Art Montemayor

August 21, 2000 Rev: 2(05-05-03) The following are some guidelines and experienced hints for the design and utilization of process vessels. This information is never taught nor discussed in University courses or academic circles. It has been historically expected that graduate engineers will learn this information using their own efforts. Vessel Design Tips 1) Always try to design around existing or available standard materials such as: a. Standard pipe caps. These are usually available off-the-shelf in carbon steel, as well as stainless, in sizes up to 42" and in various pipe schedule thicknesses. b. Standard seamless pipe. This is basic material that can be readily found available today. Always make this your first priority in selecting the vessel shell because of the convenience of eliminating any plate rolling, longitudinal weld seam, and reducing the possibility of stress relief. This option should be rejected only if required alloy, wall thickness, or diameter is not available. 2) Own a copy of Eugene Megyesy's "Pressure Vessel Handbook" as published by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing Inc.; P.O. Box 35365; Tulsa, OK 74153. This is probably the most useful and practical engineering book ever published in the USA. It clearly belongs on every process plant engineer's desk. Study it thoroughly and your project problems will start to fade away. 3) Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads have, by definition, 50% of the volumetric capacity of a hemispherical head with the same internal diameter. Ellipsoidal heads are designed and fabricated on the basis of using the inside diameter as their nominal diameter. These type of heads are used in preference to ASME Flanged and Dished heads for pressures in the range of 100 psig and for most vessels designed for pressures over 200 psig. Their inside depth of dish (IDD) is defined as half of the minor axis and is equal to 1/4 of the inside diameter of the head. 4) ASME F&D (also called Torispherical) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using the outside diameter as their nominal diameter. Flanged and dished heads are inherently shallower (smaller IDD) than comparable ellipsoidal heads. These heads (like the ellipsoidal) are formed from a flat plate into a dished shape consisting of two radii: the "crown" radius or radius of the dish and the inside-corner radius, sometimes referred to as the "knuckle" radius. Because of the relative shallow dish curvature, ASME F&D heads are subject to higher localized stresses at the knuckle radius as compared to the ellipsoidal type. The pressure rating of these heads is increased by forming the head so that the knuckle radius is made at least equal to 3 times the plate thickness. For code construction, the radius should in no case be less than 6% of the inside diameter. ASME F&D heads are used for pressure vessels in the general range of from 15 to about 200 psig . Although these heads may be used for higher pressures, for pressures in excess of 200 psig it may be more economical to use an ellipsoidal type. 5) The straight flange that forms part of each vessel head is part of the cylindrical vessel portion and should be accounted for as such in calculating the vessel volume. These flanges vary in length depending on the head thickness. A typical head flange length is about 1.5" to 2". 6) Try to stay away from the immediate area of the knuckle radius with respect to locating nozzles or doing other welding, cutting or grinding. The need to locate a nozzle, insulation ring, clips or other item near the knuckle radius should be consulted with a mechanical or fabrication engineer. 7) Be aware of the fact that the outside diameter of the cylindrical section may be bigger than that of the head if a flush fit is required between the two inside diameters. This occurs because the required head thickness for a given design pressure is usually less than for the corresponding cylindrical section. This is especially true in the case of Hemispherical heads.

Page 1 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Notes & Experience

Art Montemayor

August 21, 2000 Rev: 2(05-05-03) 8) Hemispherical heads are the strongest of the formed heads for a given thickness. A sphere is the strongest known vessel shape. However, the main trade-off here is that all spheres have to be fabricated as welded spherical segments. This requires more manual intensive work and results in a higher cost. Vessel Design Tips 9) Always be cognizant of the need for vessel entry into a vessel as well as vessel internal parts such as trays, baffles, agitators, dip pipes, downcomers, separator vanes, demister pads, etc. Sometimes these items directly affect not only the height of a vessel, but also the diameter. A chemical engineer should take these factors into consideration even though they normally are not considered while doing process calculations and simulations. Often, if not in the majority of cases, these factors and items are the controlling parameters that practically establish the diameter and height of the fabricated vessel regardless of what the simulation program output states.

10) As you consider the physical dimensions of a process vessel, always keep in mind that you must have, as a minimum, certain required nozzles built into the vessel - besides those required for basic process operations. Many times some of these nozzles are not identified early in a project and their introduction later requires costly change orders or, worse, vessel field modifications after the vessel is installed. Some of these nozzles are: manways, inspection ports, drains, cleaning (spraying) ports, auxiliary level instrument nozzle, liquid temperature probe, sample(s) probe, top head vents, critical high and low level probes, etc. Process Chemical Engineers are the best qualified to identify this need and specify the location and size. Never expect to lift a vessel by its nozzles. Lifting lugs are required for this, and a qualified structural or mechanical engineer should be commissioned to design this critical need. 11) Do not forget to allow for insulation support rings. You must allow sufficient nozzle length so that any required vessel insulation can be applied in the field without obstructing nozzle flanges and bolts. It is always advisable for the process Chemical Engineer to participate in the specification of the ultimate insulation requirements and type since he/she are the most informed people of the temperature ranges and insulation types compatible with the vessel material, temperature, and service. Again, if this is not considered initially and is found to be required later, project timing and costs will suffer due to field vessel modifications that could involve an ASME "R" stamp procedure. 12) This Workbook was originally compiled to organize and utilize the techniques, formulas, basic data, and other information that I saved and used over the course of approximately 40 years of experience in Chemical Engineering. Users will probably find it useful for carrying out day-to-day process plant projects such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Calculating the maximum volume capacity of a vessel; Calculating the partial volumes of a vessel at different levels ("Strapping" a vessel); Calculating the required vessel size for a given partial volume; Calculating the surface area of a vessel for primer, painting and insulation purposes; Calculating the location of critical liquid levels on a vessel for alarms and shutdown; Calculating the weight of a process vessel for cost estimates or foundation work; Calculating the "Line Pack", or volume content, of a piping system with fittings.

There are probably more uses or applications for this Workbook, but the above should suffice to indicate the utilitarian value of this information to a Process or Project Engineer - especially in an operating process plant in the field. Most of the basic information contained here was kept by me for years in notes, 3-ring binders, between pages of text books, in formal calculations, etc. Thanks to God for giving me the good common sense to save and document this information and for giving us the digital computer and a spreadsheet to organize and distribute it for use and exploitation by others. I hope this helps others - especially young, striving, and determined engineers who earnestly want to do a successful and safe project. Arthur Montemayor

Page 2 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Notes & Experience

Art Montemayor

Partially-Filled Horizontal Vessels

May 15, 1998 Rev:1(01/22/00)

VOLUMES IN PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS Steps: (1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells; (2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.

Name: Item No:

General Purpose Tank T-C-15 Vessel Volume 2:1 Flat Heads Unit

Ellip. Heads

Case:

Partial Vol 108,573 in3 ft3 gal 137,526 79.59 595.4 F & D Heads 120,489 69.73 521.6

Tank Inside Dia. in = Cylindrical Length, in = Liquid Height, in = L/D = H/D =

48.00 60 48.00 1.3 1.0000

62.83 470.0 Hemi Heads 166,479 96.34 720.7

Unit in3 ft gal

3

Cylindrical radius = Chord Length = Segment Area = Cylindrical Volume = F & Dished Volume = Ellipsoidal Volume = Spherical Volume =

r CL Aseg Vcyl VFD Vell Vsph

= = = = = = =

24.00 0.0 1,810 108,573 11,915 28,953 57,906

in. in. in2 in

3

U. S. Gallons
470.0 51.6 125.3 250.7

in3 in3 in3

Page 3 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial-Filled HorizontalVessel

Art Montemayor

Horizontal Storage Tank November 11, 1999 CALIBRATION DATA FOR HORIZONTAL TANK WITH FORMED HEADS Rev: 1(03/12/00) Volume Calibration Steps: (1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells; (2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.

Tank Inside Diameter (ID) Tank length, tan/tan Tank HeadType 1) Std. dish (non-pressure) 2) Torispherical (ASME F&D) 3) Ellipsoidal (2:1) 4) Ellipsoidal (non-std) 5) Hemispherical

inches feet Pressure < 15 psig < 200 psig > 200 psig Varies To Suit

90.000 7.167

= =

7.5000 ft 86 inches

Note: Place an "x" in only one of the 5 head options available. If more than one option contains an "x", the program will use the first one it finds.

Head type selected: Inside depth of head (IDD): inches Head thickness: inches Number of calibration increments:

2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume = 55.22 20 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE 0.375 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE 90.000 (max 200)

cu.ft.

Calibration curve for

90.0

in. dia tank,

7.167

ft tan/tan,

2:1 Ellipsoidal

heads

Page 4 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping

Art Montemayor

Horizontal Storage Tank Volume Calibration Liquid Depth Liquid Volume Content Ft3 Inches Centimeters US Gals Liters 1 2.54 0.67 5.0 19 2 5.08 1.93 14.5 55 3 7.62 3.60 27.0 102 4 10.16 5.60 42.0 159 5 12.70 7.90 59.3 224 6 15.24 10.47 78.5 297 7 17.78 13.28 99.6 377 8 20.32 16.32 122.4 463 9 22.86 19.57 146.8 555 10 25.40 23.02 172.6 653 11 27.94 26.65 199.9 756 12 30.48 30.46 228.5 864 13 33.02 34.44 258.3 976 14 35.56 38.58 289.3 1,094 15 38.10 42.87 321.5 1,215 16 40.64 47.30 354.7 1,341 17 43.18 51.87 389.0 1,470 18 45.72 56.57 424.2 1,604 19 48.26 61.39 460.4 1,740 20 50.80 66.33 497.5 1,880 21 53.34 71.38 535.3 2,024 22 55.88 76.54 574.0 2,170 23 58.42 81.80 613.5 2,319 24 60.96 87.15 653.6 2,471 25 63.50 92.60 694.5 2,625 26 66.04 98.13 736.0 2,782 27 68.58 103.74 778.1 2,941 28 71.12 109.43 820.7 3,102 29 73.66 115.19 863.9 3,266 30 76.20 121.02 907.6 3,431 31 78.74 126.91 951.8 3,598 32 81.28 132.86 996.4 3,766 33 83.82 138.86 1,041.4 3,937 34 86.36 144.91 1,086.8 4,108 35 88.90 151.01 1,132.5 4,281 36 91.44 157.14 1,178.6 4,455 37 93.98 163.32 1,224.9 4,630 38 96.52 169.52 1,271.4 4,806 39 99.06 175.76 1,318.2 4,983 40 101.60 182.01 1,365.1 5,160 41 104.14 188.29 1,412.2 5,338 42 106.68 194.59 1,459.4 5,517 43 109.22 200.90 1,506.7 5,695 44 111.76 207.21 1,554.1 5,874 45 114.30 213.53 1,601.5 6,054 46 116.84 219.85 1,648.9 6,233 47 119.38 226.16 1,696.2 6,412 48 121.92 232.47 1,743.5 6,591 49 124.46 238.77 1,790.8 6,769 50 127.00 245.05 1,837.8 6,947 51 129.54 251.30 1,884.8 7,124 52 132.08 257.54 1,931.5 7,301 Page 5 of 72

November 11, 1999 Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping

Art Montemayor 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Horizontal Storage Tank 134.62 Calibration 263.74 Volume 137.16 269.92 139.70 276.06 142.24 282.15 144.78 288.20 147.32 294.20 149.86 300.15 152.40 306.04 154.94 311.87 157.48 317.63 160.02 323.32 162.56 328.93 165.10 334.46 167.64 339.91 170.18 345.26 172.72 350.52 175.26 355.68 177.80 360.73 180.34 365.67 182.88 370.49 185.42 375.19 187.96 379.76 190.50 384.19 193.04 388.48 195.58 392.62 198.12 396.60 200.66 400.41 203.20 404.04 205.74 407.49 208.28 410.74 210.82 413.78 213.36 416.59 215.90 419.16 218.44 421.46 220.98 423.46 223.52 425.13 226.06 426.39 228.60 427.06

1,978.1 2,024.4 2,070.4 2,116.1 2,161.5 2,206.5 2,251.1 2,295.3 2,339.0 2,382.2 2,424.9 2,467.0 2,508.5 2,549.3 2,589.5 2,628.9 2,667.6 2,705.5 2,742.5 2,778.7 2,814.0 2,848.2 2,881.5 2,913.6 2,944.6 2,974.5 3,003.1 3,030.3 3,056.2 3,080.5 3,103.3 3,124.4 3,143.7 3,160.9 3,176.0 3,188.5 3,197.9 3,203.0

7,477 7,652 7,826 7,999 8,171 8,341 8,509 8,676 8,841 9,005 9,166 9,325 9,482 9,636 9,788 9,937 10,084 10,227 10,367 10,504 10,637 10,766 10,892 11,013 11,131 11,244 11,352 11,455 11,552 11,644 11,731 11,810 11,883 11,948 12,005 12,052 12,088 12,107

November 11, 1999 Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Page 6 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping

Art Montemayor

Horizontal Storage Tank Volume Calibration

November 11, 1999 Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Page 7 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping

Art Montemayor

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Partial Volume Determination L b

May 5, 2001 Rev: 0

D
D/2 a D/2

H1

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
3 2 = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L )

K1 = 2b/D Ze = H1/D Zc = H1/D

3 2 Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D L ) ([fZc)])

f(Zc) = Horizontal cylinder coefficient (from Doolittle tables) or,

a -sin(a) cos (a) ) = f (Zc p

2

f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables) or,

2H1 H f (Ze ) = - 1 - 3 + D D

Where,

H1 a = 2 Atan D 2 2 H1 - H1 2
b = (1/4) D K1 = 1/2

a is in radians

For Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads,

Page 8 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal

Art Montemayor Oct 31, 1999 www.about.com

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Partial Volume Determination

May 5, 2001 Rev: 0

The volume V of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank is:

V = LD2 (2Z-sin(2Z)) /8
Where, Z = arccos(1-2h/D) h = height of liquid in the horizontal cylindrical tank D = diameter of the tank L = length of the tank Note that the result of the arccos-function has to be taken in radians. Bernhard Spang

Page 9 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal

Art Montemayor

Vertical Cylindrical Tank Partial Volume Determination

May 05, 2001 Rev: 0

D b H2

L H3

H3

H1

H1

Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
3 2 = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L ) 3 2 Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D H3)

K1 = 2b/D Ze = (H1 + H2)/K1D f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables) or,

H + H2 f (Ze) = - 1 2b

H1 + H 2 3 + b

Page 10 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Vertical

Art Montemayor Zc 0.000000 0.050000 0.100000 0.150000 0.200000 0.250000 0.300000 0.350000 0.400000 0.450000 0.500000 0.550000 0.600000 0.650000 0.700000 0.750000 0.800000 0.850000 0.900000 0.950000 1.000000 f(Zc) 0.000000 0.018692 0.052044 0.094061 0.142378 0.195501 0.252315 0.311918 0.373530 0.436445 0.500000 0.563555 0.626470 0.688082 0.747685 0.804499 0.857622 0.905939 0.947956 0.981308 1.000000

Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient

May 15, 1998 Rev: 0

Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders

1.200000

1.000000

y = -1.144x3 + 1.716x2 + 0.4365x - 0.0043 R2 = 1

0.800000

0.600000

Data Source: NGPSA Engineering Data Book 9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-7

f(Zc)
0.400000 0.200000 0.000000 0.000000 -0.200000

0.200000

0.400000

0.600000

0.800000

1.000000

1.200000

H/D = Zc

Page 11 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.

Art Montemayor

Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient

May 15, 1998 Rev: 0

1.200000

Page 12 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.

Art Montemayor H/D 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 Vol. Fraction 0.0012 0.0047 0.0104 0.0182 0.0280 0.0397 0.0533 0.0686 0.0855 0.1040 0.1239 0.1451 0.1676 0.1913 0.2160 0.2420 0.2680 0.2950 0.3230 0.3520 0.3810 0.4100 0.4400 0.4700 0.5000 0.5300 0.5600 0.5900 0.6190 0.6480 0.6770 0.7050 0.7320 0.7580 0.7840 0.8087 0.8324 0.8549 0.8761 0.8960 0.9145 0.9314 0.9467 0.9603 0.9720 0.9818 0.9896 0.9953 0.9988 1.0000

Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads

May 27, 1998 Rev: 0

Volume Fraction of Horizontal Vessel Heads

y = -2.0026x3 + 3.004x2 - 0.0016x + 0.0001 R2 = 1

1.20

1.00

0.80
Volumetric Fraction

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00 0.00

0.50
Liquid Depth/Head ID, (H/D)

1.00

Reference: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; P.6-87 Page 13 of 72 Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Vol. To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel headsHds must be calculated separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume.

May 27, 1998 Rev: 0 To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel heads must be calculated separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume. Art Montemayor

Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads

The five types of formed vessel heads most frequently used are: 1. Hemispherical 2. 2:1 Ellipsoidal 3. ASME F&D (Torispherical) 4. Standard Dished (a misnomer, since there are no existing standards for dished heads) 5. Conical The Standard Dished head is not suited for pressure vessels and, consequently, does not comply with the A.S.M.E. Pressure Vessel Code. It is restricted to pressures less than 15 psig. The ASME F&D head is usually restricted to pressure vessels designed for less than 200 psig. Above this design pressure the 2:1 Ellipsoidal head is usually employed, with the Hemipherical head reserved for those applications that require the maximum in pressure resistance and mechanical integrity. To obtain the partially-filled liquid contents' volume of a horizontal tank requires the determination of the partial volume of the two vessel heads as well as the cylindrical partial volume. The contents of a partially-filled vessel are arrived at by adding the partial contents of the Cylindrical portion and both heads: Partial Volume = (Total Cylinder volume)(Zc) + (Total Heads' volume)(Ze) where, Zc = Cylindrical partial volume coefficient Ze = Heads' partial volume coefficient

The cylindrical partial volume can be expressed by the following explicit analytical expressions: V1 = {r2cos-1[(r-h/r]-(r-h)(2rh-h2)0.5}L .........(Kowal,G.; Chem. Eng; pp. 130-132; 6/11/73) V2 = 0.00433 L{pd2/8-[(0.5d-h)(dh-h2)0.5 + 0.25d2arcSine(0.25d-0.5h)]} ..........(Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968) 3) V3 = L r2[(a/57.30) - sinacosa] ..........(Chem. Engrs. Handbook; Perry/Chilton; 5th ed.; p.6-86) where, V1 = in3 V2 = gal V3 = in3 r = vessel's inside radius, in. h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in. L = total straight, cylindrical, horizontal length, in. a = 1/2 of the total angle subtended by the chord forming the liquid level, degrees 1) 2) The partial volumes of horizontal-oriented heads (except for Hemi-heads) are not defined in a mathematically exact formula but can be expressed by the following analytical expressions: (From Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968) VDH = 0.0009328 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of a dished-only head, in US gallons VEll = 0.00226 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of 2:1 Ellipsoidal head, in US gallons VHH = 2 VEll .......................Volume of Hemispherical head, in US gallons where, h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in. d = inside diameter of the horizontal head, in.

The calculation of the partially-filled cylindrical portion of a horizontal vessel is straight-forward and can be done using the analytical expressions noted above. The equation given by Caplan (V2) should be very accurate since it is directly derived from an exact mathematical model presented in C.R.C. Standard Mathematical Tables; 12th171492008.xls.ms_office Ed.(1959); p. 399. Page 14 of 72 Electronic FileName: WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol. The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the

May 27, 1998 Rev: 0 The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the method usually used is the Ze method for determining the liquid fraction of the entire head. For this purpose, the Doolittle [Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, p. 322-323 (1928)] equation is used: Art Montemayor

Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads

Vpartial = 0.00093 h2 (3r - h) where, Vpartial = partial volume, gallons h = depth of liquid in both heads, in. r = inside radius of the horizontal heads, in.

(Note that this is the same equation offered by Caplan, above, for a dished-only head. His equation for an ellipsoidal head, although of the same form, is 142% in excess of the basic Doolittle relationship.) Doolittle made some simplifying assumptions which affect the accuracy of the volume given by his equation, but the equation is satisfactory for determining the volume as a fraction of the entire head. This fraction, calculated by Doolittle's formula, is given in the Table listed above and regressed in the accompanying Chart. The Table or the resulting 3rd order polynomial equation, Ze = -2 (h/d)3 + 3 (h/d)2 - 0.0016 (h/d) + 0.0001 can be used to arrive at a partial volume of standard dished, torispherical (ASME F&D), ellipsoidal, and hemispherical heads with an error of less than 2% of the entire head's volume. Conical heads' volumes are defined by the exact mathematical expression for a truncated cone: Vc = p h (D2 + dD + d2) / 12 where, Vc = total conical volume, cu. ft. h = height of the cone, ft d = diameter of the small end, ft D = diameter of the large end, ft

When a tank volume cannot be calculated, or when greater precision is required, calibration may be necessary. This is done by draining (or filling) the tank and measuring the volume of liquid. The measurement may be made by weighing, by a calibrated fluid meter (i.e., Micro Motion Coriolis flowmeter), or by repeatedly filling small measuring tanks which have been calibrated by weight. From the known fluid density at the measured temperature, the equivalent volume can be quickly converted from the measured fluid mass.

Horizontal vessel diameter (D)

Page 15 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet:minor Hds Partial axis Vol. (D)

Art Montemayor Horizontal vessel diameter (D) (major axis)

Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads

May 27, 1998 Rev: 0 minor axis (D)

Horizontal Vessel Heads' orientation

Vertical Vessel Heads' orientation

The Doolittle relationship can be applied to Horizontal and Vertical-oriented Ellipsoidal (and F&D) vessel heads. However, it is important to note that the H/D ratio that sets the fractional Coefficient, Ze, is measured differently in both cases. Refer to the above illustrations of Ellipsoids oriented horizontally and vertically.

For Horizontal Vessel Heads: In this case, note that the H/D ratio represents the Liquid depth divided by the Major Axis (internal diameter) of the Ellipsoidal heads.

For Vertical Vessel Heads: The H/D ratio corresponding to this orientation is the Liquid depth divided by the Minor Axis, not the Major Axis (internal diameter) of the Ellipsoidal heads. This means that the Inside Depth of Dish (IDD) must be known. The IDD is the depth of the head at its center and includes the inside corner radius but not the straight flange or nominal thickness of the head. Characteristic IDD's for various types of heads are: Standard dished head: ASME F&D head: Ellipsoidal, 2:1 head: Hemispherical head: OD / 7 (Note: This is only approximate, since no standards exist for dished heads) OD / 6 ID / 4 ID / 2

An analytical equation for the partial volume of vertical oriented, "standard" dished heads at various depths is: V = 0.01363 H2 L - 0.004545 H3 ......................(Chemical Processing Nomographs;Dale S. Davis; Chemical Publishing Co.;1969; p. 276) where, V = liquid volume in the dish, gallons (excluding flanged section) H = liquid depth in the dish, inches L = radius of the dish, inches (usually equal to the tank ID, minus 6 inches)

Page 16 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol.

Art Ze Montemayor f(Ze) 0.000 0.000000 0.050 0.007250 0.100 0.028000 0.150 0.060750 0.200 0.104000 0.250 0.156250 0.300 0.216000 0.350 0.281750 0.400 0.352000 0.450 0.425250 0.500 0.500000 0.550 0.574750 0.600 0.648000 0.650 0.718250 0.700 0.784000 0.750 0.843750 0.800 0.896000 0.850 0.939250 0.900 0.972000 0.950 0.992750 1.000 1.000000

Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient

May 15, 1998 Rev: 1(02/25/01)

Coefficients for Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids & Spheres 1.200000

y = -2x3 + 3x2 + 1.156504905E-15x - 1.11143497E-16 R2 = 1

1.000000

0.800000

f(Ze)

Data Source: NGPSA Engineering Data Book 9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-9 NOTE: These capacity coefficients apply for the volume of 2 ellipsoidal or hemispherical heads..not the volume for 1 head!!

0.600000

0.400000

0.200000

0.000000 0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600 H/D = Ze

0.800

1.000

1.200

Page 17 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Partial Ellip. Vol.

Art Montemayor Internal Diameter Inches Ft 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 1.0000 1.1667 1.3333 1.5000 1.6667 1.8333 2.0000 2.1667 2.3333 2.5000 2.6667 2.8333 3.0000 3.1667 3.3333 3.5000 4.0000 4.5000 5.0000 5.5000 6.0000 6.5000 7.0000 7.5000 8.0000 8.5000 9.0000 9.5000 10.0000 10.5000 11.0000 11.5000 12.0000 12.5000 13.0000 13.5000 14.0000 14.5000

Pressure Vessel Heads Volume of one head, Ft3 Internal Surface Area of one head, Ft2 Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D 0.26 0.42 0.62 0.88 1.21 1.61 2.09 2.66 3.33 4.09 4.96 5.95 7.07 8.31 9.70 11.22 16.76 23.86 32.72 43.56 56.55 71.90 89.80 110.45 134.04 160.78 190.85 224.46 261.80 303.07 348.45 398.16 452.39 511.33 575.17 644.12 718.38 798.13 0.13 0.21 0.31 0.44 0.61 0.81 1.05 1.33 1.66 2.05 2.48 2.98 3.53 4.16 4.85 5.61 8.38 11.93 16.36 21.78 28.27 35.95 44.90 55.22 67.02 80.39 95.43 112.23 130.90 151.53 174.23 199.08 226.19 255.66 287.59 322.06 359.19 399.06 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.28 0.39 0.51 0.67 0.85 1.06 1.30 1.58 1.90 2.25 2.65 3.09 3.58 5.34 7.61 10.44 13.89 18.04 22.93 28.64 35.23 42.75 51.28 60.87 71.59 83.50 96.66 111.14 126.99 144.29 163.09 183.45 205.44 229.12 254.56 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.43 0.55 0.68 0.84 1.02 1.22 1.45 1.70 1.99 2.30 3.43 4.88 6.70 8.92 11.58 14.72 18.38 22.61 27.44 32.92 39.07 45.96 53.60 62.05 71.34 81.52 92.62 104.69 117.76 131.88 147.08 163.41 1.57 2.14 2.79 3.53 4.36 5.28 6.28 7.37 8.55 9.82 11.17 12.61 14.14 15.75 17.45 19.24 25.13 31.81 39.27 47.52 56.55 66.37 76.97 88.36 100.53 113.49 127.23 141.76 157.08 173.18 190.07 207.74 226.19 245.44 265.46 286.28 307.88 330.26 1.00 1.36 1.78 2.25 2.78 3.36 4.00 4.70 5.45 6.26 7.12 8.04 9.01 10.04 11.12 12.26 16.02 20.27 25.03 30.28 36.04 42.30 49.05 56.31 64.07 72.33 81.09 90.35 100.11 110.37 121.13 132.40 144.16 156.42 169.19 182.45 196.22 210.48

August 04, 1998 Rev:1(08/21/00)

Page 18 of 72

0.93 0.79 1.26 1.07 1.65 1.40 2.09 1.77 2.58 2.18 3.12 2.64 3.71 3.14 4.36 3.69 5.06 4.28 5.80 4.91 6.60 5.59 7.45 6.31 8.36 7.07 9.31 7.88 10.32 8.73 11.38 9.62 14.86 12.57 18.80 15.90 23.22 19.64 28.09 23.76 33.43 28.27 39.23 33.18 45.50 38.48 52.23 44.18 59.43 50.27 67.09 56.75 75.22 63.62 83.81 70.88 92.86 78.54 102.38 86.59 112.36 95.03 122.81 103.87 133.72 113.10 145.09 122.72 156.93 132.73 169.24 143.14 182.01 153.94 195.24 165.13 Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area

Art Montemayor 180 186 192 198 204 210 216 222 228 234 240 15.0000 15.5000 16.0000 16.5000 17.0000 17.5000 18.0000 18.5000 19.0000 19.5000 20.0000 883.57 974.91 1,072.33 1,176.04 1,286.22 1,403.08 1,526.81 1,657.62 1,795.68 1,941.21 2,094.40 441.79 487.45 536.17 588.02 643.11 701.54 763.41 828.81 897.84 970.60 1,047.20 281.81 310.94 342.02 375.09 410.24 447.51 486.97 528.69 572.73 619.14 668.00

Pressure Vessel Heads 180.90 199.60 219.55 240.78 263.34 287.26 312.60 339.38 367.64 397.44 428.80 353.43 377.38 402.12 427.65 453.96 481.06 508.94 537.61 567.06 597.30 628.32 225.25 240.52 256.28 272.55 289.32 306.59 324.36 342.63 361.40 380.67 400.44 208.94 223.10 237.72 252.81 268.37 284.38 300.87 317.81 335.22 353.10 371.44 176.72 188.69 201.06 213.83 226.98 240.53 254.47 268.80 283.53 298.65 314.16

August 04, 1998 Rev:1(08/21/00)

Note: The Volume and Surface Area attributable to a head's straight flange is not included in this data. The Internal Diameter is used in calculating the Surface Area; therefore, the resultant Area is slightly less than the actual external surface area. References and Sources: (1) Pressure Vessel Handbook; Eugene F. Megyesy; 8th Edition; Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. (2) Process Vessel Design; L.E. Brownell & E.H. Young; John Wiley & Sons; N.Y.; 1959 (3) A. Montemayor personal files

Page 19 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area

Art Montemayor

Mfr's Hds' Vol

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

Diameter Head Volume in Cubic Feet Head Volume in U.S. Gallons ft Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical Dished Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical 1.00 0.131 0.082 0.262 0.053 0.980 0.613 1.960 1.50 0.442 0.277 0.884 0.182 3.306 2.072 6.613 2.00 1.047 0.656 2.095 0.430 7.832 4.907 15.672 2.50 2.045 1.370 4.091 0.842 15.298 10.248 30.603 3.00 3.535 2.216 7.069 1.454 26.444 16.577 52.880 3.50 5.613 3.692 11.225 2.310 41.988 27.618 83.969 4.00 8.378 5.255 16.756 3.448 62.672 39.310 125.344 4.50 11.928 7.767 23.857 4.909 89.228 58.101 178.463 5.00 16.364 10.264 32.725 6.733 122.411 76.780 244.800 5.50 21.779 13.803 43.557 8.963 162.918 103.254 325.829 6.00 28.276 18.072 56.548 11.636 211.519 135.188 423.008 6.50 35.951 22.351 71.896 14.794 268.932 167.197 537.819 7.00 44.902 29.081 89.797 18.477 335.890 217.541 671.728 7.50 55.226 34.903 110.447 22.727 413.119 261.093 826.201 8.00 67.025 43.239 134.041 27.582 501.382 323.450 1,002.696 8.50 80.394 50.764 160.778 33.083 601.389 379.741 1,202.703 9.00 95.432 59.098 190.852 39.271 713.881 442.084 1,427.672 9.50 112.237 70.821 224.460 46.188 839.591 529.778 1,679.078 10.00 130.908 81.172 261.799 53.871 979.260 607.209 1,958.393
Data source: Trinity Industries, Inc. Head Division Catalog No. 7962M; Page 15

Page 20 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Mfr's Hds' Vol

Art Montemayor

Mfr's Hds' Vol

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

. Gallons Dished 0.396 1.361 3.217 6.299 10.877 17.280 25.793 36.722 50.366 67.048 87.043 110.667 138.218 170.010 206.328 247.478 293.768 345.510 402.983

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Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Mfr's Hds' Vol

I. D., Vol. Gallons Art inches Montemayor 12 0.98 18 3.31 24 7.83 30 15.30 36 26.44 42 41.99 48 62.67 54 89.23 60 122.41 66 162.92 72 211.52 78 268.93 84 335.89 90 413.12 96 501.38 102 601.39 108 713.88 114 839.59 120 979.26 126 1133.61 132 1303.39 138 1489.33 144 1692.16 150 1912.61 156 2151.43 162 2409.34 168 2687.08 174 2985.39 180 3304.99 186 3646.63 192 4011.04 198 4398.95 204 4811.09 210 216 222 228 234 240 5248.21 5711.03 6200.29 6716.73 7261.07 7834.06

Ellipsoidal Curve Fit 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume

9,000

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

8,000

7,000

6,000 Volume, gallons

y = 0.000566699x3.000000133 R2 = 1

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 0 50 100 150 Inside Diameter, inches 200 250 300

Ellipsoidal Head Inside Diameter = Volume of Single Ellipsodial Head =

120 inches 979.26 Gallons =

3 130.907 Ft

Reference: Trinity Industries, Inc. Head Division Navasota, TX Product & Services Catalog # 7962M (1996)

Page 22 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Ellipsoidal Curve Fit

I. D., inches Volume, gal. Art Montemayor 12 0.61 18 2.07 24 4.91 30 10.25 36 16.58 42 27.62 48 39.31 54 58.10 60 76.78 66 103.25 72 135.19 78 167.20 84 217.54 90 261.09 96 323.45 102 379.74 108 442.08 114 529.78 120 607.21 126 714.90 132 809.04 138 934.15 144 1,015.27 150 1,227.02 156 1,361.28 162 1,504.82 168 1,712.89 174 1,879.89 180 2,057.21 186 2,312.53 192 2,515.83 198 2,730.51 204 210 216 222 228 234 240 3,078.42 3,324.02 3,582.12 3,853.00 4,187.61 4,700.90 5,025.88

ASME F&D Curve Fit ASME F&D HEAD VOLUME

6,000

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

5,000

4,000 Volume, gallons

y = 0.000292744x3.0378 R2 = 0.9996

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 0 50 100 150 Inside Diameter, inches 200 250 300

ASME F&D Head Inside Diameter = Volume of Single ASME F&D Head =

84 inches 205.29 Gallons = 27.443 Ft3

Reference: Trinity Industries, Inc. Head Division Navasota, TX Product & Services Catalog # 7962M (1996)

Page 23 of 72

Electronic File: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: ASME F&D Curve Fit

Art Montemayor Internal Hemispherical Diameter, ft Volume, cu. Ft. 1.00 0.262 1.50 0.884 2.00 2.095 2.50 4.091 3.00 7.069 3.50 11.225 4.00 16.756 4.50 23.857 5.00 32.725 5.50 43.557 6.00 56.548 6.50 71.896 7.00 89.797 7.50 110.447 8.00 134.041 8.50 160.778 9.00 190.852 9.50 224.46 10.00 261.799

Hemispherical Curve Fit

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

HEMISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME

300

250

y = 0.2619x2.9997 R2 = 1

200 Volume, CuFt

150

100

Reference: Trinity Industries, Inc. Head Division Navasota, TX Product & Services Catalog # 7962M (1996)

50

0 0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00 Inside Diameter, Ft

8.00

10.00

12.00

Hemispherical Head Inside Diameter = Volume of Single Hemispherical Head =

120.000 inches
3 261.900 Ft

1,959.1 Gallons

Page 24 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Hemispherical Curve Fit

Art Montemayor Dished Internal Diameter, ft Volume, Ft3 1.00 0.053 1.50 0.182 2.00 0.430 2.50 0.842 3.00 1.454 3.50 2.310 4.00 3.448 4.50 4.909 5.00 6.733 5.50 8.963 6.00 11.636 6.50 14.794 7.00 18.477 7.50 22.727 8.00 27.582 8.50 33.083 9.00 39.271 9.50 46.188 10.00 53.871 Reference: Trinity Industries, Inc. Head Division Navasota, TX Product & Services Catalog # 7962M (1996)

Dished Curve Fit

September 12, 1997 Rev 0

DISHED HEAD VOLUME

60.000

50.000

y = 0.0536x3.0033 R2 = 1
40.000

Volume, CuFt

30.000

20.000

10.000

0.000 0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00 Inside Diameter, Ft

8.00

10.00

12.00

Dished Head Inside Diameter = Volume of Single Dished Head =

120.000 inches
3 53.60 Ft

401.0 Gallons

Page 25 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Dished Curve Fit

Art Montemayor

Cylindrical Vessel Volume Relationship

May 27, 1998 Rev:1(06/06/01)

Cylindrical Volumes of Vessels --- expressed as Gallons of Liquid Content per inch length of Cylinder. Source: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; p. 6-86

Diam., in. 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5

Gal./in. Diam., in. 0.765 28.0 0.817 28.5 0.870 29.0 0.926 29.5 0.983 30 1.041 1.102 1.164 1.227 1.293 1.360 1.429 1.499 1.572 1.646 1.721 1.799 1.878 1.958 2.041 2.125 2.211 2.298 2.388 2.479 2.571 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Gal./in. Diam., in. 2.666 52 2.762 53 2.859 54 2.959 55 3.060 56 3.267 3.482 3.703 3.930 4.165 4.406 4.655 4.910 5.171 5.440 5.715 5.998 6.287 6.582 6.885 7.194 7.511 7.834 8.163 8.500 8.843 57 58 59 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

Gal./in. Diam., in. 9.194 96 9.551 98 9.914 100 10.285 102 10.662 104 11.047 11.438 11.835 12.240 13.070 13.926 14.810 15.722 16.660 17.626 18.618 19.638 20.685 21.760 22.861 23.990 25.146 26.329 27.540 28.777 30.042 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148

Gal./in. 31.334 32.653 34.000 35.373 36.774 38.202 39.657 41.140 42.649 44.186 45.750 47.341 48.960 50.605 52.278 53.978 55.705 57.460 59.241 61.050 62.886 64.749 66.640 68.557 70.502 72.474 74.473

Page 26 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Cylindrical Tank Volume

Art Montemayor Oct 31, 1999 www.about.com

Cylindrical Vessel Volume Relationship

May 27, 1998 Rev:1(06/06/01)

The volume, V, of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank with flat heads is:

V = LD2 (2Z-sin(2Z)) /8
Where, Z = arccos(1-2h/D) h = height of liquid in the horizontal cylindrical tank D = diameter of the tank L = length of the tank Note that the result of the arccos-function has to be taken in radians.

Bernhard Spang

Page 27 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Cylindrical Tank Volume

Art Montemayor

Cylindrical Vessel Volume Relationship

May 27, 1998 Rev:1(06/06/01)

Page 28 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Cylindrical Tank Volume

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0 VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDED FITTINGS All volumes expressed in cubic inches Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47

Nominal 90o Elbows Pipe Size, Long Radius Short Radius in. Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 34 36 42 48 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 2.0 1.7 4.4 3.7 7.2 6.2 15.8 13.9 52.2 46.7 119.8 108.3 408.1 368.3 942.3 860.3 1,856.9 1,758.2 3,195.9 3,064.2 4,545.9 4,376.1 6,882.2 6,658.4 9,906.5 9,621.7 13,707.5 13,353.8 18,365.2 17,935.8 23,995.6 23,482.4 30,644.8 30,041.0 47,449.7 46,642.1 69,490.1 68,449.0 82,695.4 81,526.6 132,116.7 130,520.2 198,322.0 196,203.0

180o Returns Long Radius Short Radius Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong 1.4 1.9 4.1 8.7 14.4 31.6 104.4 239.7 816.1 1,884.7 3,713.8 6,391.8 9,091.8 13,764.5 19,813.1 27,415.0 36,730.9 47,991.1 61,289.6 94,899.4 110,260.5 176,155.6 1.1 1.5 3.4 7.4 12.5 27.8 93.3 216.6 736.6 1,720.6 3,516.5 6,128.5 8,752.2 13,316.9 19,243.4 26,707.6 23,914.5 46,964.7 40,054.6 62,189.4

45o Elbows Long Radius Standard X-Strong 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.2 3.6 7.9 26.1 59.9 204.0 471.1 928.5 1,598.0 2,273.0 3,441.1 4,953.3 6,853.8 9,182.7 11,997.8 15,322.4 34,745.0 41,347.7 66,054.8 40,971.0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.8 3.1 7.0 23.3 54.1 184.2 430.1 879.1 1,532.1 2,188.1 3,329.2 4,810.8 6,676.9 8,967.9 11,471.2 15,020.5 34,224.5 40,763.3 65,260.1 40,538.0

Tees Full-size outlets Standard X-Strong 0.8 0.6 1.6 1.3 3.5 2.9 7.5 6.5 12.4 10.8 22.2 19.7 65.2 58.7 135.8 123.6 413.2 367.1 881.1 811.2 1,675.4 1,594.9 2,816.9 2,712.3 3,809.3 3,681.0 5,804.3 5,634.3 8,396.5 8,179.2 11,701.3 11,429.4 14,348.0 14,049.2 20,647.2 20,249.7 23,912.3 23,493.2 35,985.0 35,442.5 52,836.7 52,135.9 62,945.1 62,157.5 94,207.0 93,209.0 145,443.0 144,092.0

Caps Standard 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.8 2.5 3.9 11.1 24.2 77.3 148.5 295.6 517.0 684.6 967.6 1,432.6 2,026.4 2,784.1 3,451.0 4,014.3 5,163.1 7,010.8 10,936.3 13,480.0

1.4 2.9 4.8 10.5 34.8 79.9 272.1 628.3 1,238.0 2,130.7 3,030.7 4,301.4 6,054.0 9,366.8 14,664.0 31,648.8 55,130.3 88,077.8

4.2 9.2 31.1 72.0 245.4 572.7 1,172.2 2,042.8 2,917.4 4,161.5 5,879.9 9,125.1 14,350.3 31,110.5 54,351.0 87,013.4

2.7 5.9 9.6 21.1 69.6 159.9 544.3 1,256.7 2,476.0 4,261.5 6,061.4 8,602.8 12,108.0 18,733.6 29,327.9 63,297.7

8.3 18.3 62.2 143.9 490.8 1,145.5 2,344.3 4,085.6 5,834.8 8,323.0 11,759.8 18,250.2 28,700.7 62,221.0

110,260.5 108,702.1

90o Elbows: Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Page 29 of 72

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0

V = P2D2A/8 V = Volume D = Inside diameter A = Center to face distance A 180o Returns: V = P2D2O/8 V = Volume D = Inside diameter A = Center to center distance

45o Elbows: V = P2D2A/8 V = Volume D = Inside diameter A = Center to face distance

Full Size Outlet Tees: V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3 V = Volume D = Inside diameter C= Center to end of run M = center to end of branch

Page 30 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0

Pipe Caps: V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12) V = Volume D = Inside diameter E = length t = wall thickness

Crosses: V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3 V = Volume D = Inside diameter C= Center to end of run M = center to end of branch

Concentric & eccentric reducers:

Page 31 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0

Page 32 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0

Caps X-Strong 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.0 3.2 9.4 20.8 65.7 122.3 264.4 475.0 640.0 911.0 1,363.0 1,938.0 2,682.9 3,313.0 3,884.1 5,006.4 6,811.5 10,666.7 13,157.0

Crosses Full-size outlets Standard X-Strong

Stub Ends Lap Joint Standard X-Strong 0.9 1.6 3.5 6.0 8.1 20.1 44.4 76.4 231.1 400.2 788.5 1,131.0 1,654.6 2,191.8 2,804.5 3,492.5 5,094.7 0.7 1.3 2.9 5.1 7.1 17.8 39.6 69.0 208.5 365.3 746.6 1,084.3 1,592.8 2,120.6 2,723.8 3,402.4 4,985.7

Nominal Pipe Size, Reducers in. Concentric & Eccentric Large end Small end Standard X-Strong 1 3/8 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.5 7.6 8.5 10.0 11.4 20.2 21.9 25.5 29.5 37.3 41.8 46.6 54.4 62.1 11.9 123.7 134.8 147.1 175.3 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.5 5.6 6.6 7.4 8.8 10.0 17.9 19.4 22.7 26.3 33.4 37.5 41.8 48.9 55.9 100.6 111.3 121.5 132.8 158.7

Tees with Reducing Outlet Standard X-Strong 2.7 2.8 3.0 5.8 6.0 6.3 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.8 16.7 16.9 17.6 18.4 50.9 51.8 52.9 55.1 58.6 108.0 110.4 113.9 119.7 125.9 334.1 340.0 346.3 354.1 375.7 2.3 2.4 2.6 5.1 5.4 5.7 8.3 8.6 9.1 9.9 15.2 15.6 16.5 17.4 45.5 46.4 47.3 49.5 52.6 97.7 99.9 103.2 108.6 114.5 301.8 307.4 313.7 321.2 361.8

9.5 15.5 27.7 80.5 166.5 501.3 1,061.9 2,010.4 3,371.9 4,171.5 6,311.7 9,081.3 12,634.1 22,189.4

8.2 13.7 24.7 72.9 152.4 441.0 983.0 1,920.6 3,255.9 4,043.7 6,144.0 8,868.1 12,368.2 21,802.9

1-1/4

1-1/2

Page 33 of 72

Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0 3 3-1/2 4 5 6 4 5 6 8 5 6 8 10 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 14 8 10 12 14 16 8 10 12 14 16 18 10 12 14 16 716.9 722.6 730.6 753.0 791.1 1,373.0 1,396.0 1,432.0 1,506.0 2,318.0 2,348.0 2,430.0 2,567.0 1,992 2,587 2,922 2,976 2,621 3,396 3,803 4,891 5,054 4,318 4,849 4,993 6,147 7,180 5,360 6,010 6,204 7,606 8,877 10,163 12,027 12,226 12,394 12,620 655.5 661.0 668.7 690.5 719.4 1,300.0 1,323.0 1,350.0 1,426.0 2,224.0 2,250.0 2,329.0 2,468.0 1,915 2,488 2,816 3,022 2,532 3,283 3,701 4,741 4,902 4,191 4,711 5,013 5,976 6,985 5,214 5,855 6,221 7,414 8,657 9,916 11,745 11,944 12,110 12,337

10

12

14

221.7 235.6 269.6 309.2 385.9 428.3 476.8 586.0 639.4 697.7 827.0 993.8 1,496 1,738 2,041 2,382 2,321 2,656 3,029 3,289 3,413 3,821 4,104 4,598

201.8 215.0 245.8 280.9 362.0 401.4 444.8 546.7 606.4 658.8 779.8 947.7 1,419 1,646 1,952 2,288 2,212 2,552 2,920 3,175 3,291 3,695 3,973 4,458

16

18

20

6,248 6,922 7,974 9,404

6,059 6,717 7,747 9,150

22

7,333 8,055

7,129 7,841

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Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor 22 18 20 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 16 18 20 22 8,848 9,711 8,622 12,995 9,474 1,345,813,172 8,701 14,972 10,979 8,419 12,795 9,221 14,628 10,094 16,477 16,606 20,062 20,233 20,465 20,846 21,316 21,887 22,565 30,283 30,520 30,908 31,386 31,964 32,652 33,458 34,102 44,385 44,779 45,265 45,851 46,548 47,364 48,018 49,058 50,242 52,701 53,098 53,587 54,177 12,710 8,519 14,603 10,745 12,526 14,325 16,141 16,287 19,668 19,837 20,070 20,449 20,919 21,487 22,164 29,768 30,006 30,392 30,869 31,445 32,131 32,936 33,583 43,724 44,116 44,600 45,184 45,879 46,693 47,351 48,389 49,571 51,958 52,353 52,841 53,429

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0

24

8,637 9,451 10,334

26

30

34

36 Page 35 of 72 Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Art Montemayor

June 02, 1999 Rev: 0 36 24 26 28 30 32 34 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 54,878 55,700 56,359 57,404 58,594 59,940 76,746 77,172 77,639 78,899 79,574 80,636 81,462 82,341 83,276 125,186 125,667 126,693 127,344 128,044 129,561 130,462 131,419 133,521 134,710 135,960 138,742 140,256 54,128 54,947 55,610 56,653 57,842 59,185 75,825 76,253 76,723 77,972 78,650 79,710 80,540 81,425 82,365 123,874 124,358 125,377 126,031 126,736 128,245 129,151 130,113 132,207 133,402 134,660 137,432 138,954

30,539 32,314 34,176

30,071 31,831 33,698

32,031 33,617 37,053 38,902 40,840 42,866 85,143 89,354 98,305 103,044 107,959 113,050 118,317 123,760 129,378 135,173 141,144

31,561 33,132 36,540 38,375 40,229 42,311 83,984 88,163 97,047 101,753 106,635 111,693 116,927 122,337 127,923 133,685 139,622

42

48

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Electronic FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes

Profiles of Torispherical Dished Heads

The volume calculator assumes the head profile to be a perfect ellipse, which is correct for a semiellipsoidal head but only approximate for a Torispherical profile. Torispherical heads can have different profiles depending on the relationship between: - Knuckle radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter. Two typical Torispherical profiles are shown below in Red, and the true ellipse for the same diameter and head height is shown in Blue. Treating a Torisphere as an ellipse for volume calculation will generally give a slight under estimate of the volume. The error will depend on the relationship between: - Knuckle radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter used.

s correct for a semial heads can have different adius and Diameter.

e for the same diameter and calculation will generally onship between: - Knuckle

Art Montemayor

Volume of a Partially Filled Torispherical Bottom Head

VERTICAL TANK BOTTOM TORISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME CALCULATION

Tank Internal Diameter(3) Crown Radius % Knuckle Radius Knuckle Radius D Ri ri 2,134 mm = 2,134 mm = 6.55% 139.8 mm = 927.2 mm 992.2 mm 1,765.6 mm 0.484 radians 27.7 123.7 mm = 244.7 mm = 368.4 mm =
ri
b

July 20, 2003 Rev: 1

84.02 inches 84.02 inches 5.50 inches

b = D/2 - ri a = b Ri / (Ri - ri)

2 2 c = ((Ri - ri) - b ) -1 Sin (a / R ) = i

Ri

x = Ri Cos - c z = Ri - c - x h= x+z Approx. Head Volume = = =

4.87 inches 9.63 inches 14.51 inches

a

x z
h

p / 6 * z (3a2 + z2) 386.1 + 798.4 litres =

+ p / 3 * x ((D/2)2 + (D/2)a + a2) approximate calculation for knuckle section 412.3 210.91 US gals

Volume of partially filled Torispherical head: Liquid Height Level in End dish: "h" (mm) "z" 0% 0 0 10% 37 37 20% 74 74 30% 111 111 40% 147 147 50% 184 184 60% 221 221 70% 258 245 80% 295 245 90% 332 245 100% 368.45 245

Sector Area Volume (1) "r" 0 0 395 9 556 36 678 80 779 142 867 221 946 316 992 386 992 386 992 386 992 386

"x" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 50 87 124

Knuckle Area Total Head Volume Volume (2) "r" litres % 992 0 0 0% 992 0 9 1% 992 0 36 5% 992 0 80 10% 992 0 142 18% 992 0 221 28% 992 0 316 40% 1,000 41 427 54% 1,022 160 546 68% 1,045 283 669 84% 1,067 412 798.4 100%

Notes: (1) Sector volume = PI / 6 * "z" (3 * "r"2 + "z"2) (2) Knuckle volume = PI / 3 * "x" ("r"2 + "r" * a + a2) (3) Torispherical (also called ASME F&D) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using the outside diameter as their nominal diameter.

Vertical Torispherical Tank Head Volume

100%

80% Volume of Fill 60% 40% 20% 0%

0%

y = -0.3762x3 + 1.4453x2 - 0.0664x R = 0.9999

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Level of Fill
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Art Montemayor

Vertical Tank Bottom Torispherical Head Volume

September 30, 2004 Rev: 0

I.D. k f kD fD a a1 a2 D1 s t u(h)

= = Knuckle-Radius (kD) = dish-radius parameter (fD) = 5.04 inches = 84 inches

84.0 inches 0.06 inches 1

Cos a = 0.883683 = 0.487 radians Acos a = 1.062004 = 9.7706 inches = 4.4538 inches = 78.6383 = 5.565584 = 8.9075 8.9075 = 5.583195

Sin a = 0.468085 Asin a = 0.508792

Limits of the Equation 0.00 h = V = h 9.77 9.77 h = V = h 14.22 14.22 h = V = h Top

15.35379 in 3 58,420 in =

252.90 Gallons

15.35379 in 3 54,255 in =

234.87 Gallons

24 in 3 102,183 in =

442.35 Gallons

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June 15, 2003 Art Montemayor Determining Vessel Volumes Rev: 0 The following article appeared in "Chemical Processing" magazine on Novermber 17, 2002; pp. 46-50:

Computing Fluid Tank Volumes

Updated equations allow engineers to calculate the fluid volumes of many tanks quickly and accurately
By Dan Jones, Ph.D., P.E.

Calculating fluid volume in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank or elliptical tank can be complicated, depending on fluid height and the shape of the heads (ends) of a horizontal tank or the bottom of a vertical tank. Exact equations now are available for several commonly encountered tank shapes. These equations allow rapid and accurate fluid-volume calculations. All volume equations give fluid volumes in cubic units from tank dimensions in consistent linear units. All variables defining tank shapes required for tank volume calculations are defined in the Variables and Definitions sidebar. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 graphically illustrate horizontal tank variables, and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 graphically illustrate vertical tank variables. Exact fluid volumes in elliptical horizontal or vertical tanks can be determined by calculating the fluid volumes of appropriate cylindrical horizontal or vertical tanks using the equations described above, and then by adjusting those results using appropriate correction formulas.

Horizontal cylindrical tanks

Fluid volume as a function of fluid height can be calculated for a horizontal cylindrical tank with either conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical or torispherical heads where the fluid height, h, is measured from the tank bottom to the fluid surface. A guppy head is a conical head with its apex level with the top of the cylindrical section of the tank, as shown in Fig. 1. A torispherical head is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME-type) head defined by a knuckle-radius parameter, k, and a dish-radius parameter, f, as shown in Fig. 2. An ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution; only a hemi ellipsoid is valid - no segment of an ellipsoid will work, as is true in the case of a spherical head that can be a spherical segment. For a spherical head, |a| < R, where R is the radius of the cylindrical tank body. For concave conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical or torispherical heads, |a| < L/2. Figure 1. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal, Guppy or Spherical Heads

1. Both heads of a tank must be identical. Above diagram is for definition of parameters only. 2. Cylindrical tube of diameter D (D > 0), radius R (R > 0) and length L (L > 0)
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Art Montemayor Determining Vessel Volumes For spherical head of radius r, r > R and |a| < R 3.

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

4. 5. 6. 7.

For convex head other than spherical, 0 < a < a , for concave head a < 0 L > 0 for a > 0, L > 2|a| for a < 0 Ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution 0 < h < D.

Both heads of a horizontal cylindrical tank must be identical for the equations to work; i.e., if one head is conical, the other must be conical with the same dimensions. However, the equations can be combined to calculate the fluid volume of a horizontal tank with heads of different shapes. For instance, if a horizontal cylindrical tank has a conical head on one end and an ellipsoidal head on the other end, calculate fluid volumes of two tanks, one with conical heads and the other with ellipsoidal heads, and average the results to get the desired fluid volume. The heads of a horizontal tank can be flat (a = 0), convex (a > 0) or concave (a < 0). The following variables must be within the ranges stated:

|a| < R for spherical heads. |a| < L/2 for concave ends. 0 < h < 2R for all tanks. f > 0.5 for torispherical heads. 0 < k < 0.5 for torispherical heads. D > 0. L > 0.

Variables used in Volumetric Equations and their Definitions a This is the distance a horizontal tank's heads extend beyond (a>0) or into (a<0) its cylindrical section or the depth the bottom extends below the cylindrical section of a vertical tank. For a horizontal tank with flat heads or a vertical tank with a flat bottom, a = 0.

Af This is the cross-sectional area of the fluid in a horizontal tank's cylindrical section. D This is the diameter of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank.

DH & DW These are the height and width, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body of a horizontal elliptical tank. DA & DB These are the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body of a vertical elliptical tank. f h k This is the dish-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; fD is the dish radius. This is the height of fluid in a tank measured from the lowest part of the tank to the fluid surface. This is the knuckle-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; kD is the knuckle radius. This is the length of the cylindrical section of a horizontal tank. This is the radius of the cylindrical section of a horizontal of vertical tank. This is the radius of a spherical head for a horizontal tank or a spherical bottom of a vertical tank. FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Reference Article

L R r

Page 44 of 72

Art Montemayor Determining Vessel Volumes Vf This is the fluid volume, of fluid depth h, in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank.

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

Horizontal tank equations

The following are the specific equations for fluid volumes in horizontal cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and torispherical heads (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions and D/2 = R > 0 for all equations). In the Vf equation for torispherical heads, use + (-) for convex (concave) heads. In the horizontal tank equations, Vf is the total volume of fluid in the tank in cubic units consistent with the linear units of tank dimension parameters, and Af is the cross-sectional area of fluid in the cylindrical body of the tank in square units consistent with the linear units used for R and h. The equation for Af is given by:

Horizontal cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations. Find the volumes of fluid, in gallons, in horizontal cylindrical tanks 108 inches [in.] in diameter with cylinder lengths of 156 in., for conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and standard ASME torispherical (f = 1, k = 0.06) heads, each head extending beyond the ends of the cylinder 42 in. (except torispherical), for fluid depths in the tanks of 36 in. (example 1) and 84 in. (example 2). Calculate five times for each fluid depth - for a conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and torispherical head. For example 1, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 36 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 2,041.19 gallon (gal) for conical heads, 2,380.96 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 1,931.72 gal for guppy heads, 2,303.96 gal for spherical heads and 2,028.63 gal for torispherical heads. For example 2, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 84 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 6,180.54 gal for conical heads, 7,103.45 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 5,954.11 gal for guppy heads, 6,935.16 gal for spherical heads, and 5,939.90 gal for torispherical heads. For torispherical heads, a is not required input; it can be calculated from f, k and D. For these torispherical head examples, the calculated value is a = 18.288 in.

Vertical cylindrical tanks

The fluid volume in a vertical cylindrical tank with either a conical, ellipsoidal, spherical or torispherical bottom can be calculated, where the fluid height, h, is measured from the center of the bottom of the tank to the surface of the fluid in the tank. See Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for tank configurations and dimension parameters, which also are defined in the Variables and Definitions sidebar. Figure 2. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Heads

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Art Montemayor

Determining Vessel Volumes

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

A torispherical bottom is an ASME-type bottom defined by a knuckle-radius factor and a dish-radius factor, as shown in Fig. 4. The knuckle radius then will be kD, and the dish radius will be fD. An ellipsoidal bottom must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. For a spherical bottom, |a| < R, where a is the depth of the spherical bottom and R is the radius of the cylindrical section of the tank. The following parameter ranges must be observed: a > 0 for all vertical tanks, a < R for a spherical bottom. f > 0.5 for a torispherical bottom. 0 < k < 0.5 for a torispherical bottom. D > 0. Figure 3. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal or Spherical Bottoms

Vertical tank equations

The specific equations for fluid volumes in vertical cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical bottoms are provided in the Vertical Tank Equations sidebar (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions, and D > 0 for all equations). Figure 4. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Bottoms

Vertical cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations for vertical cylindrical tanks; for each example, calculate the fluid volumes for conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical bottoms. For example 1, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 24 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 250.67 gal for a conical bottom, 783.36 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 583.60 gal for a spherical bottom and 904.07 gal for a FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Reference Article

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Art Montemayor torispherical bottom.

Determining Vessel Volumes

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

For example 2, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 60 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 2,251.18 gal for a conical bottom, 2,902.83 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 2,658.46 gal for a spherical bottom and 3,036.76 gal for a torispherical bottom. For a torispherical bottom, parameter "a" is not required input, but can be calculated from the values of f, k, and D. For these examples, the calculated value is a = 22.353 in.

Horizontal and vertical elliptical tanks

The cross-sections of tank bodies of horizontal and vertical tanks with elliptical bodies are ellipses. For this article, a horizontal elliptical tank must be one of two possible configurations, shown in Fig. 5, where the major and minor axes of the elliptical cross-sections are either vertical or horizontal. The heads of horizontal elliptical tanks and the bottoms of vertical elliptical tanks may be any of those described above for the corresponding cylindrical tanks, with the assumption that the heads and bottoms are "deformed" proportionately to the deformation of the cylindrical body to form the elliptical body. In certain cases such as those with torispherical heads and bottoms and spherical heads and bottoms, it is necessary to distinguish which elliptical axis defines the head or bottom shape and which axis has been proportionately stretched or compressed from the cylindrical tank shape to form the elliptical tank shape; therefore, this distinction will be made for all cases for the sake of consistency, not necessity. To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the vertical plane through the tank centerline (plane goes through DH) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DH using the equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads. Multiply the volume found by DW/DH to get the elliptical tank fluid volume. Figure 5. Cross-sections of Horizontal Elliptical Tanks

To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the horizontal plane through the tank centerline (plane goes through DW) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DW and a fluid height h' = h(DW/DH) using the equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads. Multiply the volume found by DH/DW to get the desired elliptical tank fluid volume.

Examples for horizontal elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of horizontal elliptical tanks with ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical heads with the following measurements: DH = 100 in., DW = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, fluid height h = 48 in., and head parameters of each tank defined (1) in a horizontal plane through the tank centerline and (2) in a vertical plane through the tank centerline. Page 47 of 72 FileName: 171492008.xls.ms_office WorkSheet: Reference Article

Art Montemayor

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0 For example 1, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 57.6 in. (48 in. x 120/100), and multiply the volume found by 100/120. For example 2, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 100 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 48, and multiply the volume found by 120/100. The results are summarized in the following table: Determining Vessel Volumes

The values for "a" in the above torispherical head cases are 27.065 in. for example 1 and 22.554 in. for example 2. For a vertical elliptical tank, define DA and DB to be the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross-section of the tank body. To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane through both the tank centerline and through DA, use D = DA. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DB/DA to get the elliptical tank volume. To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane through both the tank centerline and through DB, use D = DB. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DA/DB to get the desired elliptical tank volume.

Examples for vertical elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of vertical elliptical tanks with conical, spherical and torispherical bottoms with the following measurements: DA = 96 in., DB = 72 in., a = 34 in. for conical and spherical bottoms, f = 0.9 and k = 0.2 for the torispherical bottom, fluid height h = 53 in. Head parameters of each tank defined (1) in a plane through the tank centerline and DA and (2) in a plane through the tank centerline and DB. For example 1, calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 96 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9 and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 72/96. For example 2, calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 72 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9 and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 96/72. The results are summarized in the following table:

Calculated values for "a" in the torispherical-bottom cases are 25.684 in. and 22.554 in. for examples 1 and 2, respectively. CP

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Determining Vessel Volumes

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

Horizontal Tank Equations

Conical Heads
2a R 2 V f = Af L + 3 (K ) for 0 h R 2a R 2 p V f = Af L + 3 2 for h = R 2a R 2 V f = Af L + 3 (p - K ) for R h 2R
R-h R

1 2 K = cos -1 M + M 3 cosh -1 - 2 M 1 - M where, M

M =

Ellipsoidal Heads
h V f = A f L + p a h 2 1 3R

Guppy Heads (Eccentric Cone)

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Determining Vessel Volumes

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

V f = Af L +

2 a R2 h 2a cos -1 1 - + 2 R h - h 2 (2 h - 3 R )(h + R ) 3 R 9 R

Spherical Heads
1. For the condition where:

h = R and a R
+ a2

V f = Af L +

p a
6

(3R

)
and a R

2. For the condition where:

h = D

V f = Af L +

p a
3

(3R

+ a2

)
a = 0, R, or - R

3. For the condition where:

h=0

or

h V f = Af L + p a h2 1 - 3 R

4. For the condition where:

h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01 D

a V f = Af L + a

3 2 r 3

2 2 -1 R 2 - r w 2 w3 4w y z z R -1 R + r w -1 w -1 y + cos - 2 + cos w r tan + cos - 2 R(w - r ) R(w + r ) r R 3 z 3 r

5. For the condition where:

h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01D

V f = Af L +

a a

R 2 2 -1 2 r - x tan w

R2 - x2 dx A z f r 2 - R2

For the above 5 spherical heads equations:

r=

a2 + R2 2a

where, a 0 ; and a = r - r 2 - R 2

+ or (- ) for convex or (concave)heads

w= R-h y= z= 2 R h - h2 r 2 - R2
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w= R-h
Art Montemayor

y=

2 R h - h2

Determining Vessel Volumes

June 15, 2003 Rev: 0

z=

r 2 - R2

Torispherical (ASME Flanged & Dished) Heads

Jones is a senior process chemist for Stockhausen Louisiana LLC, Garyville, La. Contact him at Dan.Jones@degussa.com.

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