Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government It shows the state of nature where the people should only obey themselves rather than others. It also talks about representative government, property, and more. Federalist #10 A book produced by Madison, which brilliantly refuted the conventional wisdom of the day that it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory. This release eventually caused New York to yield to join the Constitution. Republican Government It is a type of government where the power goes to the people. It is in direct opposition to an aristocratic or monarchical government Land Ordinance of 1785 A law that stated that the land in the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. The land was surveyed into 36 sections 1 square miles each. Land Ordinance of 1787 A law that came to grips with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies. The solution provided by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a judicious compromise: temporary tutelage, then permanent equality. First there would be two evolutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal government. Then, when the territory could boast 60k inhabitants, it might be admitted by Congress as a state.

Necessary and Proper Clause A clause made to allow Congress to pass laws that it sees proper and necessary at the time being without taking proper protocol. This is also known as the Elastic Clause. Federalist Papers A set of papers produced by John Jay and James Madison that were to propaganda for the Constitution. These essays remain the most penetrating commentary ever written on the Constitution and still widely sold in book form as The Federalist. Shays Rebellion A rebellion that took place with the majority being ex-soldiers that were unpaid since the US government was virtually bankrupt. This rebellion highlighted the weak authority that the US government had over its people. Annapolis Convention A convention called to happen due to the excess amount of interstate squabbling. It was called to action by Virginia in 1786. Initially a failure, Alexander Hamilton managed to save it by presenting his opt to return to the convention once again next year at Philadelphia not to deal with the commerce problems but to completely revamp the Articles.

Philadelphia Convention A convention called to action by Alexander Hamilton, whose initial purpose of holding another convention was to fix the Articles. However, eventually it came to be noticed that the Articles were a lost cause and a new form of government needed to be created.

Delegated Powers The delegates erected safeguards to protect them from the mob. They feared the people, so they made their safeguards as powerful as they could. Federal judges were appointed for life, President was elected indirectly; senators were to be chosen indirectly from state legislatures.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Influe nc e s on The U. S Cons titution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers The idea that the government has the power to do what is right and necessary if it finds so proper and Constitutional. This is made so that the limitations of what the government can do are not limited to what is and what is not written in the Constitution. It gives a sense of arbitrary freedom of the usage of power by the government. Concurrent Powers Concurrent powers is the idea that the states and federal government have certain powers that are shared and can be exercised simultaneously within the same territory and in relation to the same body of citizens. Supremacy Clause The Supremacy Clause states that the US Constitution, federal statutes, and US treaties as the supreme law of the land. Ultimately, it states that anything that the US Constitution states must be upheld no matter what. Furthermore, it mandates that all state judges must follow federal law when a conflict arises between the states.

Anti-Federalists A sect of people that were against the idea of a strong federal government. They were the opposite of the Federalists, who approved the idea of a strong, federal government. The AntiFederalists labeled the Constitution as a gilded trap and that it violated democratic rights. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? Suddenly, the pursuit of equality was pursued by both men and women. Ordinary people demanded the titles Mr. and Mrs. Which was once reserved for the wealthy and highborn. Employers were now called boss, not master.

Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The importance of state constitutions was to show that the states were showing that they were becoming a state under the flag of the United States. Furthermore, the constitutions that each state wrote were strikingly similar, allowing an easy convergence of all of the constitutions into a single constitution.

Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? America had their trade blocked from England. Land was obtained for America. Loyalist holdings were confiscated and eventually cut up into smaller farms. Fisheries were disrupted. However, America could now trade freely with foreign nations. However, the US racked up a very large debt from the war and had to find a way to pay it back.

A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? The war left the nation very unstable. It had forced the responsibility of creating and operating a central government onto the colonists. Disruptive forces stalked the land. Furthermore, the one thing that united the colonist, the British monarch, was now gone leaving an empty void in the colonists.

Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The thirteen sovereign states were basically alike in governmental structure and functioned under similar constitutions. Furthermore, there were political leaders that helped steer America onto the path to become a great country.

The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? It was purposely made weak, and it had no authority. It practically placed itself under the mercy of the states and could not resolve any conflicts that arose since it had no authority. It was nearly impossible to get anything accomplish due to its ridiculous prerequisite of states approval. However, this weak constitution would eventually allow a uniform national land policy to be possible in America.

Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The Land Ordinance helped expand the United States while the Northwest Ordinance helped establish the protocol necessary to make future provinces of these expansions to eventually become a state with representation and rights.

The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. All foreign nations were relatively unfriendly toward America. Britain despised it since it lost to America in the war that left them with a huge debt. America had relatively few foreign nations to trade with, and diplomatic relations bordered on neutrality.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. In a way, yes, since the Articles of Confederation had no control and no authority, the American people would eventually disregard its own government and act out in any way they want. The Articles of Confederation simply paved the way for a realization that it needed to be replaced with a much stronger government.

A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Powerful, rich delegates that were elected from their states gathered in Philadelphia for the sole purpose of revising the old government. However, they realized that the Articles was a doomed cause and opted to create a new Constitution from scratch.

Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.

Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Two plans were motioned for approval. There was the large state plan, which had representation based on population, and a small state plan, where representation was equal overall. Eventually a compromise came forth where it would be a bicameral legislature, with the house of reps being based off of population, and the senate, where the representation would be equal overall. Lastly, slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person, as a result of the three-fifths Compromise.

Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? Originally, the Constitution only served to protect the politicians from the mob with a majority of the political system being indirect. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? Antifederalists were individuals who opposed the idea of a stronger federal government and wanted to stay with an improved version of the Articles of Confederation, rather than the Constitution.

The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? 9/13 of the states approve of the Constitution simply because they believed that it would further unite them under one nation. The remaining colonies, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, would reluctantly join the Constitution because they had to, otherwise they would eventually fall off being separated from the rest of the nation.

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? The anti-federalists feared that the Constitution had too much power and that it restricted democracy and liberty. In this sense, everything they had fought for in the Revolutionary war would be undone. It wouldnt be until the publishing of The Federalist would people remain steadfast in their opposition of the Constitution.

A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The Constitution set its limits and boundaries, but at the same time, it promoted the ideology that colonists had during the Revolution. Liberty, freedom, and democracy were granted and in the end, a new nation was born. Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S.

The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? Congress created a bill of rights outlining the basic rights that a citizen of the United States of America should have.

Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? He wanted to create a national bank, but the largest state of Virginia was not cooperating so he bribed them by placing the capital near Virginia. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamiltons overall economic plan for American included 5 steps. The first two parts included the Funding at Par and Assumption of State Debts. Then it included excise taxes, tariffs and the creation of the national bank. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? This showed that Jefferson had a strict interpretation of the Constitution while Hamilton had a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. It was a victory for both because it showed the desires of the lower classes and showed the people in charge what they needed to fix. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? Political parties formed because of the disagreements between the founders of the constitution. This is a bad thing because is caused a divide in the American people.

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? This showed the pro-French side of the Democrats and the pro-British side of the Federalists. It showed how the American people viewed the matter at hand. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation because he did not believe that America was ready for war. He should have joined to honor Americas treaty with France.

Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? It angered Americans because it took away their rights as citizens especially because they were not formally at war with any foreign country. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty? No he did what he could have done, since he was sabotaged, he was unable to get the proper results he had hoped to obtain. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? John Adams was the successor of George Washington, which already made him look bad since everyone adored George Washington. He had many enemies and was short and unpopular. Unofficial Fighting with France

Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18thcentury? The French began to act aggressively towards the Americans, and began attacking American shipping, including merchant ships. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 180014. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? It made him seem weak and unable to follow the directions of the American People. He followed what was right for the country and not what the people wanted. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Federalists wanted to lower the voting power of the Democratic Republicans by lengthening the time required to become an American citizen. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Alien and Sedition Acts were more dangerous to the US Constitution because it violated the rights of US citizens directly as the Federalists did not want more immigrants to join the Democratic Republicans. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Some key difference between Federalists and Democratic Republicans was that the leaders were Hamilton and Jefferson. Hamilton believed in more of a loose construction of the Constitution while Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the Constitution. Hamilton distrusted democracy and the common folks and also advocated a strong central government as with Jefferson, they advocated a weak central regime.