CH 02

Chapter 2: Scanning
Determining If The System Is Alive Summary Ping Sweeps Fping Nmap SuperScan Ping Sweep from SolarWinds Hping2 Icmpenum Countermeasures ICMP Queries Determining If The System Is Alive Network Ping Sweeps Ping is traditionally used to send ICMP ECHO (Type 8) packets to a target system Response is ICMP ECHO_REPLY (Type 0) indicating the target system is alive fping fping is a fast PING scanner, because it doesn't wait for a response from one system before moving on to the next one Available for Linux and Windows Link Ch 2b for Windows version (slower than Linux version) Ping Sweep With Nmap Use the sP option
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Chapter 2: Scanning
SuperScan Does PING scanning, using several types of ICMP packets Also does port scanning, banner grabbing, whois, and enumeration Superscan Enumeration To run SuperScan, you need Win 2000 or Win XP before SP 2 Great tool Link Ch 2c
ICMP Packet Types Message Type: 0 - Echo Reply Message Type: 3 - Destination Unreachable Message Type: 4 - Source Quench Message Type: 5 - Redirect Message Type: 8 - Echo Message Type: 11 - Time Exceeded Message Type: 12 - Parameter Problem Message Type: 13 - Timestamp Message Type: 14 - Timestamp Reply Message Type: 15 - Information Request Message Type: 16 - Information Reply Ping Sweep from SolarWinds Scans really fast, which can saturate a network Commercial tool, but there's a 30-day trial available Ch 2d CNIT 124 Bowne Page 2 of 8
Chapter 2: Scanning
icmpenum Unix utility that sends the traditional ICMP ECHO packets as well as ICMP TIME STAMP REQUEST and ICMP INFO requests Similar to SuperScan ICMP Blocking ICMP is often blocked these days Blocked by default in Win XP SP2, Win 2003 SP 1, and Vista If ICMP is blocked, use port scanning Slower than ping sweeping SuperScan for Win 2000 or XP without SP2 Nmap for Linux, Unix, or Windows Hping2 for Unix (can fragment packets) Nmap TCP Ping Scan uses TCP ACK packets instead of ICMP Zenmap GUI runs on Vista (as Administrator) very pretty Use PT 80 to get through many firewalls Link Ch 2i Other Ports to Use Email ports SMTP (25) POP (110) IMAP (143) AUTH (113) IDENT service determines remote user of a network connection (link Ch 2g) Ping Sweeps Countermeasures Detecting Ping Sweeps Network-based Intrusion Detection Systems like Snort detect ping sweeps Ping scans will be in the host logs Firewalls can detect ping scans Ping Sweep Detection Tools For Unix Scanlogd, Courtney, Ippl, Protolog For Windows Snort could be used (link Ch 2z9) Blocking ICMP Routers may require some ICMP packets, but not all types Safest procedure would be to allow ICMP only from your ISP, and only to public servers on your DMZ Other ICMP Threats ICMP can be used for a Denial of Service attack ICMP can be used as a covert channel with Loki Allowing unauthorized data transfer Such as control signals for a back-door trojan Links Ch 2l, Ch 2m ICMP Queries icmpquery uses ICMP type 13 (TIMESTAMP) to find the system time, which shows its timezone ICMP type 17 (ADDRESS MASK REQUEST) shows the subnet mask Link Ch 2n CNIT 124 Bowne Page 3 of 8
Chapter 2: Scanning
Determining Which Services Are Running Or Listening Summary Port Scanning Scan Types Identifying TCP and UDP Services Running Windows-Based Port Scanners Port Scanning Breakdown Port Scan Types We covered these ones in CNIT 123 TCP Connect scan TCP SYN scan TCP FIN scan TCP Xmas Tree scan (FIN, URG, and PUSH) TCP Null scan TCP ACK scan UDP scan TCP Header
WINDOW indicates the amount of data that may be sent before an acknowledgement is required TCP Window Scan Sends ACK packets Both open and closed ports reply with RST packets But on some operating systems, the WINDOW size in the TCP header is non-zero for open ports, because the listening service does sometimes send data Link Ch 2x CNIT 124 Bowne Page 4 of 8
Chapter 2: Scanning
RPC Scan SunRPC (Sun Remote Procedure Call) is a common UNIX protocol used to implement many services including NFS (Network File System) The RPC scan works on Unix systems, including Solaris Enumerates RPC services, which are rich in exploitable security holes See link Ch 2y Nmap Interesting options -f fragments packets -D Launches decoy scans for concealment -I IDENT Scan finds owners of processes (on Unix systems) -b FTP Bounce (see next slide) FTP Bounce Old FTP servers allowed a request for a file transfer to a third IP address This could be used to send email or other data to the third computer from the FTP server Nmap Book Out Available from Amazon Highly recommended Older Port Scanning Tools strobe fast TCP scanner udp_scan UDP scanner netcat can do port scanning Amap (not in book) Application scanner finds applications even if they are running on unusual ports Steps to use amap: Create a folder C:\amap Download amap from link Ch 2h & extract it there Run an nmap scan with this option, to save the output file: oM c:\amap\filename.nmap
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Chapter 2: Scanning
At Command Prompt in C:\amap amap bqv i hackmebank.nmap
Windows-Based Port Scanners SuperScan Four different ICMP host-discovery techniques Accurate UDP scan sending "nudge strings" Banner grabbing Many other tools Nmap with the Zenmap GUI Powerful, runs on Vista Popular Scanning Tools and Features Add Nmap with Zenmap in the Windows group Port Scanning Countermeasures Snort (http://www.snort.org) is a great free IDS (Intrusion Detection System) [**] spp_portscan: PORTSCAN DETECTED from 192.168.1.10 [**] 05/22-18:48:53.681227 [**] spp_portscan: portscan status from 192.168.1.10: 4 connections across 1 hosts: TCP(0), UDP(4) [**] 05/2218:49:14.180505 [**] spp_portscan: End of portscan from 192.168.1.10 [**] 05/2218:49:34.180236
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Other Detection Tools Scanlogd Detects TCP port scans on Unix Firewalls can detect port scans Use threshold logging to limit the volume of email alerts sent by your firewall That groups similar alerts into a single email Preventing Port Scans You can't stop the scans from coming in, but you can mimimize your attack surface Disable unnecessary services Detecting the Operating System Banner-Grabbing Many services announce what they are in response to requests Banner grabbers just collect those banners But they could be spoofed Active Stack Fingerprinting Details of the TCP Packets are used to identify the operating system Nmap does this, using these probes: FIN probe Bogus Flag probe Initial Sequence Number (ISN) sampling "Don't fragment bit" monitoring TCP initial window size And many others Operating System Detection Countermeasures IDS can detect operating system detection scans Hacking the OS to change its TCP stack is dangerous, and not recommended Best policy: Accept that your firewalls and proxy servers will be scanned and fingerprinted, and harden them against attackers who know the OS Passive Operating System Identification Sniff traffic and guess the OS from that Examine these features TTL (time-to-live) Window size DF (Don't fragment bit) siphon was the first tool to do this, it's out of date p0f is a newer one (link Ch 2z6)
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Chapter 2: Scanning
p0f on Vista Run p0f in a Command Prompt Window Open a Web page It fingerprints any OS it can see on the LAN Automated Discovery Tool: Cheops-ng Combines Ping, Traceroute, Port Scans, and OS Detection to draw a network map Link Ch 2z7 Vista's "Network Map" is worth a look
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Chapter 2: Scanning

CNIT 124 Bowne

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CNIT 124 Bowne

CNIT 124 Bowne

Last modified 1-23-09

CNIT 124 Bowne

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