SAFETY AND HEALTH 1.

0 Industrial safety Definition: Industrial safety is primarily a management activity which is concerned with reducing, controlling and eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.

1.1. Importance of industrial safety The danger of life of human being is increasing with advancement of scientific development in different fields. The importance of industrial safety was realized because every millions of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or in temporary disablement or permanent disablement of employees and involve large amount of losses resulting from danger to property, wasted man hours and wasted hours. More ever, from managerial perspective the importance of industrial safety in any organization may be concluded by following facilitation:

i) Treatment: industrial safety management provides treatment for injuries and illness at the work place. ii) Medical Examination: it carries out medical examination of staff joining the organization or returning to work after sickness or accident. iii) Hazards identification. iv) Provision of protective devices. v) Consultancy: it provides medical advised on other condition potentially affecting health e.g. works canteen etc. vi) Education: it provides safety and health training.

1.2 Objectives of industrial safety: i) to prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the hazard to minimum. ii) to eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost production. iii) to achieve lower workmens compensation, insurance rates and reduce all other direct and indirect costs of accidents. iv) to prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of income of worker by eliminating causes of accidents. v) to evaluate employees morale by promoting safe work place and good working condition. vi) to educate all members of the organization in continuous state of safety mindness and to make supervision competent and intensely safety ninded.

1.3 A safety programmed includes mainly following four Es. Engineering: i.e safety at the design, equipment installation stage. Education: i.e. education of employees in safe practices. Enlistment: it concerns the attitude of the employees and management towards the programmed and its purpose. This is necessary to arouse the interest of employees in accident prevention and safety consciousness. Encouragement: i.e. to enforce adherence to safe rules and practices.

1.4 Safety Organization

1.4.1. Definition: safety organization may be defined as organization taking in the work of accident prevention. It means that it has to remove unsafe physical conditions and substitute safety practices in the place of unsafe practices.

Essential Elements: the basic elements regarding the safety organization are as under: 1. management leadership 2. assignment of responsibility 3. maintenance of safe working conditions 4. establishment of safety training 5. an accident record system 6. medical and first aid system. 7. acceptance of personal responsibilities by employees.

1.4.2 Management attitude: Top management attitude to wards accident prevention is reflected in the attitude of the supervisory force. Similarly the workers attitude is dependent on the supervisor. Therefore, the success of a program for prevention of accidents will mainly rest on the interest taken by the top management.

1.4.3 Assignment of responsibility: It is of a paramount importance that assignment of full responsibility should be given to some one for safety activities. It is usual to entrust this function to general manager, workers manager or personnel manager but if there is full time safety officer

then this function is entrusted to him and he is usually answerable to a top ranking officer such as Director or General manager.

1.4.4 Supervisor: The supervisor is the key person in any safety program. To the worker, he is the management. It is again the supervisor who has intimated knowledge of the temperament, attitude, sense of responsibility, physical characteristics, skill, training, etc of the workers. In other words he has immediate control over them. Therefore, the supervisor is indispensable ( that is not be set aside ) in any safety scheme and workers success would depend upon the interest and participation of the supervisor. To achieve the results, management should adopt the method of policy of associating safety as part of good production methods and to make it known that bad safety record or poor safety procedure by itself will be as a bad performance by management.

1.4.5 Principles to prevent accident Accident prevention is highly essential in an industry, in order to prevent injury to and premature death of employees. Reduce operation and production costs. Have good employee employer relations. High up the morale of employees. above all the prevention of accidents is a true humanitarian concern. accident prevention does not occur by itself; there should be consistent of safety measures and safety programmers emphasizing the need for

safe workplace layout and working condition safe material handling.

 Personal protective devices. Safety activities in organization.

1.4.6 There are following accident preventations: LEGAL: In the industrially developed countries, there exist very well defined and highly stringent punitive codes and statutes, which are designed to maintain and improve safety, health and welfare of employed persons. Even the developing countries have such laws, albeit still in a some what elementary form which make them anachronistic with the requirements of modern technology and the hazards generated as a consequences there of. These laws at their best only impose a minimum standard of conduct defining them to be the absolute duty of the employer.

Traditionally, the safety specialists have been using this legal argument for accident prevention on the basis that by being conscious about the safety or the employees, the employer can avoid attracting prosecution. The economic argument also becomes relevant at this point because of the fines that has been imposed as the result of statutory breaches, or because of the production loss, which may result due to the closure of the enterprise ordered as a punishment for the breach of these statutes. In the same context, employers feel threatened about the image of the company being tarnished and the effect of the adverse publicity received as a consequence of prosecution and subsequent punishment under the safety laws. This indirectly could also impact adversely in the revenues and hence the profits of the company. In the civilized societies it must be remembered, that one of the prime social objectives of any company is to generate a safe plan of work for its employees.

HUMANITARIAN: The humanitarian argument derives its strength from a universally accepted ethical and moral axiom that it is the duty of every man to ensure the physical well being of his fellow man. This automatically holds the employer responsible, in the eyes of every member of the society to provide a safe and healthy working environment for this employees. The safety specialist can therefore appeal to the conceive of the management by emphasizing upon them that is immoral for the employer not to give due consideration to the safety and well being of the employees by taking measures which could protect them against pain and suffering as a consequence of unsafe practices and procedures allowed in their enterprise.

ECONOMIC: The economic argument very simply, is based on accident costing the company money. It must however be appreciated that in order that this argument may have an effective impact on the management. It is imperative that the costs of the accidents occurring to the company must be accurately quantified. If this is done, accident prevention is then seen by the senior management as good business, which motivate the management to strive more and more to ameliorate their safety system in the interest of maximization of the profit. The safety specialists thus, use the economic argument as the most powerful tool for ensuring a very elaborate and sophisticated accident prevention and safety program. This is the foundation stone upon which the concepts or theories of risk management/accidents prevention are based. These concepts unfortunately are hardly known in our country. It is high time that these most powerful tools may be introduced in

our country, both for making its industrial enterprises safer for the workers and for making their operations more cost effective.

1.5 SAFETY INSPECTION PROCEDURES 1.5.1 Introduction: Across the industry and commerce there are a multiplicity of safety inspection procedures, each developed to identify the and hazard within a particular business. However they do fall into a number of broad categories.

Following are various procedures for the safety : i) Safety audit

A safety audit subjects each area of a companys activity to a systematic critical examination with the object of minimizing loss. Every component of the total system is included. For example management policy, attitudes training, features of the process and of the design, layout and construction of the plant, operating

ii)

Safety survey

A safety survey is a detailed examination in depth of a narrower field of activity. For example major key areas revealed by safety audits, individual plans and procedures, or specific problems common to a works as a whole. These surveys are followed by formal report, action plan and subsequent monitoring.

iii)

Safety inspection

A routine scheduled inspection of a unit or department, which may be carried out by someone (may be a safety representative) from within the unit, possibly accompanied by the safety advisor. The inspection would check maintenance standards, employee involvement, working practices, fire precaution, use of guards and adherence to safe working procedures etc, and be more immediate than the wide-reaching or in-depth approach taken by audits and surveys.

iv)

Safety tours

A safety inspection around a predetermined route or area of the work place carried our by any one-of a range of personnel from works directors to safety representatives to ensure that for example standards of housekeeping are at an acceptable level, or that obvious hazards are removed or to ensure that generally safety standards are observed. Typically tours last only fifteen minutes and are conducted at weekly intervals.

v)

Safety sampling

A particular application of a safety inspection or tour designed to check on one specific preselected safety aspect only, within the workplace or an agreed part of it. This focuses attention on the particular safety matter and highlights the observation of possible hazards. The safety sample chosen can be concerned with plant, equipment, guarding, methods of operation, lack of adherence to safe systems of work, non use of permit to work system, forklift truck driving and training or any other. Safety samples should be carried out regularly but with a random selection of the subject each time.

vi)

Hazard and operability study

The application of a formal critical examination to the process and engineering intentions of now facilities to assess the hazard potential from mal operation or multifunction of individual items of equipment and the consequential effects on the facility as a whole. Remedial action cam then be planned at a very early stage of the project with maximum effectiveness and at minimum cost. The techniques can also be applied to existing plants and processes. Whilst unsuspected hazards may be revealed by any of the above techniques, the use of a formal checklist in project engineering design helps to ensure that the plant complies with statutory requirement, and that account is taken of the best current safety techniques and practices. Hearth and safety requirement should also be incorporated at the design stage rather than taken on as an afterthought once the plant or process is in full operation. The safety adviser has a contribution to make and should be a member of both the design and hazard and operability teams.

1.6 Fire Fire like industrial accident is rarely experienced by most individuals on the other hand fire is likely to affect directly large no: of people. The main causes of fire in industries are i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Electrical equipment. Smoking. Gas equipments. Gas cutting and welding. Oil and petrol equipments Rubbish burning. Spontaneous combustion.

As per report of fire prevention association (FPA) THE 0.26% of total accidents was caused by the fire.

1.6.1 Fire Prevention and Control: To prevent and control the accidents, it is necessary to act upon the following guidelines. a) Management must accept that a fire prevention policy must be set up and regularly revised. b) An estimate should be made of possible effects of fire in loosing buildings, plant work in progress, workers, customers, plans and records. c) Identifying the fire risks, considering sources of ignition, combustion material and means where by fire could spread. d) Estimate the magnitudes of the risks to establish priorities. e) Establish dear lines of responsibilities for fire prevention.

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f) Appoint a fire officer responsible to the board. g) Set up a fire protection drill for each development h) Set up a program which will be maintained at appropriate intervals.

1.6.2 Common Precautions Following are the common precautions Daily at the start of the business the doors which may be used for escape purposes be unlocked and escape roots unobstructed. Daily at closing, down fire doors and fire shutters should be closed. All out side doors, windows and other means of access secured against intruders and replaced if broken. Heating apparatus and main switches turned off daily at close down. Furnaces and boilers safety out daily at close down. Inspection of whole premises, especially store rooms and other parts rarely visited daily at closedown. Smoking only is permitted where adequate no: of ash trays available and no smoking during last half hour of working day. Naked lights prohibited daily at closedown. Combustible materials kept well clear from heaters and other burning parts. Gluecattles pressing and soldering and similar appliances clear off vombustible material and with non combustible stand holders. Flame able liquids containers be closed and kept away from sources of ignitions.

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 Waste bins ash trays and waste paper baskets emptied at regular intervals and always at end of working days. Drip trays implied daily at close down. Workmens clothes and over all kept in special place. Electric motors kept clear of all accumulations of material daily. Gangways kept un obstinate daily. Special care with cutting and welding equipment used by maintenance men or contractors daily. Fire appliances like fire buckets be filled weekly. Fire instructions, fire exit and no smoking notices clearly be displayed weekly. Cods on the factory floor be clearly stored so as not to impede fire at different intervals. Inspection of fire extinguishers periodically as required. Check of lighting conductors as required. Machinery and plant maintenance as required. Maintenance of special extinguishing system e.g. dry powders CO2 daily.

1.6.3 Electrocution and its precautions The term electrocution is used when worker come into electrical shock. The three electrical factors which are come in the categories of the electrocution. i.e. Resistance, Current, Voltage. Electric resistance is opposition to the flow of current and measured in ohms. There is wide degree of variation in body resistance. A shock may fatal to any person may only discomfort to an other. Voltage is the pressure that causes the flow of electric current in a circuit; its unit is v.

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generally above 30 v is considered dangerous. Electric current I is the rate of flow of electrons in a circuit and its unit is amperes (A).

Following precaution must be observed while working on electrical works to protect against shocks. a) Before working on the main lines first switch off the supply of electricity. b) If it is not possible to switch off the main see that your hands and feet are not wet. c) If a person gets an electric shock rescue him with the help of insulator. If the insulator is not available use your feet not hands to rescue him. d) While working on high voltage, stand on bad conducting material. e) If any person who is shocked by the electricity is in contact with the electrical machine or an apparatus then one person for saving him should stand on a dry wooden chair while removing the victim other wise pull him with the help of a dry coat , dry rope etc. f) Dont close any switch unless you are familiar with the circuit that it controls and know the reason for its being open. g) Avoid touching any or working on live circuits as much as possible. h) Keep material or equipment at least 10 feet away from high voltage overhead power lines. i) Dont reach into energized equipment while it is being operated. This is particularly important in high voltage circuits. j) When installing new machinery, ensure that all metal frame work is efficiently and permanently founded.

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1.7 Duties of the employer (Training and Education) For a safe and smooth running system an employer may give trainings and education to the worker to work safe and accordingly. Following are the duties on employer:

Provide and maintain plant and system of work that are safe and without risks to health. Plant covers any machinery equipment or appliances including portable power tools and hand tools Ensure that the use, handling, storage and transport articles and substances is safe and with out risk Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure that employees can carry out their jobs safety. Ensure that any work shop under his control is safe and healthy and that proper means of access and egress are maintained. Particularly in respect of high standards of house keeping, cleanliness, disposal of rubbish and the stacking of goods in the proper place. Keep the work place environment safe and healthy so that the atmosphere is such as not to give rise to poisoning, gassing or the encourage met of the development of diseases. Adequate welfare facilities should be providing. To prepare and keep up to date a written safety policy supported by information on the organization and arrangements for carrying out the policy. The safety policy has to be brought to the notice of employees. To consult with any safety representatives appointed by recognized trade unions to enlist their cooperation in establishing and maintaining high standards of safety. To establish a safety committee if required by two or more safety representatives.

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1.8 Safety equipment There are following equipment are use in the industries for the safety purpose. a) Goggles b) Glasses c) Hand gloves d) Apron e) Safety shoes f) Anti fire gas cylinders

2.0 OSH Legal framework in Malaysia 2.1 Historical Perspective of OSH Development In the early state of country development, the economic structure depended heavily on agricultural and mining based activity. The growth of these sectors introduced various hazards to workers. The Selangor Boiler Enactment in 1892 was the first legislation to address industrial safety issues. In 1913, the Machinery Ordinance was enacted to ensure safety of machinery including boiler and internal combustion engines. The Machinery Ordinance 1913 was updated in 1932 (Machinery Enactment 1932) with additional provisions on registration and inspection of machinery installation. The Machinery Ordinance of 1953 superceded all previous legislation related to industrial safety, and was enforced in all the 11 states of Malaya under the jurisdiction of Machinery Department, Ministry of Labour. Early OSH legislation, the Federated Malay States Mining Enactment of 1926 and the Rump Labor Code of 1933 included public health provisions. Both these legislation required the provision of accommodation, sanitation, medical care and services, decent working conditions and livable wages for the mine and estate workers.

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2.2 Factories & Machinery Act 1967 In 1960s, the government implemented a policy to move towards industrialization. This resulted in an increasing number of workers in the manufacturing sector such as microelectronics, chemical and mineral based industries, and in later years textile and automobile industries. In order to manage the safety and health problems associated with manufacturing industries, the Factory and Machinery Act (FMA) was enacted in 1967 and enforced by the Factories and Machinery Department (previously known as Machinery Department). This Act and the regulations were the cornerstone for OSH improvement for the next three decades before the introduction of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.

Although the FMA was an improvement over earlier pieces of legislation, it had some important limitations. Among them was the fact that it only encompassed factories and hence covered only 23% of the workforce. It was prescriptive in nature, and based on traditional checklist system whereby hazards were identified and measures to overcome the hazards were stipulated. It also depended on command and control approaches and improvement was heavily dependent on the effectiveness of enforcement agencies.

A number of regulations were introduced in 1970 to further strengthen the FMA 1967 (Table 4). These regulations except for the Safety, Health and Welfare Regulation 1970 were primarily targeted in addressing safety problems. Provisions of first aid and welfare facilities e.g. drinking water, toilets and washing facility were included in the Safety, Health and Welfare Regulation 1970. From 1984 to 1989, four pieces of regulations addressing specific health hazards in the workplace lead, asbestos, noise and mineral dust were introduced. Provisions for assessing

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exposure at the workplace; establishing permissible exposure level (PEL); control measures including medical and health surveillance provisions; competence and training program were common to all these regulations. However, the process of introducing regulations covering other health hazard was slow.

2.3 Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994 The introduction of a comprehensive Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 was in response to the need to cover a wider employee base and newer hazards introduced in the workplace. Developed countries such as Japan had enacted such legislation in 1972, United Kingdom in 1974 (the Health and Safety At Work Act 1974), United State of America in 1970 (the Occupational Health & Safety Act 1970) and in Sweden and Norway, the Act was called Internal Control Regulation. The OSHA 1994 is enforced by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) (previously known as Factory and Machinery Department. The name was changed to reflect changes in coverage) under the Ministry of Human Resources.

The Act was derived from the philosophy of the Robens Commission and Health & Safety At Work Act 1974 in UK, emphasizing on self-regulation and duties of employer, employee and designer/manufacturer. The employers duties include the provision of a safe system of work, training, maintenance of work environment and arrangement for minimizing the risks at low as reasonably practicable. In short, the responsibility on OSH is made to rest on those who create the risks (employers) and those who work with the risk (employees).

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The Act is referred as a reflexive-type of Act which was less prescriptive, cover all workers except those in armed forces and those who work aboard ship (which were covered by other legislations). The Act also emphasis on duties of care by individual thus empowering the participation of all person in OSH.

Under the OSH Act 1994, National Council for Occupational Safety and Health was established. This Council comprised of 15 council members with tripartite representation from Government, employers, employees and OSH professionals (with at least one woman member). The legislation also contains provision for formulating regulations and Code of Practices (COPs), which indicates what should be done and thus assist the employer to comply with the Act. A series of regulations have been introduced under OSHA 1994. The emphasis of these regulations has been on establishing mechanism to implement OSH in workplaces. Workplaces with five or more workers are required to formulate a Safety and Health Policy. The Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996 requires establishments with 40 workers and above to establish a safety and health committee. The committee is required to meet at least once in every three months, with the functions to identify hazards at the workplace, institute control measures, investigate incident and conducting audit.

In terms of representation in the committee, workplace with less than 100 workers will need to have at least two representatives each for workers and management respectively. However, workplaces with more than 100 workers will need to have a minimum of four representatives each for workers and management. The Safety and Health Officer Regulations provide for specific industries to have a Safety and Health Officer (SHO). A SHO is an individual who has

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attended training in National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or other accredited training bodies and has passed the examination conducted by NIOSH and registered with DOSH.

The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH) Regulations 1996 was enacted in response indirectly to the Bhopal incident in India in 1984 and the Sungai Buluh firecracker factory tragedy in Malaysia which has killed 23 workers in 1992.

The Classification, Packaging and Labeling (CPL) Regulations 1997 and Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health (USECHH) Regulations 2000 were specific for controlling chemicals at the workplace. The CPL regulation required proper packaging and labeling of chemicals by the supplier including the label giving risk phrases. The USECHH regulation includes the provision of chemical health risk assessor (CHRA), occupational health doctor (OHD) and industrial hygiene technician to perform their respective roles in assessing the health risk from chemical exposure. In particular, the chemical health risk assessment includes having a list of all chemicals, assessing workers exposure to these risks, deciding on acceptability of risks and control measures that exist are reviewed. If risks are found to be unacceptable, action needs to be taken. This regulation leads to increased training needs, which was offered by NIOSH. Guideline on Chemical Health Risk Assessment has also been issued.

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2.4 Implication of ILO Convention & Recommendation on Malaysia Legislation Malaysia has been the member of the ILO since 1957. To date, Malaysia has ratified 15 ILO fundamental conventions and 14 are in force. Table 7 shows the fundamental ILO conventions which have been ratified by Malaysia as of 7 Dec 2002.

ILO convention and recommendation related to OSH can be classified into four categories, (1) Guiding policies for action; (2) Protection in given branches of economic activity: e.g. construction industry, commerce and offices and dock work; (3) Protection against specific risks: e.g. ionizing radiation, benzene, asbestos, guarding of machinery; (4) Measures of protection: e.g. medical examinations of young workers, maximum weight of loads to be transported by a single worker, prevention of occupational accidents on board ship, prevention of occupational cancer, prevention of air pollution, noise and vibration in the working environment.

An ILO convention is considered a multilateral international treaty, and contains binding obligations. Member countries on ratifying a convention are obliged to apply its provision by legislation or by other appropriate means as indicated in the text of the convention. Report on non-compliance may be made by the governments of other ratifying States or by employers or workers organizations. Procedures exist for investigating and acting upon such complaints. Usually, Trade Unions use ILO standards to support arguments in bargaining and promoting legislation. In the other hands, ILO recommendations are a form of guideline for action to be taken by member country which do not require reporting to ILO. The reason why Malaysia has not ratified other ILO OSH conventions is not clearly known and further study is required.

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However, on the positive note, Malaysia is keeping pace in OSH development and supporting ILO initiative at the local level. Local regulations such as Asbestos Regulations are modeled against the ILO Asbestos Convention 1986. ILO OHS Services Convention 1985 has been referred in the development of the OSH Act 1994. In many instances, local legislation was developed with the adequate advice from ILO experts through various platform and initiatives. In the case of developing the Malaysia OSH-MS, which was undertaken by the National Council of Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH) in 2001, ILO OSH 2001 was used as the framework to develop local standard and ILO expert was invited to brief the local OSH community (Wan Muthiah, 2002). The Malaysia OSH-MS is scheduled to be ready by mid of 2003.

Malaysia also participated in the PIACT Project (The International Program for the Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment, PIACT) organized by ILO in 1993 in line with the initiative under The Chemical Convention 1990 (No. 170) and Recommendation 1990 (No. 177). As part of this exercise, a training module on Safety and Health in the Use of Chemicals at Work was published locally (ILO, 1991;1993).

ILO-Japan Institute for Science and Labor (ISC) initiative such as the Workplace Improvement for Small Enterprise (WISE) project in 1997 was another case where collaboration between local authority and ILO regional office was carried out. This project was specifically targeted to improve OSH in the small and medium sized industries in Malaysia by using low cost improvement methods. This project was viewed successful at its own right. The follow-up study was carried out among the ex-WISE project participating companies in 2001, and the result showed that the ex-WISE companies had demonstrated some form of OSH management system

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such as OSH committee (Ng et al, 2002). World Bank has also funded the capacity building project for Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) with the ILO as the advisor.

2.5 Implementation of OSHA 1994 A Survey carried out by the local researchers showed that 61% of the workplaces have OSH policies, 83% of workplaces have safety and health committees, 86% of major installation have health and safety management system, 38% of non-major installations have health and safety management systems and 71% of Chemical Industry Council (CICM) members have responsible care programs. Since the introduction of Safety Induction for Construction Workers (SICW) was implemented in 1999, there are 240,000 green card holders up to 2001. There have also an increasing number of OSH competent persons as required by OSHA 1994. As of 2001, there are about 1200 Safety and Health Officer (SHO), 30 noise competent persons, 81 chemical health risk assessors and 124 occupational health doctors. The number of OSH practitioner will be increasing in the coming years.

DOSH has also increased the frequency of inspection under the Inspection and Audit Program for the small and medium sized industries from 2002 until 2006. Each year, there will be about 2500 to 3400 small and medium sized industries scheduled to be inspected. This is due to the fact that around 90% of the private business establishments in Malaysia are from the small and medium sized industries.

Up to June 30, 2002, there are 3,340 notices of improvement/ prohibition being issued and 49 has been prosecuted in court. Institution providing various OSH services could be the driving

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force to enhance the implementation of OSHA 1994. These institutions are DOSH; SOCSO; Workers and Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health; NIOSH; Universities; Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Malaysia Medical Association (MMA); Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH); Malaysian Occupational Health Nurses Association (MOHNA);OSH Department in Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC); Various consumer and environmental groups such as Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) and Consumer Association of Penang (CAP).

3.0 Conclusion In addition to improving and reducing costs, maintaining a healthy and safe work environment helps to facilitate employees commitment to quality and improve industrial relations. One of the side effects of a proactive health and safety policy is that it leads to improved productivity and quality. Employee and union-management relations can be improved when employers satisfy their employees health and safety needs.

In some cases, new provisions covering health and safety have been negotiated into collective agreements. When employers take a greater responsibility for occupational health and safety it can change employee behavior and employees might take a less militant stance during wage bargaining if management pay attention to housekeeping. Attention to workplace health and safety can have a strong, positive effect on employee commitment. When employees work in healthy and safe workplace, higher levels of motivation, performance and loyalty will result.

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4.0 References
a) Employers Safe Working Practices, Health & Safety Policy". Citation.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-02-15.

b) Occupational Health Services And Practice". Ilo.org. Retrieved 2013-02-15. c) Successful health and safety management - HSG65". Hse.gov.uk. 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2013-02-15.

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