Bab 03 MassBalance

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Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB 1
Mass Balance Mass Balance Mass Balance Mass Balance
Lecture Note Lecture Note
Principles of Food Engineering Principles of Food Engineering Principles of Food Engineering Principles of Food Engineering
Dosen Dosen : :
Prof. Prof. Dr Dr. . Purwiyatno Purwiyatno Hariyadi Hariyadi, , MSc MSc
Dept of Food Dept of Food Sciemce & Sciemce & Technology Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Agricultural Technology y g gy y g gy
Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Agricultural University
BOGOR BOGOR
Mass Balance Learning Objectives Mass Balance Learning Objectives
Understand the fundamental mass balance Understand the fundamental mass balance
concepts concepts
Be able to list and discuss important mass Be able to list and discuss important mass
balance applications in food processing and balance applications in food processing and
handling operations handling operations
Be able to conceptually describe how mass Be able to conceptually describe how mass
Purwiyatno Purwiyatno Hariyadi Hariyadi/ITP/ /ITP/Fateta Fateta/IPB /IPB
p y p y
balance determinations or calculations are balance determinations or calculations are
obtained obtained
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WHY STUDY MASS BALANCE??? WHY STUDY MASS BALANCE??? WHY STUDY MASS BALANCE??? WHY STUDY MASS BALANCE???
Fundamental for blending of ingredients in food Fundamental for blending of ingredients in food
processing operations processing operations
Law of conservation of Law of conservation of
mass : mass :
Matter is neither be created Matter is neither be created
nor destroyed nor destroyed
Fundamental for separation processes include: Fundamental for separation processes include:
oo evaporation evaporation
oo dehydration dehydration
oo distillation distillation
oo absorption absorption
nor destroyed nor destroyed
pp
oo ion exchange ion exchange
i t i t t t t t
Mass Balance : Concept ................... 1 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 1 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 1 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 1
Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Conservation of Mass
Input Input - - output = accumulation output = accumulation
accumulation accumulation
input input output output
Continuous/steady state processes : Continuous/steady state processes :
No accumulation of mass No accumulation of mass
Desired in large Desired in large--scale operations : scale operations :
process control : simpler process control : simpler
p ocess co t o s p e p ocess co t o s p e
product quality : easier to manage product quality : easier to manage
In small scale operations, batch processing of In small scale operations, batch processing of
ingredients is more common ingredients is more common
Combination of continuous and batch type Combination of continuous and batch type
operations sometimes used operations sometimes used
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Mass Balance : Concept ................... 2 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 2 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 2 Mass Balance : Concept ................... 2
Yield concept Yield concept
Grinding of soybean Grinding of soybean
Results : 93 kg soy flour are produced from 100 kg Results : 93 kg soy flour are produced from 100 kg
soybean soybean
Yield : 93%. Yield : 93%.
(Bio)chemical reaction : Yield concept (Bio)chemical reaction : Yield concept
..... .....
>stoichiometry >stoichiometry
ex. C ex. C
66
HH
44
(CH (CH
33
))
22
+3O +3O
22
........ ........
>>CC
66
HH
44
(CO) (CO)
22
OO +3 H +3 H
22
OO
xylene (X) xylene (X) phthylic anhydride (Ph) phthylic anhydride (Ph)
Results : 108 kg of Ph are produced per 100 kg X Results : 108 kg of Ph are produced per 100 kg X
Yield?? Yield??
MW X =106 kg/kg mole MW X =106 kg/kg mole MW Ph =148 kg/kg mole MW Ph =148 kg/kg mole
100 kg X =100 kg(1 kg mole/106 kg) =0.944 kg mole 100 kg X =100 kg(1 kg mole/106 kg) =0.944 kg mole
108 kg Ph =108 kg(1kg mole/148 kg) =0.730 kg mole 108 kg Ph =108 kg(1kg mole/148 kg) =0.730 kg mole
Yield : (0.730/0.944)100% =77.3% Yield : (0.730/0.944)100% =77.3%
Yield?? Yield??
Draw a sketch or diagram describing process Draw a sketch or diagram describing process
Steps in Mass Balance Preparation Steps in Mass Balance Preparation
Identify information available Identify information available
Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines
Identify all input (inflows) and output (outflows) Identify all input (inflows) and output (outflows)
Use symbols or letters to identify unknown items/quantities Use symbols or letters to identify unknown items/quantities
Write mass balance equation : Write mass balance equation :
h i t b i f l l ti h i t b i f l l ti
choose appropriate basis of calculation choose appropriate basis of calculation
do total and/or component mass balance do total and/or component mass balance
Solve resulting algebraic equation(s) Solve resulting algebraic equation(s)
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Production of low fat cream (18% fat, w/w), from double Production of low fat cream (18% fat, w/w), from double
cream(48%fat w/w) and milk (3 5%w/w) cream(48%fat w/w) and milk (3 5%w/w)
Mass Balance Example 0 Mass Balance Example 0 Mass Balance Example 0 Mass Balance Example 0
cream (48% fat, w/w) and milk (3.5%,w/w). cream (48% fat, w/w) and milk (3.5%,w/w).
Howmuch double cream and milk are required to Howmuch double cream and milk are required to
produce 100 kg low fat cream? produce 100 kg low fat cream?
Mixer Mixer
Milk, 3.5% fat Milk, 3.5% fat
Low fat cream Low fat cream
18% fat 18% fat
100 kg 100 kg
Mass Balance Example 0 answer Mass Balance Example 0 answer Mass Balance Example 0 answer Mass Balance Example 0 answer
Cream, 48% Cream, 48%
100 kg 100 kg
Let the required double cream =y kg and milk =x kg Let the required double cream =y kg and milk =x kg
Total mass balance equation : Total mass balance equation :
y +x =100 kg y +x =100 kg . Eq.1 . Eq.1
The componen balance on the fat : The componen balance on the fat :
0 035x+0 48y=100(0 18) 0 035x+0 48y=100(0 18) Eq 2 Eq 2 0.035x +0.48y =100(0.18) 0.035x +0.48y =100(0.18) . Eq.2 . Eq.2
Eq. 1 and 2 : Eq. 1 and 2 : 0.035(100 0.035(100--y) +0.48y =18 y) +0.48y =18
3.5 3.5 - - 0.035y +0.48y =18 0.035y +0.48y =18
y =32.58 kg y =32.58 kg
jadi . jadi . X =67.42 kg X =67.42 kg
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Mass Balance Example 1 Mass Balance Example 1 Mass Balance Example 1 Mass Balance Example 1
Drying of 500 kg/h of diced carrots Drying of 500 kg/h of diced carrots
D d ll l D d ll l fl d h d fl d h d Dryer used : parallel Dryer used : parallel--flow dehydrator flow dehydrator
Drying objective : moisture content 85% to 20% Drying objective : moisture content 85% to 20%
Air entering dehydrator Air entering dehydrator
air humidity ratio of 0.013 kg of water per kg of dry air humidity ratio of 0.013 kg of water per kg of dry
matter entering dehydrator at the rate of 200 kg of matter entering dehydrator at the rate of 200 kg of
air per kg of dr solid air per kg of dr solid
air per kg of dry solid air per kg of dry solid
Calculate humidity ratio of the air leaving dehydrator Calculate humidity ratio of the air leaving dehydrator
Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (i)
Step 1. Draw a sketch or diagram describing process Step 1. Draw a sketch or diagram describing process
Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Dryer Dryer
Carrots in Carrots in
Carrots out Carrots out
Step 2. Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines Step 2. Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines
Step 3. Use symbols or letters to identify unknown Step 3. Use symbols or letters to identify unknown
yy
p y y p y y
items/quantities items/quantities
Let m represent total water contained in 1 kg dry Let m represent total water contained in 1 kg dry
leaving air leaving air
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Step 4. Write mass balance equation Step 4. Write mass balance equation
Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (ii)
Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Dryer Dryer
Balance of water : Balance of water :
Total of water in =total of water out Total of water in =total of water out
(H (H O t H O t H O i ) O i ) (H (H O t ) O t )
yy
(H (H
22
O carrots +H O carrots +H
22
O air) O air)
in in
=(H =(H
22
O carrots +m) O carrots +m)
out out
Basis : 1 kg dry basis Basis : 1 kg dry basis
(H (H
22
O carrots) O carrots)
in in
: 85 parts of H : 85 parts of H
22
O 15 part of dry solids O 15 part of dry solids
for 1 kg of dry solids : 1.0(85/15) =5.67 kg H for 1 kg of dry solids : 1.0(85/15) =5.67 kg H
22
O O
Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iii) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iii)
Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Dryer Dryer
((200) kg dry air 200) kg dry air X X (0.013) kg water (0.013) kg water
k d lid k d i k d lid k d i
=2.6 kg H =2.6 kg H
22
OO
(H (H
22
O air) O air)
in in
: for 1 kg of dry solids : for 1 kg of dry solids
....... .......
>200 kg of dry air >200 kg of dry air
yy
kg dry solids kg dry air kg dry solids kg dry air
(H (H
22
O carrots) O carrots)
out out
: : 1.0(20/80) =0.25 kg H 1.0(20/80) =0.25 kg H
22
OO
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Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iv) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iv) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iv) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (iv)
Dryer Dryer
5.67 kg water 5.67 kg water 2.6 kg of water 2.6 kg of water 0,25 kg of water 0,25 kg of water
kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids
+m +m
== ++
Water balance equation : Water balance equation :
yy
kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids kg dry solids
Step 5. Solve resulting algebraic equation Step 5. Solve resulting algebraic equation
5.67 +2.6 =0.25 +m 5.67 +2.6 =0.25 +m
8.02 kg water 8.02 kg water
kg dry solids kg dry solids
m =5.67 +2.6 m =5.67 +2.6 - - 0.25 = 0.25 =
Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (v) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (v) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (v) Mass Balance Example 1 .......... Answer (v)
Dryer Dryer
humidity ratio, W humidity ratio, W
22
==
............... Moisture content of air leaving dehydrator ............... Moisture content of air leaving dehydrator
yy
==
8.02 8.02 kg water kg water
kg solids kg solids 8.02 kg water / kg solids 8.02 kg water / kg solids
200 200 kg dry air kg dry air 200 kg dry/kg solids 200 kg dry/kg solids
kg solids kg solids
0.04 kg water 0.04 kg water
kg dry air kg dry air
==
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Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2
Contoh Contoh-- proses pencampuran sirup sorgum proses pencampuran sirup sorgum
Pencampuran sirup murni dengan sirup jagung dan Pencampuran sirup murni dengan sirup jagung dan
sirup sirup--semi untuk memperoleh 100 kg blended product semi untuk memperoleh 100 kg blended product
Berikut adalah karakteristik 3 macam sirup : Berikut adalah karakteristik 3 macam sirup :
Item Item %H %H
22
O %gula O %gula %Flavor %Flavor
Sirup Sorg Sirup Sorg 23.0 76.0 23.0 76.0 1.5 1.5
Sirup jgn Sirup jgn 20.0 80.0 20.0 80.0 0.0 0.0
Sirup Sirup--semi semi 40.0 60.0 40.0 60.0 1.0 1.0
Campuran Campuran 25.0 75.0 25.0 75.0 1.0 1.0
Input Input - - output =akumulasi output =akumulasi
Sirup sorgum Sirup sorgum
(murni) (murni)
Sirup jagung Sirup jagung
Sirup campuran Sirup campuran pencampuran pencampuran
Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab i) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab i) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab i) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab i)
1. Gambar diagram proses 1. Gambar diagram proses
Sirup semi Sirup semi
p p p p pe ca pu a pe ca pu a
2. Identifikasi sistem 2. Identifikasi sistem
3. Gunakan simbol 3. Gunakan simbol- -simbol : simbol : S jumlah (kg) sirup sorgum murni S jumlah (kg) sirup sorgum murni
C jumlah (kg) sirup jagung C jumlah (kg) sirup jagung
P jumlah (kg) sirup semi P jumlah (kg) sirup semi
4. Tulis persamaan yang dihasilkan : 4. Tulis persamaan yang dihasilkan :
Diperlukan 3 pers neraca bahan; yaitu gula, flavor & total massa Diperlukan 3 pers neraca bahan; yaitu gula, flavor & total massa
Total Total : : S + C + P = 100 S + C + P = 100 ........... (1) ........... (1)
Gula Gula : : 0.76 S + 0.8 C + 0.6 P =0.75 x 100 = 75 0.76 S + 0.8 C + 0.6 P =0.75 x 100 = 75 ........... (2) ........... (2)
Flavor Flavor : : 0.015 S + 0 C + 0.01 P=0.01 x 100 = 1 0.015 S + 0 C + 0.01 P=0.01 x 100 = 1 ........... (3) ........... (3)
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Total Total : : S + C + P = 100 S + C + P = 100 ........... (1) ........... (1)
Gula Gula : : 0.76 S + 0.8 C + 0.6 P =0.75 x 100 = 75 0.76 S + 0.8 C + 0.6 P =0.75 x 100 = 75 ........... (2) ........... (2)
Flavor Flavor : : 0.015 S + 0 C + 0.01 P=0.01 x 100 = 1 0.015 S + 0 C + 0.01 P=0.01 x 100 = 1 ........... (3) ........... (3)
Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab ii) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab ii) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab ii) Contoh Soal Neraca Massa .....................2 (jawab ii)
5. Pecahkan persamaan yang diperoleh 5. Pecahkan persamaan yang diperoleh
Pecahkan P pada pers (3) sebagai fungsi S : Pecahkan P pada pers (3) sebagai fungsi S :
P = 100 P = 100 - - 1.5 S 1.5 S
Substitusi nilai P dalam pers (1) : Substitusi nilai P dalam pers (1) :
S + C + 100 S + C + 100 - - 1.5 S = 100 1.5 S = 100
............ ............
> jadi, C = 0.5 S > jadi, C = 0.5 S
Substitusi nilai C dan P dalam pers (2) : Substitusi nilai C dan P dalam pers (2) :
0.76 S + 0.8(0.5 S) + 0.6(100 0.76 S + 0.8(0.5 S) + 0.6(100--1.5 S)=75 1.5 S)=75
0.26 S = 15; 0.26 S = 15;
....................................................... .......................................................
> jadi, S = 57.69 > jadi, S = 57.69
Pecahkan nilai C dan P : Pecahkan nilai C dan P :
C = 0.5 S = 0.5 (57.69) = 28.85 C = 0.5 S = 0.5 (57.69) = 28.85
P = 100 P = 100- -1.5S = 100 1.5S = 100 - - 1.5(57.69) = 13.46 1.5(57.69) = 13.46
Jadi, campuran itu adalah : Jadi, campuran itu adalah :
S + C + P = 57.69 + 28.85 + 13.46 =100 S + C + P = 57.69 + 28.85 + 13.46 =100
Example Example Example Example
Production of low fat cream (18% fat, w/w), from double Production of low fat cream (18% fat, w/w), from double
cream(48%fat w/w) and milk (3 5%w/w) cream(48%fat w/w) and milk (3 5%w/w) cream (48% fat, w/w) and milk (3.5%,w/w). cream (48% fat, w/w) and milk (3.5%,w/w).
Howmuch double cream and milk are required to Howmuch double cream and milk are required to
produce 100 kg low fat cream? produce 100 kg low fat cream?
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Mixer Mixer
Cream 48% Cream 48%
Milk, 3.5% fat Milk, 3.5% fat
Low fat cream Low fat cream
18% fat 18% fat
100 kg 100 kg
Answer : Answer :
Cream, 48% Cream, 48%
Let the required double cream =y kg and milk =x kg Let the required double cream =y kg and milk =x kg
Total mass balance equation : Total mass balance equation :
y +x =100 kg y +x =100 kg . Eq.1 . Eq.1
The componen balance on the fat : The componen balance on the fat :
0 035 0 48 100(0 18) 0 035 0 48 100(0 18) E 2 E 2 0.035x +0.48y =100(0.18) 0.035x +0.48y =100(0.18) . Eq.2 . Eq.2
Eq. 1 and 2 : Eq. 1 and 2 : 0.035(100 0.035(100--y) +0.48y =18 y) +0.48y =18
3.5 3.5 - - 0.035y +0.48y =18 0.035y +0.48y =18
y =32.58 kg y =32.58 kg
jadi . jadi . X =67.42 kg X =67.42 kg
A fruit puree is dried in a continuous flow dehydrator.
Th t t i 0 80 H O/k hil th d i d
Mass Balance Example 3 Mass Balance Example 3
............................................................. DO IT!
Mass Balance Example 3 Mass Balance Example 3
............................................................. DO IT!
The wet puree contains 0.80 H
2
O/kg puree while the dried
puree contains 0.20 kg H
2
O/kg puree.
Flow rates of wet puree entering the dehydrator is 100 kg/h
while dry puree leaving the dehydrator is 25 kg/h .
Heated drying air flows opposite to flow of the puree.
Moisture content of drying air entering and leaving the drier
are 0 01 and 0 02 kg H2O/kg respectively
Purwiyatno Hariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB
are 0.01 and 0.02 kg H2O/kg, respectively.
What is the flow rate of drying air?
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Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (i) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (i)
Step 1. Draw a sketch or diagram describing process Step 1. Draw a sketch or diagram describing process
Air Out Air Out
Drying air In Drying air In
Drier Drier
Puree in Puree in
Puree out Puree out
Step 2. Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines Step 2. Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines
Drier Drier
Input Input : : puree in (0.80 H puree in (0.80 H
22
O/kg puree), at 100 kg/h O/kg puree), at 100 kg/h
drying air in (0.01 kg H drying air in (0.01 kg H
22
O/kg) O/kg)
Step 3. Use symbols or letters to identify unknown Step 3. Use symbols or letters to identify unknown
items/quantities items/quantities
Let X kg/h represent the flow rate of drying air? Let X kg/h represent the flow rate of drying air?
Output Output : : dried puree (0.20 kg H dried puree (0.20 kg H
22
O/kg puree), at 25 kg/h O/kg puree), at 25 kg/h
drying air out (0.02 kg H drying air out (0.02 kg H
22
O/kg) O/kg)
Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (ii) Mass Balance Example 3 .......... Answer (ii)
Air Out Air Out
Drying air In Drying air In
Puree in Puree in
Puree out Puree out
Balance for water : Water Balance for water : Water
IN IN
= Water = Water
OUT OUT
Basis : 1 h Basis : 1 h
x kg DA (0.01 kg H x kg DA (0.01 kg H
22
O /kg DA) + 100 kg puree (0.8kg H O /kg DA) + 100 kg puree (0.8kg H
22
O /kg puree) = O /kg puree) =
k DA (0 02 k H k DA (0 02 k H O /k DA) 25 k (0 2 k H O /k DA) 25 k (0 2 k H O/k ) O/k )
x kg DA (0.02 kg H x kg DA (0.02 kg H
22
O /kg DA) + 25 kg puree (0.2 kg H O /kg DA) + 25 kg puree (0.2 kg H
22
O/kg puree) O/kg puree)
0.01x + 80 = 0.02x + 5 0.01x + 80 = 0.02x + 5
x = 75/0.01 = 7500 x = 75/0.01 = 7500
Flow rate of drying air = 7500 kg/h Flow rate of drying air = 7500 kg/h
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MATERIAL BALANCE FOR COMPLEX PROCESSING MATERIAL BALANCE FOR COMPLEX PROCESSING MATERIAL BALANCE FOR COMPLEX PROCESSING MATERIAL BALANCE FOR COMPLEX PROCESSING
Example of sugar crystallization Example of sugar crystallization
Determine the amount of sugar that can be produced from Determine the amount of sugar that can be produced from
100,kg of sugar solution containing 20% (w/w) sugar, 1% 100,kg of sugar solution containing 20% (w/w) sugar, 1%
(w/w) water soluble (uncrystallizable) impurity. (w/w) water soluble (uncrystallizable) impurity.
The process are as the following : The process are as the following :
Solution is concentrated to 75% sugar, cooled to 20 Solution is concentrated to 75% sugar, cooled to 20
oo
C, C,
and centrifuged and the crystals are then dried and centrifuged and the crystals are then dried
and centrifuged, and the crystals are then dried. and centrifuged, and the crystals are then dried.
1. Diagram 1. Diagram 1. Diagram 1. Diagram
Evaporator Evaporator Crystallizer Crystallizer Centrifuge Centrifuge Drier Drier
HH
22
OO
AA
HH
22
OO
BB
Raw Raw
sugar sugar
soln soln
A : concentrated sugar soln (75% sugar,w/w) A : concentrated sugar soln (75% sugar,w/w)
Dry Dry
sugar sugar
B : wet sugar crystal B : wet sugar crystal
CC
C : low concentration sugar soln C : low concentration sugar soln
2. Identify system? 2. Identify system?
gg
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HH
22
OO
AA
BB
HH
22
OO
System a : System a : System a : System a :
Raw Raw
sugar sugar
soln soln
CC
Dry Dry
sugar sugar
Input Input : : rawsugar soln rawsugar soln
Output Output: : H H
22
O (fromevaporator) O (fromevaporator)
HHO (f di ) O (f di ) HH
22
O (fromdrier) O (fromdrier)
C : lowconcentration sugar soln C : lowconcentration sugar soln
dry sugar dry sugar
HH
22
OO
AA
BB
HH
22
OO
System b : System b : System b : System b :
Raw Raw
sugar sugar
soln soln
CC
Dry Dry
sugar sugar
Input Input : : concentrated sugar soln (75%sugar,w/w) concentrated sugar soln (75%sugar,w/w)
22
C l t ti l C l t ti l C : lowconcentration sugar soln C : lowconcentration sugar soln
dry sugar dry sugar
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HH
22
OO
AA
BB
HH
22
OO
System c : System c : System c : System c :
Raw Raw
sugar sugar
soln soln
CC
Dry Dry
sugar sugar
Input Input : : B ( wet sugar crystal) B ( wet sugar crystal)
22
d d dry sugar dry sugar
MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4. MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4. MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4. MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4.
Crystallization of 100 kg of a concentrated sugar soln (85% Crystallization of 100 kg of a concentrated sugar soln (85% Crystallization of 100 kg of a concentrated sugar soln (85% Crystallization of 100 kg of a concentrated sugar soln (85%
sugar and 1 % inert, water soluble impurities. sugar and 1 % inert, water soluble impurities.
After cooling (crystallization), mixture was then centrifuged After cooling (crystallization), mixture was then centrifuged
to separate crystal and a liquid fraction (mother liquor). to separate crystal and a liquid fraction (mother liquor).
Mother liquor contain 60% sucrose (w/w). Crystals slurry Mother liquor contain 60% sucrose (w/w). Crystals slurry
contain 20% (w/w) mother liquor. contain 20% (w/w) mother liquor. ( ) q ( ) q
Do mass balance analysis for the process! Do mass balance analysis for the process!
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1. Diagram 1. Diagram
Crystallizer Crystallizer Centrifuge Centrifuge
Conc. Sugar soln Conc. Sugar soln
Crystal slurry Crystal slurry
MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (i) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (i) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (i) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (i)
Mother liquor Mother liquor
2. Identify system 2. Identify system
Input Input : : Conc. Sugar soln Conc. Sugar soln
(100 kg, 85% sucrose, 1% impurities, 14% water) (100 kg, 85% sucrose, 1% impurities, 14% water)
Output Output : : Crystal slurry (20% mother liquor) Crystal slurry (20% mother liquor)
Mother liquor (60% sucrose) Mother liquor (60% sucrose)
3. Symbol : 3. Symbol :
let let S = total mass of conc. Sugar soln S = total mass of conc. Sugar soln
C = total mass of crystal produced C = total mass of crystal produced
M = total mass of mother liquor produced M = total mass of mother liquor produced
Crystallizer Crystallizer Centrifuge Centrifuge
Conc. Sugar soln Conc. Sugar soln
Crystal slurry Crystal slurry
4. Mass balance equations 4. Mass balance equations
MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (ii) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (ii) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (ii) MASS BALANCE EXAMPLE 4................answer (ii)
Mother liquor Mother liquor Total mass balance : Total mass balance :
S =C +M S =C +M ............................ Eq. 1 ............................ Eq. 1
Balance of sucrose : Balance of sucrose :
0.85S =0.6M +[ 0.8(C) +0.2(C)0.6 ] 0.85S =0.6M +[ 0.8(C) +0.2(C)0.6 ] ............................ Eq. 2 ............................ Eq. 2
B l f t B l f t Balance of water : Balance of water :
let x = mass fraction impurities in mother liquor let x = mass fraction impurities in mother liquor
0.14S =M (0.4 0.14S =M (0.4- -x) +C(0.2)(0.4 x) +C(0.2)(0.4- -x) x) ............................ Eq. 3 ............................ Eq. 3
Balance of Impurities : Balance of Impurities :
0.01S =M(x) +0.2C(x) 0.01S =M(x) +0.2C(x) ............................ Eq. 4 ............................ Eq. 4
....... 3 unknown, 4 equation!! ....... 3 unknown, 4 equation!!
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BASIS AND TIE MATERIAL BASIS AND TIE MATERIAL BASIS AND TIE MATERIAL BASIS AND TIE MATERIAL
Basis of calculation : Basis of calculation :
-- important if no initial quantities are given important if no initial quantities are given
-- important for continuous process important for continuous process
Tie Material : Tie Material :
Component used to relate the quantity of one Component used to relate the quantity of one
process stream to the quantity of another process stream to the quantity of another
Usually : component that does not change during Usually : component that does not change during Usually : component that does not change during Usually : component that does not change during
process process
* solid in dehydration process * solid in dehydration process
* solid in evaporation process * solid in evaporation process
RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77
Falling film evaporator, capacity 10 kg water/h. Falling film evaporator, capacity 10 kg water/h.
Feed enters at 5.5% solids and a 25% solid is desired. Feed enters at 5.5% solids and a 25% solid is desired.
To do that, system of recycling was used, at wich recycling To do that, system of recycling was used, at wich recycling
pump moves 20 kg/h og fluid into the evaporator. pump moves 20 kg/h og fluid into the evaporator.
Caculate : Caculate :
a. a. the feed rate the feed rate
b. b. concentrate production rate concentrate production rate
t f t t l d t f t t l d c. c. amount of concentrate recycled amount of concentrate recycled
d. d. concentration of mixture of feed and recycled concentration of mixture of feed and recycled
concentrate concentrate
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1. Boundary of the system ? 1. Diagram?
evaporator
Input :
RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (i) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (i) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (i) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (i)
evaporator
Liquid
reciever
Condensor
condensate
Feed (5.5 % solids)
Output :
Condensate : 10 kg/h
Concentrate
3. Symbols?
Feed
Recirculating
pump
concentrate
Feed rate =F
Condensate rate =V=10
Concentrate rate =C
RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (ii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (ii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (ii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (ii)
4. Mass balance equation(s) 4. Mass balance equation(s)
Total mass balance : Total mass balance :
F =C +V =C +10 ....... Eq.1 F =C +V =C +10 ....... Eq.1
Balance of Solid : Balance of Solid :
evaporator
Balance of Solid : Balance of Solid :
0.055F =0.25C ....... Eq. 2 0.055F =0.25C ....... Eq. 2
5. Solve the equations 5. Solve the equations
Eq.2. F =(0.25/0.055)C Eq.2. F =(0.25/0.055)C
F =4.545C ..... Eq.3 F =4.545C ..... Eq.3
Eq.1dan 3 : Eq.1dan 3 :
evaporator
Liquid
reciever
Condensor
condensate
Eq.1 dan 3 : Eq.1 dan 3 :
4.545C =C +10 4.545C =C +10
C =10/3.545 =2.52 C =10/3.545 =2.52
J adi concentrate rate J adi concentrate rate
=2.52 kg/h =2.52 kg/h
Feed
Recirculating
pump
concentrate
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evaporator evaporator
RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iii) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iii)
Back to eq.3.
Liquid Liquid
reciever reciever
Condensor Condensor
condensate condensate
F =4.545C
=4.545(2.82)
=12.82
Feed rate =12.82 kg/h
To answer question c and
d we need to change the
Feed Feed
Recirculating Recirculating
pump pump
d, we need to change the
(boundary of) system
analyzed
RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iv) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iv) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iv) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (iv)
See the new system,
arround the evaporator
Liquid Liquid
reciever reciever
Condensor Condensor
Input :
Feed +Recycled
(20 kg/h)
Output :
Condensate
V =10 kg/h
Concentrate total
Feed Feed
pump pump
Concentrate total
(25% solid)
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RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (v) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (v) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (v) RECYCLING ?? .... Toledo p.77 ....... Answer (v)
Let total concentrate =Ct
Balance of total mass :
F+R =20 =V +Ct
Liquid Liquid
reciever reciever
Condensor Condensor
12.82 +R =20 =10 +Ct
R =7.18
(amount of concentrate amount of concentrate
recycled recycled : 7.18 kg/h)
d. concentration of mixture of d. concentration of mixture of
feed and recycled feed and recycled
concentrate concentrate ? x
Feed Feed
pump pump
Ct =20-10 =10
x(20) =10(0.25)
x =2.5/20 =0.125
Concentration =12.5%

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