Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the United States and the

nation's first African-American president Tuesday. This is a transcript of his

My fellow citizens:

I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have
bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President
Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he
has shown throughout this transition.

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been
spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every
so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these
moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of
those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the
ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.

So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war,
against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly
weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but
also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new
age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is
too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that
the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable
but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear
that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its
sights.

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they
are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this,
America: They will be met.

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose
over conflict and discord.

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false
promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have
strangled our politics.

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set
aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to
choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea,
passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are
equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of
happiness.

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans
in search of a new life.

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the
whip and plowed the hard earth.

For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy
and Khe Sahn.

Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till
their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as
bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences
of birth or wealth or faction.

This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful
nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.
Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they
were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished.
But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off
unpleasant decisions -- that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick
ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls
for action, bold and swift, and we will act -- not only to create new jobs, but to lay
a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric
grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will
restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise
health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds
and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our
schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this
we can do. And all this we will do.

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions -- who suggest that
our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For
they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and
women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and
necessity to courage.
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them --
that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer
apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too
small, but whether it works -- whether it helps families find jobs at a decent
wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is
yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And
those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account -- to spend
wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day -- because only
then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its
power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has
reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control --
and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The
success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross
domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend
opportunity to every willing heart -- not out of charity, but because it is the surest
route to our common good.

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and
our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine,
drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter
expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we
will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and
governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small
village where my father was born: Know that America is a friend of each nation
and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and
that we are ready to lead once more.

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with
missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They
understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as
we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our
security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the
tempering qualities of humility and restraint.

We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can
meet those new threats that demand even greater effort -- even greater
cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly
leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old
friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and
roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of
life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their
aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our
spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat
you.

For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a
nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus -- and nonbelievers. We are
shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and
because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged
from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that
the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that
as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that
America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.

To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and
mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or
blame their society's ills on the West: Know that your people will judge you on
what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through
corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the
wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to
unclench your fist.

To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your
farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed
hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we
can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we
consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has
changed, and we must change with it.

As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble
gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and
distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes
who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because
they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a
willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at
this moment -- a moment that will define a generation -- it is precisely this spirit
that must inhabit us all.

For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and
determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the
kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers
who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us
through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled
with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides
our fate.

Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be
new. But those values upon which our success depends -- hard work and honesty,
courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism -- these
things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress
throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What
is required of us now is a new era of responsibility -- a recognition, on the part of
every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world;
duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the
knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our
character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.

This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to
shape an uncertain destiny.

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed -- why men and women and
children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this
magnificent Mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not
have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most
sacred oath.

So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have
traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of
patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was
abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a
moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our
nation ordered these words be read to the people:

"Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but
hope and virtue could survive... that the city and the country, alarmed at one
common danger, came forth to meet [it]."

America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us
remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more
the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our
children's children that when we were tested, we refused to let this journey end,
that we did not turn back, nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon
and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered
it safely to future generations.