Part 1 - Your First Aid Kit For

Stress

Stress: What is it?

Although we all talk about stress, it often isn't clear what stress is really about. Many people consider stress to
be something that happens to them, an event such as an injury or a promotion. Others think that stress is what
happens to our bodies, minds and behaviours in response to an event (e.g. heart pounding, anxiety, or nail
biting). While stress does involve events and our response to them, these are not the most important factors.
Our thoughts about the situations in which we find ourselves a re the critical factor.

When something happens to us, we automatically evaluate the situation mentally. We decide if it is threatening
to us, how we need to deal with the situation, and what skills we can use. If we decide that the demands of the
situation outweigh the skills we have, then we label the situation as "stressful" and react with the classic
"stress response". If we decide that our coping skills outweigh the demands of the situation, then we don't see
it as "stressful".

Everyone sees situations differently and has different coping skills. For this reason, no two people will respond
exactly the same way to a given situation.

Additionally, not all situations that are labelled "stressful" are negative. The birth of a child, being promoted or
moving to a new home may not be perceived as threatening. However, we may feel that situations are
"stressful" because we don't feel fully prepared to deal with them.

Some situations in life are stress-provoking, but it is our thoughts about situations that determine whether they
are a problem to us.

How we perceive a stress-provoking event and how we react to it determines its impact on our health. We may
be motivated and invigorated by the events in our lives, or we may see some as "stressful" and respond in a
manner that may have a negative effect on our physical, mental and social well-being. If we we always
respond in a negative way our health and happiness may suffer. By understanding ourselves and our
reactions to stress-provoking situations, we can learn to handle stress more effectively. We hope that this
booklet will help you to build better coping skills for managing stress.

Understanding Stress

To understand stress, we need to look at the events that occur, our thoughts about them, and the way we
respond

Stressors: Situations that are considered stress-provoking are known as stressors.

There are many major events that occur in our lives: moving, leaving school, changing jobs, and experiencing
losses. These "life events" can be stress-provoking. We also face many "daily hassles". These are events that
occur routinely. They also contribute to the levels of stress that we experience. Daily hassles include events
such as being stuck in traffic, deadlines, conflicts with family members, and dealing with bust city life.Between
life events and day-to-day hassles, we are faced with many stress-provoking situations each day. Our attitude
towards these situations determines our response.

Coping effectively requires an understanding of the situations we perceive to be stressful. What day-to-day
hassles or life events have you experienced recently?

The Stress Response

If we decide that a situation is stressful, we put into play the body's "fight or flight" reaction, causing the
release of adrenalin, a natural body chemical. This starts the first stage of the stress response.

We each have a particular way of responding to stress. Some of us have physical signs such as muscle
tension and difficulty sleeping (insomnia). Others may have more emotional reactions, such as outbursts of
crying or anger. Understanding your response to stressful situations is one of the first steps in developing your
ability to lower your stress levels.

Knowing what you do when you are under stress is the first step. To cope with stress, you need to know when
it is happening. These signs of stress can give you clues you can use to change your response to stress. The
next time you feel that you are getting "stressed", take the time to check your body, your emotions and your
behaviour. If you recognize some of your usual signs of stress, then you have a clue that you need to do
something to cope.

Coping With Stress

Book stores are filled with books that tell us how to cope with stress. Each of these books offers its own
perspective on stress along with various coping techniques. To make the most of the information on coping
skills, you need to understand what coping is all about. Coping is simply a way of short-circuiting the stress
cycle: stopping the stress response.

There is no single right way of coping with a given situation. Each of us must figure out what works best for us.
What works best will depend, in part, on your coping style. There are three main styles. None of these styles is
better than the other and some people use a mixture of them.

The first step in coping is to know yourself. Begin by deciding which of these may be your style.

Task-oriented: you may feel comfortable analyzing the situation and taking action to deal directly with the
situation.

Emotion-oriented: you may prefer to deal with your feelings and find social supports.

Distraction-oriented: you may use activities or work to take your mind off the situation. Keep this style in mind
as you read the information on coping skills.

Stages of Stress

In response to stressful events, you can experience one, two or all of the following stages:

Stage 1: Mobilization of Energy

All bodily activity is increased in response to a stressor that is frightening, such as a near car accident. This
starts the body's "fight-flight" reaction, causing the release of adrenalin. You feel your heart pounding and your
palms feel sweaty. This is called primary stress.

It can also be the result of a situations where you choose to put yourself under stress (e.g. the night before
your wedding). This is called secondary stress.

SYMPTOMS:

• increased heart rate and blood pressure

• rapid breathing
• sweating
• decreased digestion rate, creating butterflies and indigestion

Stage 2: Exhaustion or Consuming Energy

If there is no escape from Stage 1, the body will begin to release stored sugars and fats, using up its bodily
resources.

SYMPTOMS:

• feeling driven
• feeling pressured
• tiredness and fatigue * increase in smoking, coffee drinking and/or alcohol consumption
• anxiety
• memory loss
• acute illnesses such as colds and flu
Stage 3: Draining Energy Stores

If the stressful situation is not resolved, you may become chronically stressed. The body's need for energy
resources exceeds its ability to produce them.

SYMPTOMS:

Serious illnesses such as:

• heart disease
• ulcers
• mental illness As well as:
• insomnia (difficulty sleeping)
• errors in judgement
• personality changes

Effects on Health

Many people suffering from excessive stress have symptoms of poor health. People with very high stress
levels have feelings of being tense or anxious. In addition, headaches, stomach complaints or symptoms that
mimic old illnesses are common.

In an attempt to cope with stress, some people drink too much alcohol, abuse drugs, blame others (e.g.
spouse or parent), and may become physically violent, most often with family members.

Mental Health Problems

Depression and anxiety may be the result of chronic stress. If mental health problems are ignored, they can
develop into serious mental illnesses. Clinical depression, left untreated, leads to suicide in 15% of cases.
Anxiety disorders take a variety of forms, ranging from general anxiety to panic attacks. Anxiety can become
severe and disabling.

For further information about depression, anxiety and other mental illnesses, contact your local branch of the
Canadian Mental Health Association.

Cardiovascular Disease

Although the relationship between stress and heart disease is still being investigated, preliminary evidence
suggests that stress may contribute to the development of heart disease and stroke. It is thought that certain
individuals with high levels of stress or prolonged stress may:

*have higher blood cholesterol

*experience increases in blood pressure

*have blood platelets that are more likely to clot (clump together inside the blood )

Further, it is known that stress-filled lifestyles make it difficult for a person to make or maintain resolutions to
lead a healthy life. Instead of exercising to relieve stress, some people respond by overeating, eating
unhealthy foods, excessive alcohol consumption or smoking. Such negative reactions to stress merely
increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. Becoming aware of your stressors and learning how
to deal effectively deal with them will enable you to get on the right track for a healthier lifestyle. For further
information about heart disease and stroke contact your local chapter of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.

Easy Ways to Take the Pressure Off Yourself

In this chapter, you will find anti-stress strategies. Some will give you temporary relief from symptoms of stress
while others will help you get at its cause. Living to avoid excessive stress is the ideal but sometimes we all
need a little emotional first aid. Before you decide which coping skill to use in a situation, ask yourself the
following three questions:
1) Is this an appropriate thing to do in this situation? Meditating by chanting mantras may help you calm down,
but may not be the best choice if you're in an interview.

2) Is this a positive way of coping? Not everything that we do to take the stress away is good for us. Drugs and
alcohol are obviously coping strategies that will cause problems. Also, if you use anything to excess, even if it
appears positive, then it can have negative effects (e.g. excessive exercising or dieting).

3) Is this going to help in the long run? We don't always need a long term solution. However, if you choose a
short term solution, then it is important to decide whether that will be enough.

There are five types of coping skills: physical, mental, social, diversions and spiritual. You will notice as you go
through the list that some skills overlap; for example, meditation falls into more than one category. The
following skills can be used to help you deal with the stressors you have identified.

Physical Skills

These are things you can do for and with your body. This includes making sure that you take good care of your
body as well as using physical techniques to help get rid of stress. Physical relaxation techniques are useful in
preventing stress and lowering your physical signs of stress. Aim to set aside 20 minutes in your day to relax.

A. Breathing Exercises

You can calm yourself by consciously controlling your breathing. Try one of these exercises:

Exhalation breathing

This slows your breathing to help calm you down.

1. Lie on your back with your arms at your sides.

2. As you begin to breathe in, raise your arms towards the ceiling (elbows bent). Move your arms all the
way up and over your head to the floor as you inhale.
3. Reverse the order: breathe out (exhale) slowly and smoothly as you return your arms to your sides. *
After you have done this several times slowly inhale and exhale without moving your arms. You can
do this exercise for ten minutes or longer -- it's up to you.

Deep Breathing

Breathing can be done anytime, anywhere. Deep breathing provides extra oxygen to the blood and causes the
body to release endorphins, which are naturally occurring hormones that re-energize and promote relaxation.

1. Slowly inhale through your nose, expanding your abdomen before allowing air to fill your lungs.
2. Reverse the process as you exhale. Do this exercise for three to five minutes whenever you feel
tense.

B. Progressive Relaxation

This is a technique to help relax tense muscles.

1. Sit or lie down on your back in a comfortable, quiet room. Close your eyes.
2. Make tight fists, hold for five seconds, then relax your hands. Do this three times. Pay attention to the
different sensations of tension and relaxation.
3. Repeat step 2 with all of your muscle groups: arms, shoulders, chest, abdomen, back, hips, thighs,
lower legs and feet. * At first, it may take about 20 minutes. With practice, you'll be able to do this in
about five minutes.

C. Stretching Exercises

If done correctly, stretching can promote relaxation and reduce stress. Never bounce when you stretch - you
could injure your muscles. Do these exercises for five or ten minutes.

Stretch 1: Decide what muscles to stretch.

 1. As you stretch, think about one area being stretched; imagine the tension leaving as you gently take
these areas to their comfortable limit.
2. Exhale into the stretch; inhale on the release. Breathe deeply and slowly - do not hold your breath.
3. Close your eyes for better awareness of your body's responses.

Stretch 2: Here's a stretch to relieve stiff muscles.

1. Sit up straight and inhale.

2. Exhale as you let your head move down to your chest. You'll feel a gentle stretch on the back of your
neck and your shoulders.
3. Roll your right ear toward your right shoulder while inhaling. Drop your chin to your chest again while
exhaling. Repeat to the left.
4. Drop your arms to your sides and push both shoulders forward. Slowly raise them towards your ears
and circle them back and downward to the starting point. After two or three rotations, change
directions.

D. Walking

Going for a walk can clear your mind, reduce tension and increase energy. Walking can help by providing a
needed escape and it may increase the brain's production of endorphins (naturally occurring chemicals that
relax and re-energize you).

E. How to Sleep Better

Can't sleep? Well, get up. Don't even try to sleep. All that tossing and turning and watching the clock is not for
you. It will only succeed in making you more tense. Get out of bed and into a comfortable chair. Read a book,
watch television or play solitaire. Stay up as late as you like. Enjoy yourself. Before you know it, you will be
dozing. If you don't actually fall asleep, at least you will be relaxed. The point is to reduce your anxiety about
not sleeping and therefore make it easier to do so.

Other Tips:

• resist the urge to nap during the day, no matter how tired you are
• don't exercise in the evening when you should be winding down
• avoid caffeine (coffee, tea, hot chocolate, or cola ) past 2 p.m.
• try drinking a mug of hot milk before bed

Mental Skills

These are things that you can do in your mind to help you cope with a situation. What you think about a
situation shapes your response to it. This makes your thoughts one of your most powerful coping skills.

Meditation

Meditation helps settle the mind so you can think calmly throughout the day. The goal is not for immediate
relaxation but to increase serenity. Meditation puts you in control of your thoughts by forcing you to be present
in the moment and to observe your thought processes. There is no point in starting to meditate unless you
intend to make it a habit; you won't reap its benefits unless you practice on a regular basis.

In the early stages, meditate for 10 to 15 minutes once or twice a day. Increase this to 20 minutes no more
than twice a day. Avoid meditating just before going to bed or you'll be too energized to sleep.

There are several meditation techniques. Do some research at a library if you're interested in learning
methods in addition to the one that follows.

1. Choose a quiet room where you won't be interrupted.

2. Take time to relax; don't rush into it.
3. When you are thoroughly relaxed and breathing slowly and evenly, close your eyes. Slowly repeat a
pleasant-sounding word over and over in your mind as you breathe in and out. Continue in this state
for 10-20 minutes.
4. To come back: begin saying your word out loud, deliberately and slowly. Pay attention to your
breathing. Be aware of your body and your posture. Open your eyes and look around the room. After
a minute or so, stand up and stretch.
With practice, you will eventually reach the point when you'll feel detached from your body and your physical
surroundings while meditating. The word will fade from your awareness; you'll be in touch with your innermost
self, deeply relaxed and thoroughly energized.

NOTE: Meditation can be overdone to the point where you are completely cut off from feelings of anxiety. This
isn't healthy. Everyone needs a certain amount of stress in order to function.

Social, Diversional, and Spiritual Skills

Social skills involve relationships. People and pets are an important source of comfort: spend more time with
them. Diversional skills are distractions. These don't require dealing with the problem directly; but are a way of
taking your mind off what's happening.

Spiritual skills involve getting in touch with yourself to find meaning in your life. Tending to your spiritual life is
an important way of dealing with stress, particularly if you experience a sense of loss in direction or meaning.
Spirituality is not limited to religion. Take some time to connect with yourself and with nature.

Preventing Stress

1. Make Decisions - here are two techniques:

A. Can't make up your mind? Maybe your subconscious can help you.

Before going to bed, think about your problem and the various choices you could make. Think about each
choice clearly in your mind. Tell yourself you're going to make the decision while you sleep.

You may not name the solution the next morning but if you keep trying, you will eventually awaken with your
mind made up.

B. Sit down with a pencil and paper and make some lists.

1. List your options.

2. List the consequences of each option.
3. Write your response(s) to this question: What will happen if I don't choose at all? If you
don't make a decision, that's a decision in itself and it also has consequences. Once you
realize that something is going to happen whether you make a decision or not, you may
find the decision easier to make.

2. Avoid Procrastination

If procrastination causes stress in your life, learn to stop putting things off. People don't do their best work
under pressure. However, some people convince themselves that if they do so they can avoid dealing with
their habit of procrastination. Make a weekly schedule and fill it with lots of time for leisure as well as work.
That way, you'll enjoy your playtime because you'll be doing it at the right time, not when you should be
working. And when you are working, you won't resent it because you'll know that your leisure time is coming
up soon.

3. Delegate

People who haven't learned to delegate often feel needlessly stressed. Some are poor delegators because of
too little or too much ego. Delegating isn't a matter of dictating to others; it's asking others to assist you by
doing tasks they can handle. This gives you more time to do those tasks that perhaps only you can do.

18 Tips for Dealing With Stress and Tension

Stress and Tension are normal reactions to events that threaten us. Such threats can come from accidents,
financial troubles and problems on the job or with family.

The way we deal with these pressures has a lot to do with our mental, emotional and physical health.

The following are suggestions to get you started on managing the stress in your life. Resources to help you in
each of the following areas are identified in this booklet.
 1. Recognize your symptoms of stress
2. Look at your lifestyle and see what can be changed -- in your work situation, your family situation, or
your schedule
3. Use relaxation techniques - yoga, meditation, deep breathing, or massage
4. Exercise - Physical activity is one of the most effective stress remedies around!
5. Time management - Do essential tasks and prioritize the others. Consider those who may be
affected by your decisions, such as family and friends. Use a check list so you will receive
satisfaction as you check off each job as it is done
6. Watch your diet - Alcohol, caffeine, sugar, fats and tobacco all put a strain on your body's ability to
cope with stress. A diet with a balance of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and foods high in protein
but low in fat will help create optimum health. Contact your local branch of the Heart and Stroke
Foundation for further information about healthy eating
7. Get enough rest and sleep
8. Talk with others - Talk with friends, professional counsellors, support groups or relatives about what
is bothering you
9. Help others - Volunteer work can be an effective and satisfying stress reducer
10. Get away for awhile - Read a book, watch a movie, play a game, listen to music or go on vacation.
Leave yourself some time that's just for you
11. Work off your anger - Get physically active, dig in the garden, start a project, get your spring cleaning
done
12. Give in occasionally - Avoid quarrels whenever possible
13. Tackle one thing at a time - Don't try to do too much at once.
14. Don't try to be perfect
15. Ease up on criticism of others
16. Don't be too competitive
17. Make the first move to be friendly
18. Have some fun!! Laugh and be with people you enjoy!

Part 2 - Resources to Help You

Cope With Stress

Recreation and Leisure

It Refreshes, Restores, Renews!!

What is leisure?

There is a lot of truth to the saying "all work and no play...". Many of us work hard and take play time for
granted. We don't recognize the importance of leisure in our daily lives. Just as stressors wear you down,
leisure can refresh, restore and renew you.

Recreation and leisure consist of any form of play, amusement or relaxation that takes place outside of your
usual work. Different people prefer different forms of leisure, ranging from knitting to hiking. Pull out your
phone book to make use of the following suggestions.

Newspapers

Check your local newspaper for a section on things to do; these activities are often free of charge.

Recreation Departments

Check if the recreation department of your local municipality publishes a list of local events and programs.

Libraries

For many, reading a good book is refreshing and informative. Some libraries also lend films, videos, records,
cassettes, compact discs, and art.

Community and Neighbourhood Centres

Some centres offer a wide range of community resources geared to the special needs of different age groups.
Many local community centres offer a variety of free or low cost programs. Special Interest Clubs Many hobby
and special interest clubs exist, ranging from model airplane building to bridge clubs. Check the special events
listings in your local community newspaper or the bulletin board in community centres and libraries.

Community Colleges

Some community colleges offer a range of courses in leisure-related or special interest areas.

Coping by Learning

One way to begin coping with the stress in your life is to learn more about it. You can read books, view films or
videos, or take courses. In this section there are some suggestions to help you increase your understanding of
stress and learn how to manage it.

Books

There are many informative books about stress and stress management. Check your local public library or any
bookstore for the following books:

• The Stress of Life - Hans Selye, M.D.

• Stress Without Distress - Hans Selye, M.D.
• The Stress Solution - Samuel Klarreich Kicking
• Your Stress Habits - D. Tubesing
• Joy of Stress - Peter Hanson
• Coping with Stress - D. Meichenbaum
• The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook - M. Davies, M. McKay and E. Eshelman
• No-Gimmick Guide to Managing Stress - E. Neidhardt, M. Weinstein and R. Conry
• Stress Management - E. Charlesworth and R. Nathan
• Working Woman's Guide to Managing Stress - J.R. Powell
• Getting Organized - S. Winston The Power of 5 - H. Bloomfield
• Managing Stress - U. Markham

Films and Videos

Seeing a video or film can increase your understanding of stress and stress management. Some of those
available in 16 mm and video include:

Living with Stress

Managing Stress

Taking it in Stride: A Positive Approach to Stress Management Beyond Stress

You may obtain stress-related films or videos at your local public library or from the National Film Board of
Canada.

Courses

Some stress management experts claim to have the only method that works. The truth is, there are a variety
of effective stress management techniques. Many courses on stress and related topics are offered by private
companies and non-profit organizations.

Community Colleges

Continuing education departments of community colleges offer many interesting courses. Some are directly
related to stress while others teach relaxation techniques or other coping skills.For more information, call your
local community college or college of applied arts and technology.

Board of Education or School Board

Evening and weekend programs are often sponsored by your local board of education or school board. These
programs may include anything from woodworking and crafts to swimming, dance, aerobics, and yoga. For
more information about courses and programs, call the continuing education department of your local board of
education or school board.

YMCA and YWCA

Fitness, health and recreation programs are offered at many YMCA and YWCA centres across the country.
Counselling and Support

Sometimes, when we are feeling depressed, anxious, confused or unable to cope, talking to supportive
friends, family members, or joining a support group may be very helpful.

But if that isn't enough, you should consider seeking professional counselling. While counselling cannot fix all
the problems in your life, it can help you sort things out so that you feel more able to cope. A therapist can help
you learn more about yourself, so that you can use your own strengths to regain a feeling of control over your
life. Remember, it is how we think of, or react to, life's events that make us feel over-stressed -- not just the
events themselves.

Counselling can also be called therapy or psychotherapy.

Finding the right help for stress can be a stressful experience. This section outlines the kinds of help you can
seek in your area.

NOTE: Call your provincial health insurance organization ( i.e. OHIP in Ontario, Alberta Health, etc.) to check
which services are covered by your plan.

The Family Doctor

Your family doctor can help you identify your health problem. A thorough look at your health profile and a
complete medical examination can establish the reason for your ill health (mental or physical). Your symptoms
may be the result of an illness that may or may not be due to stress.

Your doctor may prescribe a treatment, or suggest that support and a few ideas about how to manage your
situation may be all you need. If your family doctor suggests the use of tranquilizers, make sure you are well-
informed about their purpose and their side effects before you decide whether to use them.

Therapists You or your family doctor may decide that talking to a therapist will help you deal with your feelings.
You might be referred to a counsellor at a community agency or in private practice, or to a psychiatrist or
psychologist who works in a hospital or has a private practice.

Clinically trained psychiatrists and psychologists are professionals with approximately the same amount of
formal training. The basic difference is the type of training received.

The Psychiatrist

Psychiatrists complete a degree in general medicine. They have an additional four years training in diagnosis
and treatment of emotional and behavioural problems. Because they are medical doctors (M.D.s),
psychiatrists are licensed to prescribe medications. Their fees are covered by your provincial health care plan.
To see a psychiatrist, ask your family doctor for a referral. If you don't have a family doctor, you can call a local
hospital or community health centre to ask about their mental health services. In many communities, there is a
branch of the Canadian Mental Health Association. Call them to ask how you can find a psychiatrist.

The Psychologist

A clinically trained psychologist holds a doctorate (PhD.) in the study of human behaviour, as well as in the
treatment of behavioural and emotional problems. Most provinces do not license psychologists to prescribe
medication and they may not be able to bill their fees to your provincial health insurance plan. However, many
private health care insurance plans cover the services of registered psychologists. Check with your insurance
company.

The Social Worker

A social worker has a university degree in social work. Most are employed by hospitals or community
agencies. However, some have taken additional training in psychotherapy and are in private practice. Your
doctor may refer you to a therapist who is a social worker.

The Stress Specialist

There are many organizations and individuals that provide stress management education and treatment.
Some are psychologists, others are physiotherapists, occupational therapists or people with other kinds of
Evaluating Educational and Helping Services

While the majority of educational and helping services associated with stress are competent and ethical,
others are not. The following are some questions you should ask an organization before becoming involved
with it:

1. What is the nature of your organization or services?

2. Briefly describe what will take place in a typical session.
3. Who will lead the sessions? Will this person be supervised? What are the supervisor's qualifications?
To whom are these people accountable?
4. How much of my time will be involved and for how long?
5. Can I drop out if I wish?
6. What is the total cost of the service? Is it covered by my provincial health care plan?
7. How does your organization ensure that confidentiality is respected?

Avoid the following situations or organizations:

1. An organization whose contact person will not answer questions clearly or to your satisfaction.
2. When your involvement is due to pressure from a third party.
3. If you are promised money as a reward for participating.
4. If you are asked to sign a document that might compromise your civil rights (e.g. testimonials,
contracts with fixed obligations).
5. If success is "guaranteed".

If you are already getting help...

but things are not working out, a number of things may be happening. It may be that you are not yet willing to
accept a problem or focus on its solution. However, it may be because you have chosen a resource that's not
"right" for you.

If you have a "helping" person who:

• doesn't give you time to explain your problem,

• doesn't seem to hear you, or
• suggests something you feeling is inappropriate,

then consider seeking a second opinion or a different kind of "helping" resource. Getting help to cope with
stress may require a few attempts in order to fit the right resource to meet your wants and needs.