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Web Technology
Web technology is a technology that relate to the interface between web servers and their clients. This information includes mark up languages, programming interfaces and languages, and standards for document identification and display. There are many types of technologies which are used to support the World Wide Web and more are being developed all the time.

DNS namespace: DNS is the name service provided by the Internet for TCP/IP networks.
DNS is broken up into domains, a logical organization of computers that exist in a larger network. The domains exist at different levels and connect in a hierarchy that resembles the root structure of a tree. Each domain extends from the node above it, beginning at the top with the root-level domain. Under the root-level domain are the top-level domains, under those are the second-level domains, and on down into subdomains. DNS namespace identifies the structure of the domains that combine to form a complete domain name. For example, in the domain name sub.secondary.com, "com" is the top-level domain, "secondary" identifies the secondary domain name (commonly a site hosted by an organization and/or business), and "sub" identifies a subdomain within the larger network. This entire DNS domain structure is called the DNS namespace. There are three types of top-level domains:

Organizational domains . These are named by using a 3-character code that indicates the primary function or activity of the organizations contained within the DNS domain. Organizational domains are generally only for organizations within the United States, and most organizations located in the United States are contained within one of these organizational domains. Geographical domains . These are named by using the 2-character country/region codes established by the International Standards Organization (ISO) 3166. Reverse domains . This is a special domain, named in-addr.arpa, that is used for IP address-to-name mappings

Top-Level Name Component .com .edu .gov .int

Description

Example DNS Domain Name

An Internet name authority delegates portions of the domain namespace under this level to commercial microsoft.com organizations, such as the Microsoft Corporation. An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to educational organizations, such as mit.edu the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to governmental organizations, such whitehouse.gov as the White House in Washington, D.C. An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to international organizations, such nato.int as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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.mil .net

.org

An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to military operations, such as the ddn.mil Defense Date Network (DDN). An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to networking organizations, such as nsf.net the National Science Foundation (NSF). An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to noncommercial organizations, cnidr.org such as the Center for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval (CNIDR).

What is IP Address?
Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address) is an unique address that computing devices use to identify itself and communicate with other devices in the Internet Protocol network. Any device connected to the IP network must have an unique IP address within its network. An IP address is analogous to a street address or telephone number in that it is used to uniquely identify a network device to deliver mail message, or call ("view") a website. Dotted Decimals The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit number to represent an IP address, and it defines both network and host address. Due to IPv4 addresses running out, a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6) has been invented to offer virtually limitless number of unique addresses. An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12, which is the IP address assigned to topwebhosts.org. An IPv4 address is divided into two parts: network and host address. The network address determines how many of the 32 bits are used for the network address, and remaining bits for the host address. The host address can further divided into subnetwork and host number.

Web Browser
A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems. This is a table of personal computer web browsers by year of release of major version, in chronological order, with the approximate number of worldwide Internet users in millions.

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Year Web Browsers

Users (in millions)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

WorldWideWeb (Nexus) ViolaWWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba) Mosaic, Cello, Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0 IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora (Argo), Minuet Internet Explorer 1, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb, UdiWWW, 16 WebRouser, Internet Explorer 2, Grail Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0, Opera 36 2.0,PowerBrowser 1.5, Cyberdog, Amaya 0.9, AWeb, Voyager Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator Communicator 4.0, Opera 3.0, Amaya 1.0 iCab, Mozilla Amaya 2.0, Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0 4.0, Netscape 70 147 248

Konqueror, Netscape 6, Opera 4, Opera 5, K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0 361 Amaya 4.0 Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6, Amaya 5.0 513

Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0, Amaya 587 7.0 Opera 7, Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0 719 817

Safari 2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Opera 8., Epiphany1.8, Amaya 9.0, 1018 AOL Explorer1.0, Maxthon 1.0, Shiira 1.0 SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0, Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Firefox 2.0, 1093 Avant 11, iCab 3, Opera 9, Internet Explorer 7, Sputnik Maxthon 2.0, Netscape Navigator 9, NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Safari 1262 3.0, Conkeror Konqueror 4, Safari 3.1, Opera 9.5, Firefox 3, Amaya 10.0, Flock 2, 1565

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Chrome 1, Amaya 11.0 2009 2010 Internet Explorer 8, Chrome 2, Safari 4, Opera 10, Chrome 3, 1734 SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2, Firefox 3.5

Firefox 3.6, Chrome 4 through Chrome 8, Opera 10.50, Safari 5, Opera 11 Notable browsers In order of release: Worldwide Web, February 26, 1991 Mosaic, April 22, 1993

Netscape Navigator and Netscape Communicator, October 13, 1994 Internet Explorer 1, August 16, 1995 Opera, 1996, see History of the Opera web browser Mozilla Navigator, June 5, 2002 Safari, January 7, 2003 Mozilla Firefox, November 9, 2004 Google Chrome, September 2, 2008

Internet Explorer

Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer; commonly abbreviated to IE or MSIE), is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. IE has been the most widely used web browser since 1999, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003 with IE5 and IE6. The latest stable release is Internet Explorer 8, which is available as a free update for Windows XP with Service Pack 2 or later, Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1 or later, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008, and is included with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

Netscape Navigator
Netscape Navigator is a proprietary web browser that was popular in the 1990s. It was the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corporation and the dominant web browser in terms of usage share, although by 2002 its usage had almost disappeared. This

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was primarily due to the increased usage of Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser software, and partly because the Netscape Corporation (later purchased by AOL) did not sustain Netscape Navigator's technical innovation after the late 1990s.

Worldwide usage share of browsers for December 2010 Source Net Apps I.E. Firefox Chrome Safari Opera Mobile

57.08% 22.81% 9.98%

5.89% 2.23% 3.45%

StatCounter 46.94% 30.76% 14.85% 4.79% 2.07% 4.10% W3Counter 41.3% Wikimedia Median 30.3% 13.5% 5.9% 2.0%

42.12% 28.82% 11.18% 5.70% 3.67% 6.4% 44.53 % 29.56 % 12.34 % 5.80 % 2.15 % 4.10

INTRANET
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity to securely share part of an organizations information or operations with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the most visible service, the internal website. The same concepts and technologies of the Internet such as clients and servers running on the Internet protocol suite are used to build an intranet. HTTP and other Internet protocols are commonly used as well, such as FTP. There is often an attempt to use Internet technologies to provide new interfaces with corporate "legacy" data and information systems.

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Briefly, an intranet can be understood as "a private version of the Internet," or as a version of the Internet confined to an organization. This is a network that is not available to the world outside of the Intranet. If the Intranet network is connected to the Internet, the Intranet will reside behind a firewall and, if it allows access from the Internet, will be an Extranet. The firewall helps to control access between the Intranet and Internet to permit access to the Intranet only to people who are members of the same company or organization.

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INTERNET
The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

EXTRANET
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a businesss information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet can be viewed as part of a companys intranet that is extended to users outside the company. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with other companies as well as to sell products to customers. An extranet requires security and privacy. These can include firewall server management, the issuance and use of digital certificates or similar means of user authentication, encryption of messages, and the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) that tunnel through the public network. Companies can use an extranet to: o Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) o Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those "in the trade" o Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts o Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies o Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, such as an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated banks o Share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies.

Web Server
A web server can be referred to as either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver content that can be accessed through the Internet. A web server is what makes it possible to be able to access content like web pages, or other data from anywhere as long as it is connected to the internet. The hardware part is what houses the content, while the software part is what makes the content accessible through the internet. The most common use of web servers are to host websites but there are other uses like data storage or for running enterprise applications. There are also different ways to request content from a web server. The most common request is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), but

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there are also other requests like the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The primary function of a web server is to deliver web pages on the request to clients. This means delivery of HTML documents and any additional content that may be included by a document, such as images, style sheets and Java Scripts.

Types of web Servers

Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always connected to the internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address made up of a series of four numbers between 0 and 256 separated by periods. For example, 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127. When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as tutorialspoint.com you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will host the site. You can load up with Dedicated Servers that can support your webbased operations. There are four leading web browsers: Apache, IIS, lighttpd, Sun Java System Web Server and Jagsaw. Apart from these Web Servers, there are other Web Servers also available in the market but they are very expansive. Major ones are Netscape's iPlanet, Bea's Web Logic and IBM's Websphere. Apache HTTP Server This is the most popular web server in the world developed by the Apache Software Foundation. Apache web server is an open source software and can be installed on almost all operating systems including Linux, Unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web server machines run the Apache Web Server. You can have Apache with tomcat module to have JSP and J2EE related support. Internet Information Services The Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high performance Web Server from Microsoft. This web server runs on Windows NT/2000 and 2003 platforms ( and may be on upcoming new Windows version also). IIS comes bundled with Windows NT/2000 and 2003; Because IIS is tightly integrated with the operating system so it is relatively easy to administer it. lighttpd The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server that is distributed with the FreeBSD operating system. This open source web server is fast, secure and consumes much less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris operating systems.

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Sun Java System Web Server This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for medium and large web sites. Though the server is free it is not open source. It however, runs on Windows, Linux and Unix platforms. The Sun Java System web server supports various languages, scripts and technologies required for Web 2.0 such as JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby on Rails, ASP and Coldfusion etc. Jigsaw Server Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. It is open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, Unix, Windows, Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.

Apache HTTP Server First released in 1995, the Apache HTTP Server is a free open-source Web server developed under the governance of the Apache Software Foundation. The Apache 2.0 license permits bundling with commercial software and does not require derivative works to be open source. A variety of developers make code contributions to the project, including members of the Apache Software Foundation, developers who are allowed or instructed to work on Apache by their corporate employers, and even individuals contributing to Apache on their own time. Companies that use Apache range from start-ups to long-established large enterprises. Apache is used for intranets and public facing Web sites. Apache is a key component in whats known as the LAMP stack, which comprises the Linux operating system; the Apache Web server; the MySQL database; and either PHP, Perl, or Python programming language. While people often perceive Apache as a Linux Web server, it also runs on Windows. Internet Information Server 6.0 With Windows Server 2003, Microsoft introduced Internet Information Server (IIS) 6.0, which has proven to be a very secure Web server, with only four vulnerabilities reported since its release in 2003. IIS security results from Microsoft investing in the Security Development Lifecycle, an end-to-end approach to security that typically reduces both the total number and the severity of vulnerabilities in software built using that methodology. This isnt to say that Apache is not secure, as high-profile and widely available Web sites wouldnt use it if they thought it were, but simply to point out that IIS 6.0 was designed with security in mind, and has a great security track record. IIS 6.0 included a number of features that made it a good fit for corporations, and enabled hosting providers to offer Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0-based solutions. The latest version of IIS, version 7.0, is included in Windows Server 2008. It builds on the foundation of IIS 6.0 and introduces a number of new features. One of the most important changes is that IIS 7.0 has a fully modular architecture. This feature lets users install or uninstall discrete pieces of functionality and also gives users the ability to leverage new modules from Microsoft and from the Web development community at large.

Linux (Apache) Vs. Windows (IIS) Web Server

~
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Most of the time when working in web development there will be two types of operating systems, Windows Server vs. Linux Server. Linux Server and Windows Server means the operating system the server is running on. Both Operating Systems Common Features There are a few common features both servers will provide. One is how you transfer you files. Both Windows and Linux support FTP access. There are some similar file types that are used on both operating systems. HTML Files (.html) and JavaScript (.js) are both commonly used on both platforms. MySQL Database can run on both Linux and Windows, but mostly on Linux.

Difference between IIS and APACHE Web Server

Apache is a software foundation that develops and provides open source software that is meant to run web servers. Their primary product is their HTTP server which is the most popular HTTP server in use today. IIS or Internet Information Services is the software pack developed by Microsoft to provide their Windows operating system the ability to host internet services. IIS is second only to HTTP as the most used HTTP server in the world. The Apache web server is very popular due to the fact that is free. This is very advantageous to those who are just trying out web publishing and is still unsure about it. Apache is most commonly included in a totally free web server solution called LAMP (Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP) which is a collection of open source software that would totally handle all of your web publishing needs from the OS down to the scripting language. Aside from being free, the open source community is also a good source of support for users who have the time and patience to ask for answers. IIS is from Microsoft and thus it would only run on the Microsoft Windows OS. Although it might seem to be free, the fact that you need to buy Windows to use it shatters that dream. The clear advantage with running IIS is the fact most people are already familiar with the Windows operating system and IIS would be a lot easier to learn for Windows users. IIS also comes with the support of the .NET Framework released by Microsoft; in fact, ASPX scripts are exclusive to IIS. Support for IIS is provided by Microsoft which is an assurance that you would have answers to your problems direct from the makers themselves. The IIS Windows combo is both a boon and bane for users. The fact that they are made by the same company assures you that they would operate at the best capacity with each other. The only problem with the Windows OS is its too popular and a lot of malware, virus, and Trojans exist on the Windows OS. Even more are being created everyday and that might pose a threat in the future. Summary: 1. Apache is free while IIS is packaged with Windows. 2. IIS only runs on Windows while Apache can run on almost any OS including UNIX, Apples OS X, and on most Linux Distributions. 3. ASPX runs only in IIS. 4. IIS has a dedicated staff to answer most problems while support for Apache comes from the community itself.

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5. IIS is optimized for Windows because they are from the same company. 6. The Windows OS is prone to security risks.

Internet service provider (ISP)

An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol packets or frames, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISP's servers. ISPs may provide services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP. It refers to a company that provides Internet services, including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web and USENET, and send and receive e-mail. For broadband access you typically receive the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your ISP account billing. In addition to serving individuals, ISPs also serve large companies, providing a direct connection from the company's networks to the Internet. ISPs themselves are connected to one another through Network Access Points (NAPs). ISPs may also be called IAPs (Internet Access Providers).

Working of ISP:

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SEARCH ENGINE
A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although search engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups. Typically, a search engine works by sending out a spider to fetch as many documents as possible. Another program, called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indices such that, ideally, only meaningful results are returned for each query. How Do Web Search Engines Work Search engines are the key to finding specific information on the vast expanse of the World Wide Web. Without sophisticated search engines, it would be virtually impossible to locate anything on the Web without knowing a specific URL. But do you know how search engines work? And do you know what makes some search engines more effective than others? When people use the term search engine in relation to the Web, they are usually referring to the actual search forms that searches through databases of HTML documents, initially gathered by a robot. Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine. Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index. In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you're actually searching through the index that the search engine has created you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine, such as Yahoo! or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index hasn't been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will remain that way until the index is updated. So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the relevance of the information in the index to what the user is searching for. One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage what is known as keyword stuffing, or spamdexing.

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Another common element that algorithms analyze is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that page is considered "important" and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking. The Different Types of Search Engines Although the term "search engine" is often used indiscriminately to describe crawler-based search engines, human-powered directories, and everything in between, they are not all the same. Each type of "search engine" gathers and ranks listings in radically different ways. 1. Crawler-Based Crawler-based search engines such as Google and Yahoo, compile their listings automatically. They "crawl" or "spider" the web, and people search through their listings. These listings are what make up the search engine's index or catalogue. You can think of the index as a massive electronic filing cabinet containing a copy of every web page the spider finds. If web pages are changed, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how those pages are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role. The life span of a typical web query normally lasts less than half a second, yet involves a number of different steps that must be completed before results can be delivered to a person seeking information. The following graphic example(Figure 1) illustrates this life span

3. The search results are returned to the user in a fraction of a second.

1. The web server sends the query to the index servers. The content inside the index servers is similar to the index in the back of a book - it tells which pages contain the words that match the query.

2. The query travels to the doc servers, which actually retrieve the stored documents. Snippets are generated to describe each search result.

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2. Human-powered Directories Directories such as Open Directory depend on human editors to compile their listings. Webmasters submit an address, title, and a brief description of their site, and then editors review the submission. Unless you sign up for a paid inclusion program, it may take months for your website to be reviewed. Even then, there's no guarantee that your website will be accepted. Yahoo!, which used to be a directory, now gets its information from the use of crawlers.) A directory gets its information from submissions, which include a short description to the directory for the entire site, or from editors who write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted. Changing web pages, therefore, has no effect on how they are listed. Techniques that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site. After a website makes it into a directory however, it is generally very difficult to change its search engine ranking. So before you submit to a directory, spend some time working on your titles and descriptions or hire a professional to submit to directories for you. 3. Hybrid search engines Today, it is extremely common for crawler-type and human-powered results to be combined when conducting a search. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favour one type of listings over another. For e.g., MSN Search (http://www.imagine-msn.com/search/tour/moreprecise.aspx) is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart (http://search.looksmart.com/). However, it also presents crawler-based results, especially for more obscure queries. 4. Paid Inclusion Most directories offer some form of paid inclusion. Paid inclusion guarantees your website gets reviewed and/or indexed promptly. Keep in mind that these search engines usually still allow people to submit for free; it just takes longer. 5. Pay Per Click (sponsored results) PPC advertising is the name for the ads you see at the top or on the right of the organic results in most search engines. Services such as Yahoo SM, Google AdWords, and MSN AdCenter allow you to pay to show your ads on their search engine results page. How much you pay (your bid), along with the click-through rate of the ad (CTR) and the relevance of the landing page, determine the ranking of your PPC ads. There are companies such as Red Carpet Web Promotion that set up and manage PPC campaigns for companies that bid on many key phrases (which can number in the thousands).

Website Creation Phases

1. Inception and Planning

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o o o o o o o o

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Plan a theme - Plan the purpose of the website. Consider and plan a layout - Plan a layout appropriate to the theme of the website. Determine tools to use to create the website. Determine a web hosting provider and whether you want to use their tools. Consider how the website should be navigated. Determine your basic color scheme. Consider the types, positioning, and amount of graphics to provide on the site. Consider text fonts to use.

2. Design Create a main page and get it running on a webserver. Browse the main page with several types of web browsers to determine whether there are any browser issues to resolve. o Look at the main page using different screen resolutions. o Get opinions about the layout from other people. - Is the purpose of the web site clear? o Make any appropriate modifications to the main page. 3. Construction o Make the site functional and complete the basic working prototype by adding additional pages or functionality. o Be sure to set titles and meta tags for search correctly for each page's content. This is done so search engines will later categorize the page properly and help get traffic. o Get more opinions about the completed site, how it functions, how it is designed, and how easy it is to use. o Make any necessary adjustments and get the site completely running. 4. Promotion o Apply for awards for your site to organizations that review sites and give various awards. o Get some awards and post this fact on your site. o Submit your site to search engines. o Get other sites that have similar content (or sites that your site supplements) to link to your web site (especially high traffic web sites). o Place your site in webrings. o Submit news articles to news agencies about your new site or any significant events that may help your site. o Promote your site anyplace there are forums or discussion groups without being pushy. If your site has useful information relevant to the discussion, only post it then.
o o o

Consider giving awards through your site.

If this all looks like it will involve a lot of work, that's because even if you know what you are doing, it is a lot of work. However, it can be fun and rewarding. If you are planning to create a world class web site, it will not be worthwhile to skip some steps. If you are just planning a personal website and don't care about promotion, the promotion steps could be skipped and some other steps could be skipped with some sacrifice of quality.

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Website Planning and Inception

This is the most important part of setting up a website. If this part is not done properly, much time may be wasted. Business Interests Before beginning the task of planning and setting up the website, the business interests and objectives must be considered. Is this a business site that will have a budget? If so, what are the available resources? What are the goals of the business? How much should be paid for web hosting or credit card services? Website Functionality Along with the business interests and objectives for the site, the site functionality must be considered initially. This includes site functions as listed below:

Will the site need a shopping cart? Will the site need a forums section? Will the site need the ability to post content by people that are not technical? Will the site need a an events calendar? Will the site need an ability for third parties to post links? Should the site have a guestbook? Should the site be able to take polls?

Website Theme The type and purpose of the organization will have a great deal to do with determining the theme of the website. The site purpose may be informational, it may be built to sell products, or it may contain some combination of themes and purposes. The type of information on the site and its purpose will help determine the theme. The site may be business oriented and traditional, it may be a non traditional business with attention grabbers. If the site is some organization with a group mission, it may be an uncomplicated site stating group purpose and mission with contact information along with some public information. Website Content The website content should be supportive of your main theme but be broad enough to allow for excellent promotional capability. Consider some of the following website content:

Consider providing free tutorials or information supportive of your site main theme. Consider providing some chat groups or forums supportive of your main theme. Consider providing web site awards to sites with themes similar to yours or to a broad category of web sites.

Website Layout Generally the layout of the site is influenced by its theme, purpose, and navigational setup. The following should be thought about early in design:

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Consider how many layers deep into the site, navigation should be done. Consider how to organize the site into logical subcategories that make sense to the viewer. For instance normally documentation is placed separate from information about the organization. Consider where links should be. Should the main navigation links be across the top, down the left side, someplace else or some combination? Should some items be highlighted? Consider how many levels deep users can move by clicking on a single link. Should buttons be used for links? Should JavaScript or VBscript be used to create drop down links? Will Server Side Includes (SSI) be used to support the site with some common notices on multiple pages? Should server side script programs be used to support the site? Are any additional services required to support the site such as external credit card services? Will your website require access to a database for storage and retrieval of customer or other data? How much content will be displayed on each page? How far down will users need to scroll the page to see the bottom? This is a controversial characteristic of websites with some believing scrolling more than three screen lengths is too much, and others believing it is better to place as much content on the page as is reasonably possible to allow for easier viewing and printing without going through many links. I think pages should be long enough to print roughly one to five pages on a normal printer and should be broken on some reasonably natural content breakoff point. Pages should not be long enough to cause a significant slowing in load time.

When considering these items, the type of browser the user will be using should be considered. It should be considered whether the user's browser will support these features. The web page should not be too crowded and have a reasonable amount of white space and graphics to make it pleasing to the eye. The web page should be designed to draw attention to its main theme. During layout, consider the fact that normally, the eye starts viewing somewhere near, but below the upper left (the upper left center) then moves to the right, then down. Website Navigation - Frames? Setting up navigation is a very important part of web layout. The user must be able to quickly and easily find the information they are looking for or they will probably go elsewhere. Things to consider include:

Consider how many layers deep into the site, navigation should be done. Consider where links should be. Should the main navigation links be across the top, down the left side, someplace else or some combination? Should some items be highlighted? Should frames be used? The use of frames is very controversial. I believe, depending on content, frames have their place. Normally I use frames so an index is in one frame with content in the other frame. I normally use frames in documents, but not on the main page. One major drawback to using frames is that some webcrawlers can not search through pages that use frames. Therefore these web pages may not be

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categorized by search engines and may not be available for user queries to search engines. Another drawback is that older browsers did not support frames. Consider providing a site map to help your users and be sure search engine webcrawlers can find all your pages.

Color Scheme Color schemes are very important on websites. I'm not an expert on color, but I like greens, and blues. I like light colors. Text and backgrounds must have a high amount of contrast. If one is dark, the other must be light. I have noticed that dark text is easier to read on a light background than light text on a dark background. When using a high resolution screen such as 1600 by 1200 resolution, it is difficult to see light text on dark backgrounds. Web designers should be aware of this. Red usually indicates warning, but I like to use it to draw attention and for additional color. Website Graphics Most good websites should have a reasonable quantity of graphics. Graphic items may be drawn pictures, charts, illustrative diagrams, or photographs. When using graphics, the designer should consider the time it will take to load over various internet media, such as serial lines using modems. There should be enough graphic content to make the page pleasing to the eye. Text Fonts There are many different text fonts available. The text fonts that will show up on the client computer are dependent on the fonts that are installed on that computer. Therefore, it is best to use text fonts that are commonly available. Also, different text fonts are not displayed the same with different browsers. You will notice this if Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer are used to view the same page side by side. I like to use Arial for normal text and Times New Roman font for header text on my web site. The Arial font is easy to read, and Times New Roman has serifs on the letters. HTML HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is the format most web documents are placed in to be made available for viewing. HTML is simply used to indicate to the web browser, how to display the content. It uses elements consisting of sets of tags (beginning and end tag) to mark the type of elements such as paragraphs, headers, lists, and tables. There is one significant note about HTML that concerns you whether you are technical or not. The current web standard as set by the World Wide Web Consortium at http://www.w3.org is XHTML. What this means is there are some additional construction rules for the markup language. Some rules involve proper nesting of elements and tags and using tags with lower case characters. See the HTML Guide Page about XHTML for more information about XHTML. If your site is not written in XHTML, it does not mean your site will not function properly. It just means you are not using the latest standard. It would be best to use the latest standard, however, to avoid the possiblity of future work to bring it up to the standard. If you write the

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code yourself, you should use the XHTML standard. If you use an HTML page making tool, it should either output pages in XHTML or expect to be upgraded in the future for XHTML. Website Creation Tools There are several types of tools that may be used when creating a website. These include:

HTML editors or HTML page making tools such as Microsoft Front Page or the Netscape Communicator tool set. Several browsers to view your web pages such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. HTML validators that are used to validate your code. Validation means your code is written properly in HTML. Many of these tools include spell checkers, but validation of your code early can save trouble and much rework in the future. Graphic drawing programs that may be used to create still or dynamic graphic images. Java applets may be used to create additional dynamic content and therefore a programming Integrated Development Environment (IDE) may be required. Additional programming capabilities may be required to create server side script programs for dynamic interfacing to the user. Will you require an FTP client program to allow the transfer of files between your website and working computer or will you use tools provided by your web host provider?

The person who is doing the work to create the site will determine the tools to use. If the person has good HTML knowledge, it may be preferable to hand enter HTML. with an HTML editor. Most who do not have this technical knowledge may not wish to take the time to learn it. Therefore it is fine to use tools such as Microsoft Front Page or the Netscape Communicator tool set. These tools allow you to edit the page as it is seen and takes care of the technical details of creating the page. Whatever tools you use, you should first evaluate them by reading reviews about them and ask other people who have used them such as can be done on forum and discussion websites. There are links to these types of websites in the main weblinks category at the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages. Under the "Technical Information" header, click on the link that says "Technical Forums". The second half of the page has "Forum Sites for Website Owners" Web Hosting Provider It is just as important to pick the correct web hosting service as it is to pick the correct tools. Following are some considerations for a web hosting service:

Are you willing to pay a monthly service fee? File Transfer Protocol (FTP) can be used to transfer web content back and forth between your working computer and the on line website. Does the service allow FTP access and do you require FTP access? How well does the FTP service work? Some FTP servers are inconsistent or unreliable. What kinds of tools does the web hosting service provided for site building? What add on features are available from the web hosting service such as bulletin boards, hit counters, guestbook, and mail features or services? How fast and reliable are the web hosting service servers? Is there enough storage space for the website and any data services?

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Are database services required? Is there a limitation on the number of files that may be stored or how many layers deep the web pages may be embedded into subdirectories? Does the service support server side includes (SSI)? Are all SSI functions supported? Some may limit SSI functions for security reasons. Does the service support server side script programs? Is security on your website important? Will purchases or other confidential information be transmitted between your site and clients?

As was done with the tools, the web hosting service should be evaluated before making a final selection. Use websites listed at the Computer Documentation Document Project or others that you may find using search engines or other methods. Read reviews about the specific services and ask people at web hosting forum and other forum websites. The Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages has a list of some providers under the header "Internet Services" in the link called "Web Page Hosting".

Website Design
Once you have determined the purpose and functionality of your website it is time to perform the actual website design starting with some web page layouts. These initial page layouts should establish the general look and feel of the website and are an important step in the website design process. Create Main Page Once you have determined the desired functionality, content, and layout of your website it is time to create your main page. You may want to create several experimental (prototype) website designs and get opinions of family or friends to see which are the best website designs. At this point the effort is mainly dependant on your originality talent and artistic skills. If creating prototype website designs, you may want to use a free web hosting service temporarily until you have firmed up the website design and are getting ready to go operational. Check Viewing of Main Page Viewers will look at your web page with several browsers and on computer screens with various resolutions. You should view your website, offline or online, with computers using resolutions from 640 by 480 at 256 colors to 1600 by 1200 with true color. You should view the site at a few intermediate resolutions. You should view your site at least with Mozilla and Internet Explorer at different resolutions. Other web browsers that you may want to vies your pages with include Opera. The reason to go to all this trouble is to prevent creating all your site pages, then determining you need to make a change, and having to go back and fix multiple pages. After you have viewed your main page with different screens and browsers you may want to make some modifications to the page. Once you have settled on the major portion of your main page layout and created the main page, upload it to the web serving host you have chosen.

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Get Opinions At this point your website has a main page with links that may not work, but you can get opinions on how pleasing your main page is and whether it conveys the massage you intend. It is worth your while to go out to web hosting forums sites and ask others to view and critique your site. Don't be dissappointed if you get negative input. Most of the people are going to concentrate on telling you what they think you need to improve rather than what you have already done right. They are doing this for your good. Make Modifications Getting opinions and making modifications may take about one week. I usually use more than one web hosting forums site at different phases of the website design and refinement in order to get more variety of opinions as I optimize the site.

Website Construction
The website construction phase is the phase during which the bulk of your work is done assuming your website is fairly large. Hopefully the steps you have taken earlier in the process will keep you from needing to make any major changes to your web site from this point on. Complete Prototype To start this website construction phase you will want to build a minimum working prototype. Do not add all features unless they are required for a prototype or they should be reviewed by others before going final. Any unique features should be added at this time. For example, if your website posts tutorials, add one or two tutorials so viewers will get the idea how the website will work, but do not create all pages unless it is necessary. If you are using what you see is what you get tools, like Microsoft FrontPage you may not have much technical control at this point. If you are using FrontPage, you must still set proper META tags. If you are writing your own HTML pages, you will want to be sure and do the following correctly the first time:

Use the correct DTD declaration for your documents. Doing this can prevent validation and web crawlers from searching your site. As of this writing, if using XHTML (recommended), it should be:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"> As of this writing, if using HTML 4.01, it should be one of the following:
o o o

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> - For use in normal documents. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"> For use in documents that have frames defined in them. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> - For use in

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documents that adhere strictly to the standard. Most of the time you should use the transitional DTD declaration for HTML. Be sure to use the proper case as shown above in the declaration. I believe the "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC" may be in upper or lower case but be sure it validates early during the construction process if you change case.

Use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to control your text colors, fonts, and other colors on your pages. This will enable you to make changes more easily in the future. One style sheet can control things like header colors and fonts, various special text classes, and much more on all your pages or on all or several pages in one directory. This will also have the advantage of keeping your website with a more uniform look and feel. Set your meta descriptors and title properly when you create the page as follows: o Description - This discription is normally used by search engines to help categorize your content and may be used to describe your page to users so it is very important. Normally I make the description and title the same. I normally make the description the name of the document followed by a dash and the title of the current page as follows:

<meta name="description" content="The CTDP Web Site Creation Guide - Construction">

o

Keywords - These words are used to help crawlers match your content to the subject. These key words should show up in your page content. Keywords seperated by commas are separate keywords. Keywords separated by spaces show up as one word. If someone wants to search on "web site construction" this page is likely to show up (except it is in a frame). An example for this page is:

<meta name="keywords" content="web site creation, web site construction">

o

The title should be appropriate for your content, and I use the same title and description as follows:

<title>The CTDP Web Site Creation Guide - Construction</title>

Use XHTML Standards to save upgrading later. The following rules apply: o The XHTML document must be well formed. - All elements must be ended and nested properly including the HR tag which should appear as:

<hr />
o o o o

Tags must be in lower case letters. Values of attributes must be in quotes. Attributes may not be minimized. A DTD Declaration with head and body elements must be present in the document. The DTD can be Strict, Transitional, or Frameset (for Frames). The name attribute is replaced by the id attribute.

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See the CTDP HTML Guide for more information about CSS, XHTML, and document type definitions. Get More Opinions With the basic working prototype completed, it is best to get more opinions about the site functionality, look, and feel. This way, if more changes are required, only the skeletal prototype will be reworked. This is the last time external opinions about the websight are sought prior to submitting applications for web site awards. Make Adjustments and Complete Site Functionality Make any required adjustments to make the site pleasing to users, then add all material and functionality to the site. Once done, check every page to be sure it works properly. This should be done with more than one web browser. Additional Construction to Aid Promotion 1. Create a map file for your site that has links to every important page that you may want search engines to search. The purpose of this page is to allow search engines to crawl all important pages on your site since many only crawl one layer deep. 2. Possibly create pages that contain search phrases to help people find your site. Some people call these pages a "doors" page or "gateway" page to your site. This page would be a descriptive page about your site or a site section. These types of pages should be well integrated into your site and if not done correctly may cause your site to be penalized by search engines. I have abandoned the idea of a specific gateway page on my site but choose to determine key phrases that relate to the site, then integrate those phrases into appropriate documentation or site section pages. Whether you use a gateway page or integrate key phrases into pages on your site, the page should contain the favorite search phrases several times on your page. The phrase or keyword should be up to about 2% of the words on your page. If you make the keyword or phrase appear too many times, you may get penalized by search engines. I recommend your page title and a header contains the key phrase. The key phrase should also be included in your keywords meta tag. Construction steps: 1. Select search phrases that are appropriate to the site or section you are going to create a doors page for. You should try to do some research on the internet to determine the popularity of the search phrase or search word. It may be necessary to pay a subscription to some sites that sell key word search information. The search information may not only include single words, but include word combinations such as "networking documentation" or "how to build a web site". 2. Determine how many times to user the phrase on your page. Use the phrase on the page two to about thirteen times depending on the content and size of the page. Remember to not exceed too high of a percentage of the overall words on the page so your site is not penalized. One way to get good example pages for the type of page you should build is to search the internet using your key phrase or word and look at the pages that are ranked the highest. Determine

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how many times the phrase or word appeared, whether the phrase is in the page title and how many headers contain the phrase. 3. Use your keyword or phrase in the page title, and a header near the top of the page. If the phrase is used in the page HTML META title or main header or near the top of the page, it will count more to the search engine. Place the keyword combination in your meta tag such as: <meta name="keywords" content="web site creation, web site construction, how to build a web site, promtion, web promotion"> Keep characters in lower case. Remember however that some search engines may penalize your site if your keyword density is too high. 4. Determine content of the page that will get as many keywords used as possible and create it. Use somewhat repetitious language but don't overdue it enough to make it annoying. For example if you are writing a tutorial about widgets and you know "widget tutorial" is a popular search phrase, name your introduction page "Widget Tutorial". Make your main header contain that phrase. As you are describing what will be in your tutorial, say things like "this widget tutorial will describe" rather than saying "this document will describe".

Website Promotion
At this point, you have created a world class website, and you should be proud. It is time to get traffic to your site. Getting traffic to your site can be hard work. One of the first steps is to get awards to impress others. Submit to Internet Directories or Search Engines The most important part of website promotion is to submit your site to web directories, search engines and other websites. There are hundreds of search engines and internet directories on the web. You can submit to them individually or go to sites that allow submissions to multiple search engines or directories. Both the search engines and sites that submit to multiple search engines may allow anywhere from free submissions, to five dollars, to around two hundred dollars. Obviously, paying is more likely to get your submission considered sooner. Many search engines have various packages for submissions. Some allow free submissions for official non profit sites. See the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages and click on the link that says "Promote Your Web Site" for promotional sites or click on the "Search Engines" link to find search engines to submit to. Search Engine and Web Directories There are two types of sites you should submit your site to:

Web directories catalog listings with weblinks to sites based on functional categories and subject. Usually these sites such as Yahoo and Dmoz are entered by hand and may take a long time to list sites or make changes. Many search engines crawl Dmoz listed sites and use Dmoz for their indexed catalog list. However, it may take six

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months or more to get on Yahoo unless a fee is paid, and some sections on Dmoz may lack an editor which can cause indefinate delay for websites in some categories. Submit your site once to appropriate categories on web directories and do not submit too often or your site may be banned. You may want to keep a record of when you submit your site, the category it was submitted in, and the name of the site you submitted to. Web crawler based search engines such as Lycos and Exalead. These sites use webcrawlers which are programs that automatically go out to web pages and index the site and connecting links. The index results are placed in a database catalog and used to provide search results for users. Some web crawler programs only go one link deep, and may not be able to crawl web pages that use frames. These sites may also include a human entered catalog, but many allow free submission of URLs (Universal Resource Locators which indicate the human readable name and location of a website page) for the webcrawler programs to index. It is wise not to submit your site to search engines too often since this could be considered to be spamming and can cause your site to be banned.

Many experts say it is an essential part of website promotion, to get listed on Yahoo.com. This is because yahoo has the most traffic of any other search engine. Yahoo brags that they list the best sites on the web. I have found that this is no longer the case. Not only are many sites they list not very informational, they currently have many broken links due to the recent dot com business financial shakeups. I believe this is partly due to the fact that they have cut their staffing to the bone, and cannot keep the site current. It is important to get listed on Yahoo, but I'm not convinced that it is possible, although I'm still trying. Action Submit your site to Dmoz for free. Also submit to other web site catalogs like Yahoo and pay a fee if it is within your budget and practical. You can submit for free, but you may never get listed this way. Go to sites like Exalead and Lycos and any others that allow free submissions to web crawlers. Submit the URL of your map file to be crawled, if you created one during the construction phase, otherwise submit your main page. It may take three weeks or more for results to show up. Get Links to Your Site An important part of website promotion includes getting various sites that have a high profile or high amount of traffic to link to your site. If your site content can complement or add to other sites, it is worthwhile to ask them to link to your site, either by using an email or filling out an on site form. Some sites that are listed on Yahoo may link to your site. Getting links from any other sites may also help your website promotion because some search engines rank pages. The more links you get, in general your page ranking will go up. Apply for Awards There are many websites that provide various awards in many categories for good websites. Many people love to review websites. Some of these sites are search engines and also post a

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link to your website. You should apply for as many awards that are appropriate to your site. Do not apply multiple times for the same awards. To find sites that give awards find the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages and click on the link that says "Sites that Give Awards". Sometimes, the award is based on the opinion of the agency or person giving the award, but usually criteria includes:

Must be easy to navigate. Must have useful content. Must be original. Must have graphics or in some way be pleasing to the eye.

Post Awards on Your Site You should brag about any awards you receive. Awards should be placed on the main page or on another page with a link from the main page. The award should be a link back to the site that gave the award. Once you have some awards, other organizations will consider your site more credible and worthwhile and you should get better responses to site submissions. Get in Webrings There are several webrings on the web. Webrings are groups of sites that have a theme in common. See the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages and click on the link that says "Web Ring Sites". These are helpful, but not as helpful as getting links from multiple sites. Use News There are several sites that post news. It is helpful to submit articles to these sites to get the word out about your site. Simply write your own news bulletin about your web site significant events such as the startup of your group. See the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages and click on the link that says "News Sources" under the "Information" header. Other Promotion If your site has useful information, you can post it on various forum websites when the subject matter is appropriate. See the Computer Technology Documentation Project Websites pages and click on the link that says "Forum Web Sites" Advertising If your organization requires traffic quickly and you have an advertising budget, it is worthwhile and required to pay for advertising. Be careful to choose sites to advertise on that have high traffic and draw people who would have an interest in your products. Additional Idea Create a offshoot of your site to give awards to other people's websites. One condition of getting the award is that those who receive your award must link back to your site. In some

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ways an award site is like a link trading scheme, but is much more ethical and elegant. Note: Award sites purposes are usually one or more of: 1. To make money. 2. To increase links to the site to get better search engine listings. 3. To actually give awards, only to excellent sites.

Website Creation Pitfalls

Designing and building a great website is fun and easy. All you need to do is get some tools, or learn HTML, then start working. You just make the website, submit it to search engines, and people will come to your site. After all, it is a great site, very useful, and you have great products. Better still, you built it. If you build it, they will come. Right? Wrong! If you want a world class web site, it takes planning and work. It may be fun, but like any other endeavor, if it is not well planned and executed properly, it is likely to fail. If you are building a web site for your hobby or family and don't care who reads it, then fine, you don't need to plan ahead. It does not need to be a world class web site. My Experiences and Pitfalls I created my website manually. It was created offline, using a free HTML editor called Arachnophilia. Then the content was uploaded to a webhost provider. Since I had no budget, I chose to use providers that provided free webhosting with advertising on the site. So I did the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Started creating the site offline and got a basic working site. Chose the first convenient web service provider and uploaded the offline content. Continued expanding and updating the site. Became unhappy with the first provider and moved to a provider with better tools and more storage. 5. Continued expanding and updating the site. 6. Realized that web crawlers could not crawl past the first page, but didn't know why. 7. Figured out that the HTML document type letter case was incorrect in all my pages and I had not applied the three types of document types properly for framed documents or those that were not framed 8. Updated all my web pages and had to re-upload them to the web service provider. 9. Found out that my web host provider did not allow enough files to be on their site to contain my entire web page although, I had more file space available. 10. I changed web host providers to one that had better FTP access, more available storage, and allowed more files on the site. 11. Learned more about HTML and style sheets. 12. Found out it was easier to update and add style to pages using style sheets. 13. Updated all pages to use style sheets and uploaded them again to the new web provider. 14. Decided to move the main pages away from frames and modified the main pages to not use frames and left tutorials to use frames. 15. Re-uploaded new pages that didn't use frames. 16. Asked opinions from outsiders about the web site and found out the layout, graphics,

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navigation, and color scheme needed improvement. 17. Updated the main pages and asked for opinions again. 18. Made a few adjustments, and updated more pages. It is obvious that a little foresight would have saved quite a bit of work and time.

Website Creation Tutorial Terms

Frames - Frames are a method of allowing more than one HTML file page to be loaded in a web browser window. Many webcrawlers do not search to web pages that are linked from a frameset page. HTML - HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is the format most web documents are placed in to be made available for viewing. HTML is simply used to indicate to the web browser, how to display the content. It uses elements consisting of sets of tags (beginning and end tag) to mark the type of elements such as paragraphs, headers, lists, and tables. Search engine - A search engine is a web site that searches web listings. The web listings may be provide by categorized sites such as dmoz.org or they may be created by web crawlers. Search engines allow web surfers to find websites that have information based on keyword search criteria. Some search engines are edited by humans and some are done with automatic programs such as webcrawlers. SSI - Server Side Includes are normally used to place the same notices on many pages. This way, if the notice is changed, multiple pages do not need to be edited. Only the notice page is changed. Ste the CTDP SSI manual for technical information about SSI. Web crawler - A web crawler is a program that goes to web sites and creates an index of pages based on a description, title, and keywords found in the web page header and in the content.

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