(Last modified 2010-7-20)

(Draft)
OpenSeesPL

3D Lateral Pile-Ground Interaction


Version 0.6

Users Manual


J inchi Lu, Zhaohui Yang, and Ahmed Elgamal



University of California, San Diego
Department of Structural Engineering

J uly 2010
ii
Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................II
TABLE OF FIGURES...................................................................................................... IV
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1
1.1 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 INSTALLATION........................................................................................................ 3
1.4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED........................................................................ 4
2.1 START-UP............................................................................................................... 4
2.2 INTERFACE ............................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 Menu Bar .................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Model Input Window................................................................................... 5
2.2.3 Finite Element Mesh Window..................................................................... 6
2.3 HELP....................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 DEFINITION OF MODEL PROFILE ............................................... 8
3.1 GEOMETRY DEFINITION.......................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Pile .............................................................................................................. 8
3.1.2 Soil Strata.................................................................................................... 9
3.1.3 Mesh Definition......................................................................................... 10
3.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES DEFINITION..................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Pile Properties .......................................................................................... 14
3.2.2 Soil Properties .......................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Pile-Soil Interfacing Layer Properties...................................................... 40
3.2.4 Material Properties for Pile Zone............................................................. 40
3.2.5 Additional Viscous Damping .................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OPTIONS..................................................................... 44
4.1 PROBLEM TYPE..................................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Pushover Analysis..................................................................................... 44
4.1.2 Eigenvalue Analysis.................................................................................. 45
4.1.3 Base Shaking............................................................................................. 46
4.2 ANALYSIS TYPE.................................................................................................... 49
4.3 MODEL INCLINATION............................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER 5 RUNNING THE ANALYSIS........................................................... 52
5.1 MESH GENERATION.............................................................................................. 52
5.2 RUNNING THE ANALYSIS...................................................................................... 52
5.3 OUTPUT ................................................................................................................ 53
5.3.1 Tips on Manipulating Graphs................................................................... 53
5.3.2 Response Time Histories........................................................................... 54
5.3.3 Deformed Mesh......................................................................................... 55
5.3.4 Pile Response Profiles .............................................................................. 58
5.3.5 Pile Response Relationships ..................................................................... 59
APPENDIX A BENCHMARK LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE PILE USING OPENSEES & COMPARISON WITH
iii
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION............................................................................................ 60
APPENDIX B FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF ARKANSAS TEST SERIES
PILE #2 USING OPENSEES (WITH LPILE COMPARISON)...................................... 73
APPENDIX C FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STANDARD CALTRANS 16"
CIDH PILE USING OPENSEES FOR GENERAL COMPARISON WITH LPILE
(WITH DEFAULT P-Y MULTIPLIER = 1.0)................................................................. 84
APPENDIX D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CALTRANS 42" CIDH PILE
USING OPENSEES FOR GENERAL COMPARISON WITH LPILE (WITH DEFAULT
P-Y MULTIPLIER = 1.0)................................................................................................. 92
APPENDIX E FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STANDARD CALTRANS 16"
CIDH PILE SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD.............................................................. 105
APPENDIX F MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR
NONLINEAR RC BEAM (FIBER SECTION) ............................................................. 110
REFERENCES 122
OPENSEESPL-RELATED REFERENCES .................................................................. 123

iv
Table of Figures

Figure 2.1: OpenSeesPL main window. ............................................................................. 4
Figure 2.2: OpenSeesPLs menu bar. ................................................................................. 5
Figure 2.3: OpenSeesPL Help............................................................................................. 7
Figure 3.1: Definition of pile and pile cap geometry.......................................................... 9
Figure 3.2: Definition of soil strata geometry and material properties............................. 10
Figure 3.3: Definition of meshing parameters. ................................................................. 12
Figure 3.4: Definition of linear pile properties. ................................................................ 14
Figure 3.5: Definition of nonlinear pile properties (Aggregator Section). ....................... 15
Figure 3.6: Definition of nonlinear pile properties (Fiber Section). ................................. 18
Figure 3.7: Material Parameters of the Concrete01 material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) . ...... 18
Figure 3.8: Typical hysteretic stress-strain relation of the Concrete01 material (Mazzoni
et al. 2006) ................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 3.9: Material Parameters of the Steel01 material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) . ............. 19
Figure 3.10: Typical hysteretic behavior of model with Isotropic hardening of the Steel01
material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) . ................................................................................. 20
Figure 3.11: Schematic of fiber section definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et
al. 2006) ..................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.12: Schematic of patch definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et al.
2006)........................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.13: Schematic of layer definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et al.
2006)........................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.14: Deck Definition. ........................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.15: Multi-yield surfaces in principal stress space and deviatoric plane (Prevost
1985; Parra 1996; Yang 2000) ................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.16: Shear-effective confinement and shear stress-strain response (Yang and
Elgamal 2002; Yang et al. 2003)................................................................................ 24
Figure 3.17: Von Mises multi-surface kinematic plasticity model (Yang 2000; Yang et al.
2003)........................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.18: Soil materials in OpenSeesPL. ..................................................................... 26
Figure 3.19: Soil backbone curve and yield surfaces. ...................................................... 29
Figure 3.20: Backbone curves for Medium Sand. ............................................................ 30
Figure 3.21: U-Sand1 in OpenSeesPL. ............................................................................. 31
Figure 3.22: Initial yield domain at low levels of effective confinement (Yang et al.
2003)........................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 3.23: Schematic of constitutive model response showing (a) octahedral stress t -
effective confinement p' response, (b) octahedral stress t - octahedral strain
response, and (c) configuration of yield domain (Yang et al. 2003).......................... 36
Figure 3.24: U-Sand2 in OpenSeesPL. ............................................................................. 37
Figure 3.25: U-Clay1 in OpenSeesPL. ............................................................................. 39
Figure 3.26: U-Clay2 in OpenSeesPL. ............................................................................. 40
Figure 3.27: Rayleigh damping selection. ........................................................................ 42
Figure 4.1: Pushover load pattern. .................................................................................... 46
Figure 4.2: Newmark Time Integration ............................................................................ 47
v
Figure 4.3: Definition of 3D base excitation. ................................................................... 48
Figure 4.4: User-defined input motion (U-Shake). ........................................................... 49
Figure 4.5: Analysis options. ............................................................................................ 50
Figure 5.1: Analysis running progress window. ............................................................... 53
Figure 5.2: Zoom in. ......................................................................................................... 53
Figure 5.3: Zoom out. ....................................................................................................... 54
Figure 5.4: Response time histories window. ................................................................... 55
Figure 5.5: Graph types available in the deformed mesh window. .................................. 56
Figure 5.6: 2D plane (Y = 0) view of the longitudinal displacement contour in the
deformed mesh window. ............................................................................................ 57
Figure 5.7: Bending moment profile displayed in the pile response window. ................. 58

Figure A.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study. ................................................ 62
Figure A.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles (
s
=.25, l/a=50)................................ 63
Figure A.3: Comparison of pile bending moment profiles (
s
=.25, l/a=50)..................... 64
Figure A.4: Sample pile deflection (h/a=.1, l/a=50) under an applied pure pile-head
horizontal load (Abedzadeh and Pak, 2004). ............................................................. 66
Figure A.5: Sample pile bending moment (h/a=.1, l/a=50) under an applied pure pile-
head horizontal load (Abedzadeh and Pak, 2004)...................................................... 67
Figure A.6: Comparison of the load-deflection curves for the linear and nonlinear runs. 68
Figure A.7: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.69
Figure A.8: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs. ............................................................................................................................ 70
Figure A.9: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run at different load levels (red color
shows yielded soil elements)...................................................................................... 72

Figure B.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.................................................. 75
Figure B.2: Comparison of the load-deflection curves for the linear and nonlinear runs. 76
Figure B.3: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.77
Figure B.4: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs. ............................................................................................................................ 78
Figure B.5: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run at different load levels (red color
shows yielded soil elements)...................................................................................... 80
Figure B.6: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.81
Figure B.7: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs. ............................................................................................................................ 82

Figure C.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.................................................. 86
Figure C.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for load case 1.................................. 87
Figure C.3: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for load case 1. .................................... 88
Figure C.4: Comparison of bending moment profiles for load case 1.............................. 88
Figure C.5: Comparison of shear force profiles for load case 1. ...................................... 89
Figure C.6: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for load case 2.................................. 89
Figure C.7: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for load case 2. .................................... 90
Figure C.8: Comparison of bending moment profiles for load case 2.............................. 90
Figure C.9: Comparison of shear force profiles for load case 2. ...................................... 91
Figure C.10: Stress ratio contour fill for load case 1 (red color shows yielded soil
vi
elements). ................................................................................................................... 91
Figure C.11: Stress ratio contour fill for load case 2 (red color shows yielded soil
elements). ................................................................................................................... 91

Figure D.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study. ................................................ 94
Figure D.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the fixed-head condition. ........... 95
Figure D.3: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the fixed-head condition................ 95
Figure D.4: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the fixed-head condition. ....... 96
Figure D.5: Comparison of shear force profiles for the fixed-head condition.................. 96
Figure D.6: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the free-head condition. ............. 97
Figure D.7: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the free-head condition.................. 97
Figure D.8: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the free-head condition. ......... 98
Figure D.9: Comparison of shear force profiles for the free-head condition.................... 98
Figure D.10: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run for the fixed-head condition
(red color shows yielded soil elements). .................................................................... 99
Figure D.11: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run for the free-head condition (red
color shows yielded soil elements)........................................................................... 100
Figure D.12: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the fixed-head condition. ....... 101
Figure D.13: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the fixed-head condition............ 102
Figure D.14: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the fixed-head condition. ... 102
Figure D.15: Comparison of shear force profiles for the fixed-head condition.............. 102
Figure D.16: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the free-head condition. ......... 103
Figure D.17: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the free-head condition.............. 103
Figure D.18: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the free-head condition. ..... 104
Figure D.19: Comparison of shear force profiles for the free-head condition................ 104

Figure E.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study................................................ 107
Figure E.2: Pile profile response at the axial load of 243 kips. ...................................... 108
Figure E.3: Close-up of final deformed mesh (factor of 120). ....................................... 108
Figure E.4: Stress ratio contour fill for the nonlinear analysis (red color shows yielded
soil elements)............................................................................................................ 109
Figure F.1: Material properties for the Fiber section. ..................................................... 112
Figure F.2: Finite element mesh employed in this study. ............................................... 113
Figure F.3: Comparison of the moment-curvature curves calculated by using
OpenSeesPL and OpenSees website example.......................................................... 113
Figure F.4: Displacement response profiles histories of the pile.................................... 115
Figure F.5: Lateral (longitudinal) shear versus displacement at the pile head. .............. 115
Figure F.6: Moment-curvature relation at the maximum moment location (ground
surface). .................................................................................................................... 116




1
Chapter 1 Introduction


OpenSeesPL is a graphical user interface (GUI) for three dimensional (3D) ground and
ground-structure response. The OpenSees Finite Element (FE) Computational Analysis
framework (http://opensees.berkeley.edu) is employed to conduct all analyses. The
OpenSeesPL graphical interface (pre- and post-processor) is focused on facilitating a
wide class of 3D studies (with additional capabilities yet under development). In the
current version, OpenSeesPL may be employed to study a number of geometries and
configurations of interest including:

- Linear and nonlinear (incremental plasticity based) 3D ground seismic response with
capabilities for 3D excitation, and multi-layered soil strata. Multi-yield surface
cohesionless (Drucker-Prager cone model), and (Mises or J2) soil models are available.
The coupled solid-fluid analysis option allows for conducting liquefaction studies.

- Inclusion of a pile or shaft in the above 3D ground mesh (circular or square pile in a soil
island). The pile can extend above ground and can support a bridge deck, or a point mass
at the pile top. The bridge deck can be specified to only translate laterally, or to undergo
both lateral translation and rotation. In addition to the seismic excitation option, the pile
system may be subjected to monotonic or cyclic lateral push-over loading (in prescribed
displacement or prescribed force modes). Soil within the zone occupied by the pile (as
specified by pile diameter for instance) can be specified independently, allowing for a
variety of useful modeling scenarios.

- Various Ground Modification scenarios may be studied by appropriate specification of
the material within the pile zone. For instance, liquefaction countermeasures in the form
of gravel drains, stone columns, and solidification/cementation may all be analyzed. Of
particular importance and significance in these scenarios is the ability to include the
effect of mild infinite-slope inclination (i.e., allowing estimates of accumulated ground
deformation, effect of liquefaction countermeasures, pile-pinning effects, and
liquefaction-induced lateral loading).

- Slopes and pile systems embedded in sloping ground are also currently being simulated.



In this chapter, the following sections are described:

Overview of OpenSeesPL

System requirements and installation of OpenSeesPL



2
1.1 Overview

OpenSeesPL is a FE user-interface for 3D lateral pile-ground interaction response. This
interface allows conducting pushover pile analyses as well as seismic (earthquake)
simulations. The FE analysis engine for this interface is the Pacific Earthquake
Engineering Research (PEER) Center OpenSees Framework, developed under the
leadership of Professor Gregory Fenves of UC Berkeley. For more information, please
visit http://opensees.berkeley.edu/.

OpenSeesPL allows simulations for any size of pile and pile diameter. The pile cross
section can be circular or square. Linear and nonlinear material properties options are
available for pile definition.

OpenSeesPL allows for definition of multiple soil strata. Nonlinearity of soil materials is
simulated by incremental plasticity models to allow for modeling permanent deformation
and for generation of hysteretic damping. In addition, OpenSeesPL allows including user-
defined soil materials.

OpenSeesPL allows for convenient pre-processing and graphical visualization of the
analysis results including the deformed mesh, ground response time histories and pile
responses. OpenSeesPL makes it possible for geotechnical and structural
engineers/researchers to quickly build a model, run FE analysis and evaluate the
performance of the pile-ground system.

OpenSeesPL was developed by Dr. Jinchi Lu (jinlu@ucsd.edu), Dr. Ahmed Elgamal
(elgamal@ucsd.edu), and Dr. Zhaohui Yang (yangaaa@gmail.com). The OpenSees
geotechnical simulation capabilities were developed by Dr. Zhaohui Yang and Dr.
Ahmed Elgamal. For more information, please visit http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/opensees/.
OpenSeesPL operates in SI and English units.

NOTE: Seismically-induced deformations are complex mechanisms. Much expertise and
sound engineering judgment are necessary in interpreting the OpenSeesPL computational
results.


1.2 System Requirements

OpenSeesPL runs on PC compatible systems using Windows (NT V4.0, 2000, XP, Vista
or Windows 7). The system should have a minimum hardware configuration appropriate
to the particular operating system.

Internet Explorer 3.0 or above (or compatible Browser) with Java Applet enabled is
needed to view the graphic results. For best results, your systems video should be set to
1024 by 768 or higher.


3
1.3 Installation

After downloading the OpenSeesPL installation file (OpenSeesPL_Setup.exe), double-
click on the icon and the installation procedure will start. Once installed, the default case
in OpenSeesPL is a good way to go through the steps involved in conducting an
OpenSeesPL analysis. The interface will allow the user to prepare and save an input file,
to run the analysis, and to display the response.

Note: Tcl/tk 8.5 must be installed in order to run OpenSeesPL. Please restart the
computer after the installation of Tcl/tk 8.5 for the change to take effect.

To download Tcl/tk 8.5, please visit
http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/user/download.php.


1.4 Acknowledgments

OpenSeesPL is based on research underway since the early 1990s, and a partial list of
related publications is included in the Appendix section. The OpenSeesPL graphical
interface is written in Microsoft Visual C++ Professional Version 6.0 with Microsoft
Foundation Class (MFC) Version 6.0. The Java Applet package used to display graphical
results in OpenSeesPL is obtained from the website http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/.
GIF images are generated with GNUPLOT for MS-Windows 32 bit Version 3.7,
available at http://www.gnuplot.org/.

4
Chapter 2 Getting Started


This chapter introduces you the OpenSeesPL simulation environment. This chapter
includes:

How to start OpenSeesPL

Introduction to basic Windows features available in OpenSeesPL, such as menus and
dialogs

How to get help



2.1 Start-Up

On Windows start OpenSeesPL from the Start button, or from an icon on your desktop.
To Start OpenSeesPL from the Start button:

1. Click Start, and then select Programs.
2. Select the OpenSeesPL folder
3. Click on OpenSeesPL

Following the opening banner, OpenSeesPL appears. Click on anywhere, the opening
banner will disappear. The OpenSeesPL window is shown in Figure 2.1.



Figure 2.1: OpenSeesPL main window.
5


2.2 Interface

There are 3 main regions in the OpenSeesPL window menu bar, the model input
window, and the finite element mesh window.

2.2.1 Menu Bar

The menu bar, shown in Figure 2.2, offers rapid access to most of OpenSeesPLs main
features.




Figure 2.2: OpenSeesPLs menu bar.


OpenSeesPLs main features are organized into the following menus:

- File: Controls reading, writing and printing of model definition parameters, and exiting
OpenSeesPL.
- Execute: Controls running analyses.
- Display: Controls displaying of the analysis results.
- Help: Get quick help on features.


2.2.2 Model Input Window

The model input window controls definitions of the model and analysis options, which
are organized into three regions (Figure 2.1):

- Model Definition: Controls definitions of pile and soil strata including material
properties. Meshing parameters are also defined.
- Loading: Controls analysis options: pushover analysis or base shaking simulation.
- Model Inclination: Controls the inclination angles for the ground surface and the
whole model.


6
2.2.3 Finite Element Mesh Window

The finite element mesh window (Figure 2.1) displays the mesh generated. Once the
mesh window is focused, the mesh can be rotated by dragging the mouse, moved in 4
directions by pressing keys of LEFT ARROW, RIGHT ARROW, UP ARROW or
DOWN ARROW respectively. The view can be zoomed in (by pressing key F9), out
(by pressing key F10) or frame (by pressing key F11).

To display a 2D view, press key F2 (for Plane XY, where X is the longitudinal directon,
Y the transverse direction), F3 (for Plane YZ, where Z is the vertical direction) or F4
(for Plane XZ). An isometric view of the mesh can be achieved by pressing key F5.


2.3 Help

OpenSeesPL features a fully integrated Help system. Detailed help is accessible by:

- Pressing the F1 key anywhere in the OpenSeesPL window.
- Selecting Help Topics from the Help menu. This calls up the Contents page of the
OpenSeesPL help file.
- Clicking Help on any dialog.

Figure 2.3 shows OpenSeesPLs Help, which supports text search, has many hypertext
links, and provides detailed information on all menus and dialogs. You may send your
questions and suggestions to the email addresses provided in the About OpenSeesPL box
(in Help menu).

7


Figure 2.3: OpenSeesPL Help.



8
Chapter 3 Definition of Model Profile


This chapter describes how to define a model profile in OpenSeesPL. This chapter
includes:

Geometry definition of pile and soil strata

Material properities definition for pile, soil and pile-soil interfacing layer



3.1 Geometry Definition
3.1.1 Pile

To define pile geometry, click on the Pile Parameters button in the Model Input
window. The pile geometry is defined by the following parameters (Figure 3.1):

Pile Type The pile cross section can be circular or square.

Pile Diameter The diameter (if a circular pile is chosen), or the side length (if a square
pile is chosen) of the pile cross section. The value entered must be greater than zero.

Pile Height Below Surface The height of the pile below the ground surface. The value
entered must be greater than zero.

Pile Height Above Surface The height of the pile above the ground surface. The value
entered must be greater than zero.

To activate pile group, check the checkbox Pile Group. The pile group is defined by the
following parameters (Figure 3.1):

Number of Piles The number of piles along X-direction (longitudinal) and Y-direction
(transverse). Note that both numbers do not have to be the same. Therefore, one can
easily build a m by n pile group model in OpenSeesPL. If 1 is entered for both, single
pile will be considered.

Spacing The spacing (specified as a factor of the pile diameter) between pile centers
along X-direction (longitudinal) and Y-direction (transverse). Obviously, the spacing
must be greater than 1.

For single piles, to include a brick-shape deck at the pile head, check the checkbox w/
Brick Deck at Pile Head (Single Pile Only) (Figure 3.1). The geometry of the deck is
controlled by the following three parameters:
9

Length The length of the deck (along the longitudinal direction).

The FE nodes of the deck will be constrained horizontally and vertically. In other words,
the pile head will behave as a fixed head if a deck is included.




Figure 3.1: Definition of pile and pile cap geometry.


3.1.2 Soil Strata

To define soil strata, click on the Soil Parameters button in the Model Input window.

A total of 10 soil strata can be defined in OpenSeesPL (Figure 3.2). The profile of the soil
strata can be defined by using the follow parameters:

Thickness The thickness for a soil layer. Definitions following a zero height will be
ignored. In other words, the total number of soil layers in use will be equal to the number
of the last soil layer that contain no zero values, e.g., if you need 5 strata, enter nonzero
heights for Stratum #1 through Stratum #5.

To perform a liquefaction analysis, check the checkbox Saturated Soil Analysis
(Figure 3.2) and specify the water table depth:
10

Water Table Depth The Water Table Depth refers to the depth below ground surface.(e
.g., 0.0 corresponds to a fully saturated soil profile, 1.0 is 1m below ground surface). Dry
sites should specify water table depth to be equal to the entire model depth.


Figure 3.2: Definition of soil strata geometry and material properties.


3.1.3 Mesh Definition

To define the finite element mesh, click on the Mesh Parameters button in the Model
Input window (Figure 3.3).

3.1.3.1 General Definition
Mesh Scale The mesh scale can be quarter mesh, half mesh or full mesh (to reduce
computational effort depending on the situation at hand).

Number of Slices The number of mesh slices in the circumferential direction.
11

Number of Beam Elements for Pile Section Above Ground Surface The number of
beam elements used for the pile section above the ground surface.

3.1.3.2 Horizontal Meshing
The meshing in the horizontal direction for the single pile definition is controlled by the
following parameters (Figure 3.3b):

Number of Mesh Layers after Inteface (N
m
) The number of the mesh layers after
interface in the horizontal direction.

Number of Adjacent Uniform Width Layers (N
u
) The number of the uniform width
layers after interface. 1 <= N
u
<= N
m
.

Width of Uniform Layer Element The width of each uniform layer element (as a factor
of the pile diameter).

Increasing Rate of Element Width afterwards The Increasing rate of the element size
afterwards (e.g, if 1.2 is specified, the element size of the next layer will be 1.2 times of
that of this layer).


3.1.3.3 Vertical Meshing
The meshing in the vertical direction is controlled by the following parameters (Figure
3.3c):

Number of Mesh Layers The number of elements in the vertical direction in a layer.

Uniform Meshing Uniform element size will be used if checked.

Ratio of Top Element Height over Bottom The ratio of top element height over the
bottom. This is activated if the Uniform Meshing checkbox is unchecked.

3.1.3.4 Mesh Scaling

The soil domain will be scaled if Re-scale Soil Domain in Horizontal Directions
checkbox is checked (Figure 3.3d):

Model Length The length of the soil domain (along the longitudinal direction) to be
scaled.
12

Model Width The width of the soil domain (along the transverse direction) to be scaled.



a) General Definition



b) Horizontal Meshing for Single Pile Models


Figure 3.3: Definition of meshing parameters.

13


c) Vertical Meshing



d) Mesh Scaling


Figure 3.3: (continued).







14
3.2 Material Properties Definition
3.2.1 Pile Properties

To define pile geometry, click on the Pile Parameters button in the Model Input
window. In OpenSeesPL, the element types available for the pile are
elasticBeamColumn, which represents elastic beam-column element, and
nonlinearBeamColumn, which represents a nonlinear beam-column element based on
based on the non-iterative (or iterative) force formulation. Detail information can be
found in the OpenSees User Manual (Mazzoni et al. 2006).

3.2.1.1 Linear Beam Element
The material properties of the pile for the linear beam element (elasticBeamColumn) are
defined by the following parameters (Figure 3.4):

Youngs Modulus (E) Youngs Modulus of the pile.

Mass Density The Mass Density of the pile.

Moment of Inertia (I) The Moment of Inertia of the pile. This can be specified directly
or calculated based on the pile diameter.



Figure 3.4: Definition of linear pile properties.

3.2.1.2 Nonlinear Beam Element

OpenSees uses the Section command to define the nonlinear beam-column element (a
section defines the stress resultant force-deformation response at a cross section of a
beam-column element). Two types of sections are available in OpenSeesPL for the
nonlinear beam element (nonlinearBeamColumn): Aggregator Section or Fiber
Section. Detail information can be found in the OpenSees User Manual (Mazzoni et al.
2006).

3.2.1.2.1 Aggregator Section

15
The Aggregator Section is defined by the following parameters in OpenSeesPL (Figure
3.5):

Flexural Rigidity My & Mz The Flexural Rigidity of the pile which is equal to the
product of Youngs Modulus (E) and the Moment of Inertia (I). My corresponds the
moment-curvature about section local y-axis and Mz corresponds the moment-curvature
about section local z-axis.

Yield Moment The Yield Moment of the pile.

Kinematic Hardening Parameter The Kinematic Hardening Modulus.

Isotropic Hardening Parameter The Isotropic Hardening Modulus.

Shear Rigidity Vy & Vz The Shear Rigidity of the pile which is equal to the product of
the Shear Modulus (G) and the area of the pile cross section (A). Vy corresponds the
shear force-deformation along section local y-axis and Vz corresponds the shear force-
deformation along section local z-axis

Torsional Rigidity T The Torsional Rigidity of the pile which is equal to the product of
the Shear Modulus (G) and J.

Axial Rigidity P The Axial Rigidity of the pile which is equal to the product of Youngs
Modulus (E) and the area of the pile cross section (A).



Figure 3.5: Definition of nonlinear pile properties (Aggregator Section).


16
3.2.1.2.2 Fiber Section

The fiber section is only available in a full mesh situation in OpenSeesPL. The dialog of
defining Fiber Section is shown in Figure 3.6 (the Fiber Section is only available to
circular pile in this version of OpenSeesPL). Two materials are available: Concrete01
and Steel01 in this version of OpenSeesPL. Concrete01 (Figure 3.7) is defined by the
following parameters (for Core and Cover, see Figure 3.11):

Concrete Compressive Strength The concrete compressive strength at 28 days ($fpc in
Figure 3.7).

Concrete Strain at Maximum Strength The concrete strain at maximum strength
($epsc0 in Figure 3.7).

Concrete Crushing Strength The concrete crushing strength ($fpcu in Figure 3.7).

Concrete Strain at Crushing Strength The concrete strain at crushing strength ($epsU
in Figure 3.7).

Note that the compressive concrete parameters should be input as negative values.
Typical hysteretic stress-strain relation of the Concrete01 material is shown in Figure
3.8).

Steel01 is defined by the following parameters (Figure 3.9 and Figure 3.10):

Yield Strength The yield strength of steel.

Initial Elastic Tangent The initial elastic tangent of steel.

Strain-hardening Ratio The strain-hardening ratio (ratio between post-yield tangent
and initial elastic tangent)

Patch (Figure 3.11) is defined by the following parameters (for both Core and Cover):

Number of Subdivisions (fibers) in the Curcumferential Direction The number of
subdivisions (fibers) in the circumferential direction of the pile circular cross section
($numSubdivCirc in Figure 3.12).

Number of Subdivisions (fibers) in the Radial Direction The number of subdivisions
(fibers) in the radial direction of the pile circular cross section ($numSubdivRad in Figure
3.12).

Internal Radius The internal radius of the patch ($intRad in Figure 3.12).

External Radius The external radius of the patch ($extRad in Figure 3.12).

17
The values of $yCenter and $zCenter (y & z-coordinates of the center of the circle) as
shown in Figure 3.12 are zeros. And the $startAng (starting angle) and $endAng (ending
angle) are set to 0 and 360 degrees respectively in OpenSeesPL since only a full mesh is
available for fiber section nonlinear beam element).

Layer is defined by the following parameters (Figure 3.13):

Number of Reinforcing Bars along Layer The number of reinforcing bars along layer
($numBars in Figure 3.13).

Area of Individual Reinforcing Bar The area of individual reinforcing bar.

Radius of Reinforcing Layer The radius of reinforcing layer ($radius in Figure 3.13) .

The values of $yCenter and $zCenter (y & z-coordinates of the center of the circle) as
shown in Figure 3.13 are zeros. And the $startAng (starting angle) and $endAng (ending
angle) are set to 0 and 360 degrees respectively in OpenSeesPL since only a full mesh is
available for fiber section nonlinear beam element).


18


Figure 3.6: Definition of nonlinear pile properties (Fiber Section).



Figure 3.7: Material Parameters of the Concrete01 material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) .

19

Figure 3.8: Typical hysteretic stress-strain relation of the Concrete01 material (Mazzoni
et al. 2006) .



Figure 3.9: Material Parameters of the Steel01 material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) .

20


Figure 3.10: Typical hysteretic behavior of model with Isotropic hardening of the Steel01
material (Mazzoni et al. 2006) .



Figure 3.11: Schematic of fiber section definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et
al. 2006) .

21

Figure 3.12: Schematic of patch definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et al.
2006)


Figure 3.13: Schematic of layer definition for a circular cross section (Mazzoni et al.
2006)

3.2.1.3 Pile Head
The pile head is controlled by the following parameters (Figure 3.1):

Fixed or Free Head Free Head or Fixed Head can be chosen.

Pile Head Mass The mass applied at the pile head.

Axial Load The axial load applied at the pile head (positive as compression).

3.2.1.4 Deck
22
As shown in Figure 3.14, the material properties (linear) of the deck is defined by the
following parameters:

Youngs Modulus Youngs Modulus of the material employed for the deck.

Poissons Ratio Poissons Ratio of the material employed for the pile cap. Note that 3D
8-node brick elements are used for the deck.

Mass Density Mass Density of the material employed for the deck.

The connection between the pile head and the deck will be no rotation both longitudinally
and transversely. The nodes of the deck are constrained in the longitudinal and vertical
directions.



Figure 3.14: Deck Definition.

3.2.2 Soil Properties

3.2.2.1 Theory

In OpenSees, the soil model (Figure 3.15) for cohesionless soils is developed within the
framework of multi-yield-surface plasticity (e.g., Prevost 1985). In this model, emphasis
is placed on controlling the magnitude of cycle-by-cycle permanent shear strain
accumulation (Figure 3.16) in clean medium to dense sands (Parra 1996; Yang 2000;
Yang et al. 2003). Furthermore, appropriate loading-unloading flow rules were devised to
reproduce the observed strong dilation tendency, and resulting increase in cyclic shear
stiffness and strength (the Cyclic Mobility mechanism). The material type for the
cohesionless soils in OpenSees is called PressureDependMultiYield.

Clay material is modeled as a nonlinear hysteretic material (Parra 1996; Yang 2000;
Yang et al. 2003) with a Von Mises multi-surface (Iwan 1967; Mroz 1967) kinematic
plasticity model (Figure 3.17). In this regard, focus is on reproduction of the soil
hysteretic elasto-plastic shear response (including permanent deformation). In this
material, plasticity is exhibited only in the deviatoric stress-strain response. The
volumetric stress-strain response is linear-elastic and is independent of the deviatoric
23
response. This constitutive model simulates monotonic or cyclic response of materials
whose shear behavior is insensitive to the confinement change. Plasticity is formulated
based on the multi-surface (nested surfaces) concept, with an associative flow rule
(according to the well-known Provost approach). In the clay model, the nonlinear shear
stress-strain back-bone curve is represented by the hyperbolic relation (Kondner 1963),
defined by the two material constants, low-strain shear modulus and ultimate shear
strength. The material type for the cohesive soils in OpenSees is called
PressureIndependMultiYield.
1
2
3
o'
2
2
3
o'
3
2
3
o'
1
o'
2
o
'
3
o'
0
p'
p
'
Principal effective stress space
Deviatoric plane


Figure 3.15: Multi-yield surfaces in principal stress space and deviatoric plane (Prevost
1985; Parra 1996; Yang 2000)


24



Figure 3.16: Shear-effective confinement and shear stress-strain response (Yang and
Elgamal 2002; Yang et al. 2003).


25
1
o'
2
o'
3
o
'
3 2 1
o o o ' = ' = '

(a) Von Mises multi-surface.

(b) Hysteretic shear response.

Figure 3.17: Von Mises multi-surface kinematic plasticity model (Yang 2000; Yang et al.
2003).

3.2.2.2 Predefined Materials
As shown in Figure 3.2, the soil materials can be selected from an available menu of
cohesionless and cohesive soil materials (Figure 3.18). There are 18 predefined materials
in OpenSeesPL. Basic model parameter values for these materials are listed in Table 3.1.
t

26

If Cohesionless very loose is chosen, the user is allowed to define the residual shear
strength (0.2 kPa is specified by default). The cohesionless very loose soil is same as the
cohesionless loose soil except the user is allowed to specify the residual shear strength for
the very loose one.

In addition, user-defined cohesionless and cohesive soil materials (U-Sand1, U-Sand2, U-
Clay1 and U-Clay2) are also available to choose.

As shown in Figure 3.2, parabolic variation of soil modulus with depth is used if P is
selected. Linear variation of soil modulus with depth is used if L is selected. And the
constant soil modulus with depth is used if C is selected;




Figure 3.18: Soil materials in OpenSeesPL.

27
Table 3.1: Predefined soil materials in OpenSeesPL

Cohesionless Soil
Reference
shear modulus
G
r
(kPa, at
r
p' =80kPa)
1

Reference
bulk
modulus B
r

(kPa, at
r
p' =80kPa)
Friction
angle |
(degrees)
2
Permeability
coeff.
3
(m/s)
Mass
density
4

(ton/m
3
)
Very loose, silt
permeability
5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 1.0E-07 1.7
Very loose, sand
permeability
5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 6.6E-05 1.7
Very loose, gravel
permeability
5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 1.0E-02 1.7
Loose, silt permeability 5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 1.0E-07 1.7
Loose, sand permeability 5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 6.6E-05 1.7
Loose, gravel
permeability
5.5E+04 1.5E+05 29 1.0E-02 1.7
Medium, silt permeability 7.5E+04 2.0E+05 33 1.0E-07 1.9
Medium, sand
permeability
7.5E+04 2.0E+05 33 6.6E-05 1.9
Medium, gravel
permeability
7.5E+04 2.0E+05 33 1.0E-02 1.9
Medium-dense, silt
permeability
1.0E+05 3.0E+05 37 1.0E-07 2.0
Medium-dense, sand
permeability
1.0E+05 3.0E+05 37 6.6E-05 2.0
Medium-dense, gravel
permeability
1.0E+05 3.0E+05 37 1.0E-02 2.0
Dense, silt permeability 1.3E+05 3.9E+05 40 1.0E-07 2.1
Dense, sand permeability 1.3E+05 3.9E+05 40 6.6E-05 2.1
Dense, gravel
permeability
1.3E+05 3.9E+05 40 1.0E-02 2.1
Cohesive Soil
Shear modulus
G (kPa)
Bulk
modulus B
(kPa)
Cohesion
c (kPa)
5

Permeability
coeff.
3
(m/s)
Mass
density
4

(ton/m
3
)
Soft 1.3E+04 6.5E+04 18.0 1.0E-09 1.3
Medium 6.0E+04 3.0E+05 37.0 1.0E-09 1.5
Stiff 1.5E+05 7.5E+05 75.0 1.0E-09 1.8

1. Where
r
p'

is the reference mean effective confining pressure at which soil appropriate soil properties are
defined.
2. Friction angles for cohesionless soils are based on Table 7.4 (p.425) of Das, B.M. (1983).
3. Permeability values are based on Fig. 7.6 (p.210) of Holtz and Kovacs (1981).
4. Mass density is based on Table 1.4 (p.10) of Das (1995).
5. Cohesion for cohesive soils are based on Table 7.5 (p.442) of Das (1983).

28

Backbone Curve
At a constant confinement p' , the shear stress t (octahedral) - shear strain (octahedral)
nonlinearity is defined by a hyperbolic curve (backbone curve, see Figure 3.19):


r
r
G

t
+
=
1


(3.1)


where G
r
is the low-strain shear modulus (see 3.2.2.3.1), and
r
satisfies the following
equation at
r
p' :


r
r
r f
G
p


|
|
t
/ 1 sin 3
sin 2 2
max
max
+
= '

=

(for sands) (3.2a)

and,


r
r
r f
G
c p


|
|
t
/ 1

3
2 2
sin 3
sin 2 2
max
max
+
= + '

= (for clays)
(3.2b)

where t
f
is the peak (octahedral) shear strength, | is the friction angle, c is the cohesion,
and
max
is the maximum shear strain (10% is employed in OpenSeesPL).

The octahedral shear stress t is defined as:

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6
3
1

xz yz xy zz xx zz yy yy xx
o o o o o o o o o t + + + + + =

and the octahedral shear strain is defined as:

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6
3
2

xz yz xy zz xx zz yy yy xx
c c c c c c c c c + + + + + =

The number of yield surfaces used for the predefined sands and clays is 20.





29
Shear
stress
Shear
strength
Peak shear
strain
Shear
strain
Number of yield
surfaces =5
Shear modulus =
Mass density x
(Shear wave velocity)
2

Shear
stress
Shear
strain
Number of yield
surfaces =0
Shear modulus =
Mass density x
(Shear wave velocity)
2
Shear
stress
Shear
strength
Shear
strain
Number of yield
surfaces =1
Shear modulus =
Mass density x
(Shear wave velocity)
2


Figure 3.19: Soil backbone curve and yield surfaces.

From Eq. (3.2), we can obtain:


f r
f
r
G t
t

=
max
max



(3.3a)

Or


f r r
r f
G t
t

=


max

(3.3b)

Substituting Eq. (3.3a) into Eq. (3.1), we can obtain:

t
)
1
( 1

max
+
=
f
r
r
G
G

(3.4)

Take Medium Sand (Table 3.1) as an example, G
r
= 75,000 kPa,
r
p' = 80 kPa, | = 33.

Substituting the above values into Eq. (3.2a), we can obtain:
30

) 80 (
) 33 sin( 3
) 3 3 sin( 2 2


=
f
t = 50.2 kPa (3.5)

Substituting the above into Eq. (3.4), we can obtain:

t
)
1
1494 ( 1
) 75000 (
max
+
=
(3.6)


Figure 3.20 shows the backbone curves at
max
= 2%, 5% and 10%, based on Eq. (3.6).
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shear strain (%)
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
P
a
)

max
= 2%

max
= 5%

max
= 10%


Figure 3.20: Backbone curves for Medium Sand.


3.2.2.3 User-Defined Materials
User-defined materials include user-defined sand (U-Sand1 and U-Sand2) with
confinement-dependent material properties, and user-defined clay (U-Clay1 and U-
Clay2) with properties independent of confinement variation. To define the parameters of
a user-defined material, click the list of soil materials and select U-Sand1, U-Sand2,
U-Clay1, or U-Clay2 accordingly (Figure 3.18).

31
3.2.2.3.1 User Defined Sand1 (U-Sand1)

Sandy soil with confinement-dependent shear response can be defined by specifying the
following parameters (see Figure 3.16 and Figure 3.21):



Figure 3.21: U-Sand1 in OpenSeesPL.



Saturated Mass Density The saturated mass density of the cohesionless soil.

Reference Pressure The reference mean effective confining pressure (
r
p' ) at which soil
appropriate soil properties below are defined.

G
max
The reference low-strain shear modulus G
r
, specified at a reference mean effective
confining pressure
r
p' .

B
max
The reference bulk modulus B
r
, specified at a reference mean effective confining
pressure
r
p' .

32
Pressure Dependence Coefficient (d) A positive constant defining variations of G and
B as a function of instantaneous effective confinement p' :


d
r
r
p
p
G G ) (
'
'
=
d
r
r
p
p
B B ) (
'
'
=
(3.7)


Peak Shear Strain An octahedral shear strain at which the maximum shear strength is
reached, specified at a reference mean effective confining pressure
r
p' . The suggested
values are between 0.001% and 20%.

Friction Angle The friction angle (| ) at peak shear strength in degrees. The suggested
values are between 5 and 65 degrees.

Fluid Mass Density The mass density of the fluid, which is usually 1.0 ton/m
3
..

Combined Bulk Modulus The combined undrained bulk modulus B
c
relating changes in
pore pressure and volumetric strain, may be approximated by:

B
c
B
f
/ n (3.8)


where B
f
is the bulk modulus of fluid phase (2.210
6
kPa for water typically), and n the
initial porosity.

Horizontal Permeability The permability along the horizontal direction.

Vertical Permeability The permability along the vertical direction.

User Defined Nonlinear Shear Stress-Strain Backbone Curve:

The nonlinear shear stress-strain backbone curve can be defined by specifying a G/G
max

curve (Figure 3.21). To specify the G/G
max
curve, first enter number of points defining
G/G
max
curve and then enter pairs of shear strain and G/G
max
values. The maximum
number of points that can be entered is 13 (the backbone curve becomes horizontal after
point 13). In addition:
- If the number of points is zero, then the built-in hyperbolic curve will be used
instead.
- If the number of points is 1, the material is elastic-perfectly-plastic.

The user-defined backbone curve is activated if the number of points is greater than zero.
In this case, the user specified friction angle | is ignored. Instead, | is defined as follows:


r m
r m
p
p
' +
'
=
/ 3 6
/ 3 3
sin
o
o
|



(3.9)
33



where o
m
is the product of the last modulus and strain pair in the modulus reduction
curve. Therefore, it is important to adjust the backbone curve so as to render an
appropriate |. If the resulting | is smaller than the phase transformation angle |
PT
, |
PT
is
set equal to |.

Also remember that improper modulus reduction curves can result in strain softening
response (negative tangent shear modulus), which is not allowed in the current model
formulation. Finally, note that the backbone curve varies with confinement, although the
variations are small within commonly interested confinement ranges. Backbone curves at
different confinements can be obtained using the OpenSees element recorder facility
(Mazzoni et al. 2006).


The dilatancy/liquefaction parameters include:

Phase Transformation (PT) Angle The transformation angle (degrees) of the
cohesionless soil.

Contraction Parameter c1 A non-negative constant defining the rate of shear-induced
volume decrease (contraction) or pore pressure buildup. A larger value corresponds to
faster contraction rate (Table 3.2).

The contraction rule is defined by:


1
2
2

) / ( 1
) / ( 1
" c P
PT
PT
q q
q q
+

=
(3.10)

where q is the stress ratio and
PT
q is the stress ratio along the PT surface (Yang et al.
2003).

Dilation Parameters d1 & d2 Non-negative constants defining the rate of shear-
induced volume increase (dilation). Larger values correspond to stronger dilation rate
(Table 3.2).

The dilation rule is defined by:


) exp(
) / ( 1
) / ( 1
"
d 2 1
2
2

q q
q q
d d P
PT
PT
+

=
(3.11)

where
d
is the octahedral shear strain accumulated during a dilation phase (Yang et al.
2003).
34
Liquefaction Parameters
1
l ,
2
l and
3
l Parameters (Table 3.2) controlling the
mechanism of liquefaction-induced perfectly plastic shear strain accumulation, i.e., cyclic
mobility. Set
1
l = 0 to deactivate this mechanism altogether.

(Post-liquefaction) yield domain radius:


)
2

( cos
1
3
2
l
p
l
y
'
=
t

(3.12)

1
l defines the effective confining pressure (e.g., 10 kPa) below which the mechanism is in
effect (
1
l is actually
y
p' in Figure 3.22). Smaller values should be assigned to denser
sands.
2
l defines the maximum amount of perfectly plastic shear strain developed at zero
effective confinement during each loading phase (
2
l is actually
max s
in Figure 3.22).
Smaller values should be assigned to denser sands.

Maximum extent of biased-loading yield domain (
y
is actually
s
in Figure 3.22)

y ry
l
3
=
(3.13)

3
l defines the maximum amount of biased perfectly plastic shear strain
b
accumulated at
each loading phase under biased shear loading conditions, as
b
=
2
l x
3
l (
ry
is actually
r
,
and
3
l is R in Figure 3.23). Typically,
3
l takes a value between 0.0 and 3.0. Smaller values
should be assigned to denser sands.


Table 3.2: Suggested values for contraction and dilation parameters


Loose Sand
(15%-35%)
Medium Sand
(35%-65%)
Medium-dense Sand
(65%-85%)
Dense Sand
(85%-100%)
c1 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.03
d1 0. 0.4 0.6 0.8
d2 0 2 3 5
1
l (kPa) 10 10 5 0
2
l 0.02 0.01 0.003 0
3
l 1 1 1 0

35


p' y
p'
max
s

D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c
s
t
r
a
i
n

s
p
a
c
e
0


Figure 3.22: Initial yield domain at low levels of effective confinement (Yang et al.
2003).


36
t

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
p'
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
P
T
surface
P
T
surface
F
a
ilu
r
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s

1
2
3
c
2
2
3
c 3
2
3
c
Initial
Enlarged
Translated
d

s r
R s


Figure 3.23: Schematic of constitutive model response showing (a) octahedral stress
t - effective confinement p' response, (b) octahedral stress t - octahedral strain
response, and (c) configuration of yield domain (Yang et al. 2003).



3.2.2.3.2 User Defined Sand2 (U-Sand2)

The second type of user-defined sandy soil (U-Sand2) can be defined by specifying the
following parameters (Figure 3.24):

(a)
(b)
(c)
37


Figure 3.24: U-Sand2 in OpenSeesPL.


Note: All parameters shown in Figure 3.24 are defined at the reference mean
confinement
r
p .

Mass Density The mass density of the cohesionless soil (). The suggested range of
values are between 1 and 3 ton/m
3
.

Reference Shear Wave Velocity The reference shear wave velocity (V
sr
). The suggested
range is between 10 and 6000 m/s. The reference shear modulus G = V
sr
2
.

Reference Mean Confinement The reference mean confinement. This is the
confinement level at which shear wave velocity and peak shear strain are defined. The
suggested range is between 10 kPa or larger.

Confinement Dependence Coeff. The confinement dependence coefficient. The
suggested range is between 0.1 and 10.

Initial Lateral/Vertical Confinement Ratio The initial lateral/vertical stress ratio (also
known as coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest K
0
). K
0
is related to Poissons ratio
by the following relation K
0
= / (1 - ). The suggested range for K
0
is between 0.1 and
0.9.
38

Cohesion The suggested range is between 0 and 5000000 kPa. See Section 3.2.2.3.1 for
more information.

Friction Angle The suggested range is between 5 and 65 degrees. See Section 3.2.2.3.1
for more information.

Peak Shear Strain The suggested range is between 0.001% and 20%. See Section
3.2.2.3.1 for more information.

Number of Yield Surfaces NYS The suggested range is between 0 and 30. In
particular, NYS = 0 dictates an elastic shear response (Cohesion, Friction Angle and Peak
Shear Strain are ignored, see Figure 3.19), NYS = 1 indicates an elastic-perfectly plastic
shear response (Peak Shear Strain is ignored, see Figure 3.19).


3.2.2.3.3 User Defined Clay1 (U-Clay1)

Non-liquefiable clay with shear response properties independent of confinement variation
can be defined as shown in Figure 3.17 and Figure 3.25.

Cohesion The apparent cohesion at zero effective confinement.

The nonlinear shear stress-strain backbone curve can be defined by specifying a G/G
max

curve (Figure 3.25). The user-defined backbone curve is activated if the number of points
is greater than zero. In this case, if the user specifies |=0, cohesion c will be ignored.
Instead, c is defined by c=sqrt(3)*o
m
/2, where o
m
is the product of the last modulus and
strain pair in the modulus reduction curve. Therefore, it is important to adjust the
backbone curve so as to render an appropriate c.

If the user specifies |>0, this | will be ignored. Instead, | is defined as follows:


r m
r m
p c
p c
' +
'
=
/ ) 2 3 ( 6
/ ) 2 3 ( 3
sin
o
o
|



(3.14)

If the resulting |<0, we set |=0 and c=sqrt(3)*o
m
/2.

Also remember that improper modulus reduction curves can result in strain softening
response (negative tangent shear modulus), which is not allowed in the current model
formulation. Finally, note that the backbone curve varies with confinement, although the
variation is small within commonly interested confinement ranges. Backbone curves at
different confinements can be obtained using the OpenSees element recorder facility
(Mazzoni et al. 2006).

39
For information about other parameters, see Section 3.2.2.3.1.

3.2.2.3.4 User Defined Clay2 (U-Clay2)

The second type of user-defined clay (U-Clay2) can be defined as shown in Figure 3.26.
See Section 3.2.2.3.2 for information about parameters defining U-Clay2.



Figure 3.25: U-Clay1 in OpenSeesPL.
40







Figure 3.26: U-Clay2 in OpenSeesPL.


3.2.3 Pile-Soil Interfacing Layer Properties

The material for the pile-soil interfacing layer (Figure 3.2) can be selected from an
available menu of cohesionless and cohesive soil materials including the elastic isotropic
material. In addition, user-defined cohesionless and cohesive soil materials (U-Sand1, U-
Sand2, U-Clay1 and U-Clay2) are also available to choose.

If an elastic isotropic material is selected, the user is requested to specify, Youngs
Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Mass Density Permeability of the material used for the pile-
soil interfacing layer.


3.2.4 Material Properties for Pile Zone

The pile zone refers to the pile domain under the ground surface. The material for the pile
zone (Figure 3.2) can be selected from an available menu of cohesionless and cohesive
soil materials including the elastic isotropic material. In addition, user-defined
41
cohesionless and cohesive soil materials (U-Sand1, U-Sand2, U-Clay1 and U-Clay2) are
also available to choose.

If an elastic isotropic material is selected, the user is requested to specify, Youngs
Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Mass Density Permeability of the material used for the pile
area.





3.2.5 Additional Viscous Damping

In OpenSeesPL, additional viscous Rayleigh-type damping is available of the form:

C = A
m
M + A
k
K

where M is the mass matrix, C is the viscous damping matrix, K is the initial stiffness
matrix. A
m
and A
k
are two user-specified constants.

The damping ratio curve ( f

) is calculated based on the following equation:


f A
f
A
k
m
t
t
+ =
4

(3.15)

where f is frequency.

42


Figure 3.27: Rayleigh damping selection.

(1) Specification of A
m
and A
k
By Defining Damping Ratios

The user can define damping coefficients (Figure 3.27) by specifying two frequencies, f
1

and f
2
(must be between 0.1 and 50 Hz), and two damping ratios,
1
and
2
(suggested
values are between 0.2% and 20%).

The Rayleigh damping parameters A
m
and A
k
are obtained by solving the follow
equations simultaneously:



1
1
1
4
f A
f
A
k
m
t
t
+ =
(3.16a)

43


2
2
2
4
f A
f
A
k
m
t
t
+ =
(3.16b)

(2) Direct Specification of A
m
and A
k
:

The user can also directly define Rayleigh damping coefficients A
m
and A
k
(Figure 3.27).


44
Chapter 4 Analysis Options


This chapter describes analysis options available in OpenSeesPL. This chapter includes:

Pushover and base shaking analysis options

Step-by-step time integration

How to add an user-defined input motion

Model inclination

In a pushover or base-shaking analysis, four runs are conducted in sequence in order to
achieve convergence and simulate the actual loading situation.
1) 1
st
run: Gravity of soil domain is applied in this run; all soil materials are
prescribed as linear during this run.
2) 2
nd
run: Soil elements are changed to nonlinear if Nonlinear is chosen in
Analysis Options (see Section 4.2).
3) 3
rd
run: Pile elements are added and gravity of the pile structure is applied in this
run.
4) 4
th
run: Pushover or base-shaking analysis is started.


4.1 Problem Type
4.1.1 Pushover Analysis

Two types of pushover analyses are available (Figure 4.1): Monotonic Pushover and
Cyclic Pushover (Sine Wave).

Frequency The frequency of the sine wave if Cyclic Pushover is chosen.

Total Time The total time for the pushover. 100 loading steps will be used for one
second.

4.1.1.1 Force-Based Method
The force-based method is used if the Force-Based Method radio button is chosen.

Longitudinal (X) Force The force applied in the longitudinal direction.

Transverse (Y) Force The force applied in the transverse direction.

45
Vertical (Z) Force The force applied in the vertical direction.

Moment of X The applied bending moment about the longitudinal direction (M
x
).

Moment of Y The applied bending moment about the longitudinal direction (M
y
).

Moment of Z The applied bending moment about the longitudinal direction (M
z
).


4.1.1.2 Displacement-Based Method
The displacement-based method is used if the Displacement-Based Method radio button
is chosen.

Longitudinal Displacement The displacement applied in the longitudinal direction.

Transverse Displacement The displacement applied in the transverse direction.

Vertical Displacement The displacement applied in the vertical direction.

Rotation around X The applied rotation around the longitudinal axis (X).

Rotation around Y The applied rotation around the transverse axis (Y).

Rotation around Z The applied rotation around the vertical axis (Z).


4.1.2 Eigenvalue Analysis

Users can specify Number of Frequencies and conduct Eigenvalue Analysis (Figure
4.1).
46



Figure 4.1: Pushover load pattern.


4.1.3 Base Shaking

4.1.3.1 Step-by-Step Time Integration
OpenSeesPL employs the Newmark time integration procedure with two user defined
coefficients | and (Newmark 1959, Chopra 2004). Standard approaches may be
adopted by appropriate specification of these constants (Figure 4.2). Default values in
OpenSeesPL are = 0.55, and | = ( ( ( + )
2
) / 4).
47

Computations at any time step are executed to a convergence tolerance of 10
-4
(Euclidean
Norm of acceleration vector), normalized by the first iteration Error Norm (predictor
multi-corrector approach).

Note: An additional fluid-phase (Chan 1988) time integration parameter u is set to 0.6 in
the data file.

|= 1/6 ; = 1/2 Linear acceleration (conditionally stable scheme)
| = 1/4 ; = 1/2 Average acceleration or trapezoidal rule (unconditionally stable
scheme in linear analyses);
| = 1/12 ; = 1/2 Fox-Goodwin (fourth order accurate)




Figure 4.2: Newmark Time Integration

4.1.3.2 Input Motion
One, two and three directions of excitations are available: longitudinal, transverse and
vertical directions (Figure 2.1 and Figure 4.3).

The bedrock is assumed to be rigid, the input motion is total motion; Base seismic
excitation can be defined by either of the following two methods:

i) Via a built-in input motion library. This library includes near-fault soil surface motions
as well as long-duration rock outcrop motions recorded during past strong earthquakes
worldwide.

48
ii) U-Shake, a user-defined input motion (Figure 4.4). The input motion file to be
defined should consist of two columns, Time (seconds) and Acceleration (g), delimited
by SPACE(S).
Below is an example of a user-defined input motion file:
0.00 0.000
0.02 0.005
... ......
19.98 0.004
20.00 0.000

Note that the user-defined input motion file must be placed in the subfolder motions/.
(This subfolder also contains all provided built-in input motion files).

The amplitude of the input motion can be scaled by a factor ranging from 0.01 to 1.0. In
addition, if 0.2g sinusoidal motion is chosen, the user must specify excitation frequency
and number of cycles (Figure 2.1).

Scale Factor The amplitude of the input motion is multiplied by the Scale Factor. The
Scale Factor may be positive or negative.

Frequency The Frequency (in Hz) has to be specified if harmonic sinusoidal motion is
chosen

Number of Cycles The Number of Cycles has to be specified if sinusoidal motion is
chosen.



Figure 4.3: Definition of 3D base excitation.

49


Figure 4.4: User-defined input motion (U-Shake).




4.2 Analysis Type

The soil material type can be linear or nonlinear (Figure 4.5). If Nonlinear if selected,
the material stage will change to 1 (plastic) for all materials after the first run.
updateMaterialStage -material 1 -stage 1

50
Otherwise (Linear Elastic is selected), the material stage will change to 2 (linear
elastic) for all materials after the first run.
updateMaterialStage -material 1 -stage 2



Figure 4.5: Analysis options.



4.3 Model Inclination

Inclined models can be defined by the following parameters (Figure 2.1):

Ground Surface Inclination Angle along Longitudinal Direction The inclination angle
of the ground surface along the longitudinal direction (in degrees) (zero degree represents
level ground surface).

51
Whole Model Inclination Angle along Longitudinal Direction The inclination angle in
degrees of the whole model (zero degree represents level ground). For mildly-inclined
infinite-slopes, suggested values are from 0 to 10 degrees.

52
Chapter 5 Running the Analysis


This chapter describes the output interfaces in OpenSeesPL. This chapter includes:

How to manipulate the graphical output

Displaying of the response time histories

Viewing of the deformed mesh

Displaying of the pile responses (time histories and profiles)



5.1 Mesh Generation

Once all model definition parameters are specified, click the Menu Meshing and then
choose Generate Mesh to generate the mesh.

If mesh generation is failed due to any error encountered, please go to the model
definition section and fix the problems accordingly.

To view the filled mesh, click the Menu Meshing and then choose Filled Mesh View.

To view the unfilled mesh, click the Menu Meshing and then choose Unfilled Mesh
View.


5.2 Running the Analysis

To run the analysis, click Save Model & Run Analysis in Menu Analyze.

Upon the user requests to run the analysis, OpenSeesPL will check all the entries defined
by the user to make sure the model is valid. Thereafter, a small window (Figure 5.1) will
show the progress of the analysis.

By default, graphical output windows will be opened upon completion of the analysis.

53


Figure 5.1: Analysis running progress window.



5.3 Output

5.3.1 Tips on Manipulating Graphs

Response time histories and profiles are displayed by X-Y plot using Java Applet.
Therefore, make sure to enable Java Applet in your web browser (Internet Explorer). You
may also view the digital data by clicking on the link under the X-Y plot. If occasionally
the graph becomes crooked, you can click on the Fill button to refresh it.

To zoom in on any region of the plot, select a box with the mouse pointer (Figure 5.2).
Start at the upper left corner of the region you wish to view in more detail and drag
downwards and to the right. To bring the graph to the original scale, click on the "fill"
button at the upper right corner.



(a) Select a box using the mouse pointer

(b) Then release the mouse.

Figure 5.2: Zoom in.


54

(a) Select a box using the mouse pointer

(b) Then release the mouse.

Figure 5.3: Zoom out.

To zoom out, drag the mouse pointer upwards (Figure 5.3). When zooming out, a
reference box is drawn that will represent the current view, and dragging will cause a box
to be displayed that represents the new view. Again, click on the "fill" button at the upper
right corner to bring the graph to the original scale.

5.3.2 Response Time Histories

To view the response time histories, click Response Histories in Menu Display.

The figures show the response time histories of the soil domain from the ground surface
till the bottom, at a number of locations which are along the longitudinal direction
crossing the pile center.

Seven types of response time histories are available:
- Longitudinal Acceleration Time History
- Longitudinal Displacement (Relative to the Base) Time History
- Transverse Acceleration Time History
- Transverse Displacement (Relative to the Base) Time History
- Vertical Acceleration Time History
- Vertical Displacement Time History
- Excess Pore Pressure Time History
- Shear Stress versus. Shear Strain
- Shear Stress versus. Effective Confinement

To zoom-in or zoom-out, use mouse to select a window. Click "fill" to get back to the
original figure.

55


Figure 5.4: Response time histories window.





5.3.3 Deformed Mesh

To view the deformed mesh, click Deformed Mesh in Menu Display.

56


Figure 5.5: Graph types available in the deformed mesh window.


By default, the deformed mesh is for the dynamic analysis (if Due to Seismic
Excitation is chosen) or the pushover analysis (if Due to Pushover is chosen).
However, the deformed mesh due to gravity is also available (Due to Gravity is
chosen)

Types of results in the deformed mesh include (Figure 5.5):
- Vectors
- Displacement Contour Fill
- Longitudinal Displacement Contour Fill (X-disp contour)
- Transverse Displacement Contour Fill (Y-disp contour)
- Vertical Displacement Contour Fill (Z-disp contour)
- Pore Pressure Contour Fill
- Excess Pore Pressure (EPP) Contour Fill
- EPP Ratio Contour Fill
- Vertical Stress Contour Fill
- Shear Stress Contour Fill
- Stress Ratio Contour Fill
57
- Effective Confinement Contour Fill

The deformed mesh can be viewed in 3D or 2D (can be selected from a list of 2D cut
planes, see Figure 5.6).



Figure 5.6: 2D plane (Y = 0) view of the longitudinal displacement contour in the
deformed mesh window.

To view the animation of any given type, click the Play Animation button. The text of
the button will change to Stop Animation when the animation is being played. To stop
the animation, click the Stop Animation button.

The Scale Factor can be changed to improve the viewing effects. The time between
playing two frames can be defined by specifying the Animation Playing Delay (in
millisecond).

Note that the animation will not be played if the current time step is in the last step and
Endless Playing is unchecked.

At any time, the deformed mesh can be rotated by dragging the mouse, moved in 4
directions by pressing keys of LEFT ARROW, RIGHT ARROW, UP ARROW or
58
DOWN ARROW respectively. The view can be zoomed in (by pressing key F9), out
(by pressing key F10) or frame (by pressing key F11).

5.3.4 Pile Response Profiles

To view the pile response, click Pile Response Profiles in Menu Display. The
figures show the response time histories and response profiles of the pile. Seven types of
response are available (Figure 5.7):
- Displacement
- Acceleration
- Rotation
- Moment
- Shear
- Pressure

To zoom-in or zoom-out, use mouse to select a window. Click "fill" to get back to the
original figure.



Figure 5.7: Bending moment profile displayed in the pile response window.



59

5.3.5 Pile Response Relationships

To view the pile response, click Pile Response Relationships in Menu Display. The
figures show the response relationships of the pile. Seven types of response are available
(Figure 5.8):
- Load-displacement
- Moment-curvature

To zoom-in or zoom-out, use mouse to select a window. Click "fill" to get back to the
original figure.



Figure 5.8: Load-displacement curve displayed in the pile response window.




60
Appendix A Benchmark Linear Finite Element Analysis
of Laterally Loaded Single Pile Using OpenSees &
Comparison with Analytical Solution

Introduction

In this study:
I) The response of a laterally loaded pile obtained using the OpenSeesPL
interface is compared with the analytical elastic solution proposed by
Abedzadeh and Pak (2004). Detailed information about the analytical elastic
solution is provided in Appendix A-I (please see this end of Appendix A).
II) Based on the linear analysis presented below, nonlinear soil response is
addressed in Appendix A-II (please see this end of Appendix A).


Laterally Loaded Pile

Pile Data

The pile employed in the OpenSees simulation is circular with a diameter of 16" (radius a
= 8") while the one for the analytical elastic solution is a cylindrical pipe pile of the same
radius and a wall thickness h = 0.1a. Both cases have the same pile length l = 33.3 ft (l/a
= 50). The cross-sectional moment of inertia of the pipe pile I = a
3
h = 1286.8 in
4
, which
will be used for the circular pile in the OpenSees simulation.

In summary, the geometric and elastic material properties of the pile are listed below:

Radius a = 8"
Pile length l = 33.3 ft
Youngs Modulus of Pile E
p
= 29000 ksi
Moment of Inertia of Pile I = 1286.8 in
4


Soil Domain

The pile is assumed to be fully embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic
half-space. The elastic properties of the soil are assumed constant along the depth (in
order to compare with the analytical elastic solution) and are listed below:

Shear Modulus of Soil G
s
= 7.98 ksi
Bulk Modulus of Soil B = 13.288 ksi (i.e., Poissons ratio
s
= 0.25)
Submerged Unit Weight '= 62.8 pcf

The ratio of Youngs Modulus of Pile (E
p
) to the Shear Modulus of Soil (G
s
):
61
E
p
/G
s
= 3634 (which will be used later to obtain the analytical elastic solution by
interpolation).

Lateral Load

The pile head (free head condition), which is located at the ground surface, is subjected to
a horizontal load (H) of 31.5 kips.


Finite Element Simulation

In view of symmetry, a half-mesh is studied as shown in Figure A.1. For comparison,
both 8-node and 20-node elements are used (2,900 8-node brick elements, 20 beam-
column elements and 189 rigid beam-column elements in total) in the OpenSeesPL
simulation. Length of the mesh in the longitudinal direction is 520 ft, with 260 ft
transversally (in this half-mesh configuration, resulting in a 520 ft x 520 ssoil domain in
plan view). Layer thickness is 66 ft (the bottom of the soil domain is 32.7 ft below the
pile tip, so as to mimic the analytical half-space solution).

The floating pile is modeled by beam-column elements, and rigid beam-column elements
are used to model the pile size (diameter).

The following boundary conditions are enforced:
I) The bottom of the domain is fixed in the longitudinal (x), transverse (y), and
vertical (z) directions.
II) Left, right and back planes of the mesh are fixed in x and y directions (the
lateral directions) and free in z direction.
III) Plane of symmetry is fixed in y direction and free in z and x direction (to
model the full-mesh 3D solution).

The lateral load is applied at the pile head (ground level) in x (longitudinal) direction.

The above simulations were performed using OpenSeesPL (Lu et al., 2006).


Simulation Results and Comparison with Elastic Solution

Deflection and bending moment response profiles obtained from OpenSees are shown in
Figure A.2 and Figure A.3, along with the analytical elastic solution by Abedzadeh and
Pak (2004) for comparison (note that the elastic solution was obtained by performing a
linear interpolation of the normalized deflections and moments shown in Figure A.4 and
Figure A.5 for E
p
/G
s
= 3634).

The pile head deflection and the maximum bending moment from OpenSees and the
elastic solution are also listed in Table A.1. In general, the numerical results match well
with the analytical elastic solution. The pile head deflection from the 20-node element
62
mesh (0.043") is almost identical to the elastic solution (0.042").

For nonlinear run, please see Appendix A-II.


a) Isometric view



b) Pile head close-up

Figure A.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.

63

Table A.1: Comparison of OpenSees results and the analytical elastic solution.

OpenSees Results
8-node element
20-node
element
Elastic solution by
Abedzadeh and Pak (2004)
Pile head deflection (in) 0.039 0.043 0.042
Maximum moment M
max
(kip-ft) 30 31 27
Depth where M
max
occurs (ft) 2.87 2.87 2.7

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
P
i
l
e

d
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Elastic solution by Abedzadeh and Pak (2004)
OpenSees using 8node brick element
OpenSees using 20node brick element


Figure A.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles (
s
=.25, l/a=50).


64
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending Moment (kipft)
P
i
l
e

d
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Elastic solution by Abedzadeh and Pak (2004)
OpenSees using 8node brick element
OpenSees using 20node brick element


Figure A.3: Comparison of pile bending moment profiles (
s
=.25, l/a=50).
65
Appendix A-I: Elastic Solution of the Response of a Laterally Loaded
Pile in a Semi-Infinite Soil Medium with Constant Modulus along Depth

(For details, please see: Farzad Abedzadeh and Y. S. Pak. (2004). Continuum
Mechanics of Lateral SoilPile Interaction, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol.
130, No. 11, November, pp. 1309-1318).

Consider a flexible cylindrical pipe pile of radius a, length l, a wall thickness h a (note
that the moment of inertia I = a
3
h). The pile is assumed to be fully embedded in a
homogenous, isotropic, linearly elastic half-space with a shear modulus G
s
and a
Poissons ratio
s
= 0.25.

Using Eqs. (78)-(83) and Figure 9 of the above reference, the pile response (h/a=0.1,
l/a=50) under an applied pure pile-head horizontal load is shown in Figure A.4 and
Figure A.5, where,
E
p
Youngs Modulus of Pile
G
s
Shear Modulus of Soil
w Pile deflection (in)
H Horizontal load (kip)
z Pile depth (ft)

66
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Normalized Deflection w/(HaG
s
)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

D
e
p
t
h

z
/
a
Ep/Gs = 25000
Ep/Gs = 2500

Figure A.4: Sample pile deflection (h/a=.1, l/a=50) under an applied pure pile-head
horizontal load (Abedzadeh and Pak, 2004).

67
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Normalized Moment M/(Ha)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

D
e
p
t
h

z
/
a
Ep/Gs = 25000
Ep/Gs = 2500

Figure A.5: Sample pile bending moment (h/a=.1, l/a=50) under an applied pure pile-
head horizontal load (Abedzadeh and Pak, 2004).


68
Appendix A-II: Nonlinear Response of the Single Pile Model


In the nonlinear run, the same material properties of the linear run are employed except
the soil now assumed to be a clay material with a maximum shear strength or cohesion =
5.1 psi, in the range of a Medium Clay. This maximum shear strength is achieved at a
specified strain
max
= 10%.

The lateral load (H) is applied at an increment of 0.7875 kips and the final load is 94.5
kips (= 3 x 31.5 kips). The 8-node brick element mesh is employed in this nonlinear
analysis (Figure A.1).

Simulation Results

Figure A.6 shows the load-deflection curve for the nonlinear run, along with the linear
result (for the 8-node brick element mesh; the final lateral load is also extended to 94.5
kips) as described in the previous sections for comparison. It is seen from Figure A.6 that
nearly linear behavior is exhibited in the nonlinear run for only low levels of applied
lateral load (less than 10 kips).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pile head deflection (in)
L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
Linear
Nonlinear


Figure A.6: Comparison of the load-deflection curves for the linear and nonlinear runs.

69
The pile deflection profiles for both linear and nonlinear cases are displayed in Figure 7.
For comparison, the linear and nonlinear responses at the lateral load of 31.5 kips, 63 kips
(= 2 x 31.5), and 94.5 kips (= 3 x 31.5) are shown (Figure A.7). The bending moment
profiles for the 3 load levels are shown in Figure A.8a-c.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


a) H = 31.5 kips
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


b) H = 63 kips
Figure A.7: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.

70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


c) H = 94.5 kips

Figure A.7: (continued).

The pile head deflections and the maximum bending moments for both linear and
nonlinear analyses are listed in Table A.2. The stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear
run is displayed in Figure A.9.
0 50 100 150 200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


a) H = 31.5 kips
Figure A.8: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs.
71
0 50 100 150 200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


b) H = 63 kips

0 50 100 150 200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


c) H = 94.5 kips

Figure A.8: (continued).



72

Table A.2: OpenSees simulation results for the linear and nonlinear runs.

H = 31.5 kips H = 63 kips H = 94.5 kips
Linear Nonlinear Linear Nonlinear Linear Nonlinear
Pile head deflection
(in)
0.039 0.07 0.078 0.23 0.12 0.48
Maximum moment
M
max
(kip-ft)
30 48.2 60 124.3 90 215.5
Depth where M
max

occurs (ft)
2.9 3.8 2.9 4.7 2.9 4.7



a) First step b) H = 31.5 kips


c) H = 63 kips d) H = 94.5 kips

Figure A.9: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run at different load levels (red color
shows yielded soil elements).

73
Appendix B Finite Element Analysis of Arkansas Test
Series Pile #2 Using Opensees (with LPILE Comparison)


Introduction

In this study, we conduct a finite element simulation of Pile No. 2 of the Arkansas test
series (Alizadeh and Davisson 1970) using the OpenSeesPL interface. This pipe pile is
subjected to lateral loads. Comparison with LPILE is also included in Appendix B-I
(please see the end of Appendix B).


Laterally Loaded Pile

Pile Data

The pile employed in the OpenSees simulation is circular with a diameter of 16" (radius a
= 8") while the one for the experimental test is a cylindrical pipe pile of the same radius
and a wall thickness h = 0.312". The cross-sectional moment of inertia of the pipe pile I =
838.2 in
4
(Bowles 1988, pages 777-778), which will be used for the circular pile in the
OpenSees simulation.

The geometric and elastic material properties of the pile are listed below (Bowles 1988):

Diameter = 16" or Radius a = 8"
Pile length l = 52.9 ft
Youngs Modulus of Pile E
p
= 29000 ksi
Moment of Inertia of Pile I = 838.2 in
4


Soil Domain

In this section, the pile is embedded in a uniform soil layer (pile top is 0.1' above the
ground line). Linear and nonlinear soil responses are investigated. The Medium density
(relative) granular soil type (Lu et al. 2006) is selected in this initial attempt. The material
properties of the soil are listed below:

At the reference confinement of 80 kPa (or 11.6 psi), the Shear Modulus of Soil G
s
=
10.88 ksi and the Bulk Modulus of Soil B = 29 ksi (i.e., Poissons ratio
s
= 0.33), see Lu
et al. 2006.
Submerged Unit Weight ' = 62.8 pcf (Bowles 1988)
For nonlinear analysis, the Friction Angle = 32 (Bowles 1988) and the peak shear
stress occurs at a shear strain
max
= 10% (at the 11.6 psi confinement)


74
Lateral Load

The pile head (with a free head condition), which is 0.1' above the ground surface, is
subjected to horizontal loads (H) of 21 kips, 31.5 kips and 43 kips (Bowles 1988).


Finite Element Simulation

In view of symmetry, a half-mesh (2,900 8-node brick elements, 23 beam-column
elements and 207 rigid beam-column elements in total) is studied as shown in Figure B.1.
Length of the mesh in the longitudinal direction is 520 ft, with 260 ft transversally (in this
half-mesh configuration, resulting in a 520 ft x 520 soil domain in plan view). Layer
thickness is 80 ft (the bottom of the soil domain is 27.2 ft below the pile tip, so as to
mimic the analytical half-space solution).

The floating pile is modeled by beam-column elements, and rigid beam-column elements
are used to model the pile size (diameter).

The following boundary conditions are enforced:
I) The bottom of the domain is fixed in the longitudinal (x), transverse (y),
and vertical (z) directions.
II) Left, right and back planes of the mesh are fixed in x and y directions (the
lateral directions) and free in z direction.
III) Plane of symmetry is fixed in y direction and free in z and x direction (to
model the full-mesh 3D solution).

The lateral load is applied at the pile head (ground level) in x (longitudinal) direction.

The above simulations were performed using OpenSeesPL (Lu et al. 2006).


Simulation Results

The pile deflections at the ground line and the maximum bending moments for the linear
and nonlinear analyses are listed in Table B.1, along with the experimental measurements
for comparison (Alizadeh and Davisson 1970; Bowles 1988).

Figure B.2 shows the load-deflection curve for the linear and nonlinear runs. Comparison
of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear analyses are displayed in Figure
B.3a-c. The bending moment profiles for the 3 load levels are shown in Figure B.4a-c,
along with the observed for comparison (Alizadeh and Davisson 1970). The stress ratio
contour fill of the nonlinear run is displayed in Figure B.5.

Comparison with LPILE is included in Appendix B-I.

75

(a) Isometric view



(b) Pile head close-up

Figure B.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.
76
Table B.1: OpenSees Simulation Results and Experimental Measurements.

Analysis type
Pile
deflection at
ground line
(in)
Max. bending
moment M
max
(kip-ft)
M
max

depth (ft)
Profile
displays
H = 21 kips
Experimental 0.17 62 4
Case 1 Linear soil 0.085 35.1 3.1
Case 2 Nonlinear soil 0.31 70.5 6.8
Figures
3a & 4a
H = 31.5 kips
Experimental 0.26 85 5
Case 3 Linear soil 0.13 52.6 3.1
Case 4 Nonlinear soil 0.56 115.5 6.8
Figures
3b & 4b
H = 43 kips
Experimental 0.4 120 5
Case 5 Linear soil 0.17 70.1 3.1
Case 6 Nonlinear soil 0.89 164.7 6.8
Figures
3c & 4c

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pile deflection at ground line (in)
L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
Linear
Nonlinear


Figure B.2: Comparison of the load-deflection curves for the linear and nonlinear runs.
77
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


d) H = 21 kips
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


e) H = 31.5 kips

Figure B.3: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.
78
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear


f) H = 43 kips

Figure B.3: (continued).
0 50 100 150
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear
Experimental


a) H = 21 kips
Figure B.4: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs.

79
0 50 100 150
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear
Experimental


b) H = 31.5 kips

0 50 100 150
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Linear
Nonlinear
Experimental


c) H = 43 kips

Figure B.4: (continued).
80

a) First step b) H = 21 kips


c) H = 31.5 kips d) H = 43 kips

Figure B.5: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run at different load levels (red color
shows yielded soil elements).





81
Appendix B-I: Comparison with LPILE

In the LPILE run, a p-y modulus of 90 psi is employed (p-y multiplier = 1.0). All other
properties are the same as described earlier.
0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


a) H = 21 kips
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


b) H = 31.5 kips

Figure B.6: Comparison of the pile deflection profiles for the linear and nonlinear runs.
82
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


c) H = 43 kips

Figure B.6: (continued).
20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


a) H = 21 kips

Figure B.7: Comparison of the pile bending moment profiles for the linear and nonlinear
runs.

83
50 0 50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


b) H = 31.5 kips
50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE
Experimental


c) H = 43 kips

Figure B.7: (continued).



84
Appendix C Finite Element Analysis of Standard
CalTrans 16" CIDH Pile Using Opensees for General
Comparison with LPILE (with Default P-Y Multiplier =
1.0)


Introduction

In this study, we conduct a finite element simulation of the standard Caltran 16" CIDH
pile using the 3D OpenSeesPL interface. The simulated pile responses are compared with
LPILE results.


Laterally Loaded Pile

Pile Data

The geometric and elastic material properties of the pile are listed below:

Diameter D = 16"
Pile length l = 35 ft
Moment of Inertia of Pile I = 850 in
4

Youngs Modulus of Pile E
c
= 4030 ksi

In this initial study, the pile was modeled to remain linear (also in view of the applied
load levels).

Soil Domain

Linear and nonlinear soil responses are investigated. The Medium relative-density
granular soil type (Lu et al. 2006) is selected in the analyses. The material properties of
the soil are listed below:

At the reference confinement of 80 kPa (or 11.6 psi), the Shear Modulus of Soil G
s
=
10.88 ksi and the Bulk Modulus of Soil B = 29 ksi (i.e., Poissons ratio
s
= 0.33), see Lu
et al. 2006.

Effective Unit Weight ' = 110 pcf (given by CalTrans)

For nonlinear analysis, the Friction Angle = 33 (given by CalTrans) and the peak shear
stress occurs at a shear strain
max
= 10% (at the 11.6 psi confinement). The parameter

max
along with the shear modulus define the nonlinear soil stress-strain curve. Other
values of
max
should be explored in the future.

85
Lateral Load

Two load cases (Table 1) are studied. The loads are applied at the pile head.

Table C.1: Load cases for the study.

Shear (kips) Moment (kip-ft) Axial load (kips)
Load case 1* 16 0 52
Load case 2** 19.8 -100 52
* Fixed pile head connection
** Apply moment in opposite direction of shear.


Finite Element Simulation

In view of symmetry, a half-mesh (2,900 8-node brick elements, 19 beam-column
elements and 180 rigid beam-column elements in total) is studied as shown in Figure C.1.
Length of the mesh in the longitudinal direction is 520 ft, with 260 ft transversally (in this
half-mesh configuration, resulting in a 520 ft x 520 soil domain in plan view). Layer
thickness is 60 ft (the bottom of the soil domain is 25 ft below the pile tip, so as to mimic
the analytical half-space solution).

The floating pile is modeled by beam-column elements (Mazzoni et al. 2006), and rigid
beam-column elements are used to model the pile size (diameter).

The following boundary conditions are enforced:
I) The bottom of the domain is fixed in the longitudinal (x), transverse (y),
and vertical (z) directions.
II) Left, right and back planes of the mesh are fixed in x and y directions (the
lateral directions) and free in z direction.
III) Plane of symmetry is fixed in y direction and free in z and x direction (to
model the full-mesh 3D solution).

The lateral load is applied at the pile head (ground level) in x (longitudinal) direction.

The above simulations were performed using OpenSeesPL (Lu et al. 2006).


Simulation Results

The pile head deflections and the maximum bending moments for the linear and
nonlinear analyses are listed in Table 2, along with LPILE results for comparison (see
Appendix for partial output of LPILE results).

Figures C.2-C.5 show comparisons of the pile deflection, rotation, bending moment and
shear force profiles, respectively, for load case 1. Figures C.6-C.9 show comparisons of
86
the pile deflection, rotation, bending moment and shear force profiles, respectively, for
load case 2. The stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear runs for load cases 1 & 2 are
displayed in Figures C.10 & C.11.


(a) Isometric view



(b) Pile head close-up

Figure C.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.
87
Table C.2: CalTrans CIDH Pile OpenSees Simulation and LPILE Results.


Analysis
type
Pile head
deflection (in)
Max. bending
moment M
max
(kip-ft)
M
max

depth (ft)
Profile
displays
LPILE 0.24 -48.2 0
Linear soil 0.038 -20.8 0
Load Case 1
Fixed Head
H = 16 kips
Nonlinear
soil
0.092 -32.3 0
Figures 2
& 4
LPILE -0.094 -100 0
Linear soil -0.06 -96.7 0
Load Case 2
Free Head
M = -100 kip-ft
applied opposite to
shear
Nonlinear
soil
-0.094 -96.9 0
Figures 6
& 8

0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for load case 1.
88
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5
x 10
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (rad)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.3: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for load case 1.
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.4: Comparison of bending moment profiles for load case 1.
89
5 0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.5: Comparison of shear force profiles for load case 1.

0.1 0.05 0 0.05 0.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.6: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for load case 2.
90
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 10
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (rad)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.7: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for load case 2.
100 80 60 40 20 0 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.8: Comparison of bending moment profiles for load case 2.
91
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil
LPILE


Figure C.9: Comparison of shear force profiles for load case 2.


First step Final

Figure C.10: Stress ratio contour fill for load case 1 (red color shows yielded soil
elements).

First step Final

Figure C.11: Stress ratio contour fill for load case 2 (red color shows yielded soil
elements).
92
Appendix D Finite Element Analysis of Caltrans 42"
CIDH Pile Using OpenSees for General Comparison with
LPILE (with Default P-Y Multiplier = 1.0)


Introduction

In this study, we conduct a finite element simulation of a CalTrans 42" CIDH pile using
the 3D OpenSeesPL interface. The simulated pile responses are compared with LPILE
results.


Laterally Loaded Pile

Pile Data

The geometric and elastic material properties of the pipe pile are listed below:

Diameter D = 42" or radius a = 21"
Wall thickness h = 0.75"
Pile length l = 35 ft
Moment of Inertia of Pile I = a
3
h = 21,821 in
4

Youngs Modulus of Pile E
s
= 29,000 ksi

In this initial study, the pile was modeled to remain linear (also in view of the applied
load levels).

Soil Domain

Linear and nonlinear soil responses are investigated. The Medium relative-density
granular soil type (Lu et al. 2006) is selected in the analyses. The material properties of
the soil are listed below:

At the reference confinement of 80 kPa (or 11.6 psi), the Shear Modulus of Soil G
s
=
10.88 ksi and the Bulk Modulus of Soil B = 29 ksi (i.e., Poissons ratio
s
= 0.33), see Lu
et al. 2006.

Unit Weight = 110 pcf

For nonlinear analysis, the Friction Angle = 33 and the peak shear stress occurs at a
shear strain
max
= 10% (at the 11.6 psi confinement). The parameter
max
along with the
shear modulus define the nonlinear soil stress-strain curve. Other values of
max
should be
explored in the future.


93
Lateral Load

A total of six load cases (Table 1) are studied. The loads are applied at the pile head.

Table D.1: Load cases for the study.

Pile head condition Shear (kips) Moment (kip-ft)
Load case 1 Fixed head 64 0
Load case 2 Fixed head 128 0
Load case 3 Fixed head 256 0
Load case 4 Free head 64 0
Load case 5 Free head 128 0
Load case 6 Free head 256 0


Finite Element Simulation

In view of symmetry, a half-mesh (2,900 8-node brick elements, 19 beam-column
elements and 180 rigid beam-column elements in total) is studied as shown in Figure D.1.
Length of the mesh in the longitudinal direction is 1360 ft, with 680 ft transversally (in
this half-mesh configuration, resulting in a 1360 ft x 1360 soil domain in plan view).
Layer thickness is 60 ft (the bottom of the soil domain is 25 ft below the pile tip, so as to
mimic the analytical half-space solution).

The floating pile is modeled by beam-column elements (Mazzoni et al. 2006), and rigid
beam-column elements are used to model the pile size (diameter).

The following boundary conditions are enforced:
I) The bottom of the domain is fixed in the longitudinal (x), transverse (y),
and vertical (z) directions.
II) Left, right and back planes of the mesh are fixed in x and y directions (the
lateral directions) and free in z direction.
III) Plane of symmetry is fixed in y direction and free in z and x direction (to
model the full-mesh 3D solution).

The lateral load is applied at the pile head (ground level) in x (longitudinal) direction.

The above simulations were performed using OpenSeesPL (Lu et al. 2006).

Simulation Results

Figures D.2-D.5 show comparisons of the pile deflection, rotation, bending moment and
shear force profiles, respectively, for the fixed-head condition (load cases 1, 2 & 3), along
with LPILE results for comparison. Figures D.6-D.9 show comparisons of the pile
deflection, rotation, bending moment and shear force profiles, respectively, for the free-
head condition (load cases 4, 5 & 6), also along with LPILE results for comparison. The
94
stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear runs for the fixed and free head conditions are
displayed in Figures D.10 & D.11.

Comparisons of the linear and nonlinear responses using OpenSees are shown in
Appendix (Figures D.12-D.19).


(a) Isometric view


(b) Pile head close-up

Figure D.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.
95
0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.2: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the fixed-head condition.
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5
x 10
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (rad)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.3: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the fixed-head condition.
96
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 500 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.4: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the fixed-head condition.
100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.5: Comparison of shear force profiles for the fixed-head condition.

97
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.6: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the free-head condition.
10 8 6 4 2 0 2
x 10
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.7: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the free-head condition.
98
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.8: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the free-head condition.
200 100 0 100 200 300 400
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips
LPILE, 64 kips
LPILE, 128 kips
LPILE, 256 kips


Figure D.9: Comparison of shear force profiles for the free-head condition.

99


a) lateral load = 64 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)


b) lateral load = 128 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)


c) lateral load = 256 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)

Figure D.10: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run for the fixed-head condition
(red color shows yielded soil elements).



100


a) lateral load = 64 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)



b) lateral load = 128 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)


c) lateral load = 256 kips (left: plan view; right: side view)

Figure D.11: Stress ratio contour fill of the nonlinear run for the free-head condition (red
color shows yielded soil elements).



101
Appendix D-I: OpenSees Simulation Results
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.12: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the fixed-head condition.
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2
x 10
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (rad)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


102
Figure D.13: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the fixed-head condition.
2000 1500 1000 500 0 500
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.14: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the fixed-head condition.
50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.15: Comparison of shear force profiles for the fixed-head condition.
103
0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pile deflection (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.16: Comparison of pile deflection profiles for the free-head condition.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
x 10
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Rotation (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.17: Comparison of pile rotation profiles for the free-head condition.
104
200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bending moment (kipft)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.18: Comparison of bending moment profiles for the free-head condition.
200 100 0 100 200 300 400
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Shear force (kips)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
OpenSees Linear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Linear Soil, 256 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 64 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 128 kips
OpenSees Nonlinear Soil, 256 kips


Figure D.19: Comparison of shear force profiles for the free-head condition.
105
Appendix E Finite Element Analysis of Standard
CalTrans 16" CIDH Pile Subjected to Axial Load


Introduction

In this study, we conduct a finite element simulation of the standard Caltran 16" CIDH
pile using the 3D OpenSeesPL interface. The simulated pile is subjected to axial load.


Axially Loaded Pile

Pile Data

The geometric and elastic material properties of the pile are listed below:

Diameter D = 16"
Pile length l = 35 ft
Moment of Inertia of Pile I = 850 in
4

Youngs Modulus of Pile E
c
= 4030 ksi

In this initial study, the pile was modeled to remain linear (also in view of the applied
load levels).

Soil Domain

Nonlinear soil response is investigated. The Medium relative-density granular soil type
(Lu et al. 2006) is selected in the analyses. The material properties of the soil are listed
below:

At the reference confinement of 80 kPa (or 11.6 psi), the Shear Modulus of Soil G
s
=
10.88 ksi and the Bulk Modulus of Soil B = 29 ksi (i.e., Poissons ratio
s
= 0.33), see Lu
et al. 2006.

Effective Unit Weight ' = 110 pcf (given by CalTrans)

For nonlinear analysis, the Friction Angle = 33 (given by CalTrans) and the peak shear
stress occurs at a shear strain
max
= 10% (at the 11.6 psi confinement). The parameter

max
along with the shear modulus define the nonlinear soil stress-strain curve. Other
values of
max
should be explored in the future.

Axial Load

An axial load of 243 kips is applied at the pile head (free head connection).
106

Finite Element Simulation

In view of symmetry, a half-mesh (2,900 8-node brick elements, 19 beam-column
elements and 180 rigid beam-column elements in total) is studied as shown in Figure E.1.
Length of the mesh in the longitudinal direction is 520 ft, with 260 ft transversally (in this
half-mesh configuration, resulting in a 520 ft x 520 soil domain in plan view). Layer
thickness is 60 ft (the bottom of the soil domain is 25 ft below the pile tip, so as to mimic
the analytical half-space solution).

The floating pile is modeled by beam-column elements (Mazzoni et al. 2006), and rigid
beam-column elements are used to model the pile size (diameter).

The following boundary conditions are enforced:
I) The bottom of the domain is fixed in the longitudinal (x), transverse (y),
and vertical (z) directions.
II) Left, right and back planes of the mesh are fixed in x and y directions (the
lateral directions) and free in z direction.
III) Plane of symmetry is fixed in y direction and free in z and x direction (to
model the full-mesh 3D solution).

The axial load is applied at the pile head (ground level) in z (vertical) direction.

The above simulations were performed using OpenSeesPL (Lu et al. 2006).


Simulation Results

The pile vertical displacement and axial force profiles at the axial load of 243 kips are
shown in Figure E.2. The final deformed mesh is shown in Figure E.3. Figure E.4
displays the stress ratio contour fill.
107


(a) Isometric view



(b) Pile head close-up

Figure E.1: Finite element mesh employed in this study.
108
0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Vertical displacement (in)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
0 100 200
Axial force (kips)


Figure E.2: Pile profile response at the axial load of 243 kips.





Figure E.3: Close-up of final deformed mesh (factor of 120).
109

a) plan view


b) Side view

Figure E.4: Stress ratio contour fill for the nonlinear analysis (red color shows yielded
soil elements).


110
Appendix F Moment-Curvature Analysis of Circular
Nonlinear RC Beam (Fiber Section)


Introduction

In this study, we compare with an OpenSees moment-curvature pushover analysis input
file (see appendix). A single circular reinforced concrete column is rigidly attached to the
soil mesh for that purpose. The soil domain is assumed rigid so as to simulate a cantilever
beam scenario.

The OpenSees input file is Example 9 listed in the OpenSees Example Manual
(http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/manuals/ExamplesManual/HTML/). This
OpenSees example introduces the moment-curvature procedures for sections in 3D space.
The moment-curvature analysis of the section in this OpenSees example is by creating a
zero-length rotational-spring element. This section is subjected to a user-defined constant
axial load and to a linearly-increasing moment to a user-defined maximum curvature
(Mazzoni et al. 2006).


Laterally Loaded Pile

The circular pile is 5 ft in diameter (D). The pile length above the ground surface is 10 ft.
Therefore the equivalent pile length is 10 ft.

Fiber section is used to model the nonlinear behavior of the pile. The fiber section
properties are listed in Tables F.1-4. The schematic of the fiber section definition is also
shown in Figure F.1 (also see Figure F.2 for the input interface for fiber section in
OpenSeesPL):

Table F.1: Material parameters of the concrete material.

Core Cover
Concrete Compressive Strength (ksi) -5.2 -4
Concrete Strain at Maximum Strength -0.002885 -0.003
Concrete Crushing Strength (ksi) -1.04 -0.8
Concrete Strain at Crushing Strength -0.0144 -0.01


Table F.2: Material parameters of the steel material.

Steel
Yield Strength (ksi) 66.8
Initial Elastic Tangent (ksi) 29000
Strain-hardening Ratio 0.01
111
Table F.3: Patch information for the pile circular cross section.

Core Cover
Number of Subdivisions (fibers) in the Circumferential Direction 8 8
Number of Subdivisions (fibers) in the Radial Direction 8 4
Internal Radius (in) 0 25
External Radius (in) 25 30

Table F.4: Layer information for the pile circular cross section.

Number of Reinforcing Bars along Layer 16
Area of Individual Reinforcing Bar (in
2
) 2.25
Radius of Reinforcing Layer (in) 25

Pile head (lateral) displacement of 0.69 in is applied in 25 equal steps. An axial load of
1800 kips is applied at the pile head (free head connection) during loading.


Simulation Results

The finite element mesh employed is shown in Figure F.3. As mentioned before, the soil
domain is rigid therefore the meshing of the soil domain is insignificant. 10
nonl i near BeamCol umn elements are used for the pile.

The comparison of the moment-curvature curves is shown in Figure F.4. Both curves
match quite well.

Response profiles of the single pile are shown in Figure F.5. A shear load of 662 kips is
reached at the pile head longitudinal displacement of 0.69 in (Figure F.5 & F.6). The
maximum moment reached 6609 kip-ft, occurring at the ground surface (Figure F.6).

The moment-curvature curve of the single pile at the ground surface location is shown in
Figure F.7.










112
Cover patch
Core patch
Steel layer
External radius
for cover
Internal radius for cover (also
external radius for core)


Figure F.1: Schematic of the fiber section definition for the circular pile cross section.




Figure F.2: Material properties for the Fiber section.
113

Figure F.3: Finite element mesh employed in this study.

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012
Curvature (rad/in)
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
k
i
p
-
f
t
)
OpenSeesPL
OpenSees Example

Figure F.4: Comparison of the moment-curvature curves calculated by using
OpenSeesPL and OpenSees Example.

114


a) Longitudinal displacement




b) Moment in the longitudinal plane
115


c) Longitudinal shear force

Figure F.5: Displacement response profiles histories of the pile.



Figure F.6: Lateral (longitudinal) shear versus displacement at the pile head.
116




Figure F.7: Moment-curvature relation at the maximum moment location (ground
surface) in OpenSeesPL.






Appendix: OpenSees Moment-Curvature Pushover Analysis Input File
(Available at
http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/manuals/ExamplesManual/HTML/)

Source code of file ex9f. tcl:


# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# build a section
# Silvia Mazzoni & Frank McKenna, 2006
#

# SET UP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
wipe; # clear memory of all past model definitions
model BasicBuilder -ndm 3 -ndf 6; # Define the model builder, ndm=#dimension, ndf=#dofs
set dataDir Data; # set up name of data directory -- simple
file mkdir $dataDir; # create data directory
source LibUnits.tcl; # define units

# MATERIAL parameters -------------------------------------------------------------------
set IDconcCore 1; # material ID tag -- confined core concrete
117
set IDconcCover 2; # material ID tag -- unconfined cover concrete
set IDreinf 3; # material ID tag -- reinforcement
# nominal concrete compressive strength
set fc [expr -4.0*$ksi]; # CONCRETE Compressive Strength, ksi (+Tension, -
Compression)
set Ec [expr 57*$ksi*sqrt(-$fc/$psi)]; # Concrete Elastic Modulus
# confined concrete
set Kfc 1.3; # ratio of confined to unconfined concrete strength
set fc1C [expr $Kfc*$fc]; # CONFINED concrete (mander model), maximum stress
set eps1C [expr 2.*$fc1C/$Ec]; # strain at maximum stress
set fc2C [expr 0.2*$fc1C]; # ultimate stress
set eps2C [expr 5*$eps1C]; # strain at ultimate stress
# unconfined concrete
set fc1U $fc; # UNCONFINED concrete (todeschini parabolic model), maximum
stress
set eps1U -0.003; # strain at maximum strength of unconfined concrete
set fc2U [expr 0.2*$fc1U]; # ultimate stress
set eps2U -0.01; # strain at ultimate stress
set lambda 0.1; # ratio between unloading slope at $eps2 and initial slope $Ec
# tensile-strength properties
set ftC [expr -0.14*$fc1C]; # tensile strength +tension
set ftU [expr -0.14*$fc1U]; # tensile strength +tension
set Ets [expr $ftU/0.002]; # tension softening stiffness
# -----------
set Fy [expr 66.8*$ksi]; # STEEL yield stress
set Es [expr 29000.*$ksi]; # modulus of steel
set Bs 0.01; # strain-hardening ratio
set R0 18; # control the transition from elastic to plastic branches
set cR1 0.925; # control the transition from elastic to plastic branches
set cR2 0.15; # control the transition from elastic to plastic branches
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $IDconcCore $fc1C $eps1C $fc2C $eps2C ; # build core concrete
(confined)
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $IDconcCover $fc1U $eps1U $fc2U $eps2U ; # build cover concrete
(unconfined)
uniaxialMaterial Steel01 $IDreinf $Fy $Es $Bs ; # build reinforcement material
puts "Ec = $Ec"
puts "uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $IDconcCore $fc1C $eps1C $fc2C $eps2C ; # build core concrete
(confined)"
puts "uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $IDconcCover $fc1U $eps1U $fc2U $eps2U ; # build cover concrete
(unconfined)"
puts "uniaxialMaterial Steel01 $IDreinf $Fy $Es $Bs ; # build reinforcement material"
#uniaxialMaterial Concrete02 $IDconcCore $fc1C $eps1C $fc2C $eps2C $lambda $ftC $Ets; # build
core concrete (confined)
#uniaxialMaterial Concrete02 $IDconcCover $fc1U $eps1U $fc2U $eps2U $lambda $ftU $Ets; # build
cover concrete (unconfined)
#uniaxialMaterial Steel02 $IDreinf $Fy $Es $Bs $R0 $cR1 $cR2; # build reinforcement
material

# section GEOMETRY -------------------------------------------------------------
set DSec [expr 5.*$ft]; # Column Diameter
set coverSec [expr 5.*$in]; # Column cover to reinforcing steel NA.
set numBarsSec 16; # number of uniformly-distributed longitudinal-reinforcement bars
set barAreaSec [expr 2.25*$in2]; # area of longitudinal-reinforcement bars
set SecTag 1; # set tag for symmetric section

# Generate a circular reinforced concrete section
118
# with one layer of steel evenly distributed around the perimeter and a confined core.
# confined core.
# by: Michael H. Scott, 2003
#
#
# Notes
# The center of the reinforcing bars are placed at the inner radius
# The core concrete ends at the inner radius (same as reinforcing bars)
# The reinforcing bars are all the same size
# The center of the section is at (0,0) in the local axis system
# Zero degrees is along section y-axis
#
set ri 0.0; # inner radius of the section, only for hollow sections
set ro [expr $DSec/2]; # overall (outer) radius of the section
set nfCoreR 8; # number of radial divisions in the core (number of "rings")
set nfCoreT 8; # number of theta divisions in the core (number of "wedges")
set nfCoverR 4; # number of radial divisions in the cover
set nfCoverT 8; # number of theta divisions in the cover

# Define the fiber section
section fiberSec $SecTag {
set rc [expr $ro-$coverSec]; # Core radius
patch circ $IDconcCore $nfCoreT $nfCoreR 0 0 $ri $rc 0 360; # Define the core patch
patch circ $IDconcCover $nfCoverT $nfCoverR 0 0 $rc $ro 0 360; # Define the cover patch
set theta [expr 360.0/$numBarsSec]; # Determine angle increment between bars
layer circ $IDreinf $numBarsSec $barAreaSec 0 0 $rc $theta 360; # Define the reinforcing layer
}

# assign torsional Stiffness for 3D Model
set SecTagTorsion 99; # ID tag for torsional section behavior
set SecTag3D 3; # ID tag for combined behavior for 3D model
uniaxialMaterial Elastic $SecTagTorsion $Ubig; # define elastic torsional stiffness
section Aggregator $SecTag3D $SecTagTorsion T -section $SecTag; # combine section properties

source ex9.tcl


Source code of file ex9. tcl:

# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Moment-Curvature analysis of section
# Silvia Mazzoni & Frank McKenna, 2006
#

# define procedure
source MomentCurvature3D.tcl

# set AXIAL LOAD --------------------------------------------------------
set P [expr -1800*$kip]; # + Tension, - Compression

# set maximum Curvature:
set Ku [expr 0.01/$in];
set numIncr 100; # Number of analysis increments to maximum curvature (default=100)
# Call the section analysis procedure
MomentCurvature3D $SecTag3D $P $Ku $numIncr

119

Source code of file MomentCurvature3D. tcl:

proc MomentCurvature3D { secTag axialLoad maxK {numIncr 100} } {
##################################################
# A procedure for performing section analysis (only does
# moment-curvature, but can be easily modified to do any mode
# of section reponse.)
#
# MHS
# October 2000
# modified to improve convergence by Silvia Mazzoni, 2006
#
# Arguments
# secTag -- tag identifying section to be analyzed
# axialLoad -- axial load applied to section (negative is compression)
# maxK -- maximum curvature reached during analysis
# numIncr -- number of increments used to reach maxK (default 100)
#
# Sets up a recorder which writes moment-curvature results to file
# section$secTag.out ... the moment is in column 1, and curvature in column 2

# Define two nodes at (0,0)
node 1001 0.0 0.0 0.0
node 1002 0.0 0.0 0.0

# Fix all degrees of freedom except axial and bending
fix 1001 1 1 1 1 1 1
fix 1002 0 1 1 1 1 0

# Define element
# tag ndI ndJ secTag
element zeroLengthSection 2001 1001 1002 $secTag

# Create recorder
recorder Node -file data/Mphi.out -time -node 1002 -dof 6 disp; # output moment (col 1) &
curvature (col 2)

# Define constant axial load
pattern Plain 3001 "Constant" {
load 1002 $axialLoad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
}

# Define analysis parameters
integrator LoadControl 0 1 0 0
system SparseGeneral -piv; # Overkill, but may need the pivoting!
test EnergyIncr 1.0e-9 10
numberer Plain
constraints Plain
algorithm Newton
analysis Static

# Do one analysis for constant axial load
analyze 1

# Define reference moment
120
pattern Plain 3002 "Linear" {
load 1002 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
}

# Compute curvature increment
set dK [expr $maxK/$numIncr]

# Use displacement control at node 1002 for section analysis, dof 6
integrator DisplacementControl 1002 6 $dK 1 $dK $dK

# Do the section analysis
set ok [analyze $numIncr]

# ----------------------------------------------if convergence failure-------------------------
set IDctrlNode 1002
set IDctrlDOF 6
set Dmax $maxK
set Dincr $dK
set TolStatic 1.e-9;
set testTypeStatic EnergyIncr
set maxNumIterStatic 6
set algorithmTypeStatic Newton
if {$ok != 0} {
# if analysis fails, we try some other stuff, performance is slower inside this loop
set Dstep 0.0;
set ok 0
while {$Dstep <= 1.0 && $ok == 0} {
set controlDisp [nodeDisp $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF ]
set Dstep [expr $controlDisp/$Dmax]
set ok [analyze 1]; # this will return zero if no
convergence problems were encountered
if {$ok != 0} {; # reduce step size if still fails to
converge
set Nk 4; # reduce step size
set DincrReduced [expr $Dincr/$Nk];
integrator DisplacementControl $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF
$DincrReduced
for {set ik 1} {$ik <=$Nk} {incr ik 1} {
set ok [analyze 1]; # this will return
zero if no convergence problems were encountered
if {$ok != 0} {
# if analysis fails, we try some other stuff
# performance is slower inside this loop global
maxNumIterStatic; # max no. of iterations performed before "failure to converge" is ret'd
puts "Trying Newton with Initial Tangent .."
test NormDispIncr $TolStatic 2000 0
algorithm Newton -initial
set ok [analyze 1]
test $testTypeStatic $TolStatic
$maxNumIterStatic 0
algorithm $algorithmTypeStatic
}
if {$ok != 0} {
puts "Trying Broyden .."
algorithm Broyden 8
set ok [analyze 1 ]
121
algorithm $algorithmTypeStatic
}
if {$ok != 0} {
puts "Trying NewtonWithLineSearch .."
algorithm NewtonLineSearch 0.8
set ok [analyze 1]
algorithm $algorithmTypeStatic
}
if {$ok != 0} {; # stop if still fails
to converge
puts [format $fmt1 "PROBLEM" $IDctrlNode
$IDctrlDOF [nodeDisp $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF] $LunitTXT]
return -1
}; # end if
}; # end for
integrator DisplacementControl $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF $Dincr;
# bring back to original increment
}; # end if
}; # end while loop
}; # end if ok !0
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
global LunitTXT; # load time-unit text
if { [info exists LunitTXT] != 1} {set LunitTXT "Length"}; # set blank if it has not
been defined previously.

set fmt1 "%s Pushover analysis: CtrlNode %.3i, dof %.1i, Curv=%.4f /%s"; # format for
screen/file output of DONE/PROBLEM analysis
if {$ok != 0 } {
puts [format $fmt1 "PROBLEM" $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF [nodeDisp $IDctrlNode
$IDctrlDOF] $LunitTXT]
} else {
puts [format $fmt1 "DONE" $IDctrlNode $IDctrlDOF [nodeDisp $IDctrlNode
$IDctrlDOF] $LunitTXT]
}

}


122
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Project, JSMFD, ASCE, Vol. 96, SM5, September, pp. 31-40

J. E. Bowles (1988). Foundation Analysis and Design, 4
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Iwan, W. D. (1967). "On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and
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123
OpenSeesPL-Related References

"Numerical Analysis of Seismically Induced Deformations In Saturated Granular Soil
Strata," (1994), Ahmed M. Ragheb, PhD Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.

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Engineering, IS-TOKYO'95, Vol. 3, 1369-1406, Ishihara, K., Ed., Balkema, Tokyo,
Japan, Nov. 14-16. (Invited Theme Lecture).

"Prediction of Seismically-Induced Lateral Deformation During Soil Liquefaction,"
(1995), T. Abdoun and A. -W. Elgamal, Eleventh African Regional Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 11-15.

"Liquefaction of Reclaimed Island in Kobe, Japan," (1996), A. -W. Elgamal, M. Zeghal,
and E. Parra, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 1, 39-49,
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"Analyses and Modeling of Site Liquefaction Using Centrifuge Tests," (1996), E. Parra,
K. Adalier, A. -W. Elgamal, M. Zeghal, and A. Ragheb, Eleventh World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico, June 23-28.

"Numerical Modeling of Liquefaction and Lateral Ground Deformation Including Cyclic
Mobility and Dilation Response in Soil Systems," (1996), Ender Parra, PhD Thesis, Dept.
of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.

"Identification and Modeling of Earthquake Ground Response II: Site Liquefaction,"
(1996), M. Zeghal, A. -W. Elgamal, and E. Parra, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, Vol. 15, 523-547, Elsevier Science Ltd.

"Soil Dilation and Shear Deformations During Liquefaction," (1998a), A.-W. Elgamal, R.
Dobry, E. Parra, and Z. Yang, , Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical
Engineering, S. Prakash, Ed., St. Louis, MO, March 8-15, pp1238-1259.

"Liquefaction Constitutive Model," (1998b), A.-W. Elgamal, E. Parra, Z. Yang, R. Dobry
and M. Zeghal, Proc. Intl. Workshop on The Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction,
Lade, P., Ed., Sept. 10-11, Baltimore, MD, Balkema.

"Modeling of Liquefaction-Induced Shear Deformations," (1999), A. Elgamal, Z. Yang,
E. Parra and R. Dobry, Second International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical
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124
Mechanics, Columbia University, NY, New York.

"Dynamic Soil Properties, Seismic Downhole Arrays and Applications in Practice,"
(2001), A.-W. Elgamal, T. Lai, Z. Yang and L. He, 4
th
International Conference on
Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, S.
Prakash, Ed., San Diego, California, USA, March 26-31.

"Computational Modeling of Cyclic Mobility and Post-Liquefaction Site Response,"
(2002), A. Elgamal, Z. Yang and E. Parra, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
22(4), 259-271.

"Influence of Permeability on Liquefaction-Induced Shear Deformation," (2002), Z.
Yang and A. Elgamal, J. Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 128(7), 720-729.

"Numerical Analysis of Embankment Foundation Liquefaction Countermeasures,"
(2002), A. Elgamal, E. Parra, Z. Yang, and K. Adalier, J. Earthquake Engineering, 6(4),
447-471.

"Modeling of Cyclic Mobility in Saturated Cohesionless Soils," (2003), A. Elgamal, Z.
Yang, E. Parra and A. Ragheb, Int. J. Plasticity, 19, (6), 883-905.

"Application of unconstrained optimization and sensitivity analysis to calibration of a soil
constitutive model ," (2003), Z. Yang and A. Elgamal, Int. J for Numerical and
Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 27 (15), 1255-1316.

"Computational Model for Cyclic Mobility and Associated Shear Deformation," (2003),
Z. Yang, A. Elgamal and E. Parra, J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
ASCE, 129(12), 1119-1127.

"A Web-based Platform for Live Internet Computation of Seismic Ground Response,"
(2004), Z. Yang, J. Lu, and A. Elgamal, Advances in Engineering Software, 35, 249-259.

"Earth Dams on Liquefiable Foundation: Numerical Prediction of Centrifuge
Experiments," (2004), Z. Yang, A. Elgamal, K. Adalier, and M. Sharp, J. Engineering
Mechanics, ASCE, 130(10), 1168-1176.

"Dynamic Response of Saturated Dense Sand in Laminated Centrifuge Container,"
(2005), A. Elgamal, Z. Yang, T. Lai, B.L. Kutter, and D. Wilson, J. Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 131(5), 598-609.

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(2001), "S. Kramer, and A. Elgamal, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER)
Center Report No. 2001/13, Berkeley, CA.