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    Principles of Viscosity Measurement

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    Pedro Sanchez
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and deformation under stress. For Newtonian fluids, viscosity depends only on temperature and pressure, but non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on shear rate. Viscosity can be measured using simple flow cups, which time how long it takes a fixed volume of fluid to pass through an orifice, or more complex rotational viscometers, which measure viscosity under varying shear rates. Common types of non-Newtonian fluids include pseudoplastics, whose viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and dilatants, whose viscosity increases under shear.

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    Principles of Viscosity Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Pedro Sanchez
    3K views2 pages
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and deformation under stress. For Newtonian fluids, viscosity depends only on temperature and pressure, but non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on shear rate. Viscosity can be measured using simple flow cups, which time how long it takes a fixed volume of fluid to pass through an orifice, or more complex rotational viscometers, which measure viscosity under varying shear rates. Common types of non-Newtonian fluids include pseudoplastics, whose viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and dilatants, whose viscosity increases under shear.

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    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and deformation under stress. For Newtonian fluids, viscosity depends only on temperature and pressure, but non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on shear rate. Viscosity can be measured using simple flow cups, which time how long it takes a fixed volume of fluid to pass through an orifice, or more complex rotational viscometers, which measure viscosity under varying shear rates. Common types of non-Newtonian fluids include pseudoplastics, whose viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and dilatants, whose viscosity increases under shear.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views2 pages

    Principles of Viscosity Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Pedro Sanchez
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and deformation under stress. For Newtonian fluids, viscosity depends only on temperature and pressure, but non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on shear rate. Viscosity can be measured using simple flow cups, which time how long it takes a fixed volume of fluid to pass through an orifice, or more complex rotational viscometers, which measure viscosity under varying shear rates. Common types of non-Newtonian fluids include pseudoplastics, whose viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and dilatants, whose viscosity increases under shear.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Introduction

    Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. It is commonly perceived as flow behaviour or resistance to pouring. Viscosity describes a fluids internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Viscosity at final plays a key role in th processing stage! For certain liquids viscosity is a material constant that only depends on temperature and pressure. This group of materials is termed Newtonian liquids.

    Appearance Color

    Newtonian

    Liquids which do not follow this proportional ratio are called nonNewtonian.

    Physical Properties Viscosity

    In practice, time-dependent viscosity is called thixotropy. If a liquid is sheared at a constant velocity gradient, viscosity will slowly decrease. As soon as the shear forces are removed, viscosity will recover and return to the initial value.
    Thixotropy
    shear stress viscosity

    Viscosity
    Velocity

    Velocity

    The viscosity of pseudoplastic materials will decrease with an increasing shear rate (shear thinning).
    shear stress

    Technical Service

    Pseudoplastic (ShearThinning)

    Velocity

    viscosity

    Velocity

    Index

    BYK-Gardner GmbH Lausitzer Strasse 8 82538 Geretsried Germany Tel +49 8171 3493-0 Fax +49 8171 3493-140

    241

    The viscosity of dilatant products, however, will increase when shear forces are applied.
    Dilatant (Shear-Thickening)

    Dip Cups
    These cups are designed for quick and approximate determination of efflux times for paints and similar fluids at paint manufacturers and paint user sites.

    This behavior is known as shear thickening. When shear forces are applied, the liquid becomes more viscous.

    Viscosity Measurement
    In the paint industry a number of measurement methods, from simple flow cup to computer controlled rotation viscometers, have been established for the determination of viscosity. BYK-Gardner offers a complete line of viscosity measurement instrumentation.

    Dip Cups

    Flow Cups

    Bubble Viscometers
    The Alphabetical Comparison Method uses 4 sets of lettered reference tubes, A5 through Z10, of known viscosity to cover a viscosity range from 0.005 to 1,000 stokes. The Direct Time Method uses a single 3-line timer tube for determining the bubble seconds required for an air bubble to travel a known vertical distance through a bore of known diameter. These bubble seconds may then be converted to stokes.

    Flow Cups
    For many applications it is not necessary to know the absolute viscosity of a paint system. A parameter permitting a relative classification and estimation is often sufficient. The efflux time, measured in seconds, has proven to be a practical measure. It is determined using flow cups of various designs following the appropriate international / national standards. These cups hold a defined volume of liquid which flows through an orifice. The reproducibility of such measurements depends on The accuracy of the size of the cup A constant temperature during measurement The Newtonian flow behaviour of the liquid

    Rotational Viscometers
    Various rotational viscometers are in use for the determination of the viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids. These types of material exhibit different viscosities depending on the applied shear rate. BYK-Gardner offers a complete line of viscometers for any application: Stormer Viscometer, Cone and Plate Viscometer as well as Brookfield Viscometers with different cylinders, tubes and other measuring accessories.

    Both methods are subject to variations traceable to the following variables: Temperature: 1 C = 10% error Vertical Control 5 C slant = 10% error Tube I.D. Control 0.1 mm = 2% error

    242

    BYK-Gardner GmbH Lausitzer Strasse 8 82538 Geretsried Germany Tel +49 8171 3493-0 Fax +49 8171 3493-140

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