Class 18: Outline

Hour 1:
Levitation
Experiment 8: Magnetic Forces

Hour 2:
Ampere’s Law

P18- 1
 Review:
Right Hand Rules
1. Torque: Thumb = torque, fingers show rotation
2. Feel: Thumb = I, Fingers = B, Palm = F
3. Create: Thumb = I, Fingers (curl) = B
4. Moment: Fingers (curl) = I, Thumb = Moment

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Last Time:
Dipoles

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Magnetic Dipole Moments
G
G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Generate:

G G
Feel: U Dipole = -µ ⋅ B
1) Torque to align with external field
2) Forces as for bar magnets (seek field)
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 Some Fun:
Magnetic Levitation

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Put a Frog in a 16 T Magnet…

For details: http://www.hfml.sci.kun.nl/levitate.html

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How does that work?
First a BRIEF intro to
magnetic materials

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 Para/Ferromagnetism

Applied external field B0 tends to align the

atomic magnetic moments (unpaired
electrons)
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Diamagnetism
Everything is slightly
diamagnetic. Why?
More later.

If no magnetic
moments (unpaired
electrons) then this
effect dominates.

P18- 9
Back to Levitation

P18- 10
 Levitating a Diamagnet
1) Create a strong field
S S (with a field gradient!)
N N
N 2) Looks like a dipole field
3) Toss in a frog (diamagnet)
S 4) Looks like a bar magnet
pointing opposite the field
5) Seeks lower field (force up)
which balances gravity
Most importantly, its stable:
Restoring force always towards the center
P18- 11
 Using ∇B to Levitate

•Frog
•Strawberry
•Water Droplets
•Tomatoes
•Crickets

For details: http://www.hfml.ru.nl/levitation-movies.html

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 Demonstrating:
Levitating Magnet over
Superconductor

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Perfect Diamagnetism:
“Magnetic Mirrors”

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 Perfect Diamagnetism:
“Magnetic Mirrors”
N

No matter what the angle, it floats -- STABILITY

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 Using ∇B to Levitate
A Sumo Wrestler

For details: http://www.hfml.sci.kun.nl/levitate.html

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Two PRS Questions Related to
Experiment 8: Magnetic Forces

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 Experiment 8: Magnetic Forces
(Calculating µ0)

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/16-
MagneticForceRepel/16-MagForceRepel_f65_320.html
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 Experiment Summary:
Currents feel fields
Currents also create fields

Recall… Biot-Savart

P18- 19
 The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
produces a magnetic field:
G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2

P18- 20
 Today:
3rd Maxwell Equation:
Ampere’s Law
Analogous (in use) to Gauss’s
Law

P18- 21
 Gauss’s Law – The Idea

The total “flux” of field lines penetrating any of

these surfaces is the same and depends only
on the amount of charge inside
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Ampere’s Law: The Idea
In order to have
a B field around
a loop, there
must be current
punching
through the loop

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Ampere’s Law: The Equation
G G
∫ B ⋅ d s = µ I
0 enc
The line integral is
around any closed
contour bounding an
open surface S.
Ienc is current through S:
G G
I enc = ∫ J ⋅ dA
S
P18- 24
PRS Question:
Ampere’s Law

P18- 25
 Biot-Savart vs. Ampere
general
Biot- G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ current source
Savart
Law
B=
4π ∫ r 2
ex: finite wire
wire loop

symmetric
Ampere’s G G current source
law ∫ B ⋅ ds = µ 0 I enc ex: infinite wire
infinite current sheet

P18- 26
 Applying Ampere’s Law
1. Identify regions in which to calculate B field
Get B direction by right hand rule
2. Choose Amperian Loops S: Symmetry
B is 0 or constant
G G on the loop!
∫
3. Calculate B ⋅ d s
4. Calculate current enclosed by loop S
5. Apply Ampere’s Law to solve for B
G G
∫ B ⋅ d s = µ I
0 enc
P18- 27
 Always True,
Occasionally Useful
Like Gauss’s Law,
Ampere’s Law is always true
However, it is only useful for
calculation in certain specific
situations, involving highly
symmetric currents.
Here are examples…
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Example: Infinite Wire
I A cylindrical conductor
has radius R and a
uniform current density
with total current I

Find B everywhere

Two regions:
(1) outside wire (r ≥ R)
(2) inside wire (r < R)
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Ampere’s Law Example:
Infinite Wire
I
B
I

Amperian Loop:
B is Constant & Parallel
I Penetrates
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Example: Wire of Radius R
Region 1: Outside wire (r ≥ R)
Cylindrical symmetry Æ
Amperian Circle
B-field counterclockwise
G G G
v∫ B ⋅ ds = B v∫ d s = B ( 2π r )
= µ 0 I enc = µ 0 I
G µ0 I
B= counterclockwise
2πr
P18- 31
 Example: Wire of Radius R
Region 2: Inside wire (r < R)
G G G
v∫ B ⋅ ds = B v∫ d s = B ( 2π r ) 2
⎛ πr ⎞
= µ 0 I enc = µ 0 I ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝π R ⎠
G µ 0 Ir
B= counterclockwise
2πR 2

Could also say: J =

I I I
( )
= 2 ; I enc = JAenc = 2 πr 2
A πR πR
P18- 32
Example: Wire of Radius R

µ 0 Ir µ0 I
Bin = Bout =
2πR 2 2πr

P18- 33
Group Problem: Non-Uniform
Cylindrical Wire
I A cylindrical conductor
has radius R and a non-
uniform current density
with total current:
G R
J = J0
r
Find B everywhere

P18- 34
 Applying Ampere’s Law
In Choosing Amperian Loop:
• Study & Follow Symmetry
• Determine Field Directions First
• Think About Where Field is Zero
• Loop Must
• Be Parallel to (Constant) Desired Field
• Be Perpendicular to Unknown Fields
• Or Be Located in Zero Field
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Other Geometries

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Helmholtz Coil

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Closer than Helmholtz Coil

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Multiple Wire Loops

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Multiple Wire Loops –
Solenoid

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 Magnetic Field of Solenoid

loosely wound tightly wound

For ideal solenoid, B is uniform inside & zero outside

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Magnetic Field of Ideal Solenoid
Using Ampere’s law: Think!
G G
⎧⎪B ⊥ d s along sides 2 and 4
⎨G
⎪⎩B = 0 along side 3
G G G G G G G G G G
v∫ B ⋅ d s = ∫ B ⋅ d s + ∫ B ⋅ d s + ∫ B ⋅ d s + ∫ B ⋅ d s
1 2 3 4

= Bl + 0 + 0 + 0
I enc = nlI n: turn density
G G
v∫ B ⋅ d s = Bl = µ0 nlI
µ 0 nlI
n = N / L : # turns/unit length B= = µ 0 nI
l P18- 42
Demonstration:
Long Solenoid

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Group Problem: Current Sheet
y

A sheet of current (infinite

in the y & z directions, of
thickness 2d in the x
direction) carries a
uniform current density:
G
J s = Jkˆ

Find B everywhere

P18- 44
 Ampere’s Law:
Infinite Current Sheet
B

B
Amperian Loops:
B is Constant & Parallel OR Perpendicular OR Zero
I Penetrates P18- 45
Solenoid is Two Current Sheets
Field outside current sheet
should be half of solenoid,
with the substitution:

nI = 2dJ

This is current per unit length

(equivalent of λ, but we don’t
have a symbol for it)

P18- 46
 G G
Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .

B
Long
Circular I
Symmetry B
(Infinite) Current Sheet

B
X
Solenoid X
X X
X X
X
X X X

= X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
2 Current X
X
X
X X X
X

Sheets X
X
X
Torus
P18- 47
Brief Review Thus Far…

P18- 48
 Maxwell’s Equations (So Far)
G G Qin
Gauss's Law: ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
wS
ε0
Electric charges make diverging Electric Fields
G G
Magnetic Gauss's Law: w∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S

No Magnetic Monopoles! (No diverging B Fields)

G G
Ampere's Law: v∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc
C

Currents make curling Magnetic Fields

P18- 49