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HTML5 - A Complete Reference

HTML5 is the new standard for HTML that introduces many new elements and features. It allows for embedded video and audio, 2D/3D graphics and animation, offline web applications, and geographic location detection. All major browsers support many HTML5 features but development is still ongoing.

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HTML5 - A Complete Reference

Uploaded by

SurendharCSK

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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HTML5 Introduction

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HTML5 is The New HTML Standard

HTML5

New Elements New Attributes Full CSS3 Support Video and Audio 2D/3D Graphics Local Storage Local SQL Database Web Applications

Examples in Each Chapter

With our HTML editor, you can edit the HTML, and click on a button to view the result.

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <body> <video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> </body> </html>
Try it yourself Click on the "Try it yourself" button to see how it works

What is HTML5?
HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML. The previous version of HTML, HTML 4.01, came in 1999. The web has changed a lot since then. HTML5 is still a work in progress. However, the major browsers support many of the new HTML5 elements and APIs.

How Did HTML5 Get Started?

HTML5 is a cooperation between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). WHATWG was working with web forms and applications, and W3C was working with XHTML 2.0. In 2006, they decided to cooperate and create a new version of HTML. Some rules for HTML5 were established:

New features should be based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and JavaScript Reduce the need for external plugins (like Flash) Better error handling More markup to replace scripting HTML5 should be device independent

The development process should be visible to the public

The HTML5 <!DOCTYPE>

In HTML5 there is only one <!doctype> declaration, and it is very simple:

<!DOCTYPE html>

Minimum HTML5 Document

Below is a simple HTML5 document, with the minimum of required tags:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Title of the document</title> </head> <body> The content of the document...... </body> </html>

HTML5 - New Features

Some of the most interesting new features in HTML5:

The <canvas> element for 2D drawing The <video> and <audio> elements for media playback Support for local storage New content-specific elements, like <article>, <footer>, <header>, <nav>, <section> New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search

Browser Support for HTML5

HTML5 is not yet an official standard, and no browsers have full HTML5 support. But all major browsers (Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer) continue to add new HTML5 features to their latest versions.

HTML5 References
At W3Schools you will find complete references about tags, global attributes, standard events, and more. HTML5 Reference

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HTML5 New Elements

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New Elements in HTML5

The internet, and the use of the internet, has changed a lot since HTML 4.01 became a standard in 1999. Today, several elements in HTML 4.01 are obsolete, never used, or not used the way they were intended. All those elements are removed or re-written in HTML5. To better handle today's internet use, HTML5 also includes new elements for drawing graphics, adding media content, better page structure, better form handling, and several APIs to drag/drop elements, find Geolocation, include web storage, application cache, web workers, etc.

The New <canvas> Element

Tag <canvas>

Description Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)

New Media Elements

Tag <audio> <video> <source> <embed> <track> Description Defines sound content Defines a video or movie Defines multiple media resources for <video> and <audio> Defines a container for an external application or interactive content (a plug-in) Defines text tracks for <video> and <audio>

New Form Elements

Tag <datalist> <keygen> <output> Description Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms) Defines the result of a calculation

New Semantic/Structural Elements

HTML5 offers new elements for better structure: Tag <article> <aside> <bdi> <command> <details> <dialog> <summary> <figure> <figcaption> <footer> <header> <hgroup> <mark> <meter> <nav> <progress> <ruby> <rt> Description Defines an article Defines content aside from the page content Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text outside it Defines a command button that a user can invoke Defines additional details that the user can view or hide Defines a dialog box or window Defines a visible heading for a <details> element Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc. Defines a caption for a <figure> element Defines a footer for a document or section Defines a header for a document or section Groups a set of <h1> to <h6> elements when a heading has multiple levels Defines marked/highlighted text Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge) Defines navigation links Represents the progress of a task Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography) Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)

<rp> <section> <time> <wbr>

Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations Defines a section in a document Defines a date/time Defines a possible line-break

Removed Elements
The following HTML 4.01 elements are removed from HTML5:

HTML5 Canvas
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The <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, on a web page. Draw a red rectangle, a gradient rectangle, a multicolor rectangle, and some multicolor text onto the canvas:

What is Canvas?
The HTML5 <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript). The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. You must use a script to actually draw the graphics. Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, characters, and adding images.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <canvas> element. Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <canvas> element.

Create a Canvas
A canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page, and it is specified with the <canvas> element. Note: By default, the <canvas> element has no border and no content. The markup looks like this:

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>

Note: Always specify an id attribute (to be referred to in a script), and a width and height attribute to define the size of the canvas. Tip: You can have multiple <canvas> elements on one HTML page. To add a border, use the style attribute:

Example

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px solid #000000;"> </canvas>

Try it yourself

Draw Onto The Canvas With JavaScript

All drawing on the canvas must be done inside a JavaScript:

Example
<script> var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); ctx.fillStyle="#FF0000"; ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75); </script>
Try it yourself Example explained: First, find the <canvas> element:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas");
Then, call its getContext() method (you must pass the string "2d" to the getContext() method):

var ctx=c.getContext("2d");
The getContext("2d") object is a built-in HTML5 object, with many properties and methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, images, and more. The next two lines draw a red rectangle:

ctx.fillStyle="#FF0000"; ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75);
The fillStyle property can be a CSS color, a gradient, or a pattern. The default fillStyle is #000000 (black). The fillRect(x,y,width,height) method draws a rectangle filled with the current fill style.

Canvas Coordinates
The canvas is a two-dimensional grid. The upper-left corner of the canvas has coordinate (0,0) So, the fillRect() method above had the parameters (0,0,150,75). This means: Start at the upper-left corner (0,0) and draw a 150x75 pixels rectangle. Coordinates Example Mouse over the rectangle below to see its x and y coordinates: X

Canvas - Paths
To draw straight lines on a canvas, we will use the following two methods:

moveTo(x,y) defines the starting point of the line lineTo(x,y) defines the ending point of the line

To actually draw the line, we must use one of the "ink" methods, like stroke().

Example
Define a starting point in position (0,0), and an ending point in position (200,100). Then use the stroke() method to actually draw the line: JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); ctx.moveTo(0,0);

ctx.lineTo(200,100); ctx.stroke();
Try it yourself To draw a circle on a canvas, we will use the following method:

arc(x,y,r,start,stop)

To actually draw the circle, we must use one of the "ink" methods, like stroke() or fill().

Example
Create a circle with the arc() method: JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(95,50,40,0,2*Math.PI); ctx.stroke();

Try it yourself

Canvas - Text
To draw text on a canvas, the most important property and methods are:

font - defines the font properties for text fillText(text,x,y) - Draws "filled" text on the canvas strokeText(text,x,y) - Draws text on the canvas (no fill)

Using fillText():

Example
Write a 30px high filled text on the canvas, using the font "Arial": JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); ctx.font="30px Arial"; ctx.fillText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it yourself Using strokeText():

Example
Write a 30px high text (no fill) on the canvas, using the font "Arial": JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); ctx.font="30px Arial"; ctx.strokeText("Hello World",10,50);

Try it yourself

Canvas - Gradients
Gradients can be used to fill rectangles, circles, lines, text, etc. Shapes on the canvas are not limited to solid colors. There are two different types of gradients:

createLinearGradient(x,y,x1,y1) - Creates a linear gradient createRadialGradient(x,y,r,x1,y1,r1) - Creates a radial/circular gradient

Once we have a gradient object, we must add two or more color stops. The addColorStop() method specifies the color stops, and its position along the gradient. Gradient positions can be anywhere between 0 to 1. To use the gradient, set the fillStyle or strokeStyle property to the gradient, and then draw the shape, like a rectangle, text, or a line. Using createLinearGradient():

Example
Create a linear gradient. Fill rectangle with the gradient: JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); // Create gradient var grd=ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,200,0); grd.addColorStop(0,"red"); grd.addColorStop(1,"white"); // Fill with gradient ctx.fillStyle=grd; ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);
Try it yourself Using createRadialGradient():

Example
Create a radial/circular gradient. Fill rectangle with the gradient: JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); // Create gradient var grd=ctx.createRadialGradient(75,50,5,90,60,100); grd.addColorStop(0,"red"); grd.addColorStop(1,"white"); // Fill with gradient ctx.fillStyle=grd; ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);
Try it yourself

Canvas - Images
To draw an image on a canvas, we will use the following method:

drawImage(image,x,y)

Image to use:

Example
Draw the image onto the canvas: JavaScript:

var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var ctx=c.getContext("2d"); var img=document.getElementById("scream"); ctx.drawImage(img,10,10);

Try it yourself

HTML Canvas Reference

For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Canvas object (with try-it examples on every property and method), go to our Canvas Reference.

The HTML <canvas> Tag

Tag <canvas> Description Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)

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HTML5 Inline SVG

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HTML5 has support for inline SVG.

What is SVG?

SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics SVG is used to define vector-based graphics for the Web SVG defines the graphics in XML format SVG graphics do NOT lose any quality if they are zoomed or resized Every element and every attribute in SVG files can be animated SVG is a W3C recommendation

SVG Advantages
Advantages of using SVG over other image formats (like JPEG and GIF) are:

SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG

images images images images images

can be created and edited with any text editor can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed are scalable can be printed with high quality at any resolution are zoomable (and the image can be zoomed without degradation)

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support inline SVG.

Embed SVG Directly Into HTML Pages

In HTML5, you can embed SVG elements directly into your HTML page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" height="190"> <polygon points="100,10 40,180 190,60 10,60 160,180" style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-rule:evenodd;"> </svg> </body> </html>
Try it yourself Result: To learn more about SVG, please read our SVG Tutorial.

Differences Between SVG and Canvas

SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML. Canvas draws 2D graphics, on the fly (with a JavaScript). SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the SVG DOM. You can attach JavaScript event handlers for an element. In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an SVG object are changed, the browser can automatically re-render the shape. Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is forgotten by the browser. If its position should be changed, the entire scene needs to be redrawn, including any objects that might have been covered by the graphic.

Comparison of Canvas and SVG

The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and SVG: Canvas SVG Resolution dependent No support for event handlers Poor text rendering capabilities You can save the resulting image as .png or .jpg Well suited for graphic-intensive games

Resolution independent Support for event handlers Best suited for applications with large rendering areas (Google Maps) Slow rendering if complex (anything that uses the DOM a lot will be slow) Not suited for game applications

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HTML5 Drag and Drop

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Drag and drop is a part of the HTML5 standard.

Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle.

Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and drag it to a different location. In HTML5, drag and drop is part of the standard, and any element can be draggable.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support drag and drop. Note: Drag and drop does not work in Safari 5.1.2.

HTML5 Drag and Drop Example

The example below is a simple drag and drop example:

Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <script> function allowDrop(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); } function drag(ev) { ev.dataTransfer.setData("Text",ev.target.id); } function drop(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); var data=ev.dataTransfer.getData("Text"); ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data)); } </script> </head> <body> <div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div> <img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true" ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69"> </body> </html>
Try it yourself It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a drag and drop event.

Make an Element Draggable

First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:

What to Drag - ondragstart and setData()

Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged. In the example above, the ondragstart attribute calls a function, drag(event), that specifies what data to be dragged. The dataTransfer.setData() method sets the data type and the value of the dragged data:

function drag(ev) { ev.dataTransfer.setData("Text",ev.target.id); }

In this case, the data type is "Text" and the value is the id of the draggable element ("drag1").

Where to Drop - ondragover

The ondragover event specifies where the dragged data can be dropped. By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a drop, we must prevent the default handling of the element. This is done by calling the event.preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:

event.preventDefault()

Do the Drop - ondrop

When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs. In the example above, the ondrop attribute calls a function, drop(event):

function drop(ev) {

ev.preventDefault(); var data=ev.dataTransfer.getData("Text"); ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data)); }

Code explained:

Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the data (default is open as link on drop) Get the dragged data with the dataTransfer.getData("Text") method. This method will return any data that was set to the same type in the setData() method The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("drag1") Append the dragged element into the drop element

More Examples
Drag image back and forth How to drag (and drop) an image back and forth between two <div> elements.

Next Chapter

HTML5 Geolocation
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HTML5 Geolocation is used to locate a user's position Try It

Locate the User's Position

The HTML5 Geolocation API is used to get the geographical position of a user. Since this can compromise user privacy, the position is not available unless the user approves it.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Geolocation. Note: Geolocation is much more accurate for devices with GPS, like iPhone.

HTML5 - Using Geolocation

Use the getCurrentPosition() method to get the user's position. The example below is a simple Geolocation example returning the latitude and longitude of the user's position:

Example
<script> var x=document.getElementById("demo"); function getLocation() { if (navigator.geolocation) { navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition); } else{x.innerHTML="Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";} } function showPosition(position) { x.innerHTML="Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude + "<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;

} </script>
Try it yourself Example explained:

Check if Geolocation is supported If supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not, display a message to the user If the getCurrentPosition() method is successful, it returns a coordinates object to the function specified in the parameter ( showPosition ) The showPosition() function gets the displays the Latitude and Longitude

The example above is a very basic Geolocation script, with no error handling.

Handling Errors and Rejections

The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to handle errors. It specifies a function to run if it fails to get the user's location:

Example
function showError(error) { switch(error.code) { case error.PERMISSION_DENIED: x.innerHTML="User denied the request for Geolocation." break; case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE: x.innerHTML="Location information is unavailable." break; case error.TIMEOUT: x.innerHTML="The request to get user location timed out." break; case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR: x.innerHTML="An unknown error occurred." break; } }
Try it yourself Error Codes:

Permission denied - The user did not allow Geolocation Position unavailable - It is not possible to get the current location Timeout - The operation timed out

Displaying the Result in a Map

To display the result in a map, you need access to a map service that can use latitude and longitude, like Google Maps:

Example
function showPosition(position) { var latlon=position.coords.latitude+","+position.coords.longitude; var img_url="http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=" +latlon+"&zoom=14&size=400x300&sensor=false"; document.getElementById("mapholder").innerHTML="<img src='"+img_url+"'>"; }
Try it yourself In the example above we use the returned latitude and longitude data to show the location in a Google map (using a static image). Google Map Script How to use a script to show an interactive map with a marker, zoom and drag options.

Location-specific Information
This page demonstrated how to show a user's position on a map. However, Geolocation is also very useful for location-specific information. Examples:

Up-to-date local information Showing Points-of-interest near the user Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)

The getCurrentPosition() Method - Return Data

The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object if it is successful. The latitude, longitude and accuracy properties are always returned. The other properties below are returned if available. Property coords.latitude coords.longitude coords.accuracy coords.altitude Description The latitude as a decimal number The longitude as a decimal number The accuracy of position The altitude in meters above the mean sea level

coords.altitudeAccuracy The altitude accuracy of position coords.heading coords.speed timestamp The heading as degrees clockwise from North The speed in meters per second The date/time of the response

Geolocation object - Other interesting Methods

watchPosition() - Returns the current position of the user and continues to return updated position as the user moves (like the GPS in a car). clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method. The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an accurate GPS device to test this (like iPhone):

Example
<script> var x=document.getElementById("demo"); function getLocation() { if (navigator.geolocation) { navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(showPosition); } else{x.innerHTML="Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";} } function showPosition(position) { x.innerHTML="Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude + "<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude; } </script>
Try it yourself

Previous Next Chapter

HTML5 Video
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Many modern websites show videos. HTML5 provides a standard for showing them. Check if your browser supports HTML5 video
Check

Video on the Web

Until now, there has not been a standard for showing a video/movie on a web page. Today, most videos are shown through a plug-in (like flash). However, different browsers may have different plug-ins. HTML5 defines a new element which specifies a standard way to embed a video/movie on a web page: the <video> element.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <video> element. Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <video> element.

HTML5 Video - How It Works

To show a video in HTML5, this is all you need:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
Try it yourself The control attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume. It is also a good idea to always include width and height attributes. If height and width are set, the space required for the video is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the video, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the video loads). You should also insert text content between the <video> and </video> tags for browsers that do not support the <video> element. The <video> element allows multiple <source> elements. <source> elements can link to different video files. The browser will use the first recognized format.

Video Formats and Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported video formats for the <video> element: MP4, WebM, and Ogg: Browser Internet Explorer 9+ Chrome 6+ Firefox 3.6+ Safari 5+ Opera 10.6+ MP4 YES YES NO YES NO WebM NO YES YES NO YES Ogg NO YES YES NO YES

MP4 = MPEG 4 files with H264 video codec and AAC audio codec WebM = WebM files with VP8 video codec and Vorbis audio codec Ogg = Ogg files with Theora video codec and Vorbis audio codec

MIME Types for Video Formats

Format MP4 WebM Ogg MIME-type video/mp4 video/webm video/ogg

HTML5 <video> - DOM Methods and Properties

HTML5 has DOM methods, properties, and events for the <video> and <audio> elements. These methods, properties, and events allow you to manipulate <video> and <audio> elements using JavaScript. There are methods for playing, pausing, and loading, for example and there are properties (like duration and volume). There are also DOM events that can notify you when the <video> element begins to play, is paused, is ended, etc. The example below illustrate, in a simple way, how to address a <video> element, read and set properties, and call methods.

Example 1
Create simple play/pause + resize controls for a video:

Play/Pause Big Small Normal

Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.

The example above calls two methods: play() and pause(). It also uses two properties: paused and width. Try it yourself For a full reference go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Video Tags

Tag <video> <source> <track> Description Defines a video or movie Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and <audio> Defines text tracks in media players

Previous Next Chapter

HTML5 Audio
Previous Next Chapter

HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files.

Audio on the Web

Until now, there has not been a standard for playing audio files on a web page. Today, most audio files are played through a plug-in (like flash). However, different browsers may have different plug-ins. HTML5 defines a new element which specifies a standard way to embed an audio file on a web page: the <audio> element.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <audio> element. Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <audio> element.

HTML5 Audio - How It Works

To play an audio file in HTML5, this is all you need:

Example
<audio controls> <source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg"> <source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio element. </audio>
Try it yourself

The control attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume. You should also insert text content between the <audio> and </audio> tags for browsers that do not support the <audio> element. The <audio> element allows multiple <source> elements. <source> elements can link to different audio files. The browser will use the first recognized format.

Audio Formats and Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the <audio> element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg: Browser Internet Explorer 9+ Chrome 6+ Firefox 3.6+ Safari 5+ Opera 10+ MP3 YES YES NO YES NO Wav NO YES YES YES YES Ogg NO YES YES NO YES

MIME Types for Audio Formats

Format MP3 Ogg Wav MIME-type audio/mpeg audio/ogg audio/wav

HTML5 Audio Tags

Tag <audio> <source> Description Defines sound content Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and <audio>

Previous Next Chapter

HTML5 Input Types

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HTML5 New Input Types

HTML5 has several new input types for forms. These new features allow better input control and validation. This chapter covers the new input types:

color date datetime datetime-local email month number range search tel time url

week

Note: Not all major browsers support all the new input types. However, you can already start using them; If they are not supported, they will behave as regular text fields.

Input Type: color

The color type is used for input fields that should contain a color.

Example
Select a color from a color picker:

Select your favorite color: <input type="color" name="favcolor">

Try it yourself

Input Type: date

The date type allows the user to select a date.

Example
Define a date control:

Birthday: <input type="date" name="bday">

Try it yourself

Input Type: datetime

The datetime type allows the user to select a date and time (with time zone).

Example
Define a date and time control (with time zone):

Birthday (date and time): <input type="datetime" name="bdaytime">

Try it yourself

Input Type: datetime-local

The datetime-local type allows the user to select a date and time (no time zone).

Example
Define a date and time control (no time zone):

Birthday (date and time): <input type="datetime-local" name="bdaytime">

Try it yourself

Input Type: email

The email type is used for input fields that should contain an e-mail address.

Example
Define a field for an e-mail address (will be automatically validated when submitted):

E-mail: <input type="email" name="email">

Try it yourself

Tip: Safari on iPhone recognizes the email type, and changes the on-screen keyboard to match it (adds @ and .com options).

Input Type: month

The month type allows the user to select a month and year.

Example
Define a month and year control (no time zone):

Birthday (month and year): <input type="month" name="bdaymonth">

Try it yourself

Input Type: number

The number type is used for input fields that should contain a numeric value. You can also set restrictions on what numbers are accepted:

Example
Define a numeric field (with restrictions):

Quantity (between 1 and 5): <input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">

Try it yourself Use the following attributes to specify restrictions:

max - specifies the maximum value allowed min - specifies the minimum value allowed step - specifies the legal number intervals value - Specifies the default value

Try an example with all the restriction attributes: Try it yourself

Input Type: range

The range type is used for input fields that should contain a value from a range of numbers. You can also set restrictions on what numbers are accepted.

Example
Define a control for entering a number whose exact value is not important (like a slider control):

<input type="range" name="points" min="1" max="10">

Try it yourself Use the following attributes to specify restrictions:

max - specifies the maximum value allowed min - specifies the minimum value allowed step - specifies the legal number intervals value - Specifies the default value

Input Type: search

The search type is used for search fields (a search field behaves like a regular text field).

Example
Define a search field (like a site search, or Google search):

Search Google: <input type="search" name="googlesearch">

Try it yourself

Input Type: tel

Example
Define a field for entering a telephone number:

Telephone: <input type="tel" name="usrtel">

Try it yourself

Input Type: time

The time type allows the user to select a time.

Example
Define a control for entering a time (no time zone):

Select a time: <input type="time" name="usr_time">

Try it yourself

Input Type: url

The url type is used for input fields that should contain a URL address. The value of the url field is automatically validated when the form is submitted.

Example
Define a field for entering a URL:

Add your homepage: <input type="url" name="homepage">

Try it yourself Tip: Safari on iPhone recognizes the url input type, and changes the on-screen keyboard to match it (adds .com option).

Input Type: week

The week type allows the user to select a week and year.

Example
Define a week and year control (no time zone):

Select a week: <input type="week" name="week_year">

Try it yourself

HTML5 <input> Tag

Tag <input> Description Defines an input control

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HTML5 Form Elements

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HTML5 New Form Elements

HTML5 has the following new form elements:

<datalist> <keygen> <output>

Note: Not all major browsers support all the new form elements. However, you can already start using them; If they are not supported, they will behave as regular text fields.

HTML5 <datalist> Element

The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element. The <datalist> element is used to provide an "autocomplete" feature on <input> elements. Users will see a drop-down list of pre-defined options as they input data. Use the <input> element's list attribute to bind it together with a <datalist> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:

<input list="browsers"> <datalist id="browsers"> <option value="Internet Explorer"> <option value="Firefox"> <option value="Chrome"> <option value="Opera"> <option value="Safari"> </datalist>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <keygen> Element

The purpose of the <keygen> element is to provide a secure way to authenticate users. The <keygen> tag specifies a key-pair generator field in a form. When the form is submitted, two keys are generated, one private and one public. The private key is stored locally, and the public key is sent to the server. The public key could be used to generate a client certificate to authenticate the user in the future.

Example
A form with a keygen field:

<form action="demo_keygen.asp" method="get"> Username: <input type="text" name="usr_name"> Encryption: <keygen name="security"> <input type="submit"> </form>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <output> Element

The <output> element represents the result of a calculation (like one performed by a script).

Example
Perform a calculation and show the result in an <output> element:

<form oninput="x.value=parseInt(a.value)+parseInt(b.value)">0 <input type="range" id="a" value="50">100 + <input type="number" id="b" value="50">= <output name="x" for="a b"></output> </form>
Try it yourself

HTML5 New Form Elements

Tag <datalist> <keygen> <output> Description Specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element Specifies a key-pair generator field in a form Represents the result of a calculation

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HTML5 Form Attributes

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HTML5 New Form Attributes

HTML5 has several new attributes for <form> and <input>. New attributes for <form>:

autocomplete novalidate

New attributes for <input>:

autocomplete autofocus form formaction formenctype formmethod formnovalidate formtarget height and width list min and max multiple pattern (regexp) placeholder required step

<form> / <input> autocomplete Attribute

The autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or input field should have autocomplete on or off. When autocomplete is on, the browser automatically complete values based on values that the user has entered before. Tip: It is possible to have autocomplete "on" for the form, and "off" for specific input fields, or vice versa. Note: The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, datepickers, range, and color.

Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on (and off for one input field):

<form action="demo_form.asp" autocomplete="on"> First name:<input type="text" name="fname"><br> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br> E-mail: <input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>

<input type="submit"> </form>

Try it yourself Tip: In some browsers you may need to activate the autocomplete function for this to work.

<form> novalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that the form-data (input) should not be validated when submitted.

Example
Indicates that the form is not to be validated on submit:

<form action="demo_form.asp" novalidate> E-mail: <input type="email" name="user_email"> <input type="submit"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> autofocus Attribute

The autofocus attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that an <input> element should automatically get focus when the page loads.

Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:

First name:<input type="text" name="fname" autofocus>

Try it yourself

<input> form Attribute

The form attribute specifies one or more forms an <input> element belongs to. Tip: To refer to more than one form, use a space-separated list of form ids.

Example
An input field located outside the HTML form (but still a part of the form):

<form action="demo_form.asp" id="form1"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </form> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" form="form1">
Try it yourself

<input> formaction Attribute

The formaction attribute specifies the URL of a file that will process the input control when the form is submitted. The formaction attribute overrides the action attribute of the <form> element. Note: The formaction attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
An HTML form with two submit buttons, with different actions:

<form action="demo_form.asp"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit"><br> <input type="submit" formaction="demo_admin.asp" value="Submit as admin"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> formenctype Attribute

The formenctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the server (only for forms with method="post") The formenctype attribute overrides the enctype attribute of the <form> element. Note: The formenctype attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
Send form-data that is default encoded (the first submit button), and encoded as "multipart/form-data" (the second submit button):

<form action="demo_post_enctype.asp" method="post"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> <input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data" value="Submit as Multipart/form-data"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> formmethod Attribute

The formmethod attribute defines the HTTP method for sending form-data to the action URL. The formmethod attribute overrides the method attribute of the <form> element. Note: The formmethod attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
The second submit button overrides the HTTP method of the form:

<form action="demo_form.asp" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> <input type="submit" formmethod="post" formaction="demo_post.asp" value="Submit using POST"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> formnovalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that the <input> element should not be validated when submitted. The formnovalidate attribute overrides the novalidate attribute of the <form> element. Note: The formnovalidate attribute can be used with type="submit".

Example
A form with two submit buttons (with and without validation):

<form action="demo_form.asp"> E-mail: <input type="email" name="userid"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit"><br> <input type="submit" formnovalidate value="Submit without validation"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> formtarget Attribute

The formtarget attribute specifies a name or a keyword that indicates where to display the response that is received after submitting the form. The formtarget attribute overrides the target attribute of the <form> element. Note: The formtarget attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
A form with two submit buttons, with different target windows:

<form action="demo_form.asp"> First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br> Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br> <input type="submit" value="Submit as normal"> <input type="submit" formtarget="_blank" value="Submit to a new window"> </form>
Try it yourself

<input> height and width Attributes

The height and width attributes specify the height and width of an <input> element. Note: The height and width attributes are only used with <input type="image">. Tip: Always specify both the height and width attributes for images. If height and width are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).

Example
Define an image as the submit button, with height and width attributes:

<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" height="48">

Try it yourself

<input> list Attribute

The list attribute refers to a <datalist> element that contains pre-defined options for an <input> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:

<input> min and max Attributes

The min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum value for an <input> element. Note: The min and max attributes works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetime-local, month, time and week.

Example

<input> elements with min and max values:

Enter a date before 1980-01-01: <input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31"> Enter a date after 2000-01-01: <input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02"> Quantity (between 1 and 5): <input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">
Try it yourself

<input> multiple Attribute

The multiple attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in the <input> element. Note: The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.

Example
A file upload field that accepts multiple values:

Select images: <input type="file" name="img" multiple>

Try it yourself

<input> pattern Attribute

The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the <input> element's value is checked against. Note: The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password. Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user. Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.

Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special characters):

Country code: <input type="text" name="country_code" pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}" title="Three letter country code">
Try it yourself

<input> placeholder Attribute

The placeholder attribute specifies a short hint that describes the expected value of an input field (e.g. a sample value or a short description of the expected format). The short hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value. Note: The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.

Example
An input field with a placeholder text:

<input type="text" name="fname" placeholder="First name">

Try it yourself

<input> required Attribute

The required attribute is a boolean attribute. When present, it specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.

Note: The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, date pickers, number, checkbox, radio, and file.

Example
A required input field:

Username: <input type="text" name="usrname" required>

Try it yourself

<input> step Attribute

The step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an <input> element. Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc. Tip: The step attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to create a range of legal values. Note: The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetime-local, month, time and week.

Example
An input field with a specified legal number intervals:

<input type="number" name="points" step="3">

Try it yourself

HTML5 <input> Tag

Tag <form> <input> Description Defines an HTML form for user input Defines an input control

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HTML5 Semantic Elements

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Semantic = Meaning. Semantic elements = Elements with meaning.

What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer. Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing about its content. Examples of semantic elements: <form>, <table>, and <img> - Clearly defines its content.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera supports the semantic elements described in this chapter. Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier does not support these elements. However, there is a solution. Look at the end of this chapter.

New Semantic Elements in HTML5

Many of existing web sites today contains HTML code like this: <div id="nav">, <div class="header">, or <div id="footer">, to indicate navigation links, header, and footer. HTML5 offers new semantic elements to clearly define different parts of a web page:

<header> <nav> <section> <article> <aside> <figcaption> <figure> <footer>

HTML5 <section> Element

The <section> element defines a section in a document. According to W3C's HTML5 documentation: "A section is a thematic grouping of content, typically with a heading."

Example
<section> <h1>WWF</h1> <p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is....</p> </section>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <article> Element

The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content. An article should make sense on its own and it should be possible to distribute it independently from the rest of the web site. Examples of where an <article> element can be used:

Forum post Blog post News story Comment

Example
<article> <h1>Internet Explorer 9</h1> <p>Windows Internet Explorer 9 (abbreviated as IE9) was released to the public on March 14, 2011 at 21:00 PDT.....</p> </article>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <nav> Element

The <nav> element defines a set of navigation links. The <nav> element is intended for large blocks of navigation links. However, not all links in a document should be inside a <nav> element!

Example
<nav> <a href="/html/">HTML</a> | <a href="/css/">CSS</a> | <a href="/js/">JavaScript</a> | <a href="/jquery/">jQuery</a> </nav>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <aside> Element

The <aside> element defines some content aside from the content it is placed in (like a sidebar). The aside content should be related to the surrounding content.

Example
<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer.</p> <aside> <h4>Epcot Center</h4> <p>The Epcot Center is a theme park in Disney World, Florida.</p> </aside>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <header> Element

The <header> element specifies a header for a document or section. The <header> element should be used as a container for introductory content. You can have several <header> elements in one document. The following example defines a header for an article:

Example
<article> <header> <h1>Internet Explorer 9</h1> <p><time pubdate datetime="2011-03-15"></time></p> </header> <p>Windows Internet Explorer 9 (abbreviated as IE9) was released to the public on March 14, 2011 at 21:00 PDT.....</p> </article>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <footer> Element

The <footer> element specifies a footer for a document or section. A <footer> element should contain information about its containing element. A footer typically contains the author of the document, copyright information, links to terms of use, contact information, etc. You can have several <footer> elements in one document.

Example
<footer> <p>Posted by: Hege Refsnes</p> <p><time pubdate datetime="2012-03-01"></time></p> </footer>
Try it yourself

HTML5 <figure> and <figcaption> Elements

The <figure> tag specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc. While the content of the <figure> element is related to the main flow, its position is independent of the main flow, and if removed it should not affect the flow of the document.

The <figcaption> tag defines a caption for a <figure> element. The <figcaption> element can be placed as the first or last child of the <figure> element.

Example
<figure> <img src="img_pulpit.jpg" alt="The Pulpit Rock" width="304" height="228"> <figcaption>Fig1. - The Pulpit Pock, Norway.</figcaption> </figure>
Try it yourself

Can We Start Using These Semantic Elements?

The elements explained above are all block elements (except <figcaption>). To get these elements to work properly in all (older) major browsers, set the display property to block in your style sheet (this causes older browsers to render these elements correctly):

header, section, footer, aside, nav, article, figure { display: block; }

Problem With Internet Explorer 8 And Earlier

IE8 and earlier does not know how to render CSS on elements that it doesnt recognize. You cannot style <header>, <section>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>, <article>, <figure>, or other new HTML5 elements. Thankfully, Sjoerd Visscher has discovered a JavaScript workaround called HTML5 Shiv; to enable styling of HTML5 elements in versions of Internet Explorer prior to version 9. You can download and read more about the HTML5 Shiv at: http://code.google.com/p/html5shiv/ To enable the HTML5 Shiv (after downloading), insert the following code into the <head> element:

That code above is a comment that only IE reads, for versions earlier than IE9. It must be placed in the <head> element because Internet Explorer needs to know about the elements before it renders them.

Semantic Elements in HTML5

Tag <article> <aside> <figcaption> <figure> <footer> <header> <hgroup> <mark> <nav> <section> <time> Description Defines an article Defines content aside from the page content Defines a caption for a <figure> element Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc. Defines a footer for a document or section Specifies a header for a document or section Groups heading (<h1> to <h6>) elements Defines marked/highlighted text Defines navigation links Defines a section in a document Defines a date/time

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HTML5 Web Storage

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HTML5 web storage, a better local storage than cookies.

What is HTML5 Web Storage?

With HTML5, web pages can store data locally within the user's browser. Earlier, this was done with cookies. However, Web Storage is more secure and faster. The data is not included with every server request, but used ONLY when asked for. It is also possible to store large amounts of data, without affecting the website's performance. The data is stored in key/value pairs, and a web page can only access data stored by itself.

Browser Support

Web storage is supported in Internet Explorer 8+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari. Note: Internet Explorer 7 and earlier versions, do not support web storage.

localStorage and sessionStorage

There are two new objects for storing data on the client:

localStorage - stores data with no expiration date sessionStorage - stores data for one session

Before using web storage, check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage:

if(typeof(Storage)!=="undefined") { // Yes! localStorage and sessionStorage support! // Some code..... } else { // Sorry! No web storage support.. }

The localStorage Object

The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted when the browser is closed, and will be available the next day, week, or year.

Example
localStorage.lastname="Smith"; document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="Last name: " + localStorage.lastname;
Try it yourself Example explained:

Create a localStorage key/value pair with key="lastname" and value="Smith" Retrieve the value of the "lastname" key and insert it into the element with id="result"

Tip: Key/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert them to another format when needed. The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button. In this code the value string is converted to a number to be able to increase the counter:

Example
if (localStorage.clickcount) { localStorage.clickcount=Number(localStorage.clickcount)+1; } else { localStorage.clickcount=1; } document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="You have clicked the button " + localStorage.clickcount + " time(s).";

Try it yourself

The sessionStorage Object

The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one session. The data is deleted when the user closes the browser window. The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button, in the current session:

Example
if (sessionStorage.clickcount) { sessionStorage.clickcount=Number(sessionStorage.clickcount)+1; } else { sessionStorage.clickcount=1; } document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="You have clicked the button " + sessionStorage.clickcount + " time(s) in this session.";
Try it yourself

Next Chapter

HTML5 Application Cache

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With HTML5 it is easy to make an offline version of a web application, by creating a cache manifest file.

What is Application Cache?

HTML5 introduces application cache, which means that a web application is cached, and accessible without an internet connection. Application cache gives an application three advantages: 1. Offline browsing - users can use the application when they're offline 2. Speed - cached resources load faster 3. Reduced server load - the browser will only download updated/changed resources from the server

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Application cache.

HTML5 Cache Manifest Example

The example below shows an HTML document with a cache manifest (for offline browsing):

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html manifest="demo.appcache"> <body> The content of the document...... </body>

</html>

Try it yourself

Cache Manifest Basics

To enable application cache, include the manifest attribute in the document's <html> tag:

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html manifest="demo.appcache"> ... </html>

Every page with the manifest attribute specified will be cached when the user visits it. If the manifest attribute is not specified, the page will not be cached (unless the page is specified directly in the manifest file). The recommended file extension for manifest files is: ".appcache" A manifest file needs to be served with the correct MIME-type, which is "text/cache-manifest". Must be configured on the web server.

The Manifest File

The manifest file is a simple text file, which tells the browser what to cache (and what to never cache). The manifest file has three sections:

CACHE MANIFEST - Files listed under this header will be cached after they are downloaded for the first time NETWORK - Files listed under this header require a connection to the server, and will never be cached FALLBACK - Files listed under this header specifies fallback pages if a page is inaccessible

CACHE MANIFEST
The first line, CACHE MANIFEST, is required:

CACHE MANIFEST /theme.css /logo.gif /main.js

The manifest file above lists three resources: a CSS file, a GIF image, and a JavaScript file. When the manifest file is loaded, the browser will download the three files from the root directory of the web site. Then, whenever the user is not connected to the internet, the resources will still be available.

NETWORK
The NETWORK section below specifies that the file "login.asp" should never be cached, and will not be available offline:

NETWORK: login.asp
An asterisk can be used to indicate that all other resources/files require an internet connection:

NETWORK: *

FALLBACK
The FALLBACK section below specifies that "offline.html" will be served in place of all files in the /html/ catalog, in case an internet connection cannot be established:

FALLBACK: /html/ /offline.html

Note: The first URI is the resource, the second is the fallback.

Updating the Cache

Once an application is cached, it remains cached until one of the following happens:

The user clears the browser's cache The manifest file is modified (see tip below) The application cache is programmatically updated

Example - Complete Cache Manifest File

CACHE MANIFEST # 2012-02-21 v1.0.0 /theme.css /logo.gif /main.js NETWORK: login.asp FALLBACK: /html/ /offline.html
Tip: Lines starting with a "#" are comment lines, but can also serve another purpose. An application's cache is only updated when its manifest file changes. If you edit an image or change a JavaScript function, those changes will not be re-cached. Updating the date and version in a comment line is one way to make the browser re-cache your files.

Notes on Application Cache

Be careful with what you cache. Once a file is cached, the browser will continue to show the cached version, even if you change the file on the server. To ensure the browser updates the cache, you need to change the manifest file. Note: Browsers may have different size limits for cached data (some browsers have a 5MB limit per site).

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HTML5 Web Workers

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A web worker is a JavaScript running in the background, without affecting the performance of the page.

What is a Web Worker?

When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive until the script is finished. A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in the background, independently of other scripts, without affecting the performance of the page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking, selecting things, etc., while the web worker runs in the background.

Browser Support

Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Web workers.

HTML5 Web Workers Example

The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the background:

Example
Count numbers: Start Worker Stop Worker

Try it yourself

Check Web Worker Support

Before creating a web worker, check whether the user's browser supports it:

if(typeof(Worker)!=="undefined") { // Yes! Web worker support! // Some code..... } else { // Sorry! No Web Worker support.. }

Create a Web Worker File

Now, let's create our web worker in an external JavaScript. Here, we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the "demo_workers.js" file:

var i=0; function timedCount() { i=i+1; postMessage(i); setTimeout("timedCount()",500); } timedCount();

The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method - which is used to posts a message back to the HTML page. Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for more CPU intensive tasks.

Create a Web Worker Object

Now that we have the web worker file, we need to call it from an HTML page. The following lines checks if the worker already exists, if not - it creates a new web worker object and runs the code in "demo_workers.js":

if(typeof(w)=="undefined") { w=new Worker("demo_workers.js"); }

Then we can send and receive messages from the web worker. Add an "onmessage" event listener to the web worker.

w.onmessage=function(event){ document.getElementById("result").innerHTML=event.data; };
When the web worker posts a message, the code within the event listener is executed. The data from the web worker is stored in event.data.

Terminate a Web Worker

When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is terminated. To terminate a web worker, and free browser/computer resources, use the terminate() method:

w.terminate();

Full Web Worker Example Code

We have already seen the Worker code in the .js file. Below is the code for the HTML page:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p> <button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button> <button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button> <br><br> <script> var w; function startWorker() { if(typeof(Worker)!=="undefined") { if(typeof(w)=="undefined") { w=new Worker("demo_workers.js"); } w.onmessage = function (event) { document.getElementById("result").innerHTML=event.data; }; } else { document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="Sorry, your browser does not support Web Workers..."; } } function stopWorker() { w.terminate(); } </script> </body> </html>
Try it yourself

Web Workers and the DOM

Since web workers are in external files, they do not have access to the following JavaScript objects:

The window object The document object The parent object

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HTML5 Server-Sent Events

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HTML5 Server-Sent Events allow a web page to get updates from a server.

Server-Sent Events - One Way Messaging

A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets updates from a server. This was also possible before, but the web page would have to ask if any updates were available. With server-sent events, the updates come automatically. Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds, sport results, etc.

Browser Support

Server-Sent Events are supported in all major browsers, except Internet Explorer.

Receive Server-Sent Event Notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:

Example
var source=new EventSource("demo_sse.php"); source.onmessage=function(event) { document.getElementById("result").innerHTML+=event.data + "<br>"; };
Try it yourself Example explained:

Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page sending the updates (in this example "demo_sse.php") Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the element with id="result"

Check Server-Sent Events Support

In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check browser support for server-sent events:

if(typeof(EventSource)!=="undefined") { // Yes! Server-sent events support! // Some code..... } else { // Sorry! No server-sent events support.. }

Server-Side Code Example

For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data updates (like PHP or ASP). The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream". Now you can start sending event streams. Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):

<?php header('Content-Type: text/event-stream'); header('Cache-Control: no-cache'); $time = date('r'); echo "data: The server time is: {$time}\n\n"; flush(); ?>
Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):

<% Response.ContentType="text/event-stream" Response.Expires=-1 Response.Write("data: " & now()) Response.Flush() %>

Code explained:

Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream" Specify that the page should not cache Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ") Flush the output data back to the web page

The EventSource Object

In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But other events are also available: Events onopen onmessage Description When a connection to the server is opened When a message is received

onerror //chapter end//

When an error occurs

HTML Multimedia
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Multimedia on the web is sound, music, videos, and animations. Modern web browsers have support for many multimedia formats.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see. Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more. Modern Web pages have often embedded multimedia elements, and modern browsers have support for various multimedia formats. In this tutorial you will learn about different multimedia formats.

Browser Support
The first Internet browsers had support for text only, and even the text support was limited to a single font in a single color. Then came browsers with support for colors, fonts and text styles, and support for pictures was added. The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled in different ways by various browsers. Some multimedia elements is supported, and some requires an extra helper program (a plug-in). You will learn more about plug-ins in the next chapters.

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files. The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. When a browser sees the file extension .htm or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. The .xml extension indicates an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet file. Pictures are recognized by extensions like .gif, .png and .jpg. Multimedia files also have their own formats with different extensions like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, and .mp4.

Video Formats
MP4 is the new and upcoming format for internet video. It is supported by YouTube, Flash players and HTML5.

Format AVI

File .avi

Description AVI (Audio Video Interleave) was developed by Microsoft. AVI is supported by all computers running Windows, and by the most popular web browsers. It is a very common format on the Internet, but not always possible to play on non-Windows computers WMV (Windows Media Video) was developed by Microsoft. WMV is a common format on the Internet, but it cannot be played on non-Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. Some later WMVs cannot play at all on non-Windows computers because no player is available

WMV

.wmv

MPEG

.mpg The MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) format is the most popular format on the Internet. It .mpeg is cross-platform, and supported by all major browsers QuickTime was developed by Apple. QuickTime is a common format on the Internet, but QuickTime movies cannot be played on a Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. RealVideo was developed by Real Media. RealVideo allows streaming of video (online video, Internet TV) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth priority, the quality is often

QuickTime .mov

RealVideo

.rm .ram

reduced Flash .swf .flv .mp4 Flash was developed by Macromedia. Flash requires an extra component to play. This component comes preinstalled with all major browsers Mpeg-4 (MP4) is the new format for the internet. YouTube recommends using MP4. YouTube accepts multiple formats, and then converts them all to .flv or .mp4 for distribution

MP4

Sound Formats
MP3 is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous with digital music. If your website is about recorded music, the MP3 format is Format File Description the choice. MIDI .mid MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a format for electronic music devices like .midi synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital musical instructions (notes) that can be played by electronics (like your PC's sound card).

HTML
MP3

Click here to play The Beatles. Since MIDI files only contains instructions; they are extremely small. The example above is only 23K in size, but it plays for nearly 5 minutes. MIDI is supported by many software systems/platforms. MIDI is supported by all the most popular Internet browsers. .mp3 MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MPEG was originally developed for video by the Moving Pictures Experts Group. MP3 is the most popular format for music. The encoding system combines good compression (small files) with high quality RealAudio was developed Real Media. It allows streaming of audio (online music, Internet radio) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth priority, the quality is often reduced WAVE (more known as WAV) was developed by IBM and Microsoft. WAVs are compatible with Windows, Macintosh, and Linux operating systems

Previous Chapter

- The

RealAudio .rm .ram WAV .wav

WMA

.wma WMA (Windows Media Audio), compares in quality to MP3, and is compatible with most players, except the iPod. WMA files can be delivered as a continuous flow of data, which makes it practical for use in Internet radio or on-line music.

HTML Helpers (Plug-ins)

A helper application is a small computer program that extends the standard functionality of the browser. Helper applications are also called plug-ins. Plug-ins are often used by browsers to play audio and video. Examples of well-known plug-ins are Adobe Flash Player and QuickTime. Plug-ins can be added to Web pages through the <object> tag or the <embed> tag. Most plug-ins allow manual (or programmed) control over settings for volume, rewind, forward, pause, stop, and play.

What is The Best Way to Play Audio/Video in HTML?

For the best way to embed audio or video in your Web page, please read the next chapters.

QuickTime - Play WAV Audio

Example
<object width="420" height="360" classid="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B" codebase="http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab"> <param name="src" value="liar.wav"> <param name="controller" value="true"> </object>
Try it yourself

QuickTime - Play MP4 Video

Example
<object width="420" height="360" classid="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B" codebase="http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab"> <param name="src" value="movie.mp4"> <param name="controller" value="true"> </object>
Try it yourself

Adobe Flash Player - Play SWF Video

Example
<object width="400" height="40" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/ pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0"> <param name="SRC" value="bookmark.swf"> <embed src="bookmark.swf" width="400" height="40"> </embed> </object>
Try it yourself

Windows Media Player - Play WMV Movie

The example below shows the suggested code used to display a Windows Media file.

Example
<object width="100%" height="100%" type="video/x-ms-asf" url="3d.wmv" data="3d.wmv" classid="CLSID:6BF52A52-394A-11d3-B153-00C04F79FAA6"> <param name="url" value="3d.wmv"> <param name="filename" value="3d.wmv"> <param name="autostart" value="1"> <param name="uiMode" value="full"> <param name="autosize" value="1"> <param name="playcount" value="1"> <embed type="application/x-mplayer2" src="3d.wmv" width="100%" height="100%" autostart="true" showcontrols="true" pluginspage="http://www.microsoft.com/Windows/MediaPlayer/"></embed> </object>
Try it yourself

Plug-ins
Plug-ins can be used for many purposes: to display maps, scan for viruses, verify your bank id, and much more. The restrictions are few.

Previous Next Chapter

HTML Audio
Previous Next Chapter

Sounds can be played in HTML by many different methods.

Problems, Problems, and Solutions

Playing audio in HTML is not easy! You must know a lot of tricks to make sure your audio files will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone). In this chapter W3Schools summarizes the problems and the solutions.

Using Plug-ins
A plug-in is a small computer program that extends the standard functionality of the browser. Plug-ins can be added to HTML pages using the <object> tag or the <embed> tag. These tags define containers for resources (normally non-HTML resources), which, depending on the type, will either be displayed by the browsers, or by an external plug-in.

Using The <embed> Element

The <embed> tag defines a container for external (non-HTML) content. The following code fragment should play an MP3 file embedded in a web page:

Example
<embed height="50" width="100" src="horse.mp3">

Try it yourself

Problems:

Different browsers support different audio formats If a browser does not support the file format, the audio will not play without a plug-in If the plug-in is not installed on the users' computer, the audio will not play If you convert the file to another format, it will still not play in all browsers

Using The <object> Element

The <object tag> tag can also define a container for external (non-HTML) content. The following code fragment should play an MP3 file embedded in a web page:

Example
<object height="50" width="100" data="horse.mp3"></object>

Try it yourself

Using the HTML5 <audio> Element

The HTML5 <audio> tag defines sound, such as music or other audio streams. The <audio> element works in all modern browsers. The following example uses the <audio> tag, and specifies one MP3 file (for Internet Explorer, Chrome, and Safari), and one OGG file (for Firefox and Opera). If anything fails it displays a text:

Example
<audio controls> <source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> <source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg"> Your browser does not support this audio format. </audio>

Try it yourself

Problems:

You must convert the audio files into different formats

The <audio> element does not work in older browsers

The Best HTML Solution

The example below uses the HTML5 <audio> element and tries to play the audio either as MP3 or OGG. If it fails, the code "falls back" to try the <embed> element:

Example
<audio controls height="100" width="100"> <source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> <source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg"> <embed height="50" width="100" src="horse.mp3"> </audio>

Try it yourself

Problems:

You must convert the audio files into different formats The <embed> element cannot "fall-back" to display an error message

Yahoo Media Player - An Easy Way to Add Audio to Your Site

The FREE Yahoo Media Player is definitely a favorite: You simply let Yahoo do the job of playing your songs. It plays MP3 and a lot of other formats. You can add it to your page (or blog) with a single line of code, and easily turn your HTML page into a professional playlist:

Example
<a href="horse.mp3">Play Sound</a> <script src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/js"></script>

Try it yourself To use it, insert the following JavaScript at the bottom of your web page:

Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play the file. The following code fragment displays a link to an MP3 file. If a user clicks on the link, the browser will launch a helper application to play the file:

Example
<a href="horse.mp3">Play the sound</a>

Try it yourself

A Note About Inline Sounds

When sound is included in a web page, or as part of a web page, it is called inline sound.

If you plan to use inline sounds, be aware that many people will find it annoying. Also note that some users might have turned off the inline sound option in their browser. Our best advice is to include inline sounds only in pages where the user expects to hear sounds. An example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to hear a recording.

HTML Multimedia Tags

New : New tags in HTML5. Tag <embed> <object> <param> <audio> New <video> New Description Defines an embedded object Defines an embedded object Defines a parameter for an object Defines sound content Defines a video or movie

<source> New <track> New

Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and <audio>) Defines text tracks for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

Previous Next Chapter

HTML Videos
Previous Next Chapter
Videos can be played in HTML by many different methods.

Playing Videos in HTML

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg"> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm"> <object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240"> <embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240"> </object> </video>
Try it yourself

Problems, Problems, and Solutions

Displaying videos in HTML is not easy! You must add a lot of tricks to make sure your video will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone). In this chapter W3Schools summarizes the problems and the solutions.

The <embed> Element

The purpose of the <embed> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages.

The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:

Example
<embed src="intro.swf" height="200" width="200">
Try it yourself Problems

If the browser does not support Flash, the video will not play iPad and iPhone do not support Flash videos If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers

Using The <object> Element

The purpose of the <object> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages. The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:

Example
<object data="intro.swf" height="200" width="200"></object>
Try it yourself Problems:

If the browser does not support Flash, the video will not play iPad and iPhone do not support Flash videos If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers

Using the HTML5 <video> Element

The HTML5 <video> tag defines a video or movie. The <video> element works in all modern browsers. The following HTML fragment displays a video in OGG, MP4, or WEBM format:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg"> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
Try it yourself Problems:

You must convert your videos to many different formats The <video> element does not work in older browsers

The Best HTML Solution

The example below uses 4 different video formats. The HTML 5 <video> element tries to play the video either in MP4, OGG, or WEBM format. If this fails, the code "falls back" to try the <object> element. If this also fails, it "falls back" to the <embed> element:

HTML 5 + <object> + <embed>

<video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg"> <source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm"> <object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240"> <embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240"> </object> </video>
Try it yourself Problems:

You must convert your videos to many different formats

The YouTube Solution

The easiest way to display videos in HTML is to use YouTube (see next chapter)!

Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play the file. The following code fragment displays a link to a Flash video. If a user clicks on the link, the browser will launch a helper application to play the file:

Example
<a href="intro.swf">Play a video file</a>
Try it yourself

A Note About Inline Videos

When a video is included in a web page it is called inline video. If you plan to use inline videos, be aware that many people find it annoying. Also note that some users might have turned off the inline video option in their browser. Our best advice is to include inline videos only in pages where the user expects to see a video. An example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to see the video.

HTML Multimedia Tags

New : New tags in HTML5. Tag <embed> <object> <param> <audio>New <video>New <source>New <track>New Description Defines an embedded object Defines an embedded object Defines a parameter for an object Defines sound content Defines a video or movie Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and <audio>) Defines text tracks for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

Next Chapter

HTML - YouTube Videos

Previous Next Chapter
The easiest way to play videos (others or your own) in HTML is to use YouTube.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

If you want to play a video in a web page, you can upload the video to YouTube and insert the proper HTML code to display the video:

Example - YouTube iFrame

Example - YouTube Embedded

<embed width="420" height="345" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XGSy3_Czz8k" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"> </embed>

Try it yourself

Previous Next Chapter

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