EUROCODES Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1

EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Composite Slabs Stephen Hicks

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Background and Applications

Composite slabs
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Welded mesh reinforcement for crack control, transverse load distribution and fire resistance

Concrete cast in situ

Headed stud connectors for shear connection to the composite beam and, when required, end anchorage to the slab

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Background and Applications

Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

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Background and Applications

Conventional composite construction

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

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Background and Applications

Benefits of composite beams

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Bending resistance increased by a factor of

1.5 to 2.5

Stiffness increased by a factor of 3 to 4.5 Steel weight reduced by typically 30 to 50% Reduction in beam depth (span:depth 25) Lightweight construction

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Background and Applications

Benefits of composite slabs

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

working platform and permanent formwork.

Unpropped construction may be achieved. Sheeting can stabilise beams during

construction.

Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main

tension reinforcement to the slab.

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Background and Applications

Examples of composite construction in UK

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Commercial sector

Residential sector

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Background and Applications

Examples of composite construction in UK

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Health sector

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Background and Applications

Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Re-entrant profiled steel sheet

Open trough profiled steel sheet

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Background and Applications

Practical examples of open trough and re-entrant profiled steel sheets used for composite slabs
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

9 mm 60 mm
Multideck 60 Cover width: 1000

15 mm

323 mm

60 mm 300 mm

ComFlor 60 Cover width: 600

58 mm 207 mm

Confraplus 60 Cover width: 1035

40 mm 150 mm

Cofrastra 40 Cover width: 750

73 mm

Cofrastra 70

15 mm

183 mm 145 mm
70 mm 180 mm 120 mm

Cover width: 732

51 mm 152.5 mm

Super Holorib 51 Cover width : 610

80 mm

ComFlor 80 Cover width: 600

9 mm 80.5 mm 300 mm
Multideck 80 Cover width: 900

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Background and Applications

Composite construction with services passed under structural zone

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

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Background and Applications

Examples of fixings for ceilings and services

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Wedge attachment

Clip attachment

Alternative wedge attachment

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Background and Applications

EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Re-entrant trough profile bo

br hc hp

Scope limited to sheets with narrowly spaced ribs : br / bs 0,6 Slab thickness When slab is acting compositely with beam or is used as a diaphragm: h 90 mm & hc 90 mm When slab is not acting compositely with beam or has no stabilizing function: h 80 mm & hc 40 mm

bb bs

Open trough profile bo

br hc hp

Reinforcement 80 mm/m in both directions

h

Spacing of reinforcement bars s 2h & 350 mm Maximum aggregate size dg 0,4 hc, b0 / 3 and 31,5 mm

bb bs

1/2 h p

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Background and Applications

EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

bc

bs bc

bs bs

bs bs

(a)

(b)

(c)

The bearing length shall be such that damage to the slab and the bearing is avoided; that fastening of the sheet to the bearing can be achieved without damage to the bearing and that collapse cannot occur as a result of accidental displacement during erection.

For bearing on steel or concrete: lbc = 75 mm and lbs = 50 mm For bearing on other materials: lbc = 100 mm and lbs = 70 mm

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Background and Applications

Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

a) Imposed load on a 3 m 3 m
a b c b b a c b

3000

3000

working area (or the length of the span if less), with an intensity of 10% of the selfweight of the concrete but 1,5kN/m and 0,75 kN/m

b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m c) Self weight load

corresponding to the design thickness of the slab plus ponding effects if > h / 10

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Background and Applications

Analysis for internal forces and moments - set-up for double span tests on profiled steel sheeting
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Combined bending and crushing at internal support

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Background and Applications

Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or b) c) d)

embossments rolled into the profile. Frictional interlock for re-entrant profiles. End anchorage from through-deck welded stud connectors or other local connection. End anchorage from deformation of the ends of the ribs at the end of the sheeting.

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Background and Applications

Longitudinal shear resistance

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B

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Background and Applications

Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Load PF (kN) (kN)

50 40 30 20 10

Slip at first end

F/2 P/2
Slip at second end 1 10 20 30 40 50

F/2 P/2

Deflection (mm)

1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method

2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

o o

recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%

Partial connection method m-k method

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Background and Applications

Determination of longitudinal shear resistance without end anchorage for the partial connection method
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

M M p,Rm + M test M p,Rm A B

f cm -

N cf

f yp Lo Ls F 2 F 2

f cm f yp

Nc

+ + f yp

test

C 1.0

= Nc cf

M test

Mean value for the ultimate shear stress:

u =

b(Ls + Lo )

test N cf

Mean value for the ultimate shear stress with additional longitudinal shear resistance caused by the support reaction:

u =

test N cf Vt
b(Ls + Lo )

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Background and Applications

Determination of design value for u,Rd from tests

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

For each variable investigated:

3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible,

whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear.

1 test specimen with the shear span Ls as short as possible

(but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour

Characteristic value of the longitudinal shear strength u,Rk calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile from EN1990, Annex D

value u,Rd

u,Rk is divided by the partial safety factor VS to obtain a design

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Background and Applications

Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

0.85 f cd x pl dp + f yp,d Np Nc,f z M pl,Rd

Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting

Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = Np = Ape fyp,d Depth of the concrete in compression xpl = Nc,f / (0,85 fcd b) hc Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc,f (dp - 0,5 xpl)

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Background and Applications

Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

0.85 f cd hc f yp,d Nc,f z M pr

=
e ep +

+
+

f yp,d Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = 0,85 fcd b hc Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 Lever arm:

z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )

N cf Ape f yp,d

N cf Ape f yp,d

Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc,f z + Mpr

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Background and Applications

Partial shear connection (0 < < 1)

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

0.85 f cd hc ep + f yp,d + -

Nc z + M pr

f yp,d Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc = u,Rd b Lx Nc,f Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 Lever arm:

z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )

Nc Ape f yp,d

Nc Ape f yp,d

Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc z + Mpr

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Background and Applications

End anchorage
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

According to EN 1994-1-1, design resistance of a headed stud welded through the steel sheet used for end anchorage should be taken as the lesser of: PRd kt or Ppb,Rd = k ddo t fyp,d where PRd is the design resistance of a headed stud embedded in concrete, kt is a reduction factor for deck shape, ddo is the diameter of the weld collar (which may be taken as 1,1 times the shank diameter), t is the sheet thickness and k = 1 + a / ddo 6,0 a 1.5 d d0
f yp /2

d d0

Stud

f yp /2

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Background and Applications

Variation of bending resistance along a span: uniform distributed load

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

MRd with end anchorage

M pl,Rd M Rd

MEd

Lx L

MRd without end anchorage

M Ed

M M pl,p,Rd pa Ve,Rd Ppb, Rd L sf L Lx

u,Rd b

or b u,Rd

PRd k t whichever is the lesser u,Rd b

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Variation of bending resistance along a span: Point load

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

M M M pl,Rd Rd

MRd without end anchorage

Lx

MEd

M Ed

MM pl,p,Rd pa L sf L Lx

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Load PF (kN) (kN)

50 40 30 20 10

Slip at first end

F/2 P/2
Slip at second end 1 10 20 30 40 50

F/2 P/2

Deflection (mm)

1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method

2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

o o

recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%

Partial connection method m-k method

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Determination of m-k values from tests

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Vt b.d p 2 m

Vertical shear

F/2

F/2

Longitudinal shear Ls Ls

Flexural k Long Ls Short Ap b Ls

For each variable investigated:

3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear. 3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as short as possible (but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour

If behaviour brittle, Vt = 0,8 (F / 2)

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Determination of m-k values from tests

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Characteristic regression line calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile

Vt b.d p

Mean value

Vertical shear 2 m

F/2

F/2

Longitudinal shear Ls Ls

Flexural k Long Ls Short Ap b Ls

Design shear resistance

Vl, Rd =

bd p mAp + k bL VS s

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Background and Applications

Disadvantages of m-k method

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

The results contain all the influencing parameters, but are

impossible to separate from one another.

Methodology is not based on a mechanical model and is

therefore less flexible than the partial connection approach (contribution from end anchorage and reinforcement need to be evaluated from additional tests).

Other loading arrangements that differ from the test loading

can be problematical.

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Background and Applications

Effective width for slabs with concentrated loads

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

bp Finishes Reinforcement hf

For hp / h 0,6 For bending and longitudinal shear: i) for simple spans and exterior spans of continuous slabs

hc hp bm b cm

Lp bem = bm + 2 Lp 1 L b
ii) for interior spans of continuous slabs

Lp bem = bm + 1,33Lp 1 L b
For vertical shear bp

Lp bev = bm + Lp 1 L b
Width of slab over which load is distributed bm = bp + 2 (hc + hf) Case c Concentrated loads applied parallel to the span Case d Concentrated loads applied perpendicular to the span

b Lp

bp

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Background and Applications

Transverse reinforcement for concentrated loads

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

bp Finishes Reinforcement hf

hc hp bm b cm

If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the values given below, a nominal transverse reinforcement of not less than 0,2% of the area of concrete above the ribs of the sheet (which extends the minimum anchorage length beyond bem), may be provided without any further calculation:

concentrated load: 7,5 kN; distributed load: 5,0 kN/m.

For characteristic imposed loads greater than these values, the distribution of bending moments and the appropriate amount of transverse reinforcement should be evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1.

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Vertical shear resistance of composite slabs

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Vv,Rd should be determined using EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.2 which gives the following: Vv,Rd = [CRd,c k(100l fck)1/3 + k1 cp] bsd with a minimum of Vv,Rd = (vmin + k1 cp) bsd (6.2b) (6.2a)

where l = Asl / bs d, Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement which extends (lbd + d) beyond the section considered and other symbols are defined in EN1992-1-1. For normal loading conditions, and the fact that the sheeting is unlikely to be fully anchored, the vertical shear resistance will commonly be based on Eq (6.2b). For heavily loaded slabs, additional reinforcement bars may be required at the support and the vertical shear resistance based on Eq (6.2a). According to the ENV version of EN 1994-1-1, it is permitted to assume that the sheeting contributes to Asl provided that it is fully anchored beyond the section considered.

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Background and Applications

Punching shear resistance

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

hc

b p+ 2h f

hc

dp

Critical perimeter

The punching shear resistance Vp,Rd should be calculated according to EN 1992-1-1. For a loaded area ap bp, which is applied to a screed with a thickness hf, the critical perimeter is given by: cp = 2hc+ 2(bp+ 2hf) + 2(ap+ 2hf+ 2dp 2hc)

ap +2h f

ap

Loaded area of dimensions a p x b p dp A bp

hc
A

hf

hc

dp

Section A - A

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Background and Applications

Serviceability limit states for composite slabs

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Crack widths For continuous slabs that are designed as simply-supported, the minimum cross-sectional area of the anti-crack reinforcement within the depth hc should be: 0,2% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for unpropped construction 0,4% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for propped construction.

The above amounts do not automatically ensure that wmax 0,3 mm as given in EN1992-1-1 for certain exposure classes. If cracking needs to be controlled, the slab should be designed as continuous, and the crack widths in hogging moment regions evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1, 7.3. Deflection Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic analysis, neglecting the effects of shrinkage. For an internal span of a continuous slab, the deflection may be estimated using the following approximation: the average value of the cracked and uncracked second moment of area may be taken. for the concrete, an average value of the modular ratio for long-term and short-term effects may be used. For external, or simply supported spans, calculations of the deflection of the composite slab may be omitted if: the span/depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 20 for a simply-supported span and 26 for an external span of a continuous slab (corresponding to the lightly stressed concrete limits given in EN 1992-1-1; and the load causing an end slip of 0,5 mm in the tests on composite slabs exceeds 1,2 times the design service load.

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Background and Applications

Standard push test

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

P Cover 15

150

PRk Load per stud P (kN)

250

250

Slip (mm)
150 260 150

6 mm

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Background and Applications

Position of studs in open trough sheeting and reduction factor formula according to EN 1994-1-1
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Compression in slab

hp,g hp,n Edge of beam

Force from stud

hsc

bo

(a) Central

(b) Favourable

(c) Unfavourable

kt = 0.85 / nr (b0 / hp) {(hsc / hp) 1} kt,max

Number of stud connectors per rib Thickness t of sheet (mm) Studs not exceeding 20 mm in diameter and welded through profiled steel sheeting 0,85 1,00 0,70 0,80 Profiled steel sheeting with holes and studs 19 mm or 22 mm in diameter 0,75 0,75 0,60 0,60

nr = 1 nr = 2

1,0 > 1,0 1,0 > 1,0

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Stud ductility demonstrated in full-scale composite beam tests with studs through-deck welded in open trough sheeting
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

180 160 140 120

160 140 Point at which deck delamination was observed Point at which maximum moment was applied in Cycle 5 120 100

Axial force (kN)

Axial force (kN)

100 80 60 40

80 60 40 20 0

20 -20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -40

10

15

20

25

30

Slip (mm)
7th pair 6th pair Strong

Slip (mm)
Central Weak

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Load-slip curves for push tests cf. beam tests

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 -20 -40 5 10 15 20 25 30

Load per stud (kN)

nr = 1

Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test

90 80 70

Load per stud (kN)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

nr = 2

Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test

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Background and Applications

Recommended detailing to push test with open trough profiled steel sheeting
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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Back-breaking failure
A
P

30 recess optional 150 260 150 250 250 250

Bedded in mortar or gypsum

Steel section: 254 x 254 89 UC or HE 260 B 4d minimum 750

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Background and Applications

Where can I get further information?

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Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

http://www.access-steel.com/

s.hicks@steel-sci.com