Robust Rule Based Local Binary Pattern Method For Texture Classification and Analysis

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 4, July August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
Robust Rule Based Local Binary Pattern Method for Texture Classification and Analysis
O.Rama Devi 1, Dr. E.V.Prasad2, Dr.L.S.S.Reddy 3
2
Assistant Professor, P.V.P.S.I.T, AP, India Dean, Planning & Development, K. L. University, AP, India 3 Director, LBRCE, Mylavaram, A.P, India
Abstract: The
primary objective of texture image segmentation is to divide the image into uniform parts. Object extraction; object recognition and object-based compression is typical applications that use texture image segmentation as a low-level image processing. Texture Image segmentation is an important processing step in various image, video and computer vision applications. Extensive research has been done in creating many different approaches and algorithms for texture image segmentation, but it is still complex to assess whether one algorithm produces more accurate segmentation than another for a particular image or set of images, or for a whole category of images. A new texture segmentation approach, including a feature extraction method and the novel segmentation algorithm, is shown in this paper. The proposed feature extraction method called rule based local binary patterns (RLBP), selects the frequently occurred patterns to construct the main pattern set, which avoids the usage of same pattern set for describing different texture structures in traditional local binary patterns. According to the different morphologies and different semantics of texture, the segmentation algorithm is designed for texture segmentation based on RLBP features .As it is simple and efficient so our implementation is suitable for large-scale texture Images. The experiments exhibited the segmentation effect of the proposed method is satisfactory from human visual aspect and segmentation accuracy.
Keywords: RLBP, Texture Image segmentation, Objective evaluation, unsupervised evaluation, Empirical good measure.
1. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation partitions an image into nonoverlapping regions. A region is defined as a homogeneous group of connected pixels with respect to a chosen property. There are several ways to define homogeneity of a region that are based on a particular objective in the segmentation process. For example, it may be measured by color, gray levels, texture, motion, depth of layers, etc. Overlaps among regions are not permitted; therefore, each pixel belongs only to a Single region. Two neighboring regions should be merged if the new combined region is homogeneous. Consequently, each region is anticipated to be as large as possible under its certain characterization. Then, the total number of regions is reduced. Since segmentation definition is Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013
informal, it is very difficult to propose semantics to measure the quality of a given segmentation, unless the segmentations goal is well defined. Image segmentation has a variety of purposes. For example, segmentation plays an important role in the field of video object extraction [13]. Since homogeneous regions correspond to meaningful objects (which are mostly inhomogeneous), many of the video object extraction algorithms first partition the image into homogeneous regions, and then, in order to extract the moving object, the regions are merged according to temporal information of the sequence. In image compression [46], the input image is divided into regions that should be separately compressed since better compression is achieved as long as the regions are more homogeneous. Tracking systems that are regionally based [79] utilize the information of the entire objects regions. They track the homogeneous regions of the object by their color, luminance or texture. Then, a merging technique that is based on motion estimation is used in order to obtain the complete object in the next frame. Image segmentation is also used in object recognition systems [10, 11]. Many of these system partition the object to be recognized into sub-regions and try to characterize each separately in order to simplify the matching process. Automatic segmentation in still image has been investigated [12, 13] by many researchers from diverse fields of sciences. The existing segmentation methods can be divided into the following primary approaches: 1) Histogram-based methods, 2) boundarybased methods, 3) region-based methods, 4) hybrid-based methods and 5) graph-based techniques. In the digital images, the spatial distributions of gray values choose the textural features and hence, statistical methods analyze the spatial allocation of pixel values in the digital image. Based on the number of pixels defining the local feature, statistical methods can be categorized into first-order statistical methods, second-order statistical methods and higher-order statistical methods [14]. A large number of statistical texture approaches have been proposed, range from first order statistics to higher order statistics. As first order statistical methods cannot model the texture completely, higher order statistics are generally used for texture analysis [15]. Gray level co-occurrence matrices [16], gray level differences [17] and Local Binary Patterns [18] are some of the popular second-order Page 274

statistical texture methods for texture analysis. Geometrical methods are founded on the concept that texture could be seen as a spatial association of texture primitives. 1n [19] proposed an idea in which the texture image is viewed as texture primitives, which are precise according to a placement rule and texture analysis is a process of identifying those primitives or the placement rule. In [20] used a Fourier spectrum of a texture image to detect texture periodicity for the texture analysis. In [21] examined the structures of texture patterns in terms of their translation symmetries for the texture analysis. In this paper robust rule based local binary pattern technique is implemented for texture classification and analysis.
3. RULE BASED LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS

Rule Based LBP can be generally described as discrete dynamic systems completely defined by a set of rules in a local neighborhood. The state of a system is represented as a regular grid, on which the rules apply to produce a new state. An interesting property of RLBP is that very simple rules can result in very complex behavior. Now consider sample window S3X3 and compare each pixel with significant centers of the sample window. All neighboring pixels with values greater than the center to be replaced with the value 1 otherwise replace them with 0 such that gray images is converted to binary image. On the binary image the following rules have been used to remove the uncertainty of texture classification. 1) Calculation of the column wise count on sample space S3X3 3 Xi= S (si, n) ; where n=1, 2,3 i=1 If Xi >=2 then Ci=1 Else Ci=0 2) Calculation of the row wise count on sample space S3X3 3 Yi= S (si, m) where m=1, 2,3 i=1 If Yiion>=2 then Ri=1; Else Ri=0;
2. LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS

The original LBP operator labels the pixels of an image by means of decimal numbers, which are called LBP codes that encode the local structure around each pixel. It proceeds thus, as illustrated in Fig. 1: every pixel is compared with its eight neighbors in a 3 3 neighborhood by subtracting the center pixel value; the resulting strictly negative values are encoded with 0, and the others with 1. For each given pixel, a binary number is obtained by concatenating all these binary values in a clockwise direction, which starts from the one of its topleft neighbor. The corresponding decimal value of the generated binary number is then used for labeling the given pixel. The derived binary numbers are referred to be the LBPs or LBP codes.
Figure 1 An example of the basic LBP operator. While the LBP was, invariant to monotonic changes in gray scale, it was supplemented by an autonomous measure of local contrast. Fig. 2 shows how the contrast measure (C) was derived. The average gray level below the center pixel is subtracted from that of the gray level above (or equal to) the center pixel. Two-dimensional distributions of the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and local contrast technique were used as features. This operator was called LBP/C, and extremely good discrimination rates were reported through textures.
3) Calculate the count for left diagonal D1 and right diagonal D2 on sample space S3x3 4) From the new sample matrix like giving blow. R1 D1 C1 R2 C2 R3 D2 C3 5) Compute the LBP operator on new sample space and replace the center pixel. 6) Repeat step 1 through step5 on entire images and form the new unambiguous image. The result of this method can be conveniently represented a two-dimensional pattern that can be further be used in image processing. RLBP of 8-bit, segments the Image in better way even for Noisy Images and the quality of the images are found to be better than images obtained with the conventional methods.
LBP = 1+2+4+8+128 = 143 C = (5+4+3+4+3)/5 (1+2+0)/3 = 2.8 Figure 2 Calculating the original LBP code and a contrast measure. Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
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In order to verify the effectiveness of the segmentation process using the proposed method, a group of images of different kinds were tested. The performance evaluation of two methods has been described based on tables of values and graphs shown in the paper. Three texture images of mud, cliff and sand of different soil images have been shown in Fig 3, Fig 4 & Fig 5 of size 256X256 were considered in this experiment. Each individual texture image is considered as a model sample and there are 3 model samples in total. Each test sample is compared using RLBP and LBPC and classified. Table1 & Table2 show the classification performance of the proposed texture model and LBPC. From the Table2, it is observed that the classification results are excellent with high classification accuracy. The result of the comparison is given in the form of graphs shown in Fig 6 & Fig 7. In the case of LBPC texture model does not classify three categories clearly. RLBP method is considered as a good texture classifier, it clearly classifies all three types of images. Among the two texture methods under consideration, the proposed RLBP texture method delivers superior classification. Table 2: RBPR
Mud 0.531 0.559 0.535 0.538 0.527 0.546 0.582 0.546 0.54 0.549 Cliff 0.609 0.614 0.555 0.556 0.584 0.55 0.609 0.598 0.599 0.6 Sand 0.527 0.516 0.514 0.514 0.517 0.527 0.529 0.519 0.534 0.547
Figure 6 LBPC
Figure 3 Mud Images
Figure 7 RLBP
5. CONCLUSIONS
The LBP operator has been theoretically simple yet a very powerful method of analyzing textures. Through the extension developed during this paper, the RLBP operator was made into a really powerful measure of image texture showing outstanding results in terms of accuracy and computational complexity in many empirical studies. In this paper, we analyzed LBPC and consequently a new scheme, namely RLBP is proposed. Two operators, LBPC and RLBP are defined to classify the texture images. Finally, RLBP operator gives much better texture classification accuracy than LBPC operator which obtained. The RPBP operator doesn't classify rough and mud images.
Figure 4 Cliff Images
Figure 5 Sand Images Table1: LBPC

Mud Image 0.556 0.608 0.555 0.561 0.525 0.567 0.611 0.568 0.562 0.591 Cliff ImagLVPC 0.628 0.661 0.662 0.59 0.58 0.5 0.582 0.57 0.55 0.565 Sand 0.553 0.511 0.497 0.505 0.542 0.549 0.519 0.518 0.51 0.558
References
[1] D. Wang, Unsupervised video segmentation based on watersheds and Temporal tracking, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 8 (5) (1998). [2] H. Gao, W. -C. Siu, C. -H. Hou, Improved techniques for automatic image segmentation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 11 (12) (2001). [3] F. Dufaux, F. Moscheni, A. Lippman, Spatiotemporal segmentation based on motion and static segmentation, IEEE Proceedings of International Page 276
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Conference on Image Processing 95, Washington, DC, October 1995. [4] P. Suetens, P. Fua, A.J. Hanson, Computational strategies for object recognition, ACM Computing Surveys 24 (1992) 561. [5] P. Bessel, R. Jain, Three-dimensional object recognition, ACMComputing Surveys 17 (1985) 75145. [5] M. Kunt, M. Benard, R. Leonardi, Recent results in higher compression image coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 34 (1987)13061336. [6] K. Belloulata, J. Konrad, Fractal Image compression with region based functionality, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 11 (4) (2002) 351. [7] E. Ozyildiz, N. Krahnst-over, R. Sharm, Adaptive texture and color segmentation for tracking moving objects, Pattern Recognition 35 (2002) 20132029. [8] D.S. Yang, H.I. Choi, Moving object tracking by optimizing models, Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia, 1998, pp. 738740. [9] R. Murrieta-CID, M. Briot, N. Vandapel, Landmark identification and tracking in natural environment, IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Victoria, BC, Canada, 1998, pp. 738740 [10] N. Pal, S. Pal, A review of image segmentation techniques, Pattern Recognition 26 (1993) 1277 1294. [11] R.M. Haralick, L.G. Shapiro, Survey: image segmentation techniques, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 29 (1985) 100132. [12] B. Schacter, L. Davis, A. Rosenfeld, Scene Segmentation by Cluster Detection in Color Space, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1975. [13] A. Sarabi, J.K. Aggarwal, Segmentation of chromatic images, Pattern Recognition 13 (6) (1981) 417427. [14] Ojala, T., Pietikinen, M., Harwood, D.: A Comparative Study of Texture Measures with Classification Based on Feature Distributions. Pattern Recognition 29(1996) 51-59 [15] Ojala, T., Pietikinen, M., Menp, T.: Multiresolution Grayscale and Rotation Invariant Texture Classification with Local Binary Patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24 (2002) 971 987 118 M. Pietikinen [16] Menp, T., Pietikinen, M.: Texture Analysis with Local Binary Patterns. In: Chen, C.H., Wang, P.S.P. (Eds.): Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, 3rdedn. World Scientific (2005) 197-216 [17] http://www.ee.oulu.fi/research/imag/texture/ [18] Ojala, T. And M. Pietikainen, 2004. Texture Classification. Machine Vision and Media Processing Unit University of Oulu, Finland. [19] Moasheri, B.B.M. And S. Azadinia, 2011. A new voting approach to texture defect detection based on Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013 multiresolutional decomposition. World Acad. SCI., Eng. Technol., 73: 657-661. [20] Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam and I. Dinstein, 1973.Textural features for image classification. IEEETrans. Syst. Man Cybernetics, 3: 610-621. DOI:10.1109/TSMC.1973.4309314 [21] Weszka, J.S., C.R. Dyer and A. Rosenfeld, 1976. A comparative study of texture measures for terrain classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernetics, 6: 269-285. DOI:10.1109/TSMC.1976.5408 777
AUTHORS
O. Rama Devi received her B. Tech degree in CSE from K. L. College of Engineering, Guntur. M. Tech degree in Computer Science from K. L. College of Engineering, Guntur. Currently, she is pursuing her PhD at JNTUK, Kakinada. And she is working as Asst. Professor in P. V. P. Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Kanuru. She has 6 years of teaching experience .She has published 4 research papers in various national and international journals and attended 10 national and international conferences. Her interesting subjects are image processing, computer networks and pattern recognition. She is a member of CSI professional societies. Dr. E. V. Prasad Dean, Planning and development, K. L. University .He was retired as a rector, JNTU Kakinada. He held different positions Principal, Director, Registar and act as a BOS Chairman. And supervised 7 PhD students and 8 students working for their degree. He is the Co author of six books and published hundred papers in national and International journals and conferences. His research interests include Data Mining, and Information Security. Dr. L. S. S. Reddy received his B. Tech degree in Electronics and communication Engineering from J. N. T. University Hyderabad, M. Phil degree in Computer Science from Central University Hyderabad and PhD from BITS, PILANI. Currently, he is director of the Lakireddy Balireddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh. He has got more than 20 years of teaching experience .He has published fifty two research papers in various national and international journals and more than twenty research papers in various national and international conferences. He is Chairman Board of study in Nagarjuna University. He guided four PhD scholars and Chairman of CSI Chapter, Vijayawada. He is a member of various professional societies like IEEE, ISTE, IETE, IE and CSI.
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

3. RULE BASED LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS

2. LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Figure 3 Mud Images

Figure 4 Cliff Images

Figure 5 Sand Images Table1: LBPC

Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

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