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    Aircraft Sizing

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    Agostino De Giuseppe
    This document provides methods for estimating the takeoff weight of an aircraft from an initial sketch. The takeoff weight is divided into components including crew, payload, fuel, and empty weight. Equations are provided to calculate the fuel fraction based on mission parameters like range, speed, and glide ratio. The empty weight fraction is estimated using historical data. An example application to a surveillance aircraft is worked through step-by-step to calculate the takeoff weight iteratively. Parametric studies examine the effects of variables like mission time on the estimated takeoff weight.

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    Aircraft Sizing

    Uploaded by

    Agostino De Giuseppe
    63 views26 pages
    This document provides methods for estimating the takeoff weight of an aircraft from an initial sketch. The takeoff weight is divided into components including crew, payload, fuel, and empty weight. Equations are provided to calculate the fuel fraction based on mission parameters like range, speed, and glide ratio. The empty weight fraction is estimated using historical data. An example application to a surveillance aircraft is worked through step-by-step to calculate the takeoff weight iteratively. Parametric studies examine the effects of variables like mission time on the estimated takeoff weight.

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    This document provides methods for estimating the takeoff weight of an aircraft from an initial sketch. The takeoff weight is divided into components including crew, payload, fuel, and empty weight. Equations are provided to calculate the fuel fraction based on mission parameters like range, speed, and glide ratio. The empty weight fraction is estimated using historical data. An example application to a surveillance aircraft is worked through step-by-step to calculate the takeoff weight iteratively. Parametric studies examine the effects of variables like mission time on the estimated takeoff weight.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views26 pages

    Aircraft Sizing

    Uploaded by

    Agostino De Giuseppe
    This document provides methods for estimating the takeoff weight of an aircraft from an initial sketch. The takeoff weight is divided into components including crew, payload, fuel, and empty weight. Equations are provided to calculate the fuel fraction based on mission parameters like range, speed, and glide ratio. The empty weight fraction is estimated using historical data. An example application to a surveillance aircraft is worked through step-by-step to calculate the takeoff weight iteratively. Parametric studies examine the effects of variables like mission time on the estimated takeoff weight.

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    Aircraft Sizing

    The design methods may be divided in different levels: The simplest ones use historical data: for instance the initial weight estimation value may be assumed equal to the weight of the aircraft to be replaced by the present design; The more elaborate ones use all types of software as well as correlations with wind tunnel testing results, etc; Between these lower and higher levels there several other methods for the most part of the design process subtasks as an introduction, an expedite method will be presented to determine the maximum take off weight from an initial sketch. sketch

    Take Off Weight g


    Take off weight might be divided in several components - crew, payload, fuel and empty weight:
    W0 = Wcrew+Wpayload+Wfuel+Wempty W0 take off weight; Wcrew crew weight; i ht Wpayload payload; Wfuel fuel weight; Wempty empty weight;

    Wfuel and Wempty may be considered fractions of W0:


    W0 = Wcrew+Wpayload+(Wf/W0).W0+(We/W0).W0

    Or:
    W0-(Wf/W0).W0-(We/W0).W0 = Wcrew+Wpayload

    Solving in order to obtain W0:


    W0 = ( (Wcrew+Wpayload) )/[1-(W [ ( f/W0) )-(W ( e/W0)]

    Empty p y Weight g Estimation


    A statistical estimation is used from historical data, , using g the tendency values for the empty weight fraction for different aircraft types; Exponential E ti l representation: t ti
    We/W0 = K.A.W0C K = 0,95 composite; K = 1,00 others.
    Aircraft Types S il l Sailplane unpowered d Sailplane powered Homebuilt metal/wood Homebuilt composite g engine g General aviation single General aviation twin engine Agricultural aircraft Twin turboprop Flying boat Jet trainer Jet fighter Military cargo/bomber Jet transport A 0 83 0,83 0,88 1,11 1,07 2,05 , 1,40 0,72 0,92 1,05 1 47 1,47 2,11 0,88 0,97 C -0,05 0 05 -0,05 -0,09 -0,09 -0,18 , -0,10 -0,03 -0,05 -0,05 -0,10 0 10 -0,13 -0,07 -0,06

    Empty Weight Estimation

    Figura 1

    Voltar

    Mission Scenarios

    Fuel Fraction Estimation


    Fuel fractions correspondent p to the different mission segments: g
    Segment 1. Starting (taxi) and take off 2. Climb 3. Cruise (range) 4. Hold (endurance) 5 Descent 5. D t (may ( be b included i l d d in i 3 or 4) 6. Landing Wi/Wi-1 0,970 0,985 EXP{-R.C.g/[V.(L/D)]} EXP[-E.C.g/(L/D)] 1 000 1,000 0,995

    R range [m] C specific p fuel consumption p [kg/Ns] g V velocity [m/s] L/D gliding ratio E endurance or holding time [s]

    Fuel Fraction Estimation

    Specific Fuel Consumption (cruise at typical altitudes for each engine type):

    Consumos especficos a altitudes de cruzeiro tpicas

    Fuel Fraction Estimation


    Specific p Fuel Consumption p (cont.): ( )
    C [mg/Ns] Turbojet Turbofan low bypass Turbofan high bypass Cruise 25,5 22,7 14,1 Hold 22,7 19,8 11,3

    For propeller aircrafts the equivalent specific fuel consumption is:


    C = Cpower.V/ V/P V velocity [m/s]; P propeller thrust efficiency:
    0 0,8 8 for constant speed propellers or fixed pitch in cruise; 0,7 for constant pitch propellers in hold.
    Cpower [mg/Ws] Conventional fixed pitch prop Conventional fixed velocity prop Turboprop Cruise 0,068 0,068 0,085 Hold 0,085 0,085 0,101

    Fuel Fraction Estimation


    Gliding g Ratio estimation:
    L/D depends of:
    Induced Drag span (b) and aspect ratio (A = b2/S); Parasite Drag wetted area Swet; Wetted aspect ratio b2/Swet = A/(Swet/S); Thus, L/D max strongly depends on the aircraft configuration;

    L/D also depends on the mission phase:


    L/D Jet Prop Cruise 0,866(L/D)max (L/D)max Hold (L/D)max 0,866(L/D)max

    Fuel Fraction Estimation

    Figura 2

    Voltar

    Fuel Fraction Estimation

    Voltar

    Fuel Fraction Estimation Fuel Fraction estimation:


    The total fuel fraction is:
    Wf/W0 = 1,06(1-W 1 06(1-WN/W0) The 1,06 coefficient is a correction to account for reserve and residual fuel fractions; WN/W0 = Wn/Wn-1*...Wi/Wi-1*...W1/W0; N is the number of mission phases.

    Take Off Weight Calculation

    Alternative Method to obtain Wf


    Consider Wf independent of W0; Use the mission and a well known engine to determine Wf; The Th take k off ff weight i h may be b estimated i d by: b
    W0 = (Wcrew+Wpayload+Wfuel)/[1-(We/W0)]

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Requirements:
    Crew 2 (86 kg each); Payload ay oad 50 kg g (ca (camera e a equipment equ p e t and a d parachute); pa ac ute); Cruise speed 180 km/h; Composite structure; Mission:

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Sketches:

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    L/D estimation:
    AR = 8; Swet/S = 4 (figure 2); Awet = A/(Swet/S) = 8/4 = 2; (L/D)max = 12,5 (figure 3).

    Dimensioning:
    Taxi and Take Off:
    W1/W0 = 0,970;

    Climb:
    W2/W1 = 0,985;

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Dimensioning g( (cont.): )
    Cruise:
    R = 300 km = 0,3x106 m; -9 kg/Ws; Cpower = 0,068 , mg/Ws g = 68,0x10 , g ; V = 180 km/h = 50 m/s; P = 0,8; C = Cpower.V/P = 68,0x10-9*50/0,8 = 4,25x10-6 kg/Ns; L/D = (L/D)max = 12,5; W3/W2 = EXP{-RCg/[V(L/D)]}; W3/W2 = EXP[-0,3x106* 4,25x10-6*9,81/(50*12,5)] = EXP(-0,02);

    W3/W2 = 0,980; 0 980;

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Dimensioning g( (cont.): )
    Surveillance:
    E = 2 h = 7200 s; -9 kg/Ws; Cpower = 0,085 , mg/Ws g = 85,0x10 , g ; V = 130 km/h = 36 m/s; P = 0,7; C = Cpower.V/P = 85,0x10-9*36/0,7 = 4,37x10-6 kg/Ns; L/D = 0,866(L/D)max = 0,866*12,5 = 10,825; W4/W3 = EXP[-ECg/ (L/D)]; W4/W3 = EXP(-7200* 4,37x10-6*9,81/10,825) = EXP(-0,0285);

    W4/W3 = 0,972; 0 972;

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Dimensioning g( (cont.): )
    Cruise (equal to previous cruise phase):
    W5/W4 = 0,980;

    Hold:
    E = 10 min = 600 s; C = 4,37x10-6 kg/Ns; L/D = 10,825; , ; W6/W5 = EXP[-ECg/(L/D)]; W6/W5 = EXP(-600* 4,37x10-6*9,81/10,825) = EXP(-0,0024);

    W6/W5 = 0,998;

    Descent:
    W7/W6 = 1,000;

    Landing: g
    W8/W7 = 0,995.

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Dimensioning g( (cont.): )
    Total:
    W8/W0 = W1/W0.W2/W1.W3/W2.W4/W3.W5/W4.W6/W5.W7/W6.W8/W7; W8/W0 = 0,970*0,985*0,980*0,972*0,980*0,998*1,000*0,995; , , , , , , , , ;

    W8/W0 = 0,886;

    Fuel weight fraction:


    Wf/W0 = 1,06(1-W , ( , ( , ); 8/W0) = 1,06*(1-0,886);

    Wf/W0 = 0,121;

    Empty weight fraction:


    We/W0 = 0,95 0 95*2 2,05 05*W W0-0,18 = 1,95W 1 95W0-0,18 (figure 1). 1)

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Dimensioning g( (cont.): )
    Take Off weight:
    W0 = (Wcrew+Wpayload)/[1-(Wf/W0)-(We/W0)]; -0,18]; W0 = ( (2*86+50)/[1-0,121)[ , 1,95W , 0

    W0 = 222/[1-0,121- 1,95W0-0,18]; Take Off weight may be obtained by solving this equation iteratively.

    W0 initial [kgf] 600 800 780 765 768

    We/W0 0,617 0,585 0,588 0,590 0,590

    W0 final [kgf] 847 755 763 768 768

    Wcrew = 172 kgf Wp = 50 kgf payload y Wfuel = 93 kgf We = 453 kgf W0 = 768 kgf

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Parametric Studies:
    To better understand the effect of chosen parameters on the Take Off weight, parametric studies may be developed; Surveillance time influence:
    E = 1 h = 3600 s; W4/W3 = EXP(-3600* 4,37x10-6*9,81/10,825) = EXP(-0,0143); W8/W0 = 0,886*0,986/0,972 = 0,899; Wf/W0 = 1,06*(1-0,899) = 0,107; W0 = 222/[1-0,107- 1,95W0-0,18].
    We/W0 0,593 W0 final [kgf] 742 Wcrew = 172 kgf Wpayload = 50 kgf Wfuel = 80 kgf We = 440 kgf W0 = 742 kgf

    W0 initial [kgf] 742

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Parametric Studies (cont.): ( )
    Surveillance time influence:
    E = 3 h = 10800 s;
    6*9,81/10,825) W4/W / 3 = EXP(-10800* ( * 4,37x10-6 * / ) = EXP(-0,0428); ( ) W8/W0 = 0,886*0,958/0,972 = 0,873; Wf/W0 = 1,06*(1-0,873) = 0,135; 0 18]. W0 = 222/[1-0,135- 1,95W0-0,18

    W0 initial [kgf] 794

    We/W0 0,586

    W0 final [kgf] 794 Wcrew = 172 kgf Wpayload l d = 50 kgf Wfuel = 107 kgf We = 405 kgf W0 = 794 kgf

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Parametric Studies (cont.): ( )
    Cruise distance influence; The following graph shows the influence of the Range and Endurance on the Take Off weight:
    900 850 800 W 0 [kgf] 750 700 650 600 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Surveillance Time [h] 100 km 300 km 500 km

    Example: p surveillance aircraft


    Parametric Studies (cont.): ( )
    The influence of other parameters may also be analysed:
    Payload Wpayload; Aspect Ratio A; Configuration Swet/S; Etc.. 900
    W0 [kgf] 850 500 km

    800

    300 km

    750 3h 700 1h 650 2h

    100 km

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