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.34 k 11.72 k Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V) Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.51 k 4.049 k Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.728 k 3.641 k Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.192 k 4.088 k Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A) Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.805 k 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5

Figure 3.45: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Load 1

73

3.7.6

Three-Phase Fault followed by Generator Breaker Operation Test on Both Relays 3.7.6.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: three-phase fault, all phases disconnected. Functions: 21 (distance) (not implemented), 27 (undervoltage), 50 (overcurrent) (not implemented).
3.7.6.2 Description

Test System #2 is modified to include the fault logic to reproduce a three-phase fault at the step-up transformer of the generator. The fault starts at 00:47:05.200 and lasts 80 ms (5 cycles) before it is cleared by opening the generator circuit breaker.
3.7.6.3 Comparison of Generated Waveforms and RelayRecorded Waveforms

The voltages seen at the generator terminals (as sent to the relays) are shown in Figure 3.46. The voltage waveforms are sent to both the M-3425A and the 300-G relays for comparison. Although current is also simulated in the test case, the current waveform generator converter is not complete, and functions 21 and 50 in particular cannot be tested. Overall, this test case reflects the closest setup of the desired laboratory setup for relay testing, where simulated waveforms are fed into multiple relays. The M-3425A relay reports the voltages seen at its terminals whereas the 300-G relay reports the voltages as they should be at the PT based on input voltages. As a result, the retrieved voltage records for both relays are put together so that they fit on the same voltage scale and visible within the same display window. The superimposed relay records for the voltage on phase A are shown in Figure 3.47. As expected, the voltage recordings of the relays and the simulated voltages are consistent. The statuses for the phase undervoltage function (27) for both relays are plotted in Figure 3.48. The 300-G relay shows consistency in the triggering of the function. When applying repeated loops of the voltage waveforms shown, regular switching can be heard. Surprisingly, it is not quite the case for the M-3425A relay. First, the relay seems to miss one out of every three faults. Even with 1 cycle trigger delay, the M-3425A does not trigger its assigned output (Output 1) until after 7 cycles. In Figure 3.48, the dropoff from the previous fault is visible.

74

48.79 k

V_Phase_A (kV)

0.000

-48.79 k 48.79 k V_Phase_B (kV)

0.000

-48.79 k 48.79 k V_Phase_C (kV)

0.000

-48.79 k 495.0 I_Phase_A (kA)

0.000

-495.0 495.0 I_Phase_B (kA)

0.000

-495.0 495.0 I_Phase_C (kA)

0.000

-495.0 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40

Figure 3.46: Response on a three-phase fault followed by opening of generator breaker

75

VA 50000

SimVA (kV) BwVA (V) SelVA (kV)

-50000 100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000 Time (s)

Figure 3.47: Superimposed relay measurements of phase A voltage after display scaling time shifting
VA (kV)

VA (V)

50

VA(kV

-5

27P1

-50

VA (V) OUTPUT 1

50000

100000

(a)

150000

200000

250000 Time (s)

(b)

1500000 Time (s)

Figure 3.48: Phase undervoltage output from (a) the 300-G and (b) the M-3425A relay

76

3.8 Future Work

This project resulted in a library of events for transient testing of several key relay functions. Considering the fact that many manufacturers of relays are moving in the direction of incorporating phasor measurement capabilities into the relays, it is a natural extension to apply these developed methods for the testing of these new relays and in particular the functions that depend on GPS synchronization. For example, generator relays with GPS synchronization provide an improved protection function against unstable generator swings. The performance of this function is dependent upon the GPS synchronization accuracy. New transient testing procedures can be developed for these types of relays as an extension of the methodologies discussed in this section.

77

4.0 Part III: Load Shedding Relay Test (WSU)

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Background

Generation and demand must be continuously balanced in an ac system. During balanced conditions, frequency is constant, at its nominal value. The nominal frequency in North America is 60 Hz, while some countries maintain the frequency at 50 Hz. Deviations from nominal frequency occur when generation and load are unbalanced. The frequency increases when generation is greater than load and decreases when generation is less than load. Frequency therefore can effectively indicate a balanced condition of generation and load. With continuously changing load, generating units automatically adjust their output to follow load for small frequency deviations. Automatic generation control (AGC) operates to restore frequency back to the nominal value. A significant imbalance between generation and load, however, can exceed the AGC systems ability, causing the power system to fail, and those failures may cascade across a large part of the interconnected system.
4.1.2 Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Relay Introduction

If insufficient generation is available on the system to maintain stability, non-critical loads can be removed (shed) from the system to restore a balanced condition and prevent system failure. Such methods of automatic load shedding are designed as a last resort to prevent a major system outage [1]. UFLS relays are used to detect overload conditions by sensing low system frequency and shedding enough load to rebalance generation and load, and reestablish the nominal frequency. UFLS relays are able to automatically restore load after frequency recovery. UFLS is an effective and reliable method that helps to prevent blackouts. Each UFLS relay may utilize a different method of frequency measurement based on its manufacturer and technology. The following three types of UFLS relays are employed in power system protection [26]: Electromechanical relays Solid-state (static) relays Microprocessor (digital) relays

UFLS relays play an important role in the current restructured power system. The interconnected network expands the influence of UFLS relays to protect the whole electric power system. The final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the U.S. and Canada concludes that one of the three principle reasons for the widespread blackout is 78

the relay protection settings for the transmission lines, generators and under-frequency load shedding in the northeast may not be entirely appropriate and are certainly not coordinated and integrated to reduce the likelihood and consequences of a cascade-nor were they intended to do so [1] [27]. The contributions of UFLS relays to the blackout are reviewed in section 4.2.
4.1.3 UFLS Tests

The importance of UFLS relaying in preventing cascading outages warrants further testing beyond the standard acceptance tests specified by manufacturers. A new test protocol to meet these needs was developed for this project and is presented in section 4.4 of this report. The tests are specified in two parts, conformance and application tests. The objectives of conformance tests are, similar to acceptance tests, to test the relays function, verify its operating characteristics and calibrate the relays settings. Application tests focus on how the relay performs during a specific event such as blackout or islanding. Data for application tests can be obtained from simulations or from recorders operating during the event. Application tests allow testing under realistic and relevant conditions.
4.1.4 UFLS Research

During planning for this project, a number of issues regarding UFLS relays were raised by PSERC industrial members. These included: A time delay, in addition to the time delay setting, has been observed in some UFLS relays. This delay is investigated and quantified. Time delay settings are often given in cycles. Because frequency is changing during the operation of a UFLS relay, it is important to verify whether this delay is based on nominal frequency or actual frequency. Validation testing of UFLS relays is usually done with discrete changes in frequency. Members wanted tests performed with continuous frequency decay. Because many UFLS relays use zero-crossing as the method of calculating frequency, distortion of the voltage waveform may obscure the point of the zero crossing and affect the relays performance [26]. Voltage magnitude may also affect the operation of UFLS relays, and an understanding of these effects is important to a relay user. Each relays specifications must be referenced when specifying the voltage levels for undervoltage testing [26] [27].

Other issues identified during the course of the project are:

The tests specified and the results presented in this report go beyond those usually performed using commercial UFLS relay test systems. Some commercial systems are capable of presenting waveforms contained in COMTRADE files to a relay under test, but no standard files exist for such testing [27]. Such tests are presented as a result of this project. Most commercial UFLS test systems still use pure sine waves for testing. A protocol for testing with distorted waveforms is presented here.

79

4.1.5

Report Organization

Section 4.2 of this report provides a summary of the 2003 North American blackout reports findings on UFLS operation [1]. Section 4.3 presents the UFLS relay test system used at Wichita State, including system hardware and software. Section 4.4 presents protocols for UFLS conformance and applications tests. Test results for two commonlyused UFLS relays are presented in Section 4.5, with complete data shown in Appendix C.1. Test interpretations are discussed in Section 4.6, followed by conclusions and suggestions for further work in Section 4.7.
4.2 Review of UFLS Relay Operation during the 2003 North American Blackout 4.2.1 Background

This is a review of the blackout final report [1] for references to load shedding relays. UFLS and other relay protection settings are one of the three principal reasons given for the blackout: Based on the investigation to date, the investigation team concludes that the cascade spread beyond Ohio and caused such a wide spread blackout for three principal reasons Third, the evidence collected indicates that the relay protection settings for the transmission lines, generators and under-frequency loadshedding in the northeast may not be entirely appropriate and are certainly not coordinated and integrated to reduce the likelihood and consequences of a cascadenor were they intended to do so. [1, p. 73] More specifically, regarding load shedding relays [1]: Automatic load-shedding measures are designed into the electrical system to operate as a last resort, under the theory that it is wise to shed some load in a controlled fashion if it can forestall the loss of a great deal of load to an uncontrollable cause. Thus there are two kinds of automatic load-shedding installed in North Americaunder-voltage load-shedding (UVLS), which sheds load to prevent local area voltage collapse, and under-frequency load shedding (UFLS), which is designed to rebalance load and generation within an electrical island once it has been created by a system disturbance. Automatic under-voltage load-shedding (UVLS) responds directly to voltage conditions in a local area. UVLS drops several hundred MW of load in pre- selected blocks within urban load centers, triggered in stages when local voltage drops to a designated levellikely 89 to 92% or even higherwith a several second delay. The goal of a UVLS scheme is to eliminate load in order to restore reactive power relative to demand, to prevent voltage collapse and contain a voltage problem within a local

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area rather than allowing it to spread in geography and magnitude. If the first load-shed step does not allow the system to rebalance, and voltage continues to deteriorate, then the next block of UVLS is dropped. Use of UVLS is not mandatory, but is done at the option of control area and/or reliability council. UVLS schemes and trigger points should be designed to respect the local areas system vulnerabilities, based on voltage collapse studies. As noted in Chapter 4, there is no UVLS system in place within Cleveland and Akron; had such a scheme been implemented before August, 2003, shedding 1,500 MW of load in that area before the loss of the Sammis-Star line might have prevented the cascade and blackout. Automatic under-frequency load-shedding (UFLS) is designed for use in extreme conditions to stabilize the balance between generation and load after an electrical island has been formed, dropping enough load to allow frequency to stabilize within the island. All synchronous generators in North America are designed to operate at 60 cycles per second (Hertz) and frequency reflects how well load and generation are balancedif there is more load than generation at any moment, frequency drops below 60 Hz, and it rises above that level if there is more generation than load. By dropping load to match available generation within the island, UFLS is a safety net that helps to prevent the complete blackout of the island, which allows faster system restoration afterward. UFLS is not effective if there is electrical instability or voltage collapse within the island. The report concludes that UFLS, but not UVFL, operated during the cascading failures in attempts to stop the cascade. But the effects of load shedding were not sufficient: It must be emphasized that the entire northeast system was experiencing large scale, dynamic oscillations in this period. Even if the UFLS and generation had been perfectly balanced at any moment in time, these oscillations would have made stabilization difficult and unlikely. [1. p. 92] The final report divides the blackout into seven phases. Most of the UFLS relays that operated did so during phases 6D and 7, the final phase. In phase 6D, Cleveland area load was disconnected by automatic underfrequency load-shedding (approximately 1,300 MW), and another 434 MW of load was interrupted after the generation remaining within this transmission island was tripped by under-frequency relays. This sudden load drop would contribute to the reverse power swing. [1, p.88] In phase 7 (16:10:46 to 16:12 EDT), the large electrical island in the northeast had less generation than load, and was unstable with large power surges and swings in frequency and voltage. As a result, many lines and generators across the disturbance area tripped, breaking the area into several electrical islands. Generation and load within these smaller 81

islands was often unbalanced, leading to further tripping of lines and generating units until equilibrium was established in each island. [1, p.75] The reports conclusion on UFLS relay operation was that the relays operated as set, but the settings may not have been optimal for system protection during cascading outages: Protective relay settings on transmission lines operated as they were designed and set to behave on August 14. In some cases line relays did not trip in the path of a power surge because the apparent impedance on the line was not low enoughnot because of the magnitude of the current, but rather because voltage on that line was high enough that the resulting impedance was adequate to avoid entering the relays target zone. Thus relative voltage levels across the northeast also affected which areas blacked out and which areas stayed on-line. Power swings and voltage fluctuations caused by some initial events as seen on August 14 can cause other lines to detect high currents and low voltages that appear to be faults, even if faults do not actually exist on those other lines. Protective relay systems work well to protect lines from damage and to isolate them from the system under normal and abnormal system conditions. When power system operating and design criteria are violated because several outages occur simultaneously, commonly used protective relays that measure low voltage and high current cannot distinguish between the currents and voltages seen in a system cascade from those caused by a fault. This leads to more and more lines being tripped, widening the blackout area. [1, p. 73-74] Automatic load-shedding relay protection must avoid premature tripping. It must be coordinated to reduce the likelihood of system breakup, and once break-up occurs, to maximize an islands chances for electrical survival. [1, p. 92] The report further concludes that UFLS operation while the system was still experiencing dynamic conditions significantly reduced the beneficial effects of UFLS: Examination of the loads and generation in the Eastern New York island indicates before 16:10:00 EDT, the area had been importing electricity and had less generation on-line than load. At 16:10:50 EDT, seconds after the separation along the Total East interface, the eastern New York area had experienced significant load reductions due to under-frequency loadsheddingConsolidated Edison, which serves New York City and surrounding areas, dropped over 40% of its load on automatic UFLS. But at this time, the system was still experiencing dynamic conditionsas illustrated in Figure 6.26, frequency was falling, flows and voltages were oscillating, and power plants were tripping off-line.

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Had there been a slow islanding situation and more generation on-line, it might have been possible for the Eastern New York island to rebalance given its high level of UFLS. But the available information indicates that events happened so quickly and the power swings were so large that rebalancing would have been unlikely, with or without the northern New Jersey and southwest Connecticut loads hanging onto eastern New York. This was further complicated because the high rate of change in voltages at load buses reduced the actual levels of load shed by UFLS relative to the levels needed and expected. [1, p. 98] The report suggests that future protection systems should allow more coordination among various transmission and generation relays: Protective relays are designed to detect short circuits and act locally to isolate faulted power system equipment from the systemboth to protect the equipment from damage and to protect the system from faulty equipment. Relay systems are applied with redundancy in primary and backup modes. If one relay fails, another should detect the fault and trip appropriate circuit breakers. Some backup relays have significant reach, such that non-faulted line overloads or stable swings may be seen as faults and cause the tripping of a line when it is not advantageous to do so. Proper coordination of the many relay devices in an interconnected system is a significant challenge, requiring continual review and revision. Some relays can prevent resynchronizing, making restoration more difficult. System-wide controls protect the interconnected operation rather than specific pieces of equipment. Examples include controlled islanding to mitigate the severity of an inevitable disturbance and under-voltage or under-frequency load shedding. Failure to operate (or misoperation of) one or more relays as an event developed was a common factor in several of the disturbances. UFLS and UVLS protection schemes resulted from recommendations made after previous blackouts [1, p. 109]. It appears that load shedding relays operated properly, according to their settings, during the 2003 blackout. But such operation was not adequate to maintain system stability, and existing relays and protection schemes could not be expected to mitigate such a fast-moving cascade.
4.3 UFLS Relay Test System 4.3.1 UFLS Relay Test System Overview

An existing relay test system [28] was upgraded and used for UFLS testing at Wichita State. Figure 4.1 shows the configuration of this system, and Figure 4.2 shows the actual lab setup. As shown in Figure 4.1, digital signals such as recorded waveforms, simulated waveforms produced by an electromagnetic transients simulation [29], and arbitrary

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programmed signals can be produced and played by a PC workstation. The digital waveform is converted to analog by a high-resolution D/A converter. Then the analog signal is sent to a power amplifier to obtain the voltage applied to the relay. This voltage or current is sent to both the test relay and a datalogger. The test relay will respond to the voltage and send a trip signal to the datalogger when the relay operates. By analyzing the applied waveform and trip signal, relay performance can be evaluated. If the test relay is equipped with a communication port, the computer can read information from the relay or modify the relay settings.

Figure 4.1: Configuration of UFLS relay test system

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Figure 4.2: UFLS relay test system 4.3.2 UFLS Relay Test System Hardware

The major components of this UFLS relay test system are a desktop computer (PC), digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, power amplifier, datalogger, and relay under test. The PC is used for producing digital test waveforms, performing results analysis, and modifying relays settings (for relays with a communication port). Application software to generate and analyze waveforms, control relays, and perform simulations, is installed on this PC. A high-resolution D/A converter is used for converting the digital signal produced by the PC into an analog signal. The power amplifier is used for amplifying the analog signal for input to the relay. The characteristics of the power amplifiers available at Wichita State are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Characteristic of power amplifiers Three independent current sources 12 A rms, 10 kHz One current source 80 A rms, 20 kHz Three independent voltage sources 130 V rms, 10 kHz 6 kVA, 120 V to 500 V, Full power to 1 Single- or three-phase voltage source kHz, Distortion to 20 kHz

The datalogger is used for recording the signals from power amplifiers as well as the relay tripping signal from relay. Because the voltage or current received by the test relay is identical to the one received by datalogger, relay performance can be evaluated by comparing this voltage or current waveform and relay trip signal. 85

The relay under test can be an electromechanical, solid state, or microprocessor relay. The relay receives the amplified analog signal and trips according to its setting. The relay setting can be modified by the relay panel or by PC (for relays with a communication port).
4.3.3 Software

Software is installed on the computer in order to produce the UFLS relay test waveforms. As shown in Figure 4.3, the UFLS relay test system can produce test waveforms from recorded signals, simulated signals, and arbitrary signals produced in software.

Figure 4.3: UFLS relay test system software

This relay test system can evaluate the relay performance during a specific event, such as blackout or islanding. Data of such specific events come from recorders such as digital fault recorders that were operating during the events, or from power system simulation software. Arbitrary waveforms software is used in this relay test system to produce specific waveforms such as pure sine waves, frequency ramping, harmonic distortion, and variable voltage magnitudes.
4.3.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relays

This UFLS relay test system can test the three types of UFLS relays which are available for application in load shedding schemes. These three types of UFLS relays are electromechanical relays, solid-state (static) relays, and digital (microprocessor) relays. In this project, two commonly-used digital UFLS relays were provided by their manufacturers for testing. The specifications of each relay are shown in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 respectively.

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Frequency Setpoint Time delay

Table 4.2: Relay 1 specifications Range 40.10 65.00 Hz Accuracy 0.01 Hz Range 2.00 16000.00 cycles Accuracy 0.25 cycles or 0.1% of setting Table 4.3: Relay 2 specifications Range 40.00 70.00 Hz Accuracy 0.01 Hz Range 3 cycles 990 seconds 1.0 cycle; 2% of the setting or Accuracy 25ms, whichever is greater

Frequency Setpoint Time delay

4.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relay Test Scenarios

In this project, two UFLS relay test categories, conformance tests and application tests, have been designed and implemented. For both test categories, different scenarios are performed to validate two key settings of UFLS relays: pickup frequency and time delay.
4.4.1 Conformance Test

Conformance tests verify that the UFLS relay operates within manufacturers specifications for various scenarios. Usually the relays specification is given under the assumption that this relay is designed to operate with pure, undistorted waveforms. The relays specification under distorted waveforms is not usually available, but this can be important to relay application and is included in the test protocol for this project. Test waveforms include pure sine waves, frequency ramping, harmonic distortion, and varying voltage magnitudes.
4.4.2 Test Waveforms 4.4.2.1 Test Waveform Description

The test waveforms are classified into the following categories: z Pure sinusoidal waveforms: The UFLS relay test system generates pure waveforms like those used by manufacturers and utilities in conventional acceptance tests.
z

Frequency ramping waveform (df/dt): Waveform signals with a discrete change in frequency are normally used to test UFLS relays. However, the discrete change cannot represent real situations where the frequency decays more gradually and continuously. The UFLS relay test system allows a user to select different values of df/dt, the frequency decay rate. Figure 4.4 shows four such values of df/dt, 0.1 Hz/sec, 0.2 Hz/sec, 0.4 Hz/sec, and 0.6 Hz/sec.

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60 59.9 59.8 59.7 59.6 59.5 59.4 59.3 59.2 59.1 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (Seconds)

Frequency (Hz)

df/dt df/dt df/dt df/dt

= = = =

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6

Hz/sec Hz/sec Hz/sec Hz/sec

10

Figure 4.4: Frequency decay

z

Harmonic waveform: Voltages with harmonic distortion may cause UFLS relay misoperation. The reason is that harmonics can cause early, late, or multiple zero crossings, which can affect the zero-crossing frequency measurements still used in some commercial UFLS relays. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is normally used for measuring harmonic distortion levels, and it is defined as follows [30]:
THD =
2 2 H2 + H 32 + ... + H N H1

4.1

where H 2 , H 3 H N are the amplitudes of harmonics and H1 is the amplitude of the fundamental. The UFLS relay test system allows a user to choose the values of H1 , H 2 , H 3 H N to produce a specified THD. Figure 4.5 shows a combination of common harmonic voltages (5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th).
150 Magnitude (Voltages) 100 50 0 -0.0016 -50 -100 -150 Time (Seconds)

0.0034

0.0084

0.0134

0.0184

0.0234

0.0284

0.0334

Figure 4.5: Voltage with 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics

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Variable voltage magnitude waveform: Voltages magnitudes may change significantly during frequency excursions. UFLS relays commonly have an undervoltage block function, which serves to block load shedding when voltage to the relay is lost, and to block operation during fault conditions. Because voltage can vary rapidly during cascading outages, it is still important to evaluate UFLS performance under variable magnitude voltage. The UFLS relay test system allows a user to specify different voltage magnitudes. Figure 4.6 shows a voltage waveform with 6 cycles depressed.
150 Magnitude (Voltages) 100 50 0 -0.166 -50 -100 -150 Time (Seconds)

0.334

0.834

1.334

1.834

2.334

2.834

3.334

Figure 4.6: Variable voltage magnitude 4.4.2.2 Test Procedure

The test procedure for conformance tests is as follows: z Pickup frequency test: Test the pickup frequency at varying pickup frequency settings and rates of change of frequency. The minimum and maximum pickup frequencies are specified by manufacturers. Pickup frequencies that include the minimum and maximum, and several in between, are selected, with emphasis on those usually used in practice. The rate of change of frequency df / dt is varied from 0.1Hz/sec to 0.9 Hz/sec in 0.1 Hz/sec increments.
z

Time delay test: Pickup frequency tests are performed with time delay settings of 6, 16, 36, and 66 cycles, and actual time delays are recorded. The tests are repeated at the following specific pickup frequencies and time delays:

59.3 Hz, 15 second delay 59.5 Hz, 30 second delay

Under-voltage frequency block test: The pickup frequency test is repeated at 55.0 Hz, 57.0 Hz, and 59.0 Hz settings with decay rates of 0.1 Hz/sec and 0.9Hz/sec, at 85%, and 115% voltage. Harmonic distortion test: The pickup frequency test is repeated at 55.0 Hz, 57.0 Hz, and 59.0 settings with decay rates of 0.1 Hz/s and 0.9Hz/s, with

5% 5th harmonic 5% 11th harmonic

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a combination of the most common harmonic voltages:

Vdistortion = 1/ 5 V5 + 1/ 7 V7 + 1/11 V11 + 1/13 V13 5% 11 + 5% 13th harmonics
th

4.2

4.4.3

Application Test

Application tests focus on how the UFLS relay performs during a specific event, such as cascading blackout or islanding. Data for application tests come from simulations of the events or recorders operating during the events. The UFLS relay test system can utilize these recorded data to test a relay. A simulated 13-bus power system has also been developed at Wichita State.
4.4.3.1 13-Bus System Description

A transient power system model has been adapted for application tests. This system is an equivalent of a 13 bus system [31]. Figure 4.7 shows the single line diagram of the test system. The rating of the synchronous machine connected to bus 3 is 200 MVA. An IEEE type 1 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is used to represent the excitation control of the generator, as shown in Figure 4.7. Part of the system is represented by its Thevenin equivalent, and bus 13 is the load bus. The tie line between bus 1 and bus 7 can be designed as a single or double circuit transmission line. The complete model and data for the 13 bus system are given in Appendix C.2.

Figure 4.7: Single line diagram of 13-bus equivalent system

The modeling of loads is a complicated by the complexity of aggregated loads on the system. In order to simulate the effects of load on system voltage and frequency changes, the load at bus 13 is modeled by different compositions of resistive and inductive loads (different power factors). Typically, power factor is varied from unity to 0.6 lagging in increments of 0.1.
4.4.3.2 Simulation without UFLS Scheme

In this scenario, no UFLS scheme is implemented on the 13 bus system. The single tie line between bus 1 and bus 7 is opened at 1 second. Figure 4.8 shows the comparison of frequency responses of the generator for different compositions of load at bus 13. 90

Simulation results reveal that the frequency decay rate increases as inductive load is increased. The voltage at bus13, however, decreases as the inductive load is increased.
62

60

58 Frequency (Hz) P.F. P.F. P.F. P.F. P.F. = = = = = 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

56

54

52

50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.8: Generator frequencies without UFLS implementation 4.4.3.3 Simulation with UFLS Scheme

In this scenario, a UFLS scheme is implemented at bus 13. The settings of the UFLS relay are shown in Table 4.4 [32]. The single tie line between bus 1 and bus 7 is opened at 1 second. Figure 4.9 shows the comparison of frequency response of the generator after implementing a single-step UFLS scheme at bus 13 (10% shedding at 59.3 Hz). Figure 4.10 shows the comparison of frequency responses of the generator after implementing a two-step UFLS scheme at bus 13 (10% shedding at 59.3 Hz and 10% shedding at 58.9 Hz). As shown in Figure 4.10, system frequencies based on different compositions of load were recovered after implementing the UFLS scheme. The minimum frequency (saddle point in the curve), however, decreases as the inductive load is increased. For all different compositions of load, 20% of the load has to be shed in 2 steps in order to recover the frequency. Table 4.5 shows the time of load shedding for different compositions of load. Table 4.5 reveals that the higher the inductance load percentage, the earlier the UFLS relay operates.
Table 4.4: Settings of UFLS scheme Amount of Load to be Dropped Minimum Frequency Setpoint

10% 10% 10%

59.3 Hz 58.9 Hz 58.5 Hz

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60.5 60 59.5 Frequency (Hz) 59 58.5 58 57.5 57 56.5 56 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Times (Seconds) P.F.=1.0 P.F.=0.9 P.F.=0.8 P.F.=0.7 P.F.=0.6

Figure 4.9: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (1 step)

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61.5

61

Frequency (Hz)

60.5

60

59.5

P.F. P.F. P.F. P.F. P.F.

= = = = =

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

59

58.5

58 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.10: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (2 step)

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Table 4.5: Load shedding time Time for first 10% Time for Second 10% Load Composition Load Shedding Load Shedding P.F. = 1.0 1.752 Second 2.204 Second P.F. = 0.9 1.663 Second 1.953 Second P.F. = 0.8 1.588 Second 1.780 Second P.F. = 0.7 1.525 Second 1.666 Second P.F. = 0.6 1.471 Second 1.588 Second 4.4.3.4 Test Procedure

The application test procedure is: Apply different input waveforms from the scenarios described in section 4.4.3.2 and 4.4.3.3 to the UFLS relay being tested. At a setting of 59.3 Hz and 58.5 Hz, the simulated waveform without the UFLS scheme (Figure 4.8) is applied. At a setting of 58.9 Hz, the simulated waveform with the single-step UFLS scheme (Figure 4.9) is applied. At a setting of 60.5 Hz, 61.0 Hz and 61.7 Hz, the simulated waveform with the two-step UFLS scheme (Figure 4.10) is used.

Test the pickup frequency at the following settings: - Underfrequency settings: 59.3 Hz, 58.9 Hz and 58.5 Hz. - Overfrequency settings: 60.5 Hz, 61.0 Hz and 61.7 Hz Record the actual pickup frequency to verify the relay operation.
4.5 UFLS Relay Test Results

The test methodology presented in the previous section for conformance and application tests is applied to two commonly used underfrequency load shedding relays, which were provided by their manufacturers for use in the project. One is static relay and the other one is digital relay.
4.5.1 Conformance Tests

Conformance tests include pickup frequency and time delay tests. Waveforms with different rates of frequency change, total harmonic distortion (THD), and variable voltage magnitudes are applied to the relays.
4.5.1.1 Pickup Frequency Test

The test results for pickup frequency testing are shown in Table 4.6-4.9. Table 4.6 presents test results of relay 1 when tested at 100% input voltage and 0% THD. Table 4.7 shows the test results of relay 1 tested at 100% input voltage and 5% THD. Table 4.8 shows the results of relay 2 tested at 100% voltage and 0% THD. Table 4.9 shows the results of relay 2 tested at 100% input voltage and 5% THD.

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4.5.1.2

Time Delay Test

Test results for time delay tests are shown in Tables 4.10-4.17. Table 4.10 and Table 4.11 show test results for relay 1 with 100% input voltage and 0% THD at different rates of frequency change (0.1 and 0.9 Hz/sec. respectively). Table 4.12 and Table 4.13 show test results for relay 1 with 100% input voltage and 5% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/s respectively. Table 4.14 and Table 4.15 show the test results for relay 2 with 100% input voltage and 0% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/s respectively. Table 4.16 and Table 4.17 show the results for relay 2 with 5% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/sec respectively.
4.5.2 Application Tests

Test scenarios outlined in section 4.4.3, representing realistic conditions, are simulated and applied to the relays. The actual pickup frequencies are recorded. The application test results are shown in Table 4.18 and Table 4.19. For complete results, including testing at different input voltages (100%, 85% and 115% of nominal) and different rates of frequency change (0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 Hz/s), please refer to Appendix C.1.

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Table 4.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)

Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/second) 0.1 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.31 61.60 61.90 62.21 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 0.2 40.09 54.99 55.29 55.59 55.89 56.19 56.49 56.79 57.09 57.39 57.69 57.99 58.29 58.59 58.89 59.19 59.49 59.79 60.11 60.41 60.71 61.01 61.31 61.61 61.91 62.21 62.51 62.81 63.11 63.41 63.71 64.01 64.31 64.61 64.91 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.29 55.59 55.89 56.19 56.49 56.79 57.09 57.39 57.69 57.99 58.29 58.59 58.89 59.19 59.49 59.79 60.11 60.42 60.71 61.02 61.31 61.61 61.91 62.21 62.51 62.81 63.11 63.41 63.71 64.01 64.31 64.61 64.91 65.01 0.4 40.08 54.98 55.28 55.58 55.89 56.18 56.49 56.78 57.09 57.38 57.68 57.98 58.29 58.58 58.89 59.18 59.48 59.78 60.12 60.42 60.72 61.02 61.31 61.62 61.92 62.21 62.52 62.81 63.12 63.41 63.72 64.02 64.32 64.62 64.92 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.28 55.58 55.87 56.18 56.48 56.78 57.08 57.38 57.68 57.98 58.28 58.58 58.88 59.18 59.48 59.78 60.12 60.42 60.73 61.02 61.32 61.62 61.92 62.22 62.52 62.82 63.12 63.42 63.72 64.02 64.33 64.62 64.92 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.97 55.27 55.57 55.87 56.17 56.47 56.78 57.07 57.38 57.67 57.97 58.27 58.58 58.87 59.18 59.47 59.78 60.12 60.43 60.72 61.03 61.32 61.63 61.92 62.23 62.52 62.83 63.12 63.43 63.72 64.03 64.32 64.63 64.92 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.97 55.27 55.56 55.87 56.17 56.47 56.77 57.07 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.27 58.57 58.87 59.17 59.47 59.77 60.13 60.44 60.73 61.03 61.33 61.62 61.93 62.22 62.53 62.82 63.13 63.42 63.73 64.02 64.33 64.62 64.93 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.27 55.56 55.87 56.16 56.46 56.77 57.07 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.26 58.57 58.86 59.17 59.47 59.77 60.14 60.43 60.74 61.03 61.34 61.63 61.94 62.23 62.54 62.83 63.14 63.43 63.73 64.03 64.34 64.63 64.94 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.26 55.56 55.86 56.16 56.46 56.76 57.06 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.26 58.57 58.86 59.17 59.46 59.77 60.13 60.44 60.73 61.04 61.33 61.64 61.93 62.24 62.53 62.84 63.13 63.44 63.73 64.04 64.33 64.64 64.93 65.04

95

Table 4.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.41 60.70 61.00 61.31 61.60 61.90 62.21 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.07 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.98 58.89 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.01 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.87 57.08 57.98 58.87 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.97 55.88 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.13 61.03 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

96

Table 4.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Setpoint Change (Hz) (Hz/s) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.12 55.55 56.05 56.19 56.67 56.79 56.96 57.43 57.66 58.08 58.22 58.71 58.86 59.35 59.52 59.66 60.16 60.32 60.68 60.98 61.35 61.67 61.83 62.35 62.49 62.66 63.20 63.35 63.82 64.06 64.28 64.60 64.93 69.98 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 54.98 56.96 58.86 60.99 64.06 70.24 0.3 40.00 54.97 56.96 58.86 60.98 64.06 70.23 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.97 57.26 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.22 0.5 40.00 54.97 56.94 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.23 0.6 40.00 55.27 56.94 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.21 0.7 40.00 54.97 57.28 58.85 60.98 64.04 70.23 0.8 40.01 54.98 56.95 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.22 0.9 40.01 54.98 56.94 58.90 61.00 64.02 70.21

97

Table 4.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)

Actual Pickup Frequency Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.43 55.57 56.04 56.19 56.66 56.80 56.95 57.42 57.59 58.08 58.22 58.70 58.86 59.38 59.52 59.64 60.18 60.69 60.85 60.99 61.55 61.66 62.20 62.29 62.49 62.76 63.21 63.34 63.91 64.06 64.21 64.78 64.93 70.22 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.97 57.29 58.87 61.00 64.05 70.22 0.3 39.99 54.98 56.94 58.86 60.98 64.05 69.72 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.98 57.30 58.86 60.98 64.05 69.88 0.5 39.99 54.97 57.29 58.87 60.99 64.05 70.23 0.6 39.99 54.97 57.29 58.87 61.00 64.06 70.21 0.7 40.00 54.98 57.26 58.87 60.98 64.06 70.21 0.8 40.01 54.96 56.94 58.84 60.97 64.04 70.26 0.9 40.01 54.99 57.29 58.90 61.01 64.05 70.22

98

Table 4.10: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 55.00 55.90 57.09 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.01 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.21 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.88 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1

15 sec 15.38 sec 30 sec 31.65 sec

99

Table 4.11: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.15 64.04 65.03 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 40.00 54.63 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.43 61.35 62.22 63.42 64.32 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.02 61.93 62.81 63.99 64.88 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.09 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.4 65.5 66.1

15 sec 19.52 sec

100

Table 4.12: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.01 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.20 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.89 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1

15 sec 15.38 sec 30 sec 31.65 sec

101

Table 4.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 40.00 54.64 55.53 56.74 57.66 58.55 60.45 61.35 62.23 63.42 64.33 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.94 61.04 61.93 62.81 63.99 64.89 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.07 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.71 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.9 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.5 66.1

15 sec 19.52 sec

102

Table 4.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 55.01 57.29 58.86 61.00 64.06 70.17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 40.00 54.97 57.03 58.85 61.01 64.06 70.13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.3 15.4 16.4 13.4 15.4 13.5 16.0 40.00 54.96 56.95 58.86 61.00 64.05 70.23 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.3 33.4 34.5 34.5 36.4 35.5 27.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.98 54.97 57.28 58.84 61.00 64.06 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.5 62.6 63.6 58.6 57.3 63.4 64.0

Table 4.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.01 54.91 57.26 59.02 61.01 64.04 69.98 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.4 6.5 6.0 40.00 54.92 57.10 58.88 60.97 64.06 70.11 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.4 12.5 16.5 16.5 16.4 15.4 16.0 39.94 54.93 57.27 58.76 60.98 64.09 70.25 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.0 33.8 33.8 30.8 36.1 33.2 33.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.96 56.93 58.78 61.01 64.11 70.28 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.9 66.7 65.7 61.6 63.4 62.1 62.3

103

Table 4.16: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 55.07 56.95 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.22 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.4 6.5 6.5 5.0 40.00 54.97 56.96 58.85 61.00 64.05 70.21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 15.4 16.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 16.0 40.00 54.98 57.26 58.85 60.99 64.05 70.236 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.3 34.4 35.5 33.5 33.4 35.5 28.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.99 54.97 56.94 58.85 61.01 64.06 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.5 64.5 57.5 61.6 57.3 64.4 57.0

Table 4.17: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.91 57.28 58.90 60.99 64.06 69.98 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 39.96 54.97 57.29 58.82 61.00 64.08 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.4 15.5 16.5 13.5 15.4 13.4 14.0 39.97 54.95 56.88 58.76 61.06 64.07 70.22 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 34.8 31.8 30.8 31.1 34.2 35.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.90 57.22 58.76 61.15 64.12 70.28 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.9 62.7 61.7 60.6 59.4 60.1 61.3

104

Table 4.18: Application test of relay 1 (Time Delay: 2 Cycles)

Power Factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.1 60.398 60.377 60.400 60.386 60.396 60.995 61.001 60.993 61.069 60.997 61.743 61.720 61.734 61.727 61.679 59.414 59.401 59.401 59.374 59.375 58.845 58.905 58.836 58.387 58.885 58.303 58.647 58.329 58.298 58.286 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.2 60.364 60.381 60.385 60.374 60.373 60.990 61.008 61.072 60.988 60.992 61.730 61.739 61.735 61.732 61.664 59.409 59.389 59.382 59.367 59.400 58.854 58.987 58.833 58.383 58.902 58.302 58.412 58.388 58.302 58.290 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.3 60.396 60.440 60.389 60.389 60.362 61.001 61.004 60.991 60.996 61.000 61.732 61.730 61.729 61.728 61.680 59.391 59.384 59.395 59.357 59.413 58.857 58.916 58.848 58.396 58.888 58.300 58.304 58.274 58.281 58.283

105

Table 4.19: Application test of relay 2 (Time Delay: 3 Cycles)

Power Factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.1 60.374 60.357 60.367 60.370 60.339 60.981 61.006 60.991 60.998 60.979 61.717 61.713 61.696 61.706 61.683 59.428 59.401 59.428 59.426 59.175 58.851 58.842 58.897 59.313 58.390 58.672 58.682 58.666 58.675 58.336 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.2 60.352 60.375 60.358 60.360 60.360 61.001 60.998 60.988 60.979 60.974 61.712 61.719 61.712 61.707 61.664 59.387 59.405 59.290 59.429 59.368 58.862 58.866 58.916 59.290 58.381 58.675 58.682 58.372 58.621 58.330 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.3 60.367 60.366 60.379 60.359 60.325 60.994 60.990 60.985 61.006 60.984 61.712 61.719 61.713 61.711 61.633 59.420 59.399 59.083 59.413 59.422 58.851 58.847 59.107 59.285 59.322 58.666 58.672 58.323 58.668 58.315

106

4.6 Interpretation of the Results 4.6.1 Conformance Tests

The two relays operated differently under conformance tests. In some cases the relays operated outside their specifications. For relay 1, pickup frequencies deviated from the setpoint, and the deviation increased with increasing frequency decay rate. For the same relay, time delays were outside specifications for high decay rates and long time delays. For relay 2, actual pickup frequencies deviated from the setpoint and in some cases, were out of specification. There is no trend in deviation regarding frequency decay rate for this relay. Time delays were within specifications except at 0.9 Hz/sec rate of frequency change and long time delay settings. Discussion with utility users of these relays, however, indicate that the errors, while outside specifications, are still very small, and are inconsequential for the users.
4.6.2 Application Tests

The specific dynamic test cases are applied to the relays. The actual pickup frequencies are recorded. Both relays operated quite accurately at over-frequency setpoints (60.5, 61.0 and 61.7 Hz). Some deviations are observed at underfrequency settings (59.3, 58.9 and 58.5 Hz).
4.6.3 Error Analysis

UFLS testing requires very high accuracy in both delay time and frequency measurements for accurate results. Because measured errors were very small, the test system was reevaluated for its ability to discern such small variations in time and frequency. The accuracy of the relay test system depends upon the accuracy of each component of the testing environment, including the waveform generators and the datalogging equipment. Accuracy specifications for the two relays tested and the datalogger used are: z Test Relay 1 (+/-0.01Hz , 0.25 cycle)
z z

Test Relay 2 (+/-0.01Hz , 1 cycle) Datalogger (100ppm or 0.0001% of the sampling rate)

Frequency is obtained by measuring time at each zero crossing, calculating the time difference from the previous zero crossing, and inverting to obtain frequency. Once the trip frequency is reached, cycles are counted until the time delay is reached, at which time the relay should actually trip. For this method, the accuracy of both the datalogger and relay may contribute error to the results. In order to verify the error, the information from the datalogger is analyzed. Table 4.20 shows data recorded during relay testing. The voltage 0 column is the input voltage to the relay, stepped down through a voltage transformer. The voltage 1 column is the operation of relays output contact, which goes from approximately zero to a positive value when the contact closes. The frequency of each cycle is calculated using interpolation to improve accuracy. The pickup frequency was set at 55Hz. Time delay was set at 6 cycles.

107

Table 4.20: Data for pickup frequency test (55 Hz Frequency Setpoint)
Row Voltage 0 (Volt) Voltage 1(Volt) Calculated Frequency (Hz) Remark

51466 0.026034 -0.677606 51467 0.041324 -0.636893 Zero crossing 51468 -0.320540 -0.591092 51469 -0.292508 -0.504578 continue continue continue 51644 0.680957 -0.382441 51645 0.686053 -0.242492 51646 0.326738 -0.306105 51647 0.331834 -0.303560 55.294 Above setting frequency 51648 -0.012191 -0.293382 51649 -0.001998 -0.211957 continue continue continue 51826 0.652925 -0.031296 51827 0.637635 -0.016029 51828 0.296158 -0.069464 51829 0.288513 -0.008395 54.983 Below setting frequency 51830 -0.040223 -0.018574 51831 -0.045320 -0.000762 continue continue continue 52008 0.635087 0.271503 52009 0.614700 0.330027 52010 0.298706 0.317304 52011 0.270674 0.340205 54.959 Relay pickup here 52012 -0.055513 0.337660 52013 -0.080996 0.393640 continue continue continue 52192 0.288513 0.503055 52193 0.245191 0.503055 52194 -0.060610 0.464887 52195 -0.106480 0.469976 continue continue continue 52284 -0.139608 -0.222136 52285 -0.075900 -0.303560 52286 0.209514 -0.608904 continue continue continue 52374 0.298706 0.449619 52375 0.219708 0.518322 continue continue continue 53179 -2.817910 0.457253 53180 -2.687950 3.121370 Contact close here (Source: NI VI Logger, Scan rate: 0.0001 second, Number of scans: 65404)

108

According to Table 4.20, the last cycle before the frequency decays to the set value of 55.0 Hz ends at row 51647 and 51648. By interpolating between row 51647 and 51648, the zero crossing is estimated at: 0.331834 t1 = 51647 *0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.16479s 0.331834 (0.0121912) The zero crossing one cycle before this is at: 0.0413239 t2 = 51467 *0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.14671s 0.0413239 (0.32054) The period is: T = t1 t2 = 0.018s Frequency can be calculated as follows: 1 f = = 55.294 Hz T At 55.294Hz, the relay does not trip because the frequency is still above the trip frequency. The next zero crossing is at rows 51829 and 51830. By interpolating between Row 51829 and 51830, the zero crossing is estimated at: 0.288513 t3 = 51829*0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.18298s 0.288513 (0.0555129) The zero crossing one cycle before this is at row 51647 and 51648 which is t1. The period is: T = t3 t1 = 0.018s Frequency can be calculated as follows: 1 f = = 54.983Hz T The relay may trip here since the frequency is less than the setting. Possible time error (e) in one cycle, based on datalogger specs, can be shown as follows: T e= *0.0001s *0.0001 = 1.819*106 s 0.0001 And the possible error in frequency calculation is: 1 f error1 = = 54.978 Hz (T + e) 1 f error 2 = = 54.989 Hz (T e) With consideration of datalogger error, the actual relay trip frequency was in the range from 54.98 Hz to 54.99 Hz. The relay could trip within specs at this point, because its specified accuracy of +/- 0.01Hz could allow 54.99 Hz to be sensed as 55.00 Hz. There is a corresponding possibility that the relay will not trip even when the measured frequency is calculated to be slightly (within 0.01 Hz) over the frequency setting. In the next cycle, the zero crossing is at rows 52011 and 52012. By interpolating between rows 52011 and 52012, the zero crossing is estimated at:

109

0.270674 = 5.201183s 0.270674 (0.05551) The zero crossing one cycle before this is at Row 51829 and 51830 which is t3. The period is: T = t4 t3 = 0.018s Frequency can be calculated as follows: 1 f = = 54.9595Hz T The relay trips at this point. The pickup frequency is recorded at 54.96 Hz. With consideration of test components error, the obtained result may deviate from the actual one. In this specific case of the setting at 55Hz and 6 cycle time delay, the measured pickup frequency can be either 55.00Hz or 54.96 Hz. while the recorded time delay could vary between 6 cycles and 7 cycles. t4 = 52011*0.0001s + 0.0001s *
4.7 Future Work

While the simulations provide good data for application tests, actual field data would greatly enhance the testing protocol. A library of such recorded data should be developed. A new IEEE guide [26] addresses issues regarding frequency relay testing. These issues should be considered to improve the test system and protocol. Although most of widely used relays today employ the zero-crossing technique to measure frequency, some of new frequency relays may apply the other technologies. The other frequency measuring techniques should be investigated, and if necessary, algorithms for testing such relays should be developed and incorporated into the test protocols.

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5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Distance relays

This report describes a test lab setup developed at Texas A&M University for testing distance relays. The test procedure of relay test implementation on the platform and the use in relay testing are also presented. Three different distance relays are selected to implement relay tests using the proposed methodology and tests results are given at the end. The proposed test methodology together with the test tools and test case library composes a comprehensive test environment for evaluating the dependability and security features of protective relays. In the course of study it became apparent that a differentiation between Conformance Test and Compliance Test should be made to help focus on different types of design and application tests. The Conformance test objective is to test the basic functionality of the relays, verify the operating characteristics, calibrate relay settings and implement periodic maintenance test. The concern of this test is the statistical performance related to the relay operating characteristic and tripping time. To fulfill this test, a batch of test cases with a variety of disturbance conditions including faults and non-faults are generated through simulation. The Compliance test objective is to verify whether a relay can operate correctly under peculiar circumstances in power system particularly during abnormal operating conditions. This type of test is to investigate the compliance feature that real performance of a protective relay complies with its expected performance. The concern of this test is the trip/no trip response and relay operating time performance under specific scenarios. A typical example is the use of the recorded data to analyze causes of an unwanted relay operation in a post-event analysis. The test results have shown that in the future it will be equally important to test relays for dependability and security of operation. While the loss of security that resulted in over tripping may have not been a concern in the future, due to heavily overloaded lines the unwanted trips can lead to a cascading event ending in a black out. This report has shown how the testing for security may be implemented.

5.2 Generator Relays

This report describes the configuration, simulation, and instrumentation requirements for evaluating the performance of generator protection relays under realistic transient conditions, as they may be encountered in a practical electric power system. As a result, a comprehensive testing platform has been built to reproduce and simulate conditions in the system as closely to reality as possible. The report presented the testing platform with an emphasis on generator protective relays. The highlights of the platform include (a) a power system simulator to accurately compute short-circuit conditions as seen in an actual system by the protective relays; (b) a signal conditioning unit that reproduces the simulated voltages and currents at relay instrumentation voltage and current level, as if

111

they were delivered by actual potential and current transformers; and (c) a set of procedures to conduct and validate the different tests of the generator relay, including relay connections, software configuration, and the different test scenarios. An immediate application of the developed methodology and data base is to test the settings of specific generator relays and the degree of coordination of the various relay functions. A future research direction would be to use the developed methodology in reverse mode, i.e. for the purpose of estimating the model of the generator. Accurate generator modeling remains an issue. Approaches to estimate the generator model in real time, while they exist, have not provided robust performance and the resulting model does not exhibit satisfactory agreement with observed generator response. It is expected that the developed generator model can provide a real time estimation methodology that will be robust and will result in an accurate generator model. The attractiveness of the approach is that the entre procedure can be performed within the generator relay.
5.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding Relays

This report presents a new methodology specifically designed for UFLS relay testing. The tests include conformance and application tests. Philosophies of testing are discussed and test protocols are presented. Test protocols provide realistic and relevant tests to more accurately simulate conditions relays may encounter in service. While much relay testing is done with pure sinusoidal waveforms, the protocols include distorted waveforms. Dynamic test cases are also provided to test relays under specific conditions. The cases provided are from simulations, but actual recorded data can also be used when available. Two common UFLS digital relays were tested under the new protocol. The results show the two relays operated differently during tests. Some small deviations from manufacturers specifications were observed. The deviations recorded in application tests are larger than those resulting from conformance tests. Discussions with utility users, however, indicate that the deviations observed are inconsequential for the users. The accuracy of testing components may contribute error to the acquired results. The report analyzes how the error of testing components can affect the test results. Higher accuracy can be achieved by upgrading to higher accuracy hardware, e.g., a datalogger with higher sampling rate.

112

6.0
[1] [2]

Project Publications
N. Zhang, H. Song and M. Kezunovic, Transient Based Relay Testing: A New Scope and Methodology, The 13th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON 06), Torremolinos (Mlaga), Spain, May 2006. M. Kezunovic, X. Luo, N. Zhang, and H. Song, Testing and Evaluating New Software Solutions for Automated Analysis of Protective Relay Operations, The 7the International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Lyon, France, June 2007. M. Kezunovic, J. Ren, New Test Methodology for Evaluating Protective Relay Security and Dependability, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2008. Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, Relay Simulation and Testing Software on the .NET Framework Environment, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, June 24-28 2007, Tampa, FL USA. Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, A Breaker-oriented, Three-phase IEEE 24-substation Test System (submitted to IEEE Transactions) M. Shao, W. Jewell, Analysis of Protective Relay Performance in the August 2003 North America Blackout, Frontiers of Power Conference Proceedings, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, October 2006. M. Shao, P. Poonpun, W. Jewell, An Advanced Methodology for Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Testing, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, Apr. 2008.

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

113

7.0
[1] [2] [3]

References
U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, April 5, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www. nerc.com M. Kezunovic, Y.Q. Xia, Y. Guo, C.W. Fromen, D.R. Sevcik, An Advanced Method for Testing of Distance Relay Operating Characteristic, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp149-157, January 1996. M. Kezunovic, B. Kasztenny, Design, Optimization and Performance Evaluation of the Relaying Algorithms, Relays and Protective System Using Advanced Testing Tools, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp11251139, October 2000. Power System Relaying Committee, EMTP Reference Models for Transmission Line Relay Testing Report, draft 10a, Dec. 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.pes-psrc.org/ S. K. M. Kodsi and C. A. Canizares, Modeling and Simulation of IEEE 14 Bus System with FACTS Controllers, Technical Report 2003-3, Waterloo, Canada, 2003, [Online]. Available: http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca/~claudio/ CanAm EMTP User Group, Alternative Transient Program (ATP) Rule Book, Portland, OR, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.eeug.org/ files/secret/ATP_RuleBook The MathWorks, Inc., Using MATLAB, Natick, MA, July 2002. [Online]. Available: http://www.mathworks.com H. Song, M. Kezunovic, A New Analysis Method for Early Detection and Prevention of Cascading Events, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, No. 8, pp1132-1142, June 2007. F. Dobraca, M.A. Pai, P.W. Sauer, Relay Margins as a Tool for Dynamical Security Analysis, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 12 (4), pp. 226-234, Oct. 1990. X. Luo, M. Kezunovic, "Interactive Protection System Simulation Using ATP MODELS and C++," IEEE 2005/2006 PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition, Dallas, Texas, May 2006. Test Laboratories International, Inc. Relay Assistant Digital Simulator Software, [Online]. Available: http://www.tli-inc.com IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE), IEEE Standard C37.111-1999, March 1999. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. SEL-421, SEL-421-1 Relay, Protection and Automation System, Instruction Manual Users Guide, Aug. 5, 2005. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. SEL-421, SEL-421-1 Relay, Protection and Automation System, Instruction Manual Applications Handbook, Aug. 5, 2005. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. ACSELERATOR QuickSet SEL5030 Software Version 2.4, Aug. 5, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.selinc.com/sel-5030.htm 114

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[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

[27] [28]

[29] [30] [31] [32] [33]

Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. SEL-321, SEL-321-1 Phase and ground distance relay, directional over current relay, fault locator- Instruction Manual. Nov. 20, 2000. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Relay Assistance Software SEL-5010 Version 4.7, Nov.20, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.selinc.com/sel5010.htm GE Multilin D60 Line Distance Relay Instruction Manual, 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.geindustrial.com/multilin/manuals/d60.htm. GE EnerVista UR Setup Software Version 5.4 July 3, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.geindustrial.com Beckwith M3425-A Generator Protection Instructions Book, [Online]. Available: http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for Power Systems, IEEE Standard C37.111-1991 and C37.111-1999. A. P. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides, A Virtual Environment for Protective Relaying Evaluation and Testing, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp 104-111, Feb. 2004. Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, Relay Simulation and Testing Software on the .NET Framework Environment, IEEE Power Engineeering Society General Meeting, June 24-28 2007, Tampa, FL USA. BECO2200-M-3425A, Communications Database for M3425A Integrated Protection System (May 2006), [Online]. Available: http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm BECO2200 Digital Communications Protocol, Revision 5 (June 1996), [Online]. Available: http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency Load Shedding and Restoration, IEEE Standard C37.111-1991, C37.111-1999, IEEE Std C37.117-2007. [Online]. Available: http://standards.ieee.org. M. Shao, P. Poonpun, W. Jewell, An Advanced Methodology for Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Testing, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, Apr. 2008. Ward Jewell, R.D.A. Rob, T. K. Wong, and A. Dakkak Results of Protective Relay Harmonic Waveform Distortion Testing Program, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Las Vegas, October 1996. Alternative Transients Program. [Online]. Available: http://www.emtp.org. G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, Second edition, Stars in a Circle Publications, 1994. Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) Workbook Volume III, Electric Power Research Institute, June 1989. MAAC Under-Frequency Load Shedding Program Requirements, June 21, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.maac-rc.org/reference/b_8.pdf. S. Mohagheghi, R. H. Alaileh, G. Cokkinides and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, A laboratory setup for a substation scaled model, Proceedings of Power Tech 2007 Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, July 15, 2007.

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S. Mohagheghi, R. H. Alaileh, G. Cokkinides and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, Distributed state estimation using the SuperCalibrator concept: laboratory implementation, Proceedings of International Institute for Research and Education in Power System Dynamics (iREP) 2007 Symposium, Charleston, SC USA, Aug. 1924, 2007.

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Appendix A: Line Distance Relay Test

A.1 Relay Settings

Relays are set according to the test plan discussed in section 2 and the reference provided by vendors [13], [14], [16], [18]. Table A.1 and Table A.2 are setting tables for SEL-421 relay for implementing conformance test and application test respectively. Setting tables for SEL-321 relay are neglected because of the same parameters and similar setting names. Figure A.1, A.2 and A.3 are given to present the settings for GE D60 instead of listing parameters. For SEL-421 and SEL-321, the setting names come from the SEL 5030 and SEL 5010 respectively which are software used for manage relays [15], [17]. For GE D60, these figures are generated by EnerVista UR Setup software [19].
Table A.1: Setting table for SEL-421 for Conformance Test
Setting Name SID Station Identifier RID Relay Identifier NUMBK BID 1 Breaker 1 Identifier NFREQ PHROT ESS CTRW PTRY VNOMY Z1MAG Z1ANG Z0MAG Z0ANG EFLOC Fault Location LL Line Length (mile) E21P Z1P Zone 1 Reach Z2P Zone 2 Reach Z3P Zone 3 Reach Z1PD Zone 1 Time Delay Z2PD Zone 2 Time Delay Z2PD Zone 3 Time Delay E21MG Z1MG Zone 1 Reach Z2MG Zone 2 Reach Z3MG Zone 3 Reach E21XG Z1GD Zone 1 Time Delay Z2GD Zone 2 Time Delay Z3GD Zone 3 Time Delay k0M1 k0A1 ECDTD Value 230kV BUS1 SEL-421-1 1 Breaker 1-Line 1 60 ABC N 400 2300 100 7.13 84.2 19.68 81.7 Y 45 3 5.71 7.13 18.87 0.0 20.0 60.0 3 5.71 7.13 18.87 N 0.0 20.0 60.0 0.587 -3.92 Y Setting Name Z1D Zone 1 Time Delay Z2D Zone 2 Time Delay Z3D Zone 3 Time Delay ESOTF Switch-Onto-Fault ESPSTF EVRST 52AEND SOTFD CLSMON EOOS Out-of-Step OOSB1 Block Zone 1 OOSB2 Block Zone 2 OOSB3 Block Zone 3 OSBD OSBLTCH EOOST X1T7 X1T6 R1R7 R1R6 ELOAD ZLF ZLR PLAF NLAF PLAR NLAR E50P 50P1P Level 1 Pickup 67P1D Level 1 Time Delay 67P1TC DIR3 TR Trip TRSOTF Value 0.0 20.0 60.0 Y N Y 10.0 10.0 IN102 Y Y Y N 2.5 Y N 23.42 8.56 19.16 4.3 Y 6.29 6.29 45.0 -45.0 135.0 225.0 1 3.23 0.0 1 F
Z1T OR Z2T OR Z3T
M2P OR Z2G OR M3P OR Z3G

117

Table A.2: Setting table for SEL-421 for Compliance Test

Setting Name SID Station Identifier RID Relay Identifier NUMBK BID 1 Breaker 1 Identifier NFREQ PHROT ESS CTRW PTRY VNOMY Z1MAG Z1ANG Z0MAG Z0ANG EFLOC Fault Location LL Line Length (mile) E21P Z1P Zone 1 Reach Z2P Zone 2 Reach Z3P Zone 3 Reach Z1PD Zone 1 Time Delay Z2PD Zone 2 Time Delay Z2PD Zone 3 Time Delay E21MG Z1MG Zone 1 Reach Z2MG Zone 2 Reach Z3GD Zone 3 Time Delay k0M1 k0A1 ECDTD Value 138kV BUS2 SEL-421-1 1 Breaker 1-Bus 2 60 ABC N 100 1380 100 1.48 76.64 3.69 76.59 Y 33 3 1.18 1.78 3.67 0.0 20.0 60.0 3 1.18 1.78 60.0 0.726 -3.67 Y Setting Name Z3MG Zone 3 Reach E21XG Z1GD Zone 1 Time Delay Z2GD Zone 2 Time Delay Z1D Zone 1 Time Delay Z2D Zone 2 Time Delay Z3D Zone 3 Time Delay ESOTF Switch-Onto-Fault EOOS Out-of-Step OOSB1 Block Zone 1 OOSB2 Block Zone 2 OOSB3 Block Zone 3 OSBD OSBLTCH EOOST OSTD X1T7 X1T6 R1R7 R1R6 ELOAD ZLF ZLR PLAF NLAF PLAR NLAR DIR3 TR Trip ER Event Report Trigger Value 3.67 N 0.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 60.0 N Y Y Y N 3.05 Y I 0.625 7.89 2.14 6.84 1.09 Y 1.81 1.81 45.0 -45.0 135.0 225.0 F
Z1T OR Z2T OR Z3T
M2P OR Z2G OR M3P OR Z3G

Figure A.1: Phase distance protection

118

Figure A.2: Power swing protection

Figure A.3: Load encroachment protection

Note: Since GE D60 does not have the protection element special for the switch onto fault condition, a combination of Line Pickup and Phase IOC is applied using FlexLogic to realize this function.

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A.2 Test Results Table A.3: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-421
Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 45 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 0 0 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Trip Time[s] 0.0127 0.0141 0.0136 0.0192 0.0232 0.0203 0.0238 0.0242 0.0253 0.0308 0.3549 0.3595 0.0294 0.3537 0.3577 0.0343 0.3570 0.3591 0.3553 0.3583 0.3585 0.0170 0.0162 0.0232 0.0176 0.0199 0.0230 0.0186 0.0213 0.0244 0.0233 0.0242 0.0242 0.0246 0.0230 0.0237 0.0268 0.0302 0.0280 0.0299 0.0264 0.0284 0.3578 0.3576

120

BC Type BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

90 Loc [%] 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 70 70 70 90 90 90

45 Inception Angle [deg] 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

0 Resistance [] 5 0 5 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Y Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

2 Trip Zone 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

0.3597 Trip Time[s] 0.3584 0.3567 0.3573 0.0163 0.0172 0.0152 0.0163 0.0160 0.0187 0.0246 0.0238 0.0249 0.0247 0.0225 0.0237 0.0272 0.0270 0.0285 0.0290 0.0277 0.0267 0.3579 0.3645 0.3646 0.3643 0.3613 0.3604 0.0167 0.0148 0.0155 0.0200 0.0217 0.0219 0.0280 0.0312 0.0283 0.3601 0.3603 0.3578

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Table A.4: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 10 50 50 50 90 90 90 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

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Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 10 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip N N N N N N N

Trip Zone

Trip Time[s]

Table A.5: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Trip Time [s] 1.0206 1.0194 1.0214 1.0221 1.0201 1.0246 0.3642 0.3644 0.3631 1.0320 1.0333 1.0312 1.0339 1.0351 1.0322 0.3660 0.3633 0.3746 1.0399 1.0397 1.0394 1.0431 1.0453 1.0421 1.0219 1.0249 1.0200 1.0239 1.0279 1.0198 1.0317 1.0337 1.0249

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Table A.6: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0231 0.0210 0.0229 0.0236 0.0247 0.0222 0.0237 0.0236 0.0253 0.3614 0.3590 0.3602 0.0162 0.0168 0.0204 0.0226 0.0244 0.0227 0.3605 0.3607 0.3608 0.0174 0.0166 0.0191 0.0240 0.0229 0.0241 0.0244 0.0226 0.0235 0.3592 0.3604 0.3600 0.0159 0.0161 0.0180 0.0208 0.0227 0.0221 0.3615 0.3654 0.3645

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Table A.7: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF Trip Time [s] 0.0159 0.0211 0.0141 0.0181 0.0153 0.0182 0.0208 0.0217 0.0187 0.0212 0.0207 0.0205 0.0255 0.0252 0.0249 0.0239 0.0227 0.0264 0.0144 0.0185 0.0165 0.0154 0.0175 0.0177 0.0191 0.0210 0.0202 0.0151 0.0142 0.0145 0.0138 0.0144 0.0163 0.0162 0.0185 0.0189 0.0182 0.0201 0.0215 0.0194 0.0187 0.0215 0.0206 0.0209 0.0205 0.0148 0.0150

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Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF

Trip Time [s] 0.0156 0.0160 0.0142 0.0157 0.0183 0.0190 0.0189

Table A.8: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF Trip Time [s] 0.0150 0.0242 0.0155 0.0192 0.0151 0.0146 0.0252 0.0298 0.0249 0.0284 0.0198 0.0223 0.0282 0.0316 0.0296 0.0304 0.0243 0.0240 0.0141 0.0183 0.0190 0.0188 0.0178 0.0216 0.0181 0.0171 0.0218 0.0150 0.0154 0.0146 0.0189 0.0144 0.0174 0.0191 0.0194 0.0188 0.0185 0.0219

126

Type BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF

Trip Time [s] 0.0222 0.0193 0.0177 0.0201 0.0185 0.0221 0.0219 0.0148 0.0162 0.0150 0.0228 0.0331 0.0327 0.0322 0.0331 0.0333

127

Table A.9: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0149 0.0150 0.0146 0.0204 0.0213 0.0242 0.3608 0.3562 0.3514 0.0195 0.0209 0.0203 0.0247 0.0255 0.0250 0.3535 0.3415 0.3341 0.0167 0.0203 0.0201 0.0255 0.0256 0.0234 0.3502 0.3528 0.3564 0.0174 0.0182 0.0166 0.0255 0.0333 0.0310 0.3671 0.3663 0.3659

128

Table A.10: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0202 0.0206 0.0234 0.3531 0.3546 0.3547 0.0248 0.0237 0.0217 0.3561 0.3553 0.3543 0.0252 0.0249 0.0227 0.3596 0.3587 0.3586 0.0216 0.0229 0.0219 0.3595 0.3597 0.3527

129

Table A.11: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-421

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0203 0.0206 0.0221 0.3558 0.3567 0.3606 0.0239 0.0244 0.0240 0.3588 0.3602 0.3586 0.0229 0.0253 0.0238 0.3626 0.3647 0.3632 0.0218 0.0233 0.0224 0.3637 0.3651 0.3645

Table A.12: Statistical test results for internal faults for SEL-421
Type AG AG AG BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Rf [] 5 0 0 5 0 0 25 10 0 0 0 0 Trip Zone I I II I I II I I II I I II No. T 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean T [ms] 22.57 28.32 318.20 24.71 28.64 356.23 18.73 29.72 365.47 20.88 31.25 359.65 Max T [ms] 24.30 30.90 357.10 26.40 30.30 357.10 20.10 31.20 370.30 21.90 33.40 361.30 Min T [ms] 20.60 27.40 313.40 22.50 26.80 355.10 17.90 28.10 360.00 20.00 29.30 357.20 Devtn [ms] 0.85 0.82 7.87 0.79 0.83 0.59 0.58 0.65 1.12 0.61 0.97 1.41

130

Table A.13: Test results for no-fault scenarios for SEL-421

Type N1-1 N1-1 N1-1 N1-2 N1-2 N1-2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N3 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N5 N6 N6 N6 N6 Operation Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Remove S1 after 2 cycles Remove S2 after 2 cycles Remove S3 after 2 cycles Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles Open SW after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 Trip / NoTrip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

131

Table A.14: Compliance test result for SEL-421

Type A1 Loc [%] 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 Fault Type Single 3phase Single 3phase Two 3phase Two 3phase Single 3phase Single 3phase Two 3phase Two 3phase Load Condition Base Trip / no trip on Fault Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CCT[s] 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 Trip / no trip on Power Swing or Out of Step N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

A2

Over

A3

Base

A4

Over

A5

Base

A6

Over

A7

Base

A8

Over

132

Table A.15: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 45 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 0 0 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Trip Time[s] 0.0164 0.0147 0.0170 0.0211 0.0216 0.0209 0.0228 0.0238 0.0230 0.0297 0.3622 0.0308 0.3575 0.0298 0.3605 0.3544 0.3566 0.3575 0.0136 0.0132 0.0213 0.0147 0.0167 0.0201 0.0145 0.0169 0.0212 0.0213 0.0239 0.0218 0.0235 0.0198 0.0225 0.0257 0.0273 0.0258 0.0288 0.0244 0.0262 0.3543 0.3631 0.3545 0.3627 0.3539

133

Type BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 70 70 70 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 5 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Zone 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

Trip Time[s] 0.3607 0.0233 0.0219 0.0149 0.0231 0.0181 0.0251 0.0230 0.0303 0.0217 0.0317 0.0213 0.0285 0.0248 0.0332 0.0255 0.0265 0.0244 0.0254 0.3559 0.3530 0.3543 0.3532 0.3565 0.3536 0.0137 0.0133 0.0134 0.0192 0.0214 0.0200 0.0248 0.0275 0.0262 0.3536 0.3541 0.3545

134

Table A.16: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 10 50 50 50 90 90 90 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

135

Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 10 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip N N N N N N N

Trip Zone

Trip Time [s]

Table A.17: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Trip Time [s] 1.0200 1.0177 1.0169 1.0219 1.0196 1.0210 0.3613 0.3618 0.3596 1.0219 1.0221 1.0199 1.0246 1.0256 1.0243 0.3629 0.3610 0.3773 1.0222 1.0224 1.0195 1.0246 1.0265 1.0251 0.4062 0.4032 0.4182 1.0186 1.0208 1.0188 1.0258 1.0262 1.0247

136

Table A.18: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0322 0.0341 0.0328 0.0342 0.0339 0.0316 0.0349 0.0332 0.0339 0.3679 0.3685 0.3668 0.0152 0.0156 0.0175 0.0205 0.0212 0.0219 0.3570 0.3598 0.3585 0.0249 0.0227 0.0182 0.0212 0.0263 0.0231 0.0221 0.0215 0.0221 0.3583 0.3589 0.3592 0.0150 0.0142 0.0144 0.0195 0.0206 0.0211 0.3589 0.3588 0.3593

137

Table A.19: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF Trip Time [s] 0.0087 0.0084 0.0073 0.0072 0.0069 0.0070 0.0108 0.0161 0.0089 0.0151 0.0107 0.0138 0.0168 0.0248 0.0161 0.0220 0.0164 0.0227 0.0071 0.0124 0.0092 0.0098 0.0138 0.0100 0.0139 0.0134 0.0130 0.0066 0.0069 0.0071 0.0080 0.0078 0.0076 0.0087 0.077 0.0116 0.0133 0.0105 0.0096 0.0139 0.0148 0.0129 0.0143 0.0110 0.0128 0.0068 0.0079

138

Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF

Trip Time [s] 0.0077 0.0090 0.0093 0.0082 0.0104 0.0124 0.0109

Table A.20: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF Trip Time [s] 0.0082 0.0079 0.0077 0.0076 0.0080 0.0078 0.0112 0.0164 0.0085 0.0159 0.0102 0.0133 0.0176 0.0256 0.0171 0.0233 0.0163 0.0230 0.0080 0.0113 0.0079 0.0078 0.0125 0.0109 0.0144 0.0130 0.0112 0.0072 0.0061 0.0069 0.0073 0.0068 0.0075 0.0081 0.0098 0.0123 0.0145 0.0103

139

Type BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Unit SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF SOTF

Trip Time [s] 0.0102 0.0143 0.0150 0.0132 0.0147 0.0117 0.0136 0.0073 0.0076 0.0080 0.0074 0.0084 0.0088 0.0107 0.0101 0.0111

140

Table A.21: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0151 0.0169 0.0172 0.0204 0.0225 0.0248 0.3625 0.3603 0.3598 0.0159 0.0192 0.0164 0.0231 0.0229 0.0238 0.3662 0.3553 0.3612 0.0148 0.0186 0.0178 0.0232 0.0226 0.0242 0.3582 0.3608 0.3564 0.0144 0.0149 0.0157 0.0211 0.0225 0.0229 0.3577 0.3600 0.3595

141

Table A.22: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0223 0.0207 0.0250 0.3567 0.3543 0.3551 0.0221 0.0213 0.0211 0.3556 0.3565 0.3549 0.0213 0.0225 0.0203 0.3548 0.3554 0.3537 0.0206 0.0208 0.0204 0.3548 0.3570 0.3555

142

Table A.23: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0241 0.0212 0.0238 0.3588 0.3572 0.3575 0.0211 0.0209 0.0201 0.3581 0.3610 0.3597 0.0219 0.0215 0.0213 0.3578 0.3606 0.3594 0.0189 0.0217 0.0209 0.3578 0.3595 0.3583

Table A.24: Statistical test results of internal faults for SEL-321

Type AG AG AG BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Rf [] 5 0 0 5 0 0 25 10 0 0 0 0 Trip Zone I I II I I II I I II I I II No. T 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean T [ms] 21.95 30.12 358.45 24.66 25.64 358.42 28.24 25.86 359.08 20.05 26.85 355.71 Max T [ms] 25.60 33.60 360.30 26.90 29.30 360.70 30.50 27.90 362.70 21.30 28.40 358.10 Min T [ms] 21.80 29.70 351.40 22.70 24.10 352.20 26.90 24.00 355.20 19.20 26.10 353.5 Devtn [ms] 0.65 0.66 1.34 0.72 0.59 1.51 0.59 0.45 1.27 0.46 0.58 1.03

143

Table A.25: Test results of no-fault scenarios for SEL-321

Type N1-1 N1-1 N1-1 N1-2 N1-2 N1-2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N3 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N5 N6 N6 N6 N6 Operation Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Remove S1 after 2 cycles Remove S2 after 2 cycles Remove S3 after 2 cycles Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles Open SW after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 Trip / No Trip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

144

Table A.26: Compliance test result for SEL-321

Type A1 Loc [%] 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 Fault Type Single 3phase Single 3phase Two 3phase Two 3phase Single 3phase Single 3phase Two 3phase Two 3phase Load Condition Base Trip / no trip on Fault Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CCT[s] 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 Trip / no trip on Power Swing or Out of Step N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

A2

Over

A3

Base

A4

Over

A5

Base

A6

Over

A7

Base

A8

Over

145

Table A.27: Test results for condition F1 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 45 90 0 0 0 45 45 45 90 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 0 0 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 25 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Trip Time[s] 0.0146 0.0145 0.0160 0.0247 0.0244 0.0229 0.0230 0.0248 0.0259 0.0296 0.3609 0.3621 0.0308 0.3601 0.3583 0.0302 0.3589 0.3587 0.3615 0.3602 0.3588 0.0164 0.0178 0.0180 0.0189 0.0188 0.0244 0.0180 0.0190 0.0211 0.0225 0.0255 0.0251 0.0254 0.0231 0.0244 0.0279 0.0366 0.0286 0.0346 0.0282 0.0328 0.3586 0.3650 0.3598 0.3658 0.3597

146

Type BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 70 70 70 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 5 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Zone 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

Trip Time[s] 0.3632 0.0178 0.0182 0.0191 0.0187 0.0173 0.0167 0.0235 0.0233 0.0256 0.0260 0.0245 0.0243 0.0267 0.0279 0.0288 0.0295 0.0271 0.0282 0.3595 0.3591 0.3609 0.3589 0.3636 0.3593 0.0166 0.0171 0.0158 0.0221 0.0219 0.0234 0.0292 0.0302 0.0270 0.3546 0.3592 0.3593

147

Table A.28: Test results for condition F2-1 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 10 50 50 50 90 90 90 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 10 10 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

148

Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 10 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip N N N N N N N

Trip Zone

Trip Time [s]

Table A.29: Test results for condition F2-2 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Trip Time [s] 1.0217 1.0182 1.0193 1.0240 1.0205 1.0251 0.3632 0.3649 0.3628 1.0190 1.0228 1.0230 1.0267 1.0280 1.0253 0.3650 0.3653 0.3637 1.0204 1.0228 1.0226 1.0239 1.0261 1.0263 0.3675 0.3677 0.3639 1.0204 1.0213 1.0208 1.0267 1.0279 1.0264

149

Table A.30: Test results for condition F3 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0280 0.0275 0.0284 0.0288 0.0296 0.0282 0.0294 0.0287 0.0282 0.3613 0.3595 0.3608 0.0272 0.0274 0.0289 0.0280 0.0291 0.0282 0.3599 0.3588 0.3593 0.0267 0.0266 0.0277 0.0259 0.0282 0.0285 0.0276 0.0299 0.0297 0.3594 0.3601 0.3618 0.0276 0.0282 0.0274 0.0272 0.0271 0.0277 0.3586 0.3599 0.3590

150

Table A.31: Test results for condition F4-1 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Time [s] 0.0139 0.0146 0.0137 0.0128 0.0129 0.0142 0.0165 0.0205 0.0157 0.0181 0.01175 0.0186 0.0226 0.1374 0.0203 0.1402 0.0201 0.1390 0.0125 0.0135 0.0141 0.0148 0.0172 0.0170 0.0177 0.0189 0.0197 0.0122 0.0130 0.0140 0.0144 0.0129 0.0141 0.0157 0.0164 0.0144 0.0184 0.0161 0.0146 0.0182 0.0174 0.0210 0.0218 0.0191 0.0204 0.0128 0.0143

151

Type ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Time [s] 0.0134 0.0140 0.0147 0.0151 0.0173 0.0199 0.0173

Table A.32: Test results for condition F4-2 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG Loc [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 Inception Angle [deg] 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 0 45 45 90 Resistance [] 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Time [s] 0.0143 0.0147 0.0132 0.0140 0.0125 0.0135 0.0166 0.0211 0.0167 0.0193 0.0160 0.0184 0.0213 0.1376 0.0193 0.1405 0.0197 0.1384 0.0132 0.0147 0.0146 0.0152 0.0181 0.0154 0.0179 0.0190 0.0203 0.0124 0.0127 0.0124 0.0133 0.0137 0.0140 0.0148 0.0164 0.0158 0.0177 0.0152

152

Type BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

Loc [%] 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90

Inception Angle [deg] 90 0 0 45 45 90 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90

Resistance [] 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Trip Time [s] 0.0148 0.0170 0.0179 0.0210 0.0207 0.0211 0.0212 0.0135 0.0127 0.0130 0.0139 0.0146 0.0141 0.0178 0.0165 0.0171

153

Table A.33: Test results for condition F5 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0152 0.0155 0.0163 0.0242 0.0232 0.0267 0.3633 0.3642 0.3601 0.0191 0.0189 0.0194 0.0254 0.0266 0.0240 0.3332 0.3226 0.3176 0.0196 0.0197 0.0200 0.0251 0.0271 0.0247 0.3576 0.3608 0.3588 0.0185 0.0175 0.0184 0.0232 0.0234 0.0247 0.3614 0.3621 0.3617

154

Table A.34: Test results for condition F6-1 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0234 0.0232 0.0264 0.3614 0.3602 0.3606 0.0242 0.0259 0.0237 0.3598 0.3595 0.3597 0.0259 0.0249 0.0228 0.3595 0.3607 0.3588 0.0217 0.0229 0.0234 0.3610 0.3621 0.3589

155

Table A.35: Test results for condition F6-2 for GE D60

Type AG AG AG AG AG AG BC BC BC BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 50 50 50 90 90 90 Inception Angle [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Resistance [] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Trip Zone 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Trip Time [s] 0.0250 0.0222 0.0227 0.3607 0.3603 0.3593 0.0211 0.0260 0.0245 0.3596 0.3594 0.3587 0.0212 0.0250 0.0240 0.3598 0.3596 0.3583 0.0229 0.0230 0.0234 0.3607 0.3594 0.3582

Table A.36: Statistical test results for internal faults for GE D60
Type AG AG AG BC BC BC BCG BCG BCG ABC ABC ABC Loc [%] 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90 [deg] 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 45 90 Rf [] 5 0 0 5 0 0 25 10 0 0 0 0 Trip Zone I I II I I II I I II I I II No. T 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean T [ms] 24.78 31.12 359.04 25.92 27.79 359.97 23.86 30.05 363.43 21.92 30.04 360.56 Max T [ms] 25.40 32.80 360.30 26.80 29.10 361.40 24.60 31.70 370.50 23.90 31.90 362.10 Min T [ms] 23.80 30.40 358.1 24.90 27.00 359.20 22.80 29.40 358.4 21.1 29.5 359.60 Devtn [ms] 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.20

156

Table A.37: Test results of no-fault scenarios for GE D60

Type N1-1 N1-1 N1-1 N1-2 N1-2 N1-2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N3 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N5 N6 N6 N6 N6 Operation Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Three phases close after 2 cycles Phase A close after 2 cycles Phase B, C close after 2 cycles Remove S1 after 2 cycles Remove S2 after 2 cycles Remove S3 after 2 cycles Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles Open SW after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S1 after 2 cycles Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 Trip / No Trip N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Trip Zone Trip Time [s]

157

Table A.38: Compliance test result for GE D60

Type A1 Loc [%] 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 10 50 90 Fault Type Single 3-phase Load Condition Base Trip / no trip Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CCT[s] 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.346 0.550 0.716 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 0.716 1.016 1.432 Trip / no trip N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

A2

Single 3-phase

Over

A3

Two 3-phase

Base

A4

Two 3-phase

Over

A5

Single 3-phase

Base

A6

Single 3-phase

Over

A7

Two 3-phase

Base

A8

Two 3-phase

Over

158

Appendix B: Generator Relay Test

B.1 Generator Relay Protection Scheme and Connections

The protection scheme to be reproduced to test the generator protection relays are shown in Figure B.1. The figure shows what measurements the relay accepts, namely high-side voltage, high-side and low-side currents, neutral currents and voltages, and zero sequence currents and voltages. All measurements are connected to a specific measurement channel of the relay. The relay has 12 inputs total, and all 12 inputs are utilized to test the different protection schemes supported by the relay. A detailed schematic of the same protection scheme is shown in Figure B.2 for the M-3425A relay and Figure B.3 for the 300G relay. The figures all come from the data sheets available from the relay manufacturers. The connections for the typical protection scheme shown in these figures enable a number of functions that are identified in Figure B.4 by their number. The developed laboratory setup does not use measurements from actual CTs or VTs. Instead, the CT and VT signals are simulated using the software platform and recreated using a waveform generator. Part of the waveform generator is a theater amplifier that scales the output of the D/A converter from 10 V to 30 V. For voltage measurements, the output of the amplifier is brought to the nominal voltage of the relay (69 V) using a booster transformer bench. The final cabling is shown in Figure B.5.

159

Generator Protection Relay

Figure B.1: Instrumentation connections of the generator protection relays

160

Figure B.2: M-3425A detailed connections of measurement channels to relay inputs for a typical protection scheme (taken from [20] page 210)

161

Figure B.3: M-3425 functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the relay (taken from [20], page 25)

162

Figure B.4: Typical connection diagram for the 300G relay (available from the manufacturer data sheet)

163

Figure B.5: 300G functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the relay (available from the manufacturer data sheet)

164

Figure B.6: Connections between signal amplifiers and the tested generator relays B.2 List of Generator Events for Relay Testing

This Appendix describes the suggested procedures for reproducing specific events to test the generator relay. In reality, several of these events may happen simultaneously as a result of a larger event in the power system, such as a fault or a large-scale action on the system. The present capabilities of the proposed generator model (see Appendix B.3) for transient events simulation are also listed in this appendix.

165

Events
SLG Fault HV Side LLG Fault HV Side LL Fault HV Side 3Ph Fault HV Side SLG Fault LV Side LLG Fault LV Side LL Fault LV Side 3Ph Fault LV Side Stator-Ground Fault 0100% Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault (winding1, winding2) (same phase) Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault (winding1, winding2) (different windings) Rotor-Ground Fault 0100% Rotor Turn-to-Turn Fault (winding1, winding2) (same phase) Rotor Turn-to-Turn Fault (winding1, winding2) (different phases) Disconnected Rotor Brushes Disruption of Exciter Loss of Prime Mover P Load > P Generation (rated) P Load << P Generation (rated) Q Load > Q Generation (rated) Q Load << Q Generation (rated) Generator Motoring (%) Reactive Power Transfer (power, direction)

Procedure to Reproduce
Place a SLG fault on the HV-side of transformer/line. Place a LLG fault on the HV side of the transformer/line. Place a LL fault on the HV side of the transformer/line. Place a 3ph fault on the HV side of the transformer/line. Place a SLG fault on the LV-side of transformer/connector. Place a LLG fault on the LV side of the transformer/connector. Place a LL fault on the LV side of the transformer/connector. Place a 3ph fault on the LV side of the transformer/connector. Create a terminal at a designated turn in the stator. Place a SLG fault at the created terminal. Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same phase) (generator model required). Place a shortcircuit between the two created terminals. Create a terminal at two designated turns (on two different phases) (generator model required). Place a short-circuit between the two created terminals. Create a terminal at a designated turn in the rotor (generator model required). Place a SLG fault at the created terminal. Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same phase) (generator model required). Place a shortcircuit between the two created terminals. Create a terminal at two designated turns (on two different phases) (generator model required). Place a short-circuit between the two created terminals. ? Turn the exciter off or apply an excitation voltage of zero. Use governor fault logic to cancel prime mover torque Increase the rated P of the equivalent load above the rated P of the generators. Decrease the rated P of the equivalent load below the rated P of the generators. Increase the rated Q of the equivalent load above the rated Q of the generators. Decrease the rated Q of the equivalent load below the rated Q of the generators. Adjust the power flow so that the generator receives power. Adjust power flow to the desired Q output of the generator.

Generator Model Support

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Included Included

Included

Included

Included

Included

Model extension Included Included Included (governor output limit) Included Included (exciter saturation) Included Included Included (exciter

166

Events
Disconnected Phase / Breaker Stuck Pole (Sudden) Loss of Load System Frequency Drop/Increase Variation in System Frequency Transformer Winding Fault (one phase only) Loss of VT fuse / Loss of Instrumentation Starting Generator in Sync with System Inadvertent Energizing by Control Circuits Generator Breaker Fails to Open Generator Open Breaker Flashover Excess Breaker Duty System Instability after Disturbance Clearing

Procedure to Reproduce
Open a phase of the generator breaker. Open one or several phases of the circuit breaker protecting the load. See increase the load above ratings of all the generators. Ditto Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same phase) (transformer model required). Place a shortcircuit between the two created terminals. The output of the voltage/current transformers is set to zero by opening the CT connector or short-circuiting the VT. Ramp up generator and synchronize. Start the exciter and stator by bypassing the command circuits. Simulate a breaker failure.

Generator Model Support

setting) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A

Model extension Model extension N/A N/A

Simulate a breaker failure. Compute the expected duty and compare to rating of the breaker. Simulate a fault, clear it after a critical delay that will make the system unstable.

N/A N/A

B.3 High-Fidelity Generator Model for Event Simulation B.3.1 Introduction

A comprehensive generator model has been developed to recreate the power system events listed in Appendix B.2 with the desired accuracy. The model consists of a generating unit with a synchronous generator and its control subsystems for 3-phase power system analysis. This appendix describes the full time-domain model that is used for transient analysis. The model includes representation of the synchronous generating units and the generator control systems, such as exciter and turbine-governor subsystems. The model is first presented in its usual compact form. Subsequently, the model is quadratized. The dynamic models are also integrated using the quadratic integration rule, yielding the quadratic algebraic companion form. Finally, fault models are also included so that internal faults and disturbances can be represented and simulated (such as loss of excitation, loss of prime mover, internal winding faults, etc). A small number of scenarios shown in Appendix B.2 are not presently directly supported by the generator model. They are marked as model extension. As the generator model is further extended, support for these test cases will be progressively completed.

167

B.3.2 Synchronous Machine Full Transient Time-Domain Model

This model is used for full time-domain transient simulation of a synchronous generator with two damper windings. The current time domain model is based on a linear flux current relation, however, it can be easily extended to include nonlinear effects and harmonics. 1. Compact Model Figure B.7 illustrates the electrical subsystem model of a synchronous machine with two damper windings as a set of mutually coupled circuits.
phase a magnetic axis reference

ia(t) va(t)

ra

d-axis

vf(t) _

if(t)

iD(t) in(t) vn(t)

iQ(t)

rb
q-axis

rc

ic(t) vc(t)

ib(t) vb(t)

Figure B.7: Electrical model of a synchronous machine as a set of mutually coupled windings

Figure B.8 illustrates the model of the mechanical subsystem of the synchronous machine, which is a rotating mass subject to a mechanical torque as well as an electromagnetic torque.

168

Tem(t)

Tm(t)

Figure B.8: Mechanical model of synchronous machine as a rotating mass

(1) Electrical Equations Straightforward circuit analysis leads to the derivation of an appropriate mathematical model. In Figure B.7, the stator and rotor windings of the synchronous machine are: three phase stator windings, a, b, and c, a field winding, f, and two damper windings D, Q acting along the d- and q- axes respectively, with d-axis pointing to the positive magnetic axis of the field winding. It is assumed that the phase windings are wye-connected. Note that all inductors are mounted on the same magnetic circuit and thus they are all magnetically coupled. The angular position of the rotating rotor m (t ) is of the form: m (t )=smt + m (t ) + p (C.2.1)

where sm is the mechanical synchronous speed; p is the number of poles. p p p With (t )= m (t ) , s = sm , (t )= m (t ) , then we have: 2 2 2 (t )=st + (t ) + (C.2.1a) 2 The quantities (t ) , s (t ) are now referring to electrical quantities, and are the electrical angle, the electrical synchronous angular velocity and the power angle respectively. Application of Kirchhoff's voltage law and Faradays Law to the circuit of Figure B.7 yields d v abc (t )=Rabc iabc (t )+ abc (t )+v n (t ) (C.2.2) dt 0 = i a ( t ) + ib ( t ) + i c ( t ) + i n ( t ) (C.2.3) d v fDQ (t ) = R fDQ i fDQ (t ) + fDQ (t ) + Ev fn (t ) (C.2.4) dt where T v abc (t ) = [v a (t ) vb (t ) vc (t )]

169

v fDQ (t )=[v f (t ) v D ( t ) v Q ( t )]T =[ v f (t ) 0 0 ]T

iabc (t ) = [ia (t ) ib (t ) ic (t )]
T

i fDQ (t ) = i f (t ) i D (t ) iQ (t )
abc (t ) = [ a (t ) b (t ) c (t )]
T

fDQ (t ) = f (t ) D (t ) Q (t )

E = [1 0 0] abc (t ) is the vector consisting of magnetic flux linkages of phase a, b, and c. fDQ (t ) is the vector consisting of magnetic flux linkages of the field winding f, the D-damper winding, and the Q-damper winding. In equations (C.2.2) and (C.2.4), the magnetic flux linkages are complex functions of the rotor position and the electric currents flowing in the various windings of the machine. Assuming a linear flux-current relationship, the magnetic flux linkages of the phase a, b, and c windings are:
T

= [1 1 1]

Rabc = diag (ra rb rc ) = diag (r r r ) R fDQ = diag (r f rD rQ )

T

a (t ) = Laa ia (t ) + Lab ib (t ) + Lac ic (t ) + Laf i f (t ) + LaD i D (t ) + LaQ iQ (t ) b (t ) = Lba ia (t ) + Lbb ib (t ) + Lbc ic (t ) + Lbf i f (t ) + LbD i D (t ) + LbQ iQ (t ) c (t ) = Lca ia (t ) + Lcb ib (t ) + Lcc ic (t ) + Lcf i f (t ) + LcD i D (t ) + LcQ iQ (t )

f (t ) = L fa ia (t ) + L fb ib (t ) + L fc ic (t ) + L ff i f (t ) + L fD i D (t ) + L fQ iQ (t ) D (t ) = LDa ia (t ) + LDb ib (t ) + LDc ic (t ) + LDf i f (t ) + LDD i D (t ) + LDQ iQ (t ) Q (t ) = LQa ia (t ) + LQb ib (t ) + LQc ic (t ) + LQf i f (t ) + LQD i D + LQQ iQ (t )
Lii is the self-inductance of winding i, while Lij ( i j ) is the mutual inductance between windings i and j. Many of the inductances in above equations are dependent on the position of the rotor, which is time varying. Thus these inductances are time dependent. We can apply the same procedure to the rotor windings, which results in the following matrix notation:
abc (t ) Lss ((t )) Lsr ((t )) iabc (t ) (t ) = Lrr i fDQ (t ) fDQ Lrs ((t ))

(C.2.5)

170

where
Laa ((t )) Lss ((t )) = Lab ((t )) Lac ((t )) Laf ((t )) Lsr ((t )) = Lbf ((t )) Lcf ((t )) Lab ((t )) Lac ((t )) Lbb ((t )) Lbc ((t )) Lbc ((t )) Lcc ((t )) LaD ((t )) LaQ ((t )) LbD ((t )) LbQ ((t )) LcD ((t )) LcQ ((t ))

Lrs ((t )) = LT sr ((t ))

L ff Lrr = L fD L fQ

L fD LDD LDQ

L fQ LDQ LQQ

Laa , Lbb , and Lcc are the stator self-inductances, and generally depend on rotor position. An approximate expression of this dependence is: Laa (t ) = Ls + Lm cos(2 (t ) ) Lbb (t ) = Ls + Lm cos 2 (t ) 2 3 Lcc (t ) = Ls + Lm cos 2 (t ) + 2 3 where Ls is the self-inductance due to space-fundamental air-gap flux and the armature leakage flux; the additional component that varies with 2 is due to the rotor saliency. A typical variation of Lii is shown in Figure B.9. L ii

( (

) )

Ls 0

Lm

Figure B.9: Stator self-inductance as a function of

L ff , LDD , and LQQ are the rotor self-inductances. They are approximately constant: L ff = L f LDD = LD LQQ = LQ

Lab , Lbc , and Lca , are the stator mutual inductances. They are negative and depend on the rotor position (t ) . Approximate expressions for these functions are: Lab (t ) = Lba (t ) = M S Lm cos 2 (t ) + Lbc (t ) = Lcb (t ) = M S Lm

( ) = M 6 cos 2( (t ) ) = M 2
171

S S

Lm cos 2 (t ) +

Lm cos(2 (t ) )

Lca (t ) = Lac (t ) = M S Lm cos 2 (t ) 7

) = M

Lm cos 2 (t )

A typical variation of Lij is shown in Figure B.10.

L ba 0 -M s Lm

Figure B.10: Mutual inductance between stator windings

L fD , LDQ , and LQf are the rotor mutual inductances, assumed constant and independent

of (t ) , because the rotor windings are stationary with one another: L fD = LDf = M R LDQ = LQD = 0 LQf = L fQ = 0 .
Laf , Lbf , and Lcf are the mutual inductances between stator and rotor windings. They

depend on the rotor position (t ) as follows: Laf ( t ) = L fa ( t ) = M F cos ( t )

Lbf ( t ) = L fb ( t ) = M F cos ( t ) 2 Lcf (t ) = L fc (t ) = M F

( ) 3 cos( (t ) 4 ) = M 3

cos (t ) + 2

) )

Similarly, LaD ( t ) = LDa ( t ) = M D cos ( t )

LcD (t ) = LDc (t ) = M D

LbD (t ) = LDb (t ) = M D cos (t ) 2

( ) 3 cos( (t ) 4 ) = M 3

cos (t ) + 2

The damper winding Q is orthogonal to the D winding. According to our definition of rotor d-axis and q-axis, we have: LaQ (t ) = LQa (t ) = M Q cos (t ) = M Q sin (t ) 2 LbQ (t ) = LQb (t ) = M Q cos (t ) 2 = M Q sin (t ) 2 2 3 3

LcQ (t ) = LQc (t ) = M Q cos( (t )

4 ) = M Q sin( (t ) 4 ) = M Q sin( (t ) + 2 ) 3 3 3

Actually the inductances are perturbed from sinusoidal variation with harmonics. Generally speaking, these harmonics are kept low with the use of distributed coils, double
172

layers and fractional pitch. The inclusion and effect of harmonics can be included in the above formulation. In the current model, however, these phenomena are omitted. We can see that the inductance matrix in equation (C.2.5) is time dependent and nonlinear because many inductances are trigonometric functions of (t ) . In summary the model of the electrical subsystem of the synchronous machine is d (C.2.2) v abc (t )= Rabc iabc (t ) + abc (t )+v n (t ) dt (C.2.3) 0 = ia (t ) + ib (t ) + ic (t ) + in (t ) d v fDQ (t ) = R fDQ i fDQ ( t ) + fDQ ( t ) (C.2.4) dt abc (t ) Lss ((t )) Lsr ((t )) iabc (t ) (C.2.5) (t ) = Lrr i fDQ (t ) fDQ Lrs ((t )) (2) Mechanical System The dynamics of the synchronous machine rotor is determined by the motion equations: d m (t ) J = Tm (t ) + Te (t ) + T fw (t ) (C.2.6) dt d m (t ) = m (t ) (C.2.7) dt where J is the rotor moment of inertia; Tm (t ) is the mechanical torque applied on the rotor shaft by a prime mover system; Te (t ) is the electromagnetic torque developed by the generator; T fw (t ) is the friction and windage torque;
m (t ) is the mechanical rotor position; m (t ) is the mechanical rotor speed.

Based on the power balance in the synchronous machine, the electromagnetic torque, Pcf (t ) Pem (t ) w fld (t ) , is determined by the amount of power converted from Te (t ) = = m (t ) m electrical power into mechanical power, Pem (t ) and the amount of power in the coupling dw fld (t ) field between stator and rotor, Pcf (t ) = , and can be computed by differentiating dt the field energy function w fld (t ) w.r.t. the rotor mechanical position m (t ) , using the principal of virtual work displacement, using the fact that m (t ) = converted from mechanical into electrical is:
d m . The total power dt

173

T d fDQ (t ) d (t ) Pem (t ) = abc iabc (t ) + dt i fDQ (t ) dt or Pem (t ) = eabc (t ) T iabc (t ) + e fDQ (t ) T i fDQ (t ) (C.2.8)

Since this procedure is quite tedious if we work in actual phase quantities, another, more simple and practical, way of computing the electromagnetic torque is to go backwards from the torque expression in the d-q-o reference frame, after applying the d-q-o transformation. This procedure provides the following relationship for the electromagnetic torque: 1 (C.2.9) T e (t ) = (i a (t ) b (t ) i a (t ) c (t ) + i b (t ) c (t ) i b (t ) a (t ) + i c (t ) a (t ) i c (t ) b (t ) )
3

The friction and windage torque can be modeled as a quadratic function of the rotational speed of the rotor: (C.2.10) Twf (t ) = (D fw m (t ) + D fw m (t ) 2 ) In summary the model of the mechanical subsystem of the synchronous machine is: d m (t ) J = Tm (t ) + Te (t ) + T fw (t ) (C.2.6) dt d m (t ) = m (t ) (C.2.7) dt 1 (C.2.9) Te (t ) = (i a (t ) b (t ) i a (t ) c (t ) + i b (t ) c (t ) i b (t ) a (t ) + i c (t ) a (t ) i c (t ) b (t ) )
Twf (t ) = (D fw m (t ) + D fw m (t ) 2 )
3

(C.2.10)

m (t )=smt + m (t ) +

(C.2.1)

Multiplying equations (C.2.6), (C.2.7) and (C.2.1) by p / 2 and substituting we get the equivalent equations including the electrical quantities (t ) , (t ) , (t ) , instead of the mechanical m (t ) , m (t ) , m (t ) . 2 J d (t ) = Tm (t ) + Te (t ) (C.2.11) p dt d (t ) = (t ) (C.2.12) dt
Te (t ) = 1 3 (i a (t ) b (t ) i a (t ) c (t ) + i b (t ) c (t ) i b (t ) a (t ) + i c (t ) a (t ) i c (t ) b (t ) )

(C.2.13) Twf (t ) = (D fw m (t ) + D fw m (t ) 2 )
(t )=st + (t ) + (C.2.15) 2

(C.2.14)

174

We have derived electrical and mechanical equations for the synchronous machine. They are quite complex because some model equations are nonlinear and time varying. (3) Summary of Compact Model Combining the equations described in the previous two sections we get the compact model of the synchronous generator. The equations are renumbered to make the model description mode legible. d v abc (t )=Rabc iabc (t )+ abc (t )+v n (t ) (cm.1) dt in (t ) = ia (t ) ib (t ) ic (t ) (cm.2) d f (t ) 0 =r f i f (t ) + v f (t ) + v fn (t ) (cm.3) dt i fn (t ) = i f (t ) (cm.4)
Tm (t ) = J d m (t ) Te (t ) Twf (t ) (cm.5) dt d (t ) 0 = m m (t ) (cm.6) dt p 0 = (t ) m (t ) (cm.7) 2 p 0 = (t ) m (t ) (cm.8) 2

(cm.9) 2 d ( t ) (cm.10) 0 = RDQ iDQ ( t ) + DQ dt 0 = abc (t ) Lss ( (t ))i abc (t ) Lsr ( (t ))i fDQ (t ) 0 = fDQ (t ) Lrs ( (t ))iabc (t ) Lrr i fDQ (t ) (cm.11)

0 = (t ) + s t + (t ) +

(cm.12)

0 1 1 0 = Te (t ) + i abc (t ) 1 0 1 abc (t ) 3 1 1 0 1
0 = Twf (t ) + (D fw m (t ) + D fw m (t ) 2 )

(cm.13)

(cm.14)

where: RDQ = diag (rD

DQ (t ) = D (t ) Q (t )

rQ ) .

175

2. Quadratic Model Based on the analysis of the previous section and the presented compact model the following expanded quadratized model can be obtained. Additional state variables are introduced to expand the model and make it easier to formulate and to cast it in quadratic form. The set of state variables and the state numbering of the model is: External States: Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Internal States: Index 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Variable va (t )

Description terminal voltage of stator phase A (kV)

vb (t ) vc (t ) vn (t )
v f (t )

terminal voltage of stator phase B (kV) terminal voltage of stator phase C (kV) terminal voltage of stator neutral (kV) terminal voltage of rotor field winding (kV) terminal voltage of rotor field winding neutral (kV) mechanical torque at machine shaft (MNm)
Description derivative of stator phase A flux (kV)

v fn (t )

Tm (t )
Variable ea (t )

eb (t ) ec (t ) e f (t )
e D (t ) eQ (t )

derivative of stator phase B flux (kV) derivative of stator phase C flux (kV) derivative of rotor field flux (kV) derivative of D-damper flux (kV) derivative of Q-damper flux (kV) rotor angular position w.r.t. a stationary reference axis (rad) machine mechanical shaft speed (rad/s) cos( (t ) ) [state 22] sin( (t ) ) [state 22] machine accelerating torque (MNm) machine electrical torque (MNm) friction and windage torque (MNm) internal variable y1 (rad/s) internal variable y2 (rad/s) electrical rotor position angle (rad) machine electrical shaft speed (rad/s) machine power angle (rad) current through stator phase A (kA) current through stator phase B (kA)

m (t ) c(t ) s (t ) Te (t ) T fw (t )
y1 (t ) y 2 (t ) (t ) (t ) ( t ) ia (t )

ib (t )

176

Index 27

Variable ic (t )

Description current through stator phase C (kA)

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

i f (t )
iD (t ) iQ (t )
a (t ) b (t ) c (t )
f (t )

current through field winding (kA) current through rotor d-axis damper-winding (kA) current through rotor q-axis damper-winding (kA) flux linkage through stator winding of phase A (kWb) flux linkage through stator winding of phase B (kWb) flux linkage through stator winding of phase C (kWb) flux linkage through rotor field winding (kWb) flux linkage through rotor d-axis damper-winding (kWb) flux linkage through rotor q-axis damper-winding (kWb) stator self inductance, phase A (H) stator self inductance, phase B (H) stator self inductance, phase C (H) stator mutual inductance, phases AB (H) stator mutual inductance, phases BC (H) stator mutual inductance, phases CA (H) stator mutual inductance, phases BA (H) stator mutual inductance, phases CB (H) stator mutual inductance, phases AC (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AF (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, BF (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, CF (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FA (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FB (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FC (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AD (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, BD (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, CD (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DA (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DB (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DC (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AQ (H)

D (t )
Q (t )

Lbb (t ) Lcc (t ) Lab (t ) Lbc (t ) Lca (t ) Lba (t ) Lcb (t ) Lac (t ) Laf (t ) Lbf (t ) Lcf (t ) L fa (t ) L fb (t ) L fc (t ) LaD (t ) LbD (t ) LcD (t ) LDa (t ) LDb (t ) LDc (t ) LaQ (t )

177

Index 59

Variable LbQ (t )

Description stator-rotor mutual inductance, BQ (H)

60 61 62 63

LcQ (t ) LQa (t ) LQb (t ) LQc (t )

stator-rotor mutual inductance, CQ (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QA (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QB (H) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QC (H)

Through Variables: Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Variable ia (t )

Description current through stator winding of phase a

ib (t ) ic (t ) in (t )
i f (t ) i fn (t )

current through stator winding of phase b current through stator winding of phase c current through stator neutral current through rotor field winding current through rotor field winding (neutral side) mechanical torque applied on the machine shaft (MNm)

Tm (t )

The model equations are: External equations: ia = ia (t ) ib = ib (t ) ic = ic (t ) in = ia (t ) ib (t ) ic (t ) i f = i f (t ) i fn = i f (t ) Tm = Tm (t ) Internal equations: d a (t ) = ea (t ) dt db (t ) = eb (t ) dt dc (t ) = ec (t ) dt d f (t ) = e f (t ) dt 178

d D (t ) = e D (t ) dt dQ (t ) = eQ (t ) dt d m (t ) = m (t ) dt d m (t ) 1 = Tacc (t ) dt J dc(t ) = y1 (t ) dt ds(t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 0 = Tacc (t ) Te (t ) Tm (t ) T fw (t )

0 = Te (t ) +

(ia (t )b (t ) ia (t )c (t ) + ib (t )c (t ) ib (t )a (t ) + ic (t )a (t ) ic (t )b (t ) ) 3 m (t ) 2 0 = Twf (t ) + Dwf m (t ) + Dwf

0 = y1 (t ) + s(t ) (t ) 0 = y 2 (t ) c(t ) (t ) p 0 = (t ) m (t ) 2 p 0 = (t ) m (t ) 2

2 0 = ea (t ) + ra ia (t ) v a (t ) + v n (t ) 0 = eb (t ) + rb ib (t ) vb (t ) + v n (t ) 0 = ec (t ) + rc ic (t ) vc (t ) + v n (t ) 0 = e f (t ) + r f i f (t ) v f (t ) + v fn (t )
0 = e D (t ) + rD i D (t ) 0 = eQ (t ) + rQ iQ (t )

0 = (t ) (t ) + s t +

0 = a (t ) Laa (t )ia (t ) Lab (t )ib (t ) Lac (t )ic (t ) Laf (t )i f (t ) LaD (t )i D (t ) LaQ (t )iQ (t ) 0 = b (t ) Lba (t )ia (t ) Lbb (t )ib (t ) Lbc (t )ic (t ) Lbf (t )i f (t ) LbD (t )i D (t ) LbQ (t )iQ (t ) 0 = c (t ) Lca (t )ia (t ) Lcb (t )ib (t ) Lcc (t )ic (t ) Lcf (t )i f (t ) LcD (t )i D (t ) LcQ (t )iQ (t ) 0 = f (t ) L fa (t )ia (t ) L fb (t )ib (t ) L fc (t )ic (t ) L f i f (t ) M R iD (t ) L fQ iQ (t ) 0 = D (t ) LDa (t )ia (t ) LDb (t )ib (t ) LDc (t )ic (t ) M R i f (t ) LD iD (t ) LDQ iQ (t ) 0 = Q (t ) LQa (t )ia (t ) LQb (t )ib (t ) LQc (t )ic (t ) LQf i f (t ) LQD iD (t ) LQ iQ (t ) 0 = Laa (t ) Ls Lm c(t ) 2 + Lm s(t ) 2

179

0 = Lbb (t ) Ls Lm cos(

2 2 2 )c(t ) 2 + Lm cos( ) s(t ) 2 + 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s(t ) 3 3 3 2 2 2 0 = Lcc (t ) Ls Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 + Lm cos( ) s(t ) 2 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s(t ) 3 3 3

0 = Lab (t ) + M s + Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 Lm cos( ) s (t ) 2 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s (t ) 3 3 3 2 2 0 = Lbc (t ) + M s + Lm cos( )c(t ) Lm cos( ) s(t ) + 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s(t ) 7 7 7 0 = Lca (t ) + M s + Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 Lm cos( ) s (t ) 2 + 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s (t ) 3 3 3 0 = Lba (t ) Lab (t ) 0 = Lcb (t ) Lbc (t ) 0 = Lac (t ) Lca (t ) 0 = Laf (t ) M F c(t ) 2 2 )c(t ) M F sin( ) s (t ) 3 3 4 4 0 = Lcf (t ) M F cos( )c(t ) M F sin( ) s(t ) 3 3 0 = L fa (t ) Laf (t ) 0 = Lbf (t ) M F cos( 0 = L fb (t ) Lbf (t ) 0 = L fc (t ) Lcf (t ) 0 = LaD (t ) M D c(t ) 2 2 )c(t ) M D sin( ) s (t ) 3 3 4 4 0 = LcD (t ) M D cos( )c(t ) M D sin( ) s(t ) 3 3 0 = LDa (t ) LaD (t ) 0 = LDb (t ) LbD (t ) 0 = LDc (t ) LcD (t ) 0 = LaQ (t ) M Q s(t ) 0 = LbD (t ) M D cos( 2 2 ) s(t ) + M Q sin( )c(t ) 3 3 4 4 0 = LcQ (t ) M Q cos( ) s(t ) + M Q sin( )c(t ) 3 3 0 = LQa (t ) LaQ (t ) 0 = LbQ (t ) M Q cos( 0 = LQb (t ) LbQ (t ) 0 = LQc (t ) LcQ (t ) Note that L fQ = LQf = 0 and LDQ = LQD = 0 since the Q and D windings are

180

perpendicular. The model is a 64-order model consisting of 64 states: 7 external states and 57 internal. Of the internal states 10 are dynamic and 47 algebraic. The model consists of 10 differential and 54 algebraic equations. The number of equations is equal to the number of states, thus the model is consistent. The state vector is defined as:
X = XV

Xe

X mech

XI

X L1

X L2

T T

where X V = va
Xe

[ = [e

vb eb ib

vc ec

vn ef if Lcc LcD iD

vf eD

v fn eQ iQ ] ,
T

X mech = m X = [a X L1 = Laa X I = [ia

Tm ,

,
T fw y1

m
ic Lbb LbD

c s Tacc

Te

y2 ,
T

b c f

D
Lab LDa

Q ]T ,
Lca LDc Lba Lcb Lac LbQ Laf LcQ Lbf LQa Lcf LQb L fa LQc . L fb L fc

Lbc LDb

X L 2 = LaD

LaQ

The through variables are:

I = ia

ib

ic

in

if

i fn

Tm

0 ... 0

B.3.3 Excitation System Model

The basic function of an excitation system is to provide direct current to the synchronous machine field winding and control the performance of the generating unit in terms of voltage and reactive power flow as well as the enhancement of system stability. This is achieved by controlling the field voltage and thereby the field current. The elements of an excitation system and a functional block diagram of a typical system are shown in Figure B.11.

181

Limiters and protective circuit

Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator

Ref.

Regulator

Exciter

Generator

To power system

PSS

Figure B.11: Elements of a generator excitation system

1. Constant Excitation Model (no exciter dynamics) In this model the dynamic effects of the excitation and voltage regulation system are ignored. In the full time domain transient analysis it is assumed that a constant DC voltage source is connected to the field terminal that can act as an ideal voltage source, a voltage source with internal resistance or as an ideal current source. Three operating modes are specified for the time domain model: The model provides a constant DC field voltage to the generator field terminal. The filed voltage does not change during transient operation of the generator, but is kept constant. It is equivalent to connecting an ideal constant DC source to the generator field. The model operates as a constant DC voltage source behind an internal impedance. It is equivalent to connecting a DC voltage source with an internal impedance to the field terminal of the generator. The internal EMF of the DC source is constant, but the field voltage is not constant, as there is a voltage drop across the internal source impedance that is proportional to the field current. The model provides a constant DC field current value to the generator field winding. The field current is kept constant during the transient operation of the generator. It is equivalent to connecting an ideal current source to the generator field winding. This mode may cause numerical problems in the time domain simulation, because of the step changes in the field winding current, due to the series connection of a current source with an inductor. Therefore, its implementation might not be practical. (1) Compact Model Three modes of operation are defined: (a) Constant field voltage mode, (b) DC voltage source mode, and (c) Current source mode.

182

(a) Constant field voltage mode The constant field voltage mode assumes that the field voltage is specified and remains constant. The simpler way to represent this mode of operation is by a minor internal modification of the synchronous generator model. More specifically, the states v f (t ) and
v fn (t ) are converted from external to internal and the field terminal is removed. The two external equations for the above states are replaced by the internal equations: v f (t ) = Vspecified
v fn (t ) = 0 Note, that special care needs to be taken in this case, in case a loss of excitation fault is to be applied. In that case, the only possible and meaningful fault that can be considered is a full loss of excitation, in which case the applied voltage becomes zero. This is equivalent to replacing the above two equations by: v f (t ) = 0 v fn (t ) = 0 (b) DC voltage source mode The DC voltage source mode assumes that a constant, non-ideal DC source, with an internal impedance (Figure B.12) is connected to the field terminal, supplying the field voltage.

v1(t)

i1(t)

L + _

v2(t)

i2(t)

Figure B.12: Voltage source with internal impedance

The compact model is:

i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL di1 (t ) gV DC (C.3a.1) dt (C.3a.2)

i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) 1 where g = is the conductance of the resistor and VDC denotes the voltage value of r the source. (c) Current Source The current source diagram is illustrated in Figure B.13.

183

v1(t)

i1(t)

v2(t)

i2(t)

Figure B.13: Current source circuit

The compact model is: i1 (t ) = I DC (C.3a.3) i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3a.4) I DC denotes the value of the current source. (2) Quadratic Model (a) Constant field voltage mode The above compact model is linear and simple in formulation. There is, therefore, no need for quadratization or casting it into the standard quadratized form. (b) DC voltage source mode The model can be rewritten in a standardized form as: i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3a.5) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3a.6) diL (t ) = y1 (t ) (C.3a.7) dt 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (C.3a.8) 1 0 = y1 (t ) v L (t ) (C.3a.9) L (c) Current Source The above compact model is linear and simple in formulation. There is, therefore, no need for quadratization or casting it into the standard quadratized form. 2. Generic Exciter Model This model of the excitation system assumes that a DC generator is acting as the excitation system of the unit. The model is similar to the DC exciter model, but it is a little bit simpler and more generic. The exciter is again modeled as a DC source with internal impedance connected to the field terminal, as with the constant excitation model. However, now the DC source is not constant. It is assumed to be a DC motor and its armature is connected to the filed of the generator. The source impedance is simply the armature impedance of the DC machine. (1) Compact Model The voltage source with internal resistance is illustrated in Figure B.14. 184

v1(t)

i1(t)

L + _

v2(t)

i2(t)

Figure B.14: DC armature circuit with internal impedance

The compact model, if no limits are imposed is: di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.1) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.2) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.3) dt dV (t ) K K TA R = V R (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F V DC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) dt TF (C.3b.4) dR f (t ) K TF = R f (t ) + F V DC (t ) (C.3b.5) dt TF 1 where g = is the conductance of the resistor. The function S E (VDC ) models the r saturation of the exciter. Its form has not been decided yet. If no exciter saturation is modeled then S E (VDC ) = 0 . The first differential equation represents the dynamics of the DC machine. The armature dynamics are neglected. The second differential equation models the voltage regulator. Vref . is a model input, while Vt (t ) is a feedback of the unit terminal voltage that is to be regulated. It can be uncompensated or compensated, to accommodate parallel operation of two units connected at the same bus, using load compensation. The last differential equation models the dynamic behavior of the stabilizing transformer or the system. If non-windup limits are imposed to the voltage regulator output the compact model becomes: If V Rmin < VR (t ) < VRmax di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.6) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.7) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.8) dt
TA dVR (t ) K K = VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) TF dt

(C.3b.9)

185

KF V DC (t ) (C.3b.10) dt TF dV R (t ) else if VR (t ) VRmin and <0 dt di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.11) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.12) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.13) dt V R (t ) = VRmin (C.3b.14) TF
= R f (t ) +
dVR (t ) K K = 0 0 = VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) dt TF

dR f (t )

(C.3b.15) dR f (t ) K TF = R f (t ) + F V DC (t ) (C.3b.16) dt TF dV R (t ) else if V R (t ) VRmax and >0 dt di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.17) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.18) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.19) dt V R (t ) = VRmax (C.3b.20)
K K dVR (t ) = 0 0 = VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) (C.3b.21) TF dt

KF V DC (t ) (C.3b.22) dt TF dV R (t ) else if VR (t ) VRmin and 0 dt di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.23) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.24) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.25) dt TF

= R f (t ) +
TA dVR (t ) K K = VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) dt TF

dR f (t )

(C.3b.26)

TF

dR f (t ) dt

= R f (t ) +

KF V DC (t ) (C.3b.27) TF

186

(C.3b.28) dV R (t ) 0 else if V R (t ) VRmax and dt di (t ) i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) v 2 (t ) ) gL 1 gV DC (C.3b.29) dt i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) (C.3b.30) dV DC (t ) TE = (K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.31) dt

TA dVR (t ) K K = VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) dt TF

V R (t ) = VRmin

(C.3b.32)

TF

dR f (t ) dt

= R f (t ) +

KF V DC (t ) (C.3b.33) TF

V R (t ) = VRmax

(C.3b.34)

(2) Quadratic Model The models are presented assuming the limits are imposed. If not, then the model is equivalent with the case that the limits are not hit. The model can be rewritten in a standardized form as follows: If V Rmin < VR (t ) < VRmax i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.35) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3b.36) Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.37) dV DC (t ) = y1 (t ) (C.3b.38) dt dV R (t ) = y 2 (t ) (C.3b.39) dt dR f (t ) = y 3 (t ) (C.3b.40) dt di L (t ) = y 4 (t ) (C.3b.41) dt K 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) VR (t ) + S E (t ) V DC (t ) (C.3b.42) TE TE TE
0 = y 2 (t ) + K K K K 1 VR (t ) A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) T ATF TA TA TA

(C.3b.43)

K 1 R f (t ) F VDC (t ) (C.3b.44) TF TF2 1 0 = y 4 (t ) v L (t ) (C.3b.45) L 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.46) 0 = y 3 (t ) +

187

0 = S E (t ) S E [VDC (t )]
min R

(C.3b.47)

else if VR (t ) V and y 2 (t ) < 0 i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.48) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3b.49) Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.50) dVDC (t ) = y1 (t ) (C.3b.51) dt 0 = VR (t ) VRmin (C.3b.52) dR f (t ) = y 3 (t ) (C.3b.53) dt di L (t ) = y 4 (t ) (C.3b.54) dt K 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) VR (t ) + S E (t ) V DC (t ) TE TE TE 0 = y 2 (t ) (C.3b.56) K 1 0 = y 3 (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.57) R f (t ) F TF TF2 1 0 = y 4 (t ) v L (t ) (C.3b.58) L 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.59) 0 = S E (t ) S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.60) else if V R (t ) VRmax and y 2 (t ) > 0 i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.61) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3b.62) Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.63) dVDC (t ) = y1 (t ) (C.3b.64) dt 0 = VR (t ) VRmax (C.3b.65) dR f (t ) = y 3 (t ) (C.3b.66) dt di L (t ) = y 4 (t ) (C.3b.67) dt K 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) VR (t ) + S E (t ) V DC (t ) TE TE TE 0 = y 2 (t ) (C.3b.69) K 1 0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) F VDC (t ) (C.3b.70) TF TF2

(C.3b.55)

(C.3b.68)

188

1 v L (t ) (C.3b.71) L 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) 0 = S E (t ) S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.73) 0 = y 4 (t )

(C.3b.72)

else if VR (t ) VRmin and y 2 (t ) 0 i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.74) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3b.75) Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.76) dVDC (t ) (C.3b.77) = y1 (t ) dt 0 = VR (t ) VRmin (C.3b.78) dR f (t ) = y 3 (t ) (C.3b.79) dt di L (t ) = y 4 (t ) (C.3b.80) dt K 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) VR (t ) + S E (t ) V DC (t ) TE TE TE
0 = y 2 (t ) +

(C.3b.81) (C.3b.82)

K K K K 1 VR (t ) A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) TA TA T ATF TA

K 1 VDC (t ) (C.3b.83) R f (t ) F TF TF2 1 0 = y 4 (t ) v L (t ) (C.3b.84) L 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.85) 0 = y 3 (t ) +

0 = S E (t ) S E [VDC (t )]
max R

(C.3b.86)

and y 2 (t ) 0 else if V R (t ) V i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.87) i2 (t ) = i L (t ) (C.3b.88) Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.89) dVDC (t ) = y1 (t ) (C.3b.90) dt 0 = VR (t ) VRmax (C.3b.91) dR f (t ) = y 3 (t ) (C.3b.92) dt di L (t ) (C.3b.93) = y 4 (t ) dt K 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) VR (t ) + S E (t ) V DC (t ) TE TE TE 189

(C.3b.94)

0 = y 2 (t ) +

K K K K 1 VR (t ) A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) A (Vref . Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) TA TA T ATF TA

(C.3b.95)

K 1 VDC (t ) (C.3b.96) R f (t ) F TF TF2 1 0 = y 4 (t ) v L (t ) (C.3b.97) L 0 = v L (t ) v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.98) 0 = y 3 (t ) +

0 = S E (t ) S E [VDC (t )]

(C.3b.99)

B.3.4 Prime Mover System Model

The prime mover system converts the prime sources of electrical energy into mechanical energy that is applied to the generator and therefore converted into electrical energy. The prime mover governing systems control the active power produced by the unit and the system frequency. This function is commonly referred to as load-frequency control or automatic generation control (AGC). A functional block diagram of a prime mover system is illustrated in Figure B.15.

Figure B.15: Elements of a generator prime mover system

1. Compact Model The compact model of a generic turbine-governor system is a second order dynamical system. The governor is represented as a single time-delay unit and the turbine as a second time delay until. Nonlinearities are introduced in the system by the conversion of mechanical power to mechanical torque and by adding a non-windup limiter that limits 190

the output of the governor. Two operating modes are defined: (a) the unit is not on AGC (automatic generation control) and (b) the unit is on AGC. In the first case a feedback is taken from the electrical power produced by the unit; this is compared to a power production setpoint and the error is the input of the governor system. In the second case, where the unit is on AGC, the speed setpoint is provided as reference and it is compared to a speed feedback. The error is fed to the governor system after being amplified by the droop of the unit. Based on the above description four modes of operation are defined: (1) Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered; (2) unit is not on AGC, limits are considered; (3) unit is on AGC, limits are not considered; (4) unit is on AGC, limits are not considered.
(1) Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered The compact model is of the form: dP (t ) = Pset Pm (t ) PT (t ) TG T dt dP (t ) Tt m = PT (t ) Pm (t ) dt P (t ) Tm (t ) = m m (t ) (2) Unit is not on AGC, limits are considered The compact model is of the form: If P min PT (t ) P max dP (t ) = Pset Pm (t ) PT (t ) TG T dt dP (t ) else if PT (t ) < P min and T <0 dt PT (t ) = P min dPT (t ) = 0 Pset Pm (t ) PT (t ) = 0 dt dP (t ) else if PT (t ) > P max and T >0 dt PT (t ) = P max dPT (t ) = 0 Pset Pm (t ) PT (t ) = 0 dt dP (t ) Tt m = PT (t ) Pm (t ) dt P (t ) Tm (t ) = m m (t ) (3) Unit is on AGC, limits are not considered The compact model is of the form: dP (t ) 1 = Pset ( set m (t ) ) TG T dt R

191

dPm (t ) = PT (t ) Pm (t ) dt P (t ) Tm (t ) = m m (t ) (4) Unit is on AGC, limits are considered The compact model is of the form: If P min PT (t ) P max dP (t ) 1 = Pset ( set m (t ) ) TG T dt R dP (t ) else if PT (t ) < P min and T <0 dt PT (t ) = P min dPT (t ) 1 = 0 Pset ( set m (t ) ) = 0 dt R dP (t ) else if PT (t ) > P max and T >0 dt PT (t ) = P max dPT (t ) 1 = 0 Pset ( set m (t ) ) = 0 dt R dP (t ) Tt m = PT (t ) Pm (t ) dt P (t ) Tm (t ) = m m (t ) Tt

2. Quadratic Model The model can be brought into the standard quadratic form by the introduction of additional state variables: (1) Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered The model in standard form is: Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPT (t ) = y1 (t ) dt dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 1 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + PT (t ) + Pm (t ) Pset TG TG TG 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1 (2) Unit is not on AGC, limits are considered

192

The model in standard form is: If P min PT (t ) P max Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t ) dPT (t ) = y1 (t ) dt dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 1 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) + PT (t ) + Pm (t ) Pset TG TG TG 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1
else if PT (t ) < P min and y1 (t ) < 0 Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 0 = PT (t ) P min 0 = y1 (t ) 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1

else if PT (t ) > P max and Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )

dPT (t 0 >0 dt

dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 0 = PT (t ) P max 0 = y1 (t ) 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1 (3) Unit is on AGC, limits are not considered The model in standard form is: Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t ) dPT (t ) = y1 (t ) dt dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt

193

1 1 1 m (t ) + set (t ) Pset RTG RTG TG 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1 (4) Unit is on AGC, limits are considered The model in standard form is: If P min PT (t ) P max Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t ) 0 = y1 (t )
dPT (t ) = y1 (t ) dt dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 1 1 1 0 = y1 (t ) m (t ) + set (t ) Pset RTG RTG TG 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1

else if PT (t ) < P min and

Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t ) dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 0 = PT (t ) P min 0 = y1 (t ) 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1 else if PT (t ) > P max and

dPT (t 0 <0 dt

Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t ) dPm (t ) = y 2 (t ) dt 0 = PT (t ) P max 0 = y1 (t ) 1 1 0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) PT (t ) Tt Tt 0 = m (t ) w(t ) 1

dPT (t 0 >0 dt

194

B.4 Example Response Chart for Generator Relay Testing Events

This Appendix provides the chart with the expected relay response for each of the simulated events listed in Appendix B.2.

195

Functions n Will trip only in the last resort Faults on the monitored phase r r n r r r n n r r r r n n n n s r At generator or step-up transformer neutral n r n r n r n r r n n n

Distance

21

V/Hz

24

Ph UndV

27

3h UndV

27TN

Dir Pow

32

Loss Fld

40

Neg Seq

46

Stat OvrL

49

Ph OvrC

50

Brk Fail

50BF

DT OvrC

50DT

N OvrC

50N

Inadv Enr

50/27

1/T Ph OvrC 51V

Ph OvrV

3h V Diff r r

N OvrV

Misc OvrV

VT FusLoss 60FL

ResDirOvrC 67N n n r r n r r

OutOfStep

OvrF/UndF 81

F Accum

196
r r r r r r

1/T N OvrC 51N

59

59D

59N

59X

78

81A

dF/dt

81R

Ph Diff

87

Gnd Diff

87GD

IPS

IPS

Brk Mon

BM

TripCkt Mon TC

Sync Chk

25

Fld Gnd

64F

Br LiftOff

64B

r 100% Stat 64S r Relay function should trip n Relay function should enter target zone, but not (necessarily) trip blank Function should not trip at all No functions should operate/cease to operate as a result of the loss of VTs or CT IPS Logic is aset of programmable triggers that operate whenever a set of conditions, from other relay functions or other external link, are met. Each trigger can, in turn, activate a contact or launch functions outside of the relay.

E SL ven t G Fa s u LL l t HV G Fa Sid ult LL e HV F a S ult HV i d e 3P h Si d F au lt H e SL G VS F a i d ult e LL LV G Fa Si d ult e LL LV Fa u lt L Side 3P VS hF i e d a Sta ult L VS to r i Sta Grou de nd tor F T a u u Ro rnlt 0 to to r 10 T Gr u rn 0% ou Ro Fa nd tor ul F T t a u ( u wi rnDis lt 0 to co -10 ndin T n g1 , Dis necte urn F 0% w ind au rup dR ing l t t ( w 2) P L ion o otor Bru indin fE oa g1 xc d> sh , i e t PL w e P s r ind Ge oa ing d< ne 2) ra Q < t P i Lo on G ad ( ra > Q ener te d Q ati Lo ) G o a e n d< ne (ra G r < a ted e t Q ne ) Ge ion ( rat ra t ne or Re ed ra M a ) t i c o tive otor n( in ra t Dis g P ow ed (% co ) er ) n Tra (Su necte n s d d f de er Ph n) (p o as Sy Lo e/ we ste ss B r , m d ire Fre of Lo reak Va ctio er ad qu ri a S e n) t t i on nc uc yD kP T ra in S ole r n o y s s fo r tem p/Inc m L r o e e F ss rW as req o e i n f ue d VT Sta ing nc fu y rtin Fa ult g G se / L In a o e ss ne dv rat of e Ins or Ge rtent in t r E n u S era me ne yn rg i nta tor cw Ge zi tio B i n t n h r g n ea era Sy by ke tor s te Co Ex rF m Op ntr ce a e o s n B ils to sB l Sy Op Circu ste reake reak en its er m r D F In Co las uty mm stab ho ilit ve e r

r r r r n n n n

n n n n n n n n n n

Fault near neutral of high-impedance grounded generator. Use with 59N for 100% stator protection

n n n

n n n

Line faults: relay must wait for line breakers to open. No pickup outside of immediate protection zone. No pickup outside of immediate protection zone. Can detect breaker flashover. Breaker must have been triggered by another function, or manually. Will trip in split-ph. diff. cfg., with fault btw 2 coils on a single phase. Incompatible with 50Bf, 87, 87GD.

n n n n n n

r r r r n n

r r r r r r

r r

n n

r r

n n n n n n n n n s

Voltage control/restraint will inhibit/slow function if voltage is out of range Use with 59N for 100% stator gnd fault protection. Pos. seq underV will block function (gen. offline). 90-95% stator protection on high-impedance grounded gen. Use with 27TN for 100% stator protection. When split-phase differential is not applicable. Canbe used for bus ground faults. The current must be within a certain angle range. Incompatible with 87GD. Delays: > 5 cycles. Do not use if generator is offline. Few minutes outside nominal frequency is acceptable.

r r

n n

n n

r r

r n

r r r r r For low-impedance grounded generators. Incompatible with 67N. Programmable triggers. Checks that the output contact closes when a closed breaker is triggered.

r r

n ts

ya ft

er

Dis

tur b

an ce C

lea

rin

B.5 IEEE COMTRADE Standard Information for Relay Testing B.5.1 A Primer on the IEEE COMTRADE File Format

The IEEE COMTRADE computer file format is commonly used for compatibility when distributing or exchanging instrumentation records among different entities. The standard ensures that all the parties involved are on the same page and deal with the same information. In addition, the standard has made the presentation of data simple enough so it can easily be implemented on a computer, and the files are structured in such a way that makes it possible for a person to look up basic information. The standard was first approved in 1991 and revised in 1999 [21]. Note that generally speaking, the 1999 version is a superset of the initial 1991 version. As a result, awareness of the version utilized is necessary to anticipate any misinterpretation of the data. This section briefly describes important aspects of the COMTRADE format. Please refer to the full text of the standard [21] for detailed information. A waveform record in IEEE COMTRADE format consists of three computer files that share the same name, but have different extensions. The purpose of each file is outlined in Table B.1.
Table B.1: Type, extension, and purpose of the three COMTRADE file types File Type Extension Purpose Configuration file .CFG Provides information about the record and the measurements it contains Data file .DAT Contains the raw measurement data in a compacted form Header file (optional) .HDR Contains other relevant information for the user

B.5.1.1 The Configuration File

The configuration file is a text file in which each line has a specific meaning. Also, in each line, each piece of information is delimited by commas, and the position of the information within the line confers it a special meaning. A configuration file downloaded from the Beckwith relay is used as an example that illustrates the layout of the configuration file.

197

BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO. , 150,1999 52,12A,40D 1, VA,,,V,0.0353,0,-0082,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S 2, VB,,,V,0.0353,0,-0082,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S 3, VC,,,V,0.0353,0,-0069,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S 4, VX,,,V,0.0353,0,-0053,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S 5, VN,,,V,0.0353,0,-0040,-32767,32767,0001.0, 1,S 6, IA,,,A,0.0105,0,00000,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 7, IB,,,A,0.0105,0,00020,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 8, IC,,,A,0.0105,0,00035,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 9, IN,,,A,0.0105,0,00385,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 10, Ia,,,A,0.0105,0,00016,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 11, Ib,,,A,0.0105,0,00019,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 12, Ic,,,A,0.0105,0,00047,-32767,32767,00010,1,S 1 ,OUTPUT 1,,,0 2 ,OUTPUT 2,,,0 3 ,OUTPUT 3,,,0 4 ,OUTPUT 4,,,0 5 ,OUTPUT 5,,,0 6 ,OUTPUT 6,,,0 7 ,OUTPUT 7,,,0 8 ,OUTPUT 8,,,0 9 ,NOT USED,,,0 10 ,NOT USED,,,0 11 ,NOT USED,,,0 12 ,NOT USED,,,0 13 ,NOT USED,,,0 14 ,NOT USED,,,0 15 ,NOT USED,,,0 16 ,NOT USED,,,0 17 ,NOT USED,,,0 18 ,NOT USED,,,0 19 ,NOT USED,,,0 20 ,NOT USED,,,0 21 ,NOT USED,,,0 22 ,NOT USED,,,0 23 ,NOT USED,,,0 24 ,NOT USED,,,0 25 ,INPUT 1 ,,,0 26 ,INPUT 2 ,,,0 27 ,INPUT 3 ,,,0 28 ,INPUT 4 ,,,0 29 ,INPUT 5 ,,,0 30 ,INPUT 6 ,,,0 31 ,NOT USED,,,0 32 ,NOT USED,,,0 33 ,NOT USED,,,0 34 ,NOT USED,,,0 35 ,NOT USED,,,0 36 ,NOT USED,,,0 37 ,NOT USED,,,0 38 ,NOT USED,,,0 39 ,NOT USED,,,0 40 ,NOT USED,,,0 60 1 960,04480 15/03/2007,11:03:17.895000 15/03/2007,11:03:21.402000 BINARY 1

Title, device ID, standard version Number of channels: total, analog, digital Analog channel information (in this order): - number, label, phase, circuit ID, - units, - scale and offset factors, - skew, - min and max encoded value, - CT/PT primary and secondary ratings, - S or P to represent a primary or secondary reading. Digital/status channels (in this order): - number, - label, - phase, - circuit ID, - default status value (0 or 1).

System operating frequency (Hz) Sampling rate count Sampling rate, last index at sampling rate Date, time of first data sample (dd/MM/yyyy) Date, time of trigger point (dd/MM/yyyy) File type: ASCII or binary Time stamp multiplication factor

198

B.5.1.2 The Data File

Data files contain raw, encoded values of the waveform records. Actual values of the measurements xActual are encoded in integer format to compact the data while preserving a good accuracy level. As a result, the range of values for the encoded measurements xCoded is between 99999 to +99999 (32767 to +32767 in binary data files where numbers are converted to 16-bit integers). The values are scaled and offset for each measurement channel according to the scale factor a and the offset number b specified in the configuration file, and following the equation xActual = a xCoded + b. Digital channels use 0 or 1 to store status variables. In text data files (supported for both 1991 and 1999 versions of COMTRADE), each recorded time instant occupies one line. For every time instant, channel values appear in the order defined in the configuration file. Values are delimited with commas. If there is no data for a given time instant, a blank is utilized instead of an actual number. In binary data files introduced with COMTRADE 1999, each time instant occupies a fixed amount of memory equal to the number of bytes necessary to store sample number (32 bits), time (32 bits), analog (16 bits/channel), and digital channels (16 bits for every partial of full group of 16 channels). Records for time instants and channel values are placed next to each other with no separators. Many programming platforms provide functions to deal with comma-separated values or fixed-length records. As a result, the focus of the standard is the data itself rather than the algorithms to access the data.
B.5.1.3 The Header File

The optional header file was introduced with the 1999 COMTRADE revision. The file is intended to contain additional information relevant to the data, to the attention of the user. Header files have no specific format constraints or restrictions and do not participate in the processing of the data.
B.5.1.4 Time Stamp and Protective Relay Testing

Since it takes different times (order of microseconds) for faults propagate to different measurement locations, the time stamp is the only reference available to position the measurements relatively to each other. An accurate time stamp is critical for fault analysis involving waveform data from instruments at different distances from the computer system. With GPS-synchronized devices, the accuracy of the time stamp helps mitigating the inconsistencies between the received waveforms. The COMTRADE format provides time stamp information in three forms: two time stamps for the beginning of the record and the beginning of the event, and a time stamp multiplication factor. The time stamp multiplication factor should be combined with the sampling rate to determine the actual time increment between samples.

199

Appendix C: Load Shedding Relay Test

C.1 Test Results Table C.1: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.31 61.60 61.90 62.21 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 0.2 40.09 54.99 55.29 55.59 55.89 56.19 56.49 56.79 57.09 57.39 57.69 57.99 58.29 58.59 58.89 59.19 59.49 59.79 60.11 60.41 60.71 61.01 61.31 61.61 61.91 62.21 62.51 62.81 63.11 63.41 63.71 64.01 64.31 64.61 64.91 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/second) 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.29 55.59 55.89 56.19 56.49 56.79 57.09 57.39 57.69 57.99 58.29 58.59 58.89 59.19 59.49 59.79 60.11 60.42 60.71 61.02 61.31 61.61 61.91 62.21 62.51 62.81 63.11 63.41 63.71 64.01 64.31 64.61 64.91 65.01 0.4 40.08 54.98 55.28 55.58 55.89 56.18 56.49 56.78 57.09 57.38 57.68 57.98 58.29 58.58 58.89 59.18 59.48 59.78 60.12 60.42 60.72 61.02 61.31 61.62 61.92 62.21 62.52 62.81 63.12 63.41 63.72 64.02 64.32 64.62 64.92 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.28 55.58 55.87 56.18 56.48 56.78 57.08 57.38 57.68 57.98 58.28 58.58 58.88 59.18 59.48 59.78 60.12 60.42 60.73 61.02 61.32 61.62 61.92 62.22 62.52 62.82 63.12 63.42 63.72 64.02 64.33 64.62 64.92 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.97 55.27 55.57 55.87 56.17 56.47 56.78 57.07 57.38 57.67 57.97 58.27 58.58 58.87 59.18 59.47 59.78 60.12 60.43 60.72 61.03 61.32 61.63 61.92 62.23 62.52 62.83 63.12 63.43 63.72 64.03 64.32 64.63 64.92 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.97 55.27 55.56 55.87 56.17 56.47 56.77 57.07 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.27 58.57 58.87 59.17 59.47 59.77 60.13 60.44 60.73 61.03 61.33 61.62 61.93 62.22 62.53 62.82 63.13 63.42 63.73 64.02 64.33 64.62 64.93 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.27 55.56 55.87 56.16 56.46 56.77 57.07 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.26 58.57 58.86 59.17 59.47 59.77 60.14 60.43 60.74 61.03 61.34 61.63 61.94 62.23 62.54 62.83 63.14 63.43 63.73 64.03 64.34 64.63 64.94 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.26 55.56 55.86 56.16 56.46 56.76 57.06 57.37 57.67 57.97 58.26 58.57 58.86 59.17 59.46 59.77 60.13 60.44 60.73 61.04 61.33 61.64 61.93 62.24 62.53 62.84 63.13 63.44 63.73 64.04 64.33 64.64 64.93 65.04

200

Table C.2: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Frequency Setpoint Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 61.20 62.51 62.81 63.11 63.40 63.70 64.01 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.2 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.02 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.4 40.08 54.98 55.88 57.09 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.98 55.87 57.07 57.98 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.02 0.7 40.06 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.13 61.03 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.07 57.97 58.86 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.85 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

201

Table C.3: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.11 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.21 62.50 62.80 63.11 63.40 63.71 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.02 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.08 54.98 55.88 57.09 57.98 58.89 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.87 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.97 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.97 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.13 61.02 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

202

Table C.4: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.41 60.70 61.00 61.31 61.60 61.90 62.21 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.07 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.98 58.89 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.01 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.87 57.08 57.98 58.87 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.97 55.88 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.13 61.03 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

203

Table C.5: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.59 58.89 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.41 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.01 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.02 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.09 57.98 58.89 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.98 55.87 57.07 57.98 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.13 61.02 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

204

Table C.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.10 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 40.09 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.29 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.31 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.51 62.80 63.11 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 65.00 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 40.09 54.99 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 0.3 40.08 54.98 55.89 57.09 57.99 58.89 60.11 61.01 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.01 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.09 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.01 0.5 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 0.6 40.06 54.98 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.87 60.12 61.03 61.92 63.12 64.03 65.03 0.7 40.06 54.97 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.88 60.13 61.02 61.93 63.13 64.02 65.02 0.8 40.04 54.96 55.87 57.07 57.97 58.86 60.14 61.03 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 0.9 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04

205

Table C.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.12 55.55 56.05 56.19 56.67 56.79 56.96 57.43 57.66 58.08 58.22 58.71 58.86 59.35 59.52 59.66 60.16 60.32 60.68 60.98 61.35 61.67 61.83 62.35 62.49 62.66 63.20 63.35 63.82 64.06 64.28 64.60 64.93 69.98 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 56.96 58.86 60.99 64.06 70.24 0.3 40.00 54.97 56.96 58.86 60.98 64.06 70.23 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.97 57.26 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.22 0.5 40.00 54.97 56.94 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.23 0.6 40.00 55.27 56.94 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.21 0.7 40.00 54.97 57.28 58.85 60.98 64.04 70.23 0.8 40.01 54.98 56.95 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.22 0.9 40.01 54.98 56.94 58.90 61.00 64.02 70.21

206

Table C.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.12 55.56 56.04 56.20 56.67 56.81 56.95 57.43 57.72 58.07 58.21 58.72 58.87 59.36 59.50 59.66 60.17 61.31 60.62 60.99 61.36 61.66 61.81 62.34 62.50 62.65 63.20 63.34 63.51 64.06 64.28 64.35 64.92 70.24 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 54.97 57.08 58.85 60.99 64.05 70.25 0.3 39.98 54.97 56.95 58.87 60.98 64.04 70.22 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.98 57.28 58.85 60.99 64.04 69.70 0.5 39.99 55.27 56.94 58.86 60.99 64.06 70.23 0.6 39.99 54.99 57.28 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.24 0.7 40.00 55.00 57.29 58.87 60.97 64.07 70.24 0.8 40.01 54.96 56.94 58.86 60.98 64.04 70.23 0.9 40.01 54.98 57.29 59.22 61.00 64.05 70.22

207

Table C.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.43 55.57 56.03 56.18 56.66 56.80 56.95 57.41 57.59 57.99 58.22 58.71 58.86 59.37 59.52 59.65 60.18 60.59 60.64 60.98 61.54 61.62 62.20 62.35 62.50 62.66 63.22 63.34 63.91 64.06 64.20 64.34 64.92 70.21 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 54.97 56.95 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.23 0.3 40.00 54.97 56.97 58.86 61.00 64.05 70.23 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.97 57.29 58.86 60.99 64.06 69.70 0.5 40.00 54.98 56.96 58.86 61.00 64.05 70.22 0.6 40.00 54.97 57.31 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.23 0.7 40.00 55.30 56.97 58.85 60.98 64.05 70.24 0.8 40.00 55.01 56.96 58.86 60.98 64.05 70.15 0.9 40.01 54.98 56.94 58.86 60.99 64.08 70.22

208

Table C.10: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.43 55.57 56.04 56.19 56.66 56.80 56.95 57.42 57.59 58.08 58.22 58.70 58.86 59.38 59.52 59.64 60.18 60.69 60.85 60.99 61.55 61.66 62.20 62.29 62.49 62.76 63.21 63.34 63.91 64.06 64.21 64.78 64.93 70.22 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.97 57.29 58.87 61.00 64.05 70.22 0.3 39.99 54.98 56.94 58.86 60.98 64.05 69.72 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 40.00 54.98 57.30 58.86 60.98 64.05 69.88 0.5 39.99 54.97 57.29 58.87 60.99 64.05 70.23 0.6 39.99 54.97 57.29 58.87 61.00 64.06 70.21 0.7 40.00 54.98 57.26 58.87 60.98 64.06 70.21 0.8 40.01 54.96 56.94 58.84 60.97 64.04 70.26 0.9 40.01 54.99 57.29 58.90 61.01 64.05 70.22

209

Table C.11: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)

Rate of Frequency Frequency Change Setpoint (Hz/s) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.30 55.56 56.04 56.19 56.67 56.80 56.97 57.43 57.58 58.08 58.27 58.73 58.88 59.37 59.51 59.65 60.18 60.33 60.80 60.99 61.39 61.67 62.23 62.36 62.51 62.64 63.21 63.34 63.90 64.05 64.20 64.32 64.93 70.21 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 57.29 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.08 0.3 40.00 54.98 56.94 58.86 61.00 64.06 69.73 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 39.99 54.97 57.28 58.85 60.97 64.07 69.71 0.5 39.97 55.03 57.28 58.85 60.98 64.06 70.21 0.6 39.99 54.96 57.29 58.85 60.99 64.05 70.22 0.7 40.00 54.98 57.29 58.87 60.98 64.06 70.24 0.8 40.00 54.97 57.16 58.84 60.98 64.05 70.24 0.9 40.00 54.99 57.28 58.85 60.99 64.07 70.22

210

Table C.12: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)

Actual Frequency Pickup Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 0.1 40.00 55.00 55.30 55.60 55.90 56.20 56.50 56.80 57.10 57.40 57.70 58.00 58.30 58.60 58.90 59.20 59.50 59.80 60.10 60.40 60.70 61.00 61.30 61.60 61.90 62.20 62.50 62.80 63.10 63.40 63.70 64.00 64.30 64.60 64.90 70.00 40.00 54.97 55.24 55.57 55.72 56.19 56.65 56.79 56.96 57.43 57.58 58.07 58.27 58.71 58.86 59.37 59.49 59.70 60.17 60.69 60.84 60.99 61.52 61.67 62.23 62.36 62.50 62.65 63.20 63.33 63.93 64.06 64.20 64.34 64.92 70.22 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 0.2 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 57.29 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.24 0.3 40.00 54.97 56.94 58.86 60.98 64.05 70.21 Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s) 0.4 39.99 54.96 57.28 58.85 60.98 64.05 69.71 0.5 39.99 54.97 57.28 58.86 60.97 64.05 70.24 0.6 40.00 54.97 57.29 58.86 60.98 64.04 70.16 0.7 40.00 55.02 56.97 58.87 60.99 64.06 70.11 0.8 40.00 54.96 56.95 58.85 60.98 64.06 70.23 0.9 40.00 54.98 57.19 58.85 60.99 64.04 70.22

211

Table C.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Hz (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 55.00 55.90 57.09 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.01 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.21 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.88 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1

15 sec 15.38 sec 30 sec 31.65 sec

212

Table C.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 58.71 60.28 61.19 62.08 63.28 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.36 60.61 61.51 62.41 63.59 64.49 65.49 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.0 36.1 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 40.00 53.88 54.79 56.02 56.94 57.85 61.12 62.01 62.89 64.07 64.96 65.94 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.7 66.1

213

Table C.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 Time Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Time Delay Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.97 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.15 64.04 65.03 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec 40.00 54.63 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.43 61.35 62.22 63.42 64.32 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.02 61.93 62.81 63.99 64.88 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.09 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.4 65.5 66.1

214

Table C.16: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.09 58.00 58.89 60.10 61.00 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 30 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 15.38 sec 31.65 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.05 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.04 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.20 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.88 57.79 58.69 60.31 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.1

215

Table C.17: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.13 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 58.70 60.28 61.19 62.08 63.27 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.37 60.61 61.51 62.40 63.60 64.49 65.49 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.0 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.0 36.1 40.00 53.88 54.79 56.02 56.94 57.85 61.12 62.01 62.89 64.07 64.96 65.95 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.7 65.6 65.7 66.1

216

Table C.18: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.63 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.43 61.33 62.22 63.42 64.33 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.02 61.92 62.81 63.99 64.89 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.9 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.07 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.66 64.83 65.71 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.8 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.5 66.1

217

Table C.19: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 55.00 55.89 57.09 58.00 58.90 60.11 61.00 61.90 63.11 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 30 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 15.38 sec 31.65 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.04 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.20 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.88 57.79 58.69 60.31 61.20 62.10 63.29 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 66.0 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.0 66.0

218

Table C.20: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.87 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 57.81 60.28 61.19 62.08 63.28 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.37 60.62 61.51 62.41 63.59 64.50 65.49 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 53.88 54.80 56.02 56.94 57.85 61.12 62.00 62.89 64.08 64.95 65.94 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.7 65.6 65.7 66.1

219

Table C.21: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.05 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec Time Actual Time Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.64 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.45 61.35 62.24 63.42 64.32 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.04 61.93 62.81 63.99 64.89 65.88 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 35.9 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.09 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.9 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.8 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.4 65.5 66.1

220

Table C.22: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.01 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 30 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 15.38 sec 31.65 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.14 64.03 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.20 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.89 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1

221

Table C.23: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.08 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 58.71 60.28 61.19 62.08 63.28 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.37 60.62 61.52 62.41 63.59 64.49 65.49 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.0 35.9 36.0 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 53.88 54.79 56.02 56.94 57.85 61.12 62.01 62.89 64.07 64.95 65.94 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.4 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.7 65.7 66.1

222

Table C.24: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Frequency Tripped Delay Setpoint Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec Time Actual Time Time Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped Delay Time Delay Delay Time Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.64 55.53 56.74 57.66 58.55 60.45 61.35 62.23 63.42 64.33 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.94 61.04 61.93 62.81 63.99 64.89 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 36.1 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.07 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.71 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.9 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.5 66.1

223

Table C.25: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.10 55.00 55.89 57.09 58.00 58.89 60.10 61.00 61.91 63.11 64.01 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 30 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 15.38 sec 31.65 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.94 63.13 64.04 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.20 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.89 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.29 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 66.0 66.1

224

Table C.26: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.07 57.98 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 58.71 60.28 61.19 62.08 63.28 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.37 60.62 61.51 62.40 63.60 64.49 65.48 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.0 36.1 36.0 35.9 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.0 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 53.88 54.79 56.02 56.95 57.85 61.12 62.01 62.89 64.07 64.96 65.94 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.5 66.4 66.5 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.7 66.1

225

Table C.27: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.14 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.63 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.43 61.35 62.24 63.41 64.32 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.0 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.02 61.93 62.80 64.00 64.89 65.88 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.9 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.8 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.09 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.71 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.4 65.5 66.1

226

Table C.28: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 59.50 40.09 54.99 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 61.11 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 30 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 15.38 sec 31.65 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.14 61.04 61.93 63.14 64.04 65.03 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40.00 54.89 55.79 56.99 57.89 58.79 60.21 61.10 62.00 63.20 64.10 65.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.78 55.68 56.88 57.79 58.69 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.30 64.19 65.19 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 65.9 65.9 66.0 65.9 65.9 66.1

227

Table C.29: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Frequency Tripped Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 40.07 54.98 55.88 57.07 57.97 58.88 60.12 61.02 61.92 63.12 64.02 65.02 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 17.51 sec Time Actual Time Actual Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Time Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.80 55.70 56.90 57.81 58.71 60.28 61.18 62.08 63.28 64.18 65.17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 40.00 54.43 55.34 56.55 57.46 58.37 60.62 61.52 62.40 63.59 64.49 65.48 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.0 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 53.88 54.79 56.02 56.94 57.85 61.12 62.01 62.89 64.07 64.96 65.94 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.7 66.1

228

Table C.30: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.10 55.00 55.90 57.10 58.00 58.90 60.10 61.00 61.90 63.10 64.00 65.00 59.30 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.04 54.96 55.86 57.06 57.96 58.86 60.13 61.04 61.93 63.13 64.04 65.04 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 sec 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 19.52 sec Time Actual Time Tripped Tripped Delay Time Delay Frequency Frequency Setpoint Delay Setpoint (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.64 55.53 56.74 57.65 58.55 60.43 61.35 62.22 64.32 64.32 65.31 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 40.00 53.97 54.88 56.10 57.03 57.93 61.04 61.93 62.80 63.99 64.89 65.87 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 36.1 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.8 35.9 36.0 Time Actual Tripped Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 52.98 53.90 55.15 56.09 57.01 61.92 62.80 63.67 64.83 65.72 66.70 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.0 66.9 66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 65.3 65.3 65.4 65.4 65.5 66.1

229

Table C.31: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 55.01 57.29 58.86 61.00 64.06 70.17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 40.00 54.97 57.03 58.85 61.01 64.06 70.13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.3 15.4 16.4 13.4 15.4 13.5 16.0 40.00 54.96 56.95 58.86 61.00 64.05 70.23 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.3 33.4 34.5 34.5 36.4 35.5 27.0 Actual Time Actual Delay Time Pickup Frequency Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) 39.98 54.97 57.28 58.84 61.00 64.06 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.5 62.6 63.6 58.6 57.3 63.4 64.0

Table C.32: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Time Actual Frequency Actual Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Time Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 56.95 58.87 60.99 64.05 70.21 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 5.4 6.4 4.4 6.5 6.0 39.99 54.96 56.94 58.86 60.99 63.96 70.25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 15.4 15.5 16.5 16.4 16.5 13.1 39.96 54.96 56.94 58.86 60.95 64.07 70.18 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.7 35.6 35.6 35.6 36.3 34.3 35.9 39.99 54.93 56.90 58.80 61.04 64.07 70.25 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.7 63.1 61.1 62.1 56.9 64.0 63.6

230

Table C.33: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Frequency Pickup Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.01 54.91 57.26 59.02 61.01 64.04 69.98 Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.4 6.5 6.0 40.00 54.92 57.10 58.88 60.97 64.06 70.11 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.4 12.5 16.5 16.5 16.4 15.4 16.0 39.94 54.93 57.27 58.76 60.98 64.09 70.25 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.0 33.8 33.8 30.8 36.1 33.2 33.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.96 56.93 58.78 61.01 64.11 70.28 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.9 66.7 65.7 61.6 63.4 62.1 62.3

Table C.34: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Frequency Pickup Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 55.04 57.29 58.87 61.00 64.01 70.23 Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.2 5.9 6.4 5.4 6.4 6.5 5.0 40.01 54.98 57.05 58.86 60.99 64.03 70.21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 14.4 15.4 13.4 14.4 16.5 14.0 40.00 54.97 57.29 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.23 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.3 36.4 36.5 32.5 33.4 34.4 34.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.96 54.97 56.93 58.85 61.01 64.06 70.22 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 62.5 58.5 64.6 59.6 58.3 63.4 65.0

231

Table C.35: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Frequency Pickup Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 55.04 57.29 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.12 Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 4.4 6.5 6.0 39.98 54.97 56.96 58.86 61.00 64.05 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.3 15.5 15.5 16.5 16.4 16.5 13.0 39.99 54.94 57.27 58.84 61.05 64.07 70.24 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.7 31.6 36.6 34.6 30.3 33.3 32.9 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.92 54.94 56.91 58.84 61.00 64.09 70.27 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.7 65.1 63.1 64.1 63.9 59.5 59.6

Table C.36: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Frequency Pickup Setpoint Frequency (Hz) (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.95 56.94 59.22 61.00 64.06 70.23 Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.5 6.0 39.98 54.95 56.95 58.83 60.98 64.07 70.23 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.4 14.5 15.5 13.5 15.4 14.4 16.0 39.98 54.91 56.83 58.78 61.05 64.04 70.22 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 32.8 27.8 31.8 32.1 34.2 35.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.74 54.97 56.87 58.72 61.17 64.13 70.29 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 64.9 66.7 60.6 60.6 52.5 58.1 59.3

232

Table C.37: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 55.01 56.95 58.86 60.98 64.06 70.19 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 39.99 54.97 56.95 58.84 60.98 64.02 70.23 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 16.4 16.5 14.0 40.00 54.96 56.96 58.86 60.99 64.06 70.23 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.3 30.4 36.4 33.5 35.4 35.4 34.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.99 54.96 57.29 58.85 61.00 64.06 70.24 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.5 61.6 63.6 62.6 59.3 64.4 57.0

Table C.38: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 56.96 58.86 60.99 64.05 70.22 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.4 6.5 6.0 39.99 54.97 56.96 58.85 61.00 64.04 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 15.4 16.5 16.5 14.4 16.5 14.0 39.97 54.97 57.08 58.84 61.02 63.95 70.24 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.7 36.6 36.6 35.6 30.3 36.3 34.9 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.96 54.93 56.92 58.81 61.08 64.08 70.02 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 64.7 63.1 64.1 61.1 55.9 63.0 61.6

233

Table C.39: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.01 54.91 56.93 58.84 60.97 64.04 70.23 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 Actual Time Actual Actual Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) 40.01 54.98 56.91 58.80 60.99 64.03 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.4 16.5 13.5 12.5 16.4 16.4 14.0 39.98 54.97 57.08 58.78 61.00 64.06 70.27 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Actual Time Delay (Cycles) 36.0 35.8 36.8 30.8 35.1 35.2 32.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.92 54.96 56.91 58.83 61.12 64.07 70.29 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 64.9 66.7 64.7 65.6 56.4 63.1 59.3

Table C.40: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 55.07 56.95 58.85 60.99 64.06 70.22 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 5.4 5.4 6.5 6.5 5.0 40.00 54.97 56.96 58.85 61.00 64.05 70.21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 15.4 16.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 16.0 40.00 54.98 57.26 58.85 60.99 64.05 70.236 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.3 34.4 35.5 33.5 33.4 35.5 28.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.99 54.97 56.94 58.85 61.01 64.06 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.5 64.5 57.5 61.6 57.3 64.4 57.0

234

Table C.41: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 55.04 56.94 58.86 61.00 64.06 70.23 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 5.4 6.5 5.1 39.99 54.94 57.30 58.84 60.98 64.05 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 13.4 16.5 13.5 15.4 16.5 14.0 39.96 54.94 57.01 58.86 61.01 64.05 70.22 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.7 33.6 36.6 36.6 35.3 36.3 35.9 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.95 54.91 56.94 58.85 61.06 64.07 70.26 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 63.7 60.1 66.1 65.1 57.9 63.5 59.6

Table C.42: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.91 57.28 58.90 60.99 64.06 69.98 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 39.96 54.97 57.29 58.82 61.00 64.08 70.24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.4 15.5 16.5 13.5 15.4 13.4 14.0 39.97 54.95 56.88 58.76 61.06 64.07 70.22 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 34.8 31.8 30.8 31.1 34.2 35.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.90 57.22 58.76 61.15 64.12 70.28 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.9 62.7 61.7 60.6 59.4 60.1 61.3

235

Table C.43: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 39.99 55.01 57.28 58.85 61.00 64.05 70.23 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 5.4 4.4 6.5 6.0 39.99 54.97 57.29 58.87 60.99 64.06 70.22 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 16.4 14.4 14.4 16.4 14.5 14.0 39.99 54.98 57.03 58.86 60.99 64.05 70.21 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 32.3 35.4 36.5 34.5 33.4 34.4 28.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.99 54.97 56.95 58.84 61.00 64.06 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 63.5 65.6 64.6 62.6 62.3 64.4 64.0

Table C.44: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 54.98 57.05 58.86 61.01 64.06 70.21 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 4.4 6.5 6.0 39.99 54.97 57.12 58.84 61.00 64.06 70.23 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.4 14.4 16.4 13.5 13.4 14.5 16.0 39.98 54.94 56.95 58.86 60.97 63.99 70.12 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34.7 33.6 35.6 34.6 36.3 36.3 35.9 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.91 54.95 56.88 58.81 61.04 64.07 70.23 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 59.7 65.1 59.1 60.1 63.9 63.5 62.6

236

Table C.45: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) 40.00 54.95 57.29 58.85 61.00 64.05 70.06 Time Actual Delay Time Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 5.4 5.5 6.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.87 54.95 57.29 58.84 60.99 64.06 70.18 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 10.4 14.5 16.5 14.5 16.4 16.4 16.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.97 54.97 57.21 58.78 61.06 64.02 70.25 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.8 29.8 31.8 30.1 35.7 35.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.92 56.83 58.80 61.17 64.15 70.02 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66.9 63.7 58.6 63.6 52.5 58.1 63.3

Table C.46: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) 40.01 55.01 56.95 58.86 60.99 64.06 70.23 Time Actual Delay Time Setpoint Delay (Cycles) (Cycles) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.98 57.28 58.86 60.98 64.05 70.20 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16.3 16.4 15.4 14.4 15.4 15.5 16.1 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 54.95 57.01 58.86 61.00 64.06 70.24 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35.3 27.4 36.5 35.5 32.4 35.4 32.0 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.94 54.97 56.95 58.84 60.99 64.06 70.20 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65.5 58.5 64.6 62.6 60.3 62.4 61.0

237

Table C.47: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.00 55.04 56.95 58.86 60.99 64.05 70.22 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.0 39.98 54.96 57.29 58.86 60.90 64.06 70.15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.3 15.4 15.5 16.5 16.4 16.4 16.0 39.96 54.96 56.95 58.85 61.04 64.06 70.10 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 33.7 34.6 35.6 36.6 29.3 35.3 35.9 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.95 54.95 57.28 58.83 61.00 64.08 70.26 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 63.7 65.1 65.1 63.1 63.9 62.5 60.6

Table C.48: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Frequency Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 40.00 55.00 57.10 58.90 61.00 64.00 70.00 40.01 54.95 57.11 58.85 61.00 64.07 70.05 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.4 5.4 5.0 6.0 39.99 54.97 57.26 58.81 60.97 64.07 70.20 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15.4 16.5 14.5 12.5 16.4 15.4 16.0 39.98 54.98 56.93 58.83 61.04 64.07 70.21 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36.0 36.8 35.8 34.8 32.1 35.2 35.8 Actual Time Actual Pickup Delay Time Frequency Setpoint Delay (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) 39.92 54.93 56.90 58.85 61.07 64.08 70.24 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 64.9 64.7 62.7 66.6 59.4 62.1 63.3

238

Table C.49: Application test of relay 1 (Time delay: 2 Cycles)

Power Factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.1 60.398 60.377 60.400 60.386 60.396 60.995 61.001 60.993 61.069 60.997 61.743 61.720 61.734 61.727 61.679 59.414 59.401 59.401 59.374 59.375 58.845 58.905 58.836 58.387 58.885 58.303 58.647 58.329 58.298 58.286 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.2 60.364 60.381 60.385 60.374 60.373 60.990 61.008 61.072 60.988 60.992 61.730 61.739 61.735 61.732 61.664 59.409 59.389 59.382 59.367 59.400 58.854 58.987 58.833 58.383 58.902 58.302 58.412 58.388 58.302 58.290 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.3 60.396 60.440 60.389 60.389 60.362 61.001 61.004 60.991 60.996 61.000 61.732 61.730 61.729 61.728 61.680 59.391 59.384 59.395 59.357 59.413 58.857 58.916 58.848 58.396 58.888 58.300 58.304 58.274 58.281 58.283

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Table C.50: Application test of relay 2 (Time delay: 3 Cycles)

Power Factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Frequency Setpoint (Hz) 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.9 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.1 60.374 60.357 60.367 60.370 60.339 60.981 61.006 60.991 60.998 60.979 61.717 61.713 61.696 61.706 61.683 59.428 59.401 59.428 59.426 59.175 58.851 58.842 58.897 59.313 58.390 58.672 58.682 58.666 58.675 58.336 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.2 60.352 60.375 60.358 60.360 60.360 61.001 60.998 60.988 60.979 60.974 61.712 61.719 61.712 61.707 61.664 59.387 59.405 59.290 59.429 59.368 58.862 58.866 58.916 59.290 58.381 58.675 58.682 58.372 58.621 58.330 Actual Pickup Frequency (Hz) Test no.3 60.367 60.366 60.379 60.359 60.325 60.994 60.990 60.985 61.006 60.984 61.712 61.719 61.713 61.711 61.633 59.420 59.399 59.083 59.413 59.422 58.851 58.847 59.107 59.285 59.322 58.666 58.672 58.323 58.668 58.315

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C.2 13-Bus Test System

VREF VTR
KR 1 + sTR KA 1 + sTA KE 1 + sTE

Efd

sK F 1 + sTF

Figure C.1: Excitation system model for synchronous machine Table C.51: Exciter data TE KF TF 0.015 0.03 0.5

KA 400

TA 0.02

KE 1

KR 0.524

TR 0.03

Ra 0.001 Td0 6.1949

Xl 0.15 Tq0 0

Table C.52: Generator data Xd Xq Xd Xq 1.7 1.64 0.2383 1.64 Td0 Tq0 X0 J 0.0287 0.075 1.4 0.181

Xd 0.185

Xq 0.185

Figure C.2: Branch data of 13-bus equivalent system

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