Rimske Alatke I Oruzje

285 The supposed Late Roman hoard of tools and a steelyard from Vodice near Kalce
The supposed Late Roman hoard of tools and a steelyard

from Vodice near Kalce
Veronika PFLAUM
Izvleek
Vojni muzej v Logatcu hrani skupino nestrokovno izkopanih
veinoma rimskodobnih kovinskih predmetov z najdia Vodice
pri Kalcah, med njimi tudi domnevno poznorimsko zakladno
najdbo kovinskih predmetov, katere sestav ni ve zanesljivo
znan. Podrobna opredelitev vseh predmetov je omogoila
datacijo nekaterih le v rimsko cesarsko dobo, nekaterih oje v
poznorimsko dobo, tirih predmetov pa domnevno v srednji ali
novi vek. Poskus rekonstrukcije na osnovi datacije predmetov,
ustnih podatkov in primerjave s soasnimi sorodnimi zakladnimi
najdbami z ozemlja Slovenije je kot domnevni sestav zakladne
najdbe izloil tehtnico, tri bradve, sekiri, tesli, dvostrano teslo,
kopao, rezilo za obdelavo lesa, sveder, estilo, nakovalo, sornik
in ilo. Zakladno najdbo je mogoe datirati le nenatanno v 4.
st. oziroma morda na konec 4. st.
Kljune besede: Slovenija, Vodice pri Kalcah, poznorimsko
obdobje, zakladne najdbe, oroje, orodje, nakovala, vozovi,
hiposandale, tehtnice
Abstract
The War Museum in Logatec keeps a group of unprofes-
sionally excavated, mostly Roman metal objects from the site
of Vodice near Kalce. Among them there is also a supposed
late Roman hoard of metal objects, the composition of which
is not definitely known any more. A detailed analysis of all
objects made it possible to date some of them only to the Ro-
man Imperial period, some more precisely to the Late Roman
period and four of them assumedly to the Middle Ages or to
the modern times. An attempt at reconstruction of the hoard,
based on the dating of objects, oral data and comparison with
similar contemporary hoards from the present-day territory of
Slovenia, set apart as the supposed composition of the hoard
a steelyard, three wide axes, two axes, two adzes, a double-
bladed adze, a hoe, a woodworking knife, a gimlet, a pair of
compasses, an anvil, a bolt, and an awl. It was possible to date
the hoard only inexactly to the 4th century or maybe to the
end of the 4th century.
Keywords: Slovenia, Vodice near Kalce, Late Roman pe-
riod, hoards, weapons, tools, anvils, wagons, hipposandals,
steelyards
INTRODUCTION
The War Museum (Vojni muzej) in Logatec
keeps a group of mostly Roman objects from the
archaeological site Vodice near Kalce (Vodice
pri Kalcah), found and excavated by an unknown
unauthorized searcher of antiquities using a metal
detector. The date of the discovery, the exact po-
sition and the context of the find are no longer
known.*
According to the otherwise unreliable data
of the collection-keeper Janez J. vajncer, some
of the finds almost certainly composed a late
Roman hoard of metal objects. It is no longer
certain, however, which objects were part of the
hoard. For this reason, the whole group of finds
is presented. An attempt at reconstruction of the
composition of the hoard is based on the scarce
oral data available, on the dating of every single
object that in some cases could justify exclusion
from the supposed composition of the hoard, and
on comparison with similar contemporary hoards
from the territory of Slovenia that could, with some
probability, include or exclude some objects from
the composition of the hoard.
Arheoloki vestnik 58, 2007, str. 285-332
* This article is a modified and complemented chapter of
my thesis (Veronika Pflaum, Late Roman 5th Century Defence
and Military Traces in the Territory of the Present-Day Slovenia,
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archa-
eology, Ljubljana [2004]).
286 Veronika PFLAUM
Fig. 1: The view from Vodice in the direction of Lanie (photo
V. Pflaum).
Sl. 1: Pogled z Vodic proti Laniu (foto: V. Pflaum).
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
VODICE NEAR KALCE
The archaeological site of Vodice near Kalce lies
on the line of the Roman road connecting Logatec
(Longaticum) with Hruica (Ad Pirum), on the plain
1
Frelih 1985; Frelih 1988, 36-40; vajncer 2003; Prttel
1996, 211, Taf. 21: 4,6,7 (three fragments of African sigillata
plates, types Hayes 50A [dated 230-340], Hayes 59 [dated
340-420] and Hayes 61A [dated 350-410/420]).
2
Kos, emrov 1995, 227-237, No. 95; emrov 1998, 213-
219, No. 99.
3
Frelih 1988, 36. Finds collected on the site when a gas
pipeline was being laid are kept at the Institute of Archaeology,
before its ascent to Lanie (Figs. 1; 2). In the
1980s, when a gas pipeline was being laid, numerous
diverse Roman objects
1
and coins from the 1st to
the 4th century (the latest determinable coins are
from the period of issue 378-383)
2
were collected
on the site. Later on, the site had been robbed on
several occasions by unauthorized searchers of
antiquities using metal detectors. The finds most
probably belong to a Roman roadside post or village
(vicus) consisting of wooden buildings, as buildings
built of stone have not been discovered.
3
A bit to the southwest of the site a twenty-metre
section of the Roman road, at the beginning of
its ascent from Vodice to Lanie, was cleaned
and documented. The road was cut into the side
of the hill as a terrace; the ruts were cut into the
bedrock. A silver coin of emperor Leopold I from
the year 1680, found on the road, proves that the
section of the Roman road passing through Vodice
and Lanie was still in use at the end of the 17th
century.
4
A Roman milestone was found during
the reconstruction work on the road in the year
1686, but both Hruica and Vodice are mentioned
as the finding place.
5
Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sci-
ences and Arts, Ljubljana, and have not yet been published.
For basic information on them and on the supposed settlement
consisting of wooden buildings, I would like to thank Dr. Slavko
Cigleneki from the same institute.
4
Frelih 1988, 36-39.
5
CIL III 4614 = 15198; Sticotti 1951, 123: No. 377; Petru
1975, 123.
Fig. 2: The position of the archaeological site of Vodice near Kalce with regard to the line of the Roman road Emona-Aquileia and
the near forts of the late Roman barrier system Claustra Alpium Iuliarum.
Sl. 2: Lega arheolokega najdia Vodice pri Kalcah glede na potek rimske ceste EmonaAquileia in blinje utrdbe poznorimskega
zapornega sistema Claustra Alpium Iuliarum.
CATALOGUE
All objects are kept by J. J. vajncer in his War Museum
in Logatec. As they do not have any inventory numbers, the
National Museum of Slovenia (Narodni muzej Slovenije) put
them on the list of finds in private property. The objects have
not yet been published, except for the sword and the two pieces
of its scabbard.
The objects in the catalogue are sorted into groups according
to their purpose of use, irrespective of their dating: weapons
(a sword, two pieces of scabbard, spearheads, two plumbatae),
tools or kitchen implements (knives), measuring instrument (a
steelyard), tools (wide axes, two axes, adzes, a hoe, a hammer,
a woodworking knife, a gimlet, a pair of compasses, an anvil),
horse gear and parts of wagons (hipposandals, two horseshoes,
a bolt), others (an awl, a pointed object). The catalogue descrip-
tion of every single object includes a denotation of the object, a
detailed description, measurements and weight and the number
on the list of finds in private property (ZN No.).
Objects, composing the reconstructed supposed hoard, are
presented in plates 1-4 at the end of the text, the others are
presented in figures amid the text. Amid the text, there are
also photos of the steelyard and the anvil from the hoard. The
numbers of objects in the plates and figures match with the
numbers of those objects in the catalogue.
1. Iron double-edged sword (Fig. 3: 1). The partly preserved
tang is flat and rectangular in the cross-section, the shoulder
is slightly slanting. The blade, lenticular in the cross-section,
narrows slightly towards a relatively blunt, rounded point.
Preserved length 59.2 cm, length of the blade 56.6 cm,
width of the blade up to 4.0 cm, thickness of the blade up
to 0.7 cm, thickness of the tang 0.5 cm, preserved length of
the tang 2.6 cm, width of the tang up to 1.7 cm, weight 528
g; ZN No. 130/2.
Bibliography: vajncer 2003.
2. Iron disc-chape (Figs. 3: 2; 4; 5). The mount of a low
cylindrical shape with a rectangular side-opening is decorated
with inlaid brass. The motifs of the decoration are recognizable
by the incisions in which the brass wire, now mostly missing,
had been laid in. The front side is divided by two intersecting
decorative stripes into four fields, surrounded by concentric
circles on the edge. In the stripes there is a motif of continuous
spirals, in the four fields there are heart-shaped leaf-motifs, and
in every leaf-field there is a motif of a tendril and a trefoil. On
the back side, there are leaf-motifs, arranged in a cross-shape
and surrounded by concentric circles on the edge. The space
in between is covered with tendrils. The side of the mount is
decorated with three longitudinal lines. The round planes are
slightly convex, the juncture of the front plane and the side
is damaged or partly open. On the juncture of the decorated
planes and the side, a thin line of solder is visible in spots.
The inside of the mount is filled with an unknown organic?
substance; the middle of the mount is perforated.
Diameter 6.5 cm; thickness 1.6 cm; measurements of the
side-opening 4.1 1.0 cm; weight 86 g; ZN No. 91/4.
3. Iron scabbard slide.
The object was not available for examination, detailed
description and drawing, because its keeper could not find it.
ZN No. 130/2.
4. Iron spearhead (Fig. 8: 4). A short shaft continues into
the blade, rhombic in the cross-section, forming a rib, there are
two small holes in the socket, the blade reaches its maximum
width by the shaft.
Length 17.1 cm, width of the blade 4.2 cm, diameter of the
socket 2.35 cm, weight 186 g; ZN No. 130/16.
5. Iron spearhead (Fig. 8: 5). The blade is narrow, the shaft
continues into the blade forming a rib, the tip of the blade is
rhombic in the cross-section. At the end of a long socket there
are two small holes, one of them containing a nail.
Length 21.8 cm, width of the blade 2.55 cm, diameter of
the socket 2.1 cm, thickness of the blade 1.1 cm, weight 154
g; ZN No. 130/17.
6. Iron point (Fig. 8: 6). The point has a long point, square
in the cross-section, a short shaft and an open socket, round
in the cross-section, there is a small hole in the socket. The
socket is partly damaged.
Preserved length 20.4 cm, diameter of the socket 1.5 cm,
weight 56 g; ZN No. 130/18.
7. Iron plumbata (Fig. 9: 7). It is composed of a short iron
head with a barbed tip, square in the cross-section, and of an
oval leaden weight at the end of the socket. The inside of the
socket is filled up with remains of the wooden shaft.
Length 10.5 cm, diameter of the leaden weight 1.6 cm, width
of the tip 1.4 cm, weight 20 g; ZN No. 130/19.
8. Iron plumbata (Fig. 9: 8). It is composed of a short iron
head with a barbed tip, polygonal in the cross-section, and of
a leaden weight at the end of the socket. The open socket is
round in the cross-section, there is a small hole in it containing
a nail. The leaden weight is preserved only in traces.
Length 11.6 cm, diameter of the socket 1.2 cm, width of the
tip 1.5 cm, weight 16 g; ZN No. 130/20.
9. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 9). The blade with a thick, bent
back edge is separated from the tang by an oval arm-guard of
the same width as the blade. A f lat tang, rectangular in the
cross-section, has a flat copper? knob at the end, the knob is
partly damaged.
Length 32.4 cm, width 4.2 cm, length of the tang 10.8 cm,
thickness of the back edge of the blade 1.1 cm, weight 306 g;
ZN No. 130/21.
10. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 10). The narrow blade with a straight
back edge continues into a long, narrow tang, square in the
cross-section, over a slanting shoulder, the tang ends with a
slightly convex knob. The tip of the blade is damaged.
Preserved length 18 cm, width 2.3 cm, weight 28 g; ZN
No. 130/22.
11. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 11). The wide blade with a straight
back edge continues into a tang, rectangular in the cross-section,
over a slanting shoulder. The end of the tang is missing.
Preserved length 16 cm, width 3.4 cm, thickness 0.5 cm,
12. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 12). The blade with a straight back
edge continues, on the upper side, into a wide short tang,
rectangular in the cross-section, over a shoulder. The tip of
the blade is damaged.
Preserved length 18.1 cm, width 3.1 cm, thickness 0.7 cm,
13. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 13). The leaf-shaped blade continues
into a flat handle, rectangular in the cross-section, that widens
towards its end.
Length 19.6 cm, width 3.2 cm, thickness 0.7 cm, weight
110 g; ZN No. 130/23.
14. Iron knife (Fig. 10: 14). The leaf-shaped blade continues
into a flat handle, rectangular in the cross-section, that widens
towards its end.
Length 17 cm, width 2.8 cm, thickness 0.6 cm, weight 74
g; ZN No. 130/24.
15. Bronze and iron steelyard with a leaden weight (Pl. 1:
15; Fig. 11). The bronze bar with a longer scale-arm, rhombic in
the cross-section, and a shorter arm for suspending the object
to be weighed, square in the cross-section, terminates at both
ends with a conical knob. The right-hand knob is separated
from the arm intended for suspension of the weighed object
by a deep circular groove. Three circular loops are fastened
through the same arm. The bronze left-hand (deformed) loop
288 Veronika PFLAUM
and the right-hand loop are closed and rivetted through the bar;
the iron middle loop is made out of bent wire and fastened
through the bar as a split pin. In the loops there are three
different suspension-hooks: the left-hand bronze hook is made
out of a thin f lat bent wire with thickened tip, the bottom
end is bent backwards; the right-hand bronze hook is made
out of bent wire, square in the cross-section, with a slightly
thickened tip and the bottom end bent into an S-shape; the
middle iron hook is made out of a thicker flat bent wire with
a sharp tapering tip, with its end spirally wound round the
bottom part of the hook. The groove between the shorter arm
and the terminal knob bears a chain-suspension for the object
to be weighed; the suspension is composed of an iron laterally
f lattened omega-shaped link, an iron U-shaped link and two
chains. Each chain is composed of three links made out of a
spirally twisted iron wire and a terminal link made out of a
thinner bronze wire with bent ends, spirally wound round the
middle of the link. A laterally flattened iron hook is preserved
at the end of the first chain; a hook of the second chain is
missing. The first scale, intended for the weighing of light loads,
is entirely preserved and is divided into 12 units by marks in
form of vertical lines (for 1-4, 6-9, 11, 12) and of characters V
and X (for 5 and 10). The second scale has almost completely
disappeared; it begins with the mark of double X (in place for
the value 10; a later repair of the mark?), and the first V mark
(for 15) is also visible, traces of the following marks are hardly
visible. The third scale, for weighing of the heaviest loads, is
partly visible; it begins with the XXX mark (for 30), otherwise
the V and X marks alternate for the fives and tens. A leaden
spherical weight is suspended on the scale-arm by a laterally
flattened iron hook.
Length of the bar 29.6 cm, length of the scale-arm without
the knob 19.4 cm, thickness of the scale-arm 0.8 cm, length of
the arm for suspending the object to be weighed without the
knob 8.2 cm, thickness of this arm 1.0 cm, distance between
the beginning of this arm and the centre of the left-hand loop
0.8 cm, distance between the centre of the left-hand loop and
the centre of the middle loop 4.4 cm, distance between the
centre of the middle loop and the centre of the right-hand loop
1.9 cm, distance between the centre of the right-hand loop and
the groove 1.1 cm, distance between the first mark on the first
scale and the middle of the left-hand loop 2.4 cm, distance
between the first mark on the second scale and the middle of
the middle loop 5.7 cm, distance between the first mark on
the third scale and the middle of the right-hand loop 7.7 cm,
distance between the first and the last mark on the first scale
16.7 cm, distance between the first and the last mark on the
third scale 19.3 cm, length of the first scale 18.2 cm, length of
the third scale 19.3 cm, length of the chain-suspension 44 cm,
diameter of the leaden weight 6.6 cm, length of the weight with
the hook 15.7 cm, weight of the weight with the hook 1486 g,
weight of the steelyard without the weight 296 g, total weight
1792 g. The chain-suspension has not been weighed because it
was not possible to take it off from the bar and because it is
not entirely preserved. ZN No. 91/1.
16. Iron wide axe (Pl. 2: 16). The head has an oval hafting
hole, reinforced by low rectangular side pieces on both sides.
Pieces of wooden helve are preserved in the hafting hole.
Height 14 cm, width 9.5 cm, thickness 3.55 cm, weight 594
g; ZN No. 130/34.
17. Iron wide axe (Pl. 2: 17). The back of the head is slightly
extended, the head has an oval hafting hole, reinforced by low
rectangular side pieces on both sides.
Height 18.4 cm, width 16.4 cm, thickness 3.9 cm, weight
1094 g; ZN No. 130/35.
18. Iron wide axe (Pl. 2: 18). The low head has a hafting
hole of a rectangular form with rounded off corners.
Height 14.4 cm, width 14.2 cm, thickness 3.4 cm, weight
556 g; ZN No. 130/33.
19. Iron axe (Pl. 2: 19). The elongated back of the head
terminates with four small tines. The blade widens symmetri-
cally towards the cutting edge, there are traces of wooden helve
preserved in the oval hafting hole.
Height 13.6 cm, length of the back of the head 10.8 cm,
thickness 2.0 cm, weight 390 g; ZN No. 130/31.
20. Iron axe (Pl. 2: 20). The back of the head is elongated,
the narrow blade widens asymmetrically downwards. There are
traces of wooden helve preserved in the oval hafting hole.
Height 21 cm, length of the back of the head 11.2 cm, thick-
ness 3.8 cm, weight 1214 g; ZN No. 130/32.
21. Iron adze (Pl. 3: 21). The adze has a curving blade and
a short, hammer-like extension on the back of the head; the
head has an oval hafting hole, reinforced by hardly visible side
pieces on both sides.
Height 16.5 cm, width of the blade 6 cm, measurements
of the back of the head 3.5 3.6 cm, weight 556 g; ZN No.
130/29.
22. Iron adze (Pl. 3: 22). The adze has a curving blade and
a short, hammer-like extension on the back of the head; the
head has an oval hafting hole, reinforced by low side pieces
on both sides.
Height 21.3 cm, width of the blade 7.8 cm, measurements
of the back of the head 3.2 4.1 cm, weight 914 g; ZN No.
130/28.
23. Iron double-bladed adze (Pl. 3: 23). The first blade is
formed like an adze, the second blade has downwards-bent
sides at the end.
Height 23.7 cm, width 5.3 cm, weight 404 g; ZN No.
130/30.
24. Iron hoe (Pl. 3: 24). The hoe has a wide triangular blade
and straight prongs, square in the cross-section. The head has
an oval hafting hole, reinforced by side pieces on both sides.
Height 23.8 cm, width 12.2 cm, weight 660 g; ZN No.
130/25.
25. Iron claw hammer (Fig. 12: 25). One end of the head is
round, at the other end there is a claw with one straight and
one triangular tip. The head has a rectangular hafting hole with
rounded off corners, reinforced by two side pieces; in the hole,
there is a rest of a band with an enlarged head.
Height 14 cm, width 4.1 cm, thickness 3.0 cm, diameter
of the round end of the head 2.3 cm, weight 186 g; ZN No.
130/12.
26. Flat iron nail (Fig. 12: 26), rectangular in the cross-
section, with a narrow rectangular head, a part of the nail is
broken off.
Length 7.45 cm; ZN No. 130/12.
27. Iron nail (Fig. 12: 27), square in the cross-section, with
a square head, bent, a part of the nail is broken off.
Length 3.15 cm; weight of the two nails together 8 g; ZN
No. 130/12.
28. Iron woodworking knife (Pl. 3: 28). The blade is curved
at the end with a tang, rectangular in the cross-section, set at a
right angle to the blade. At the other end the blade continues
into a flat extension, terminating with a loop.
Length 46 cm, width of the blade 4.5 cm, thickness 1.3 cm,
weight 726; ZN No. 130/15.
29. Iron gimlet with a spoon bit (Pl. 4: 29). The shank is
round in the cross-section, the flat, narrow, leaf-shaped pointed
tang is rectangular in the cross-section.
Length 31.4 cm, width of the spoon bit 2.2 cm, width of
the tang 2 cm, diameter of the shank 1.1 cm, weight 164 g;
ZN No. 130/11.
30. Iron pair of compasses (Pl. 4: 30). The legs, rectangular
in the cross-section, with flat semicircular plates at the top, are
joined together by a pin, which is flattened on one side and
hammered into a low convex head on the other side.
Length 36.4 cm, width of the plates 3.6 cm, thickness 2.1
cm, weight 438 g; ZN No. 130/10.
31. Iron anvil (Pl. 4: 31; Fig. 13). The cubiform anvil has a
slightly convex and extended upper surface. The bottom face
is slightly vaulted, its edges are curved inwards and obliquely
cut, shaping the lower corners of the anvil into low pointed
small legs, triangular in the cross-section.
Measurements of the upper surface 21 22 cm, height 20
cm, weight 50 kg; ZN No. 130/1.
32. Iron hipposandal (Fig. 14: 32). A long vertical flat front
neck, rectangular in the cross-section, ends with a narrower
external loop, square in the cross-section. The boot has curved
side wings, four pyramidal spikes on the sole and a lifted rear
hook, rectangular in the cross-section.
Length 20 cm, width 12 cm, height 12 cm, weight 570 g;
ZN No. 130/4.
neck, rectangular in the cross-section, ends with a narrower
external loop, square in the cross-section. The boot has curved
side wings, four pyramidal spikes on the sole and a slightly lifted
rear hook, square in the cross-section. Wings and the rear of
the sole are partly damaged.
Length 19 cm, width 13.2 cm, height 10 cm, weight 628 g;
ZN No. 130/6.
neck, rectangular in the cross-section, ending with a narrower
external loop, now missing. The boot has curved side wings,
four pyramidal spikes on the sole and a lifted rear hook, square
in the cross-section. On the bottom face of the sole, in front,
there are three parallel longitudinal grooves, reaching almost
to the middle of the sole. By the spikes, below the wings, there
are short parallel transverse grooves in pairs. Wings and the
rear of the sole are partly damaged.
Length 17.4 cm, width 10.7 cm, height 12.3 cm, weight 490
g; ZN No. 130/5.
35. Iron hipposandal (Fig. 15: 35). A long vertical f lat
front neck, rectangular in the cross-section, ends with a nar-
rower external loop, square in the cross-section. The boot has
curved side wings, four pyramidal spikes on the sole and a
slightly lifted rear hook, square in the cross-section. Wings
are partly damaged.
Length 21.7 cm, width 14.45 cm, height 9.75 cm, weight
480 g; ZN No. 130/7.
36. Iron hipposandal (Fig. 15: 36). A long vertical f lat
front neck, rectangular in the cross-section, ends with a big
narrower external loop, rectangular in the cross-section. The
boot has curved side wings and three pyramidal spikes on the
sole. The rear of the sole with the fourth spike and the hook
are missing.
Preserved length 14.7 cm, width 13.3 cm, height 10.35 cm,
37. Iron horseshoe (Fig. 16: 37). The horseshoe is thin
and wide, the outer edge is slightly lifted, the crescent-shaped
shanks narrow equably towards the end. On the edge of each
shank there is a shallow groove with four rectangular holes
for the nails. Two nails, rectangular in the cross-section, with
an oblong rectangular convex head are preserved. The ends of
the shanks are damaged.
Preserved length 11.5 cm, width 10.8 cm, thickness 0.6 cm,
38. Iron horseshoe (Fig. 16: 38). The horseshoe is thin
and wide, there is a rib on the outer edge, the crescent-shaped
shanks narrow equably towards the end. On the edge of each
shank there is a shallow groove with four rectangular holes
for the nails. A nail, rectangular in the cross-section, with an
oblong rectangular convex head is preserved. A piece of one
shank is missing.
Length 10.5 cm, width 10.2 cm, thickness 0.65 cm, weight
96 g; ZN No. 130/9.
39. Iron bolt (Pl. 4: 39). The long cylindrical stem ends
with a flat rectangular head that is partly damaged. The other
end of the stem is hollow, there is a lateral hole of an irregular
rectangular shape.
Length 62.3 cm, diameter 2.8 cm, measurements of the head
3.7 8.3 cm, weight 2462 g; ZN No. 130/37.
40. Iron awl (Pl. 4: 40). The awl, square in the cross-section,
tapering towards the pointed end, has a flattened top, rectangular
in the cross-section, curved into an open loop.
Length 16 cm, width 1.4 cm, weight 24 g; ZN No. 130/13.
41. Iron object (Fig. 18). The pointed object, rectangular
in the cross-section with facetted edges, tapering towards a
curved tip, round in the cross-section, has a short, narrower
tang, irregularly square in the cross-section.
Length (bent) 9.9 cm, width 1.1 cm, weight 24 g; ZN No.
130/14.
The objects from the reconstructed supposed hoard
Plate 1: cat. no. 15.
Plate 2: cat. nos. 16-20.
Plate 3: cat. nos. 21-24, 28.
Plate 4: cat. nos. 29-31, 39, 40.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FINDS
Weapons
Sword and two pieces of its scabbard
The iron double-edged sword from Vodice (Fig.
3: 1) belongs to the group of Roman long swords
(spathae), often analysed in detail,
6
but none of
the defined types or individual finds matches the
sword from Vodice in all the details of shape and
measurements. The comparison is also made difficult
by the fact that the sword from Vodice is partly
damaged; that is why only a general ascertainment
of the formal and chronological development of
swords of such kind, based mainly upon research
of the Roman swords found in Barbaricum - as
swords are rarely found on Roman territory - could
be of some help.
Gnter Ulbert has, on the basis of the length-to-
width ratio of the blade, divided the Roman long
swords of the 3rd century into two contemporary
types (a short wide type and a narrow long type):
the Lauriacum-Hromwka type (width of the blade
6.2-7.5 cm, ratio of length to width 8-12 : 1) and
the Straubing-Nydam type (width of the blade up
to 4.6 cm, ratio of length to width 15-17 : 1).
7
The
sword from Vodice does not match either of the
two types completely; according to the width of the
blade (4.0 cm) it could be classified as Straubing-
6
Ulbert 1974; Schulze-Drrlamm 1985; Lnstrup 1986;
Kaczanowski 1992; Biborski 1994; Rald 1994; Ilkjr 1994;
also Bishop, Coulston 1993, 69-74, 126, 162; Feugre 1993,
147-150, 246; Menghin 1983, 15-16.
7
Ulbert 1974, 199-204.
290 Veronika PFLAUM
Nydam type, but because of the shortness of the
blade (56.6 cm) the length-to-width ratio of the
blade (14.15 : 1) lies between the two groups, yet
again closer to the Straubing-Nydam type.
The swords of the 3rd century and of the Late
Roman period, matching the sword from Vodice in
measurements but not necessarily in formal details,
were denominated by Piotr Kaczanowski as the
Augst type.
8
Their blades are 55 to 60 cm long
and about 4 cm wide, which completely matches
the measurements of the sword from Vodice. He
mentions only four finds; the one that was found
in Augst is dated to the 3rd century.
Roman double-edged long swords or spathae
appear mostly from the 3rd century onwards. It
is not possible to make out the chronological de-
velopment of the swords and therefore not to date
them only on the basis of their length. The length
(as well as the width) of the blades does grow with
time, but only from the 4th century onwards.
9
A
certain connection between the length of blades
and the dating was noticed by Jrgen Ilkjr on
the Danish bog site Illerup dal. The swords from
the place, where the deposits of objects A and B
overlapped (deposit A is dated to the years around
200 AD, deposit B after 200 AD), had blades 61.5
to 78.0 cm long. On the other hand, the swords
from deposit place C, dated to the years around
400 AD or a little earlier, had blades 76.5 to 85.5
cm long. Evident differences between the swords
of the first (deposits A and B) and the second
(deposit C) group, clearly dated to different pe-
riods, were also noticed in the length of the tang
and the shape of the blade in the cross-section,
but these statements are of no significance for
the sword from Vodice, as its tang is missing and
there is no blade, lenticular in the cross-section,
amongst the Danish swords.
10
The blade of the
sword from Vodice is shorter than the blades of
swords from both Danish groups, but it is still
closer to the first group, dated to the beginning
or the first quarter of the 3rd century. Studying
the same swords, Jrn Lnstrup noticed that the
cutting edges of the blades of the swords of the
older group converge more markedly, while the
edges of the blades of the younger group run
Fig. 3: The sword (1) and the chape (2) from Vodice. 1 iron,
2 iron, brass. Scale = 1:3.
Sl. 3: Me (1) in zakljuek nonice mea (2) z Vodic. 1 elezo,
2 elezo, medenina. M. = 1:3.
8
Kaczanowski 1992, 30, rys. 3: 1-4.
9
Feugre 1993, 147-148; Menghin 1983, 16.
10
Ilkjr 1994, 236, 239.
almost parallel to each other.
11
The blade of the
sword from Vodice, narrowing from 4 cm at the
top to 3 cm before the tip, would probably cor-
respond to the swords of the older group from the
Danish site. However, it has not yet been verified
if the statements about the swords from the site
Illerup dal could be generalized for all similar
Roman swords.
Mechthild Schulze-Drrlamm observed the width
of the blades of swords in well-dated Germanic graves
of the late 3rd and 4th centuries.
12
She found that
swords with a very narrow blade (3.0 to 4.4 cm)
were older than swords with a blade wider than 4.5
cm. The studied swords with very narrow blades
were in use in the late 3rd century and in the first
half of the 4th century, but they already disappeared
in the second half of that century. The sword from
Vodice matches her group of swords with a very
narrow blade, its blade being 4 cm wide.
The search for similar swords that could help
classify the sword from Vodice is questionable;
none of the swords matches it in all the details
and it is not known which of the formal details
and measurements are really important or more
important than others for dating and classifying
a sword. Nevertheless, we can list some similar
swords, mostly found on the Roman territory.
A sword of almost the same shape, only longer,
was excavated in Carnuntum; the date and the
context of the find are unknown.
13
It is one of
the few swords with blades, lenticular in the cross-
section, like the one from Vodice. A similar, but
smaller sword found in a grave on the site of Alzey,
dated to the late 3rd and early 4th century, also
has a blade, lenticular in the cross-section.
14
A
sword resembling the sword from Vodice in size
and form (the shape of the tip, the shoulder, the
blade in the cross-section) had also been found in
Belgium, on the site of Liberchies. It is dated to
the first quarter of the 3rd century.
15
It is distin-
guished from the sword from Vodice by a longer
blade and its stronger tapering.
Four similar swords, dated to the 3rd century
and classified into the Straubing-Nydam type of
Fig. 4: The chape (2) from Vodice. Iron, brass. Scale = 1:1.
Sl. 4: Zakljuek nonice mea (2) z Vodic. elezo, medenina. M. = 1:1.
11
Lnstrup 1986, 748.
12
Schulze-Drrlamm 1985, 542 note 31, Tab. 1. On width
of blades of swords and on width in proportion to length of
blades also Knzl 1993.
13
Ponstingl 1986, 273, Abb. 32.
14
Schulze-Drrlamm 1985, 511 No. 2, 542, Abb. 3: 1.
15
Berghe 1996, 80, Fig. 12: 3.
292 Veronika PFLAUM
swords, defined by G. Ulbert, were excavated in
Augst.
16
They vary from the sword from Vodice first
of all in the blade, facetted in the cross-section.
On the basis of general statements about Roman
double-edged long swords and of individual similar
swords, we can date the sword from Vodice to the
3rd century. According to the two typological clas-
sifications, we could classify it conditionally into
the Straubing-Nydam type, as defined by G. Ulbert,
or to the Augst type, as defined by P. Kaczanowski,
both typical types of the 3rd century.
Two pieces of scabbard have been found together
with the sword in their original position - an iron
scabbard slide (cat. no. 3), used for suspending the
scabbard on a baldric, and an iron chape, formed
as a flat round case, with inlaid brass decoration
(Figs. 3: 2; 4; 5). Such chapes were normally an
ornament on scabbards of long narrow swords of
mainly the 3rd century. In addition to the iron
chapes with inlaid metal decoration, which are the
most frequent, chapes made of niello-inlaid silver,
bronze and ivory are also known.
17
Occasionally,
swords with round chapes are also represented on
tombstones as part of the military equipment.
18
In
Slovenia, such a military tombstone is built into the
southern exterior wall of the small church of Saint
Nicholas (sv. Miklav) in Vrba above Dobrna near
Celje (Fig. 6).
19
The tombstone was discovered in
1890 in the pavement of the church. Above the
inscription field, the deceased Aurelius Victor is
represented wearing a short tunic with a wide belt
Fig. 5: The front (2a) and back side (2b) and the side view (2c) of the chape from Vodice. Scale = 1:1 (photo T. Lauko, NMS).
Sl. 5: Prednja (2a) in zadnja stran (2b) ter stranski pogled (2c) zakljuka nonice mea z Vodic. M. = 1:1 (foto: T. Lauko, NMS).
16
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 174 No. 2, Abb. 21: 1, 183 Nos.
19, 20, Abb. 25: 2,3, 190 No. 45, Abb. 25: 4.
17
Ib., 158-159.
18
Ib., 158 note 19, Abb. 7.
19
CIL III 11700; Saria 1924, 251, 252, Abb. 2; Hoffiller,
Saria 1938, 7: No. 10; Petrovitsch 2006, 206-207, with further
bibliography. I would like to thank Dr. Dragan Boi for pointing
the tombstone out to me.
and a cape, fastened on the right shoulder, with his
complete military equipment: an oval shield, a spear
and a long sword with a big round chape. He was a
soldier of the legio II Italica and was missing, aged
30, in a war against the Goths. The tombstone has
been dated to the middle or the second half of the
3rd century on the basis of the style of the inscrip-
tion, and on the basis of the soldiers costume.
20

The archaeological finds of the round chapes have
already been the subject of exhaustive studies and
overviews,
21
therefore only a brief summary fol-
lows of the findings, important for the find from
Vodice. Iron chapes with inlaid metal decoration
are known from sites along the Germanic limes
and in the Barbaricum,
22
so far, finds elsewhere
(e.g., Vodice) have been exceptions.
23
Two groups
were described regarding the way of arranging the
decorative motifs. In the first group, the motifs are
arranged axially symmetrically along the longitu-
dinal axes, crosswise or in sectors of a quarter of
a circle. The main motifs are simple tendrils with
leaves, a continous spiral and sometimes a rosette
in the middle. The diameter of the chapes of the
first group lies somwhere between 6.4 and 7.2 cm.
In the second group, the motifs are arranged in
several concentric rings and at least partly designed
by use of a pair of compasses. Chapes with such
an arangement of motifs are bigger, their diameter
lies between 8.5 and 9.6 cm. The two groups also
differ in the form of the chapes: smaller chapes,
bearing the decoration of the first group, have flat or
slightly convex round planes; bigger chapes, bearing
the decoration of the second group, have, as a rule,
a flat back plane and a convex front plane with a
conic embossment or a concavity in the middle.
There are no final datings of the two groups. The
chapes of the second group supposedly date to the
second half of the 3rd century, however, the chapes
of the first group also appear in the second half of
the 3rd century.
24
The chape from Vodice, with its
motifs, their arrangement, its diameter of 6.5 cm
and its slightly convex round planes completely
corresponds to the first group of chapes.
In spite of an equal selection of motifs and
common traits in the design of the decoration,
every chape is unique, decorated in a slightly
different way. Therefore we can find parallels to
the decoration of the chape from Vodice for the
separate decorative fields and not for the decora-
tion of the front or of the back side as a whole.
The heart-shaped fields with the motif of a tendril
and a trefoil, such as those on the front side of
the chape from Vodice, are also found on the
chape from the fort at Zugmantel (Fig. 7: a),
25

Fig. 6: Tombstone of Aurelius Victor from Vrba above Dobrna
near Celje, where a big round chape can be clearly seen (photo
M. Pflaum).
Sl. 6: Nagrobnik Avrelija Viktorja, vzidan v cerkvico sv. Miklava
v Vrbi nad Dobrno pri Celju, na katerem je lepo viden velik
okrogel zakljuek nonice mea (foto: M. Pflaum).
20
Hoffiller, Saria 1938, 7: No. 10; Petrovitsch 2006, 206.
21
Hundt 1953; Hundt 1955; an overview, with older bib-
liography Martin-Kilcher 1985, 150-164, Abb. 3-12; Oldenstein
1976, 116, Taf. 22-24; Borhy 1989; Kaczanowski 1992, 47-48,
rys. 12; Bishop, Coulston 1993, 130; Lenz-Bernhard 1986.
22
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 159; Kaczanowski 1992, 47, 91,
zast. 9.
23
Borhy 1989.
24
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 159.
25
Hundt 1953, 66, Abb. 1: 2a; 4.
294 Veronika PFLAUM
but there the tendrils are represented in greater
detail, more ramified. Furthermore, the intersect-
ing stripes with the motif of continuous spirals on
the front side of the chape from Vodice have the
only parallel in the decoration on the other side
of the same chape from Zugmantel (Fig. 7: b).
The decorative fields are not equal, as the stripes
with the motif of continuous spirals on the chape
from Zug mantel border the central motif of the
intersecting lines.
26
The lens-shaped decorative
fields bearing a tendril-motif, situated on the
edge of the round planes, such as those on the
back side of the chape from Vodice, are frequent
on the chapes of the first group, but the more
ramified tendril-motif is usually complemented
by heterogeneous leaves. The central motif of a
rosette, but a somewhat smaller one, is represented
on the chape from Niederbieber.
27
A superficial
comparison of the decoration style, made on the
basis of the published drawings, has shown a sim-
plified representation of the motifs on the chape
from Vodice in comparison to the other chapes of
the first group, known from publications.
28
The formal and stylistic classification of the
chape from Vodice, as well as of the sword, does
not make it possible to date the find of the sword
with the scabbard slide and the chape more precisely
than to the 3rd century. Only the chape which is
most similar to the chape from Vodice regarding
the decoration, found at the fort of Zugmantel,
abandoned in the year 260 AD at the fall of the
limes, could indicate a dating to the first half or
the middle of the 3rd century.
Spearheads
The spearhead (Fig. 8: 4) has no analogies
among Roman objects. Its singularity is a short
wide socket, a shaft, reaching far into the blade,
a thick barbed tip, rhombic in the cross-section
and shaped only in relief on the blade, as well as
the form of the blade with slightly concave edges,
reaching the widest point by the shaft. An identical
spearhead was placed by Viktor Hoffiller on his
figure representing Roman spearheads from Sisak
(Siscia) and other sites in Croatia and Slavonija,
but without any data whatever on it; hence dating
to the Roman period cannot be without doubt.
29
Because of its shape and the thick tip, rhombic
in the cross-section, resembling cross-sections of
some younger missiles, the spearhead does not
seem to be Roman, but younger, i. e., belonging
to the Middle Ages.
Spearheads, resembling in form the spearhead
from Vodice (Fig. 8: 5), come from different sites
and are dated to various centuries.
30
The authors
Fig. 7: Drawing of the chape from Zugmantel with reconstructed decoration. Iron, brass. Scale = 1:1 (adapted from Hundt 1953).
Sl. 7: Risba z rekonstruiranim okrasom zakljuka nonice mea iz Zugmantla. elezo, medenina. M. = 1:1 (po Hundtu 1953).
26
Ib., 66, Abb. 1: 2b.
27
Ib., 66, Abb. 6: 2a.
28
Martin-Kilcher 1985, Abb. 8; 9; 27: 5; 28: 1; Oldenstein
1976, Taf. 22: 138,140; 23; 24: 146.
29
Hoffiller 1912, sl. 34 on pg. 96: the second spearhead
from the left in the bottom row.
who have dealt with Roman spearheads stress the
difficulty, unsuccessfulness and probably sense-
lessness of attempts at typological classification
of spearheads, as due to an assumed occasional
manufacture no two spearheads are completely
identical. For that reason, spearheads cannot be
dated simply on the basis of their shape (some
forms remained unchanged for the whole Roman
Imperial period), the dating is made possible only
by the stratigraphic data of adequately excavated
sites.
31
A systematic discussion of spearheads from
the Danish bog site Illerup dal could be of some
help, as the site has been adequately excavated and
documented and the different deposits of objects
are precisely dated.
32
J. Ilkjr considered the shape
of the blade in the cross-section, measurements
and proportions as well as the outline of the blade
as the main criteria for formal classification of
spearheads. The spearhead from Vodice has exact
analogies in some spearheads of type 3 from the
Danish site; characteristic of type 3 are a blade
rhombic in the cross-section and a shaft continu-
ing into the blade and thus forming a rib.
33
The
deposit place B, where spearheads of type 3 have
been found, has been dated to the first quarter
of the 3rd century (the late period C1b). Equal
spearheads from younger bog sites in Denmark
(Nydam, Ejsbl) indicate, in J. Ilkjrs opinion,
the possibility that spearheads of type 3 with a
Fig. 8: The two spearheads (4, 5) and the point (6) from Vodice. Iron. Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 8: Sulini osti (4, 5) in ost (6) z Vodic. elezo. M. = 1:2.
30
For instance Manning 1985, 166-167, Pl. 79: V 106 (site
Hod Hill, middle of the 1st century AD); Hbener 1973, 28, Taf.
18: 1-5 (site Augsburg-Oberhausen, not dated); Bishop, Coulston
1993, Fig. 35: 14 (site Hod Hill, middle of the 1st century AD),
Fig. 84: 2 (site Caerleon, 3rd century); Marchant 1990, Pl. 1:
6 (site Housesteads, Hadrianic period or later).
31
Marchant 1990; Bishop, Coulston 1993, 69, 123, 126,
162; Feugre 1993, 169-171, 247.
32
Ilkjr 1990.
33
Ib., 43-44, Taf. 7: BQI,BRU; 8: VHR.
296 Veronika PFLAUM
shaft prolonged into the blade belong to the late
Imperial period.
34
The iron point (Fig. 8: 6) is composed of a long
narrow point, square in the cross-section, and an
open socket. Almost completely identical points
were found in the nearby fort on Martinj Hrib
35

that had, according to the coin finds, most likely
existed only for a short time in the second half
of the 4th century (approximately from the sixth
decade to the year 388).
36
Comparable to the point from Vodice are also
two plumbatae from the late Roman fortress on
Hruica (Ad Pirum) with a tapering point, square
in the cross-section.
37
Their points are short, but
they are equally shaped as the angular part of
the point from Vodice. The fortress on Hruica,
according to the coin finds, had been abandoned
in the first years of the 5th century,
38
plumbatae
are, as a type of weapon, otherwise dated to the
4th and 5th centuries.
Two plumbatae
The two plumbatae from Vodice (Fig. 9: 7,8)
can be added to the existing list of a special type
of late Roman weapon, its characteristics being
an iron head with a leaden weight on the socket
and a short, not preserved wooden shaft.
39
The
weapon attracted the attention of authors already
in antiquity;
40
frequent are also discussions of its
archaeological finds.
41
The two finds from Vodice
belong to the most frequent variant of plumbatae,
having a barbed tip. Rarer are the variants with a
tip, square in the cross-section, with a lenticular
tip and with a trilobate or three-edged tip.
42
The finds of plumbatae (approximately 70 pieces
from 40 sites were published) are limited above all
to the region of north-eastern Italy and western
Slovenia as well as Great Britain, they appear rarely
or singly also along the Rhine and Danube limes
and in their hinterland in Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Croatia
and Hungary. Isolated finds come from the Lower
Danube, Peloponnesos and the eastern Black Sea
coast.
43
Anton Hck explains the distribution as
a result of the state of research and expects new
finds of plumbatae also in the interior of the Ro-
man Empire, for instance in Spain and Portugal,
as well as across North Africa and Palestine up
to the region of Asia Minor.
44
According to Vegetius, plumbatae, also referred
to as mattiobarbuli, were a special weapon of two
Illyrican legions (legio I Iovia, legio I Herculia)
that were employed as elite units in numerous
Fig. 9: The two plumbatae (7, 8) from Vodice. Iron, lead.
Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 9: Plumbati (7, 8) z Vodic. elezo, svinec. M. = 1:2.
34
Ib., 44, 325.
35
Leben, ubic 1990, 327, 318 Nos. 24,25, t. 2: 20,21.
36
Kos 1986, 203-204.
37
Giesler 1981, 173, Katalog I/L. 9: 180, Taf. 22: 180;
Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 1: 20.
38
Kos 1986, 198-199, 201-207.
39
They were described by an anonymous writer of the
essay De Rebus Bellicis (written in the years 368/9); in four
medieval transcripts of his text they are also depicted, but the
depictions do not correspond with his description; Anon. de
rebus bell. X, XI (Ireland 1979, 10, 30-31, 104, Pl. IX). Besides,
descriptions by the anonymous writer do not correspond fully
with the archaeological finds. On the form of plumbatae also
Hck 2003, 70, 72, with bibliography.
40
Anon. de rebus bell. X, XI (Ireland 1979, 10, 30-31, 104);
Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Militaris I 17, II 15, German translation
of the sections in Degen 1992, 140; on arming and fighting
with plumbatae, as described by Vegetius, reports Kolias 1988,
173-174; Bennett 1991, 59.
41
First list and typological classification was made by Vlling
1991, 288-289, 296-298; an overview, a supplemented list and a
map of sites in Degen 1992; Buora 1997; Hck 2003, 69-73, 161,
Fundliste 5; on individual finds Barker 1979; Marchant 1990, 2;
Bennett 1991; Volpert 1997, 266 No. 49, Abb. 11: 10; Radman-
Livaja 2004, 31-32, 127 Nos. 31-35, t. 8: 31,32; 9: 33-35; on
manufacture Sherlock 1979; on tests on their use Eagle 1989.
42
Hck 2003, 70, Abb. 49.
43
The last one to supplement the lists of plumbatae and the
map of sites was Hck 2003, 69 note 458, 71, Tab. 8, 72-73,
Abb. 50, 161, Fundliste 5. Previously Vlling 1991, 296-298;
Degen 1992, Abb. 6; Buora 1997. A new find (Vindonissa)
was published by Huber 2003, 397 and Hagendorn 2003, 668
No. Me898, Taf. 72: Me898; Kasprzyk 2004, 243, fig. 3: 4
(Escolives-Sainte-Camille); finds from Serbia Christodoulou
2001-2002, 29-31, note 19, fig. 8; 9: B-D.
44
Hck 2003, 72.
places up to the demise of the (Western) Roman
Empire.
45
It remains unclear whether only the two
elite legions or also other contemporary units were
armed with plumbatae.
46
Plumbatae are a late Roman innovation, but they
are seldom found in contexts that would allow a
more precise dating. The finds that make the dat-
ing possible point to the 4th and 5th centuries,
perhaps only to the beginning of the 5th century,
and even to the end of the 3rd century.
47
Slightly
larger darts, similar to plumbatae, were known
also in the Byzantine weaponry.
48
Including the two plumbatae from Vodice, 11
plumbatae from the following sites in Slovenia are
known:
49
Ajdna above Potoki (Ajdna nad Potoki)
(1),
50
Hruica (3),
51
Ljubljana (1),
52
Predjama
(1),
53
Podutik (1),
54
Velike Malence (1),
55
Vodice
(2), Vrhnika (1).
56
They are individual finds or
finds from old, methodically inadequate excava-
tions, therefore the contexts of finds that would
enable a more precise dating are not known.
Only the plumbata from Velike Malence has been
found recently, while excavating a villa rustica by
the church of Saint Martin near Velike Malence.
The plumbata was found next to an excavated
building on a kind of a paved courtyard area that
contained coins from between the last third of the
3rd century and the last third of the 4th century.
The Roman building complex was destroyed in a
fire around the year 378 AD; there are no traces
of later activities and no later finds.
57
Tools or kitchen implements
Knives
The study of knives of the Roman period and
their classifying into formal groups is made dif-
ficult not only by the variety of their forms but
also by their bad state of preservation and strong
rustiness; for that reason, the shape of the knife
is different from the original form. Besides, only
rare finds of knives have been more precisely dated
within the Roman period.
58
The use of singular
forms of knives, except for rare examples, is not
precisely known - assumingly they were primarily
kitchen implements that could also have been
used otherwise in housekeeping, in handicraft or
in agriculture. There is no proof, apart from rare
exceptions, of a direct connection between the
form and the mode of use of a knife.
59
No analogy, matching in all details, has been
found for the well preserved knife from Vodice
(Fig. 10: 9). Similar in shape, but of a different
size, is an individual find of a knife from the site
Runder Berg. That knife has a groove on its taper-
ing blade.
60
It is a typical form of knife of the late
Imperial period that frequently appears in Germanic
graves of the 4th century and in other late Roman
contexts. Arm-guards are frequent among knives
of this type.
61
A long tang is, according to the
statements by Ursula Koch, typical of the knives
of the late Imperial period.
62
Due to the lack of suitable analogies, the knife
from Vodice cannot be classified and dated more
precisely.
45
On description by Vegetius Kolias 1988, 173-174; Bennett
1991, 59; Degen 1992, 140.
46
Degen 1992, 144, 146; Hck 2003, 72; Christodoulou
2001-2002, 31; Buora 1997.
47
Barker 1979, 97; Degen 1992, 144; Buora 1997, 240-
242. Marchant (1990, 2) allows for finds from three British
sites dating to the 3rd century or later. Vlling (1991, 291)
bases the dating to the Late Roman period also on the fact
that plumbatae are not known from Dacia and limes in Upper
Germania and Raetia which were abandoned in the seventies
of the 3rd century.
48
On mentioning in written sources Kolias 1988, 175-177;
on a find of a Byzantine variant Vlling 1991, 287-288, 294-
296, Abb. 1.
49
On some lists of plumbatae a find from Martinj Hrib is
mentioned as well (Leben, ubic 1990, 318, t. 2: 18), but the
conservational treatment of the object revealed that it is an
ordinary spearhead with a barbed tip.
50
Vali 1985, 267, sl. 95; Vali 1997, 268, sl. 8.
51
Giesler 1981, 76, 173, Katalog I/L. 9: 180, Taf. 22: 180,
76, 173, Katalog I/ L. 9: 179, Taf. 22: 179 (only a leaden weight
is preserved); Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 1: 20.
52
Petru 1976, unnumbered pg. 36: the left one in the upper
row; Pflaum 2001b, 24.
53
Koroec 1982, 93, t. 8: 5.
54
Mllner 1900, Taf. 56: 17; Gutin 1979, 80, t. 80: 3 (it
is published under a wrong site, mihel; equally Gutin 1973,
486, sl. 3: 23 and Slapak 1996, 220, the lower figure: 2); Degen
1992, Abb. 4: 9; Pflaum 2001. In publications, most frequently
the name Utik is mentioned as the name of the site; it is an
old name for the village Podutik near Ljubljana. The plumbata
was found between the village Podutik and the near hill Toko
elo - cf. ael 1975. I would like to thank Dr. Dragan Boi
for drawing my attention to the wrong naming of the site.
55
Bavec 2001, 169, sl. 51: 8.
56
Mllner 1900, Taf. 54: 16; Gutin 1979, 80, t. 80: 4 (it
is published under a wrong site, mihel); Horvat 1990, 306,
sl. 36; Pflaum 2001a.
57
Bavec 2001, 166-170.
58
On problems concerning the study of knives Manning
1985, 108.
59
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 167; Manning 1985, 108.
60
Koch 1984, 213, Taf. 22: 1.
61
Ib., 118, 199. The knife was put into a group of knives
with a wide spearshaped blade.
62
Ib., 119.
298 Veronika PFLAUM
The knife from Vodice (Fig. 10: 10) resembles,
concerning the length and form of the tang and
the shoulder, a knife with a badly preserved blade
from the site Oberwinterthur (Vitudurum) in
Switzerland.
63
According to the relative chronol-
ogy of the site, the knife has been placed into
the period II, dated between the years 45/55 and
70/80 AD.
64
Also similar, but longer, is a knife
from the site Augsburg-Oberhausen that has not
been precisely dated.
65
The long tang, supposedly
typical of the knives of the late Imperial period,
66

is also not enough for classifying and dating the
knife from Vodice.
The knife from Vodice (Fig. 10: 11) represents the
most frequent form of knives of the Roman period,
that is with an equably curved cutting edge of the
blade, with a straight back edge and a tang set lower
than the back edge of the blade. Similar knives
were found, for instance, on the sites Carnuntum,
67

Walthamstow
68
and Oberwinterthur (Vitudurum).
69

Only the knife from the last mentioned site has been
dated, it has namely been placed into the periods
I/early and II according to the relative chronology
of the site. The periods are dated between 7 and
around 35 AD and between 45/55 and 70/80 AD.
70

The knife from Vodice can therefore not be more
precisely dated within the Roman period.
Fig. 10: The knives (9-14) from Vodice. 9 iron, copper?, 10-14 iron. Scale 9 = 1:3; others = 1:2.
Sl. 10: Noi (9-14) z Vodic. 9 elezo, baker?, 10-14 elezo. M. 9 = 1:3; drugo = 1:2.
63
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 166-167, 326 No. E 253,
Taf. 50: 253.
64
Ib., 142.
65
Hbener 1973, 52, Taf. 20: 22.
66
Koch 1984, 119.
67
The knife is of a very similar shape, but shorter (Stiglitz
1986, 210, Taf. 10: 3 on pg. 220).
68
Manning 1985, 115, Pl. 55: Q49. It is defined as type 15
(ib., 115, Fig. 28: 15 on pg. 109).
69
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 326 No. E 250, Taf. 50:
250. It is ranged into the subgroup 1 of group 1, its characte-
ristics being in the first place a tang and in the second place
a flat back edge of the blade with a straight transition to the
tang (ib., 167, Tab. 72).
70
Ib., 142, 167, Tab. 72.
The knife from Vodice (Fig. 10: 12) is very
badly preserved, and that is why classifying on the
basis of formal comparisons cannot be successful.
Nevertheless, it seems to be almost identical to a
shorter knife from Carnuntum, found on a causeway
and not dated.
71
The analogy thus offers no further
help in determining the knife from Vodice.
The knives from Vodice (Fig. 10: 13,14) of an
almost identical, leaf-shaped form, have practically
no analogies amongst numerous and diverse forms
of Roman knives. A similar knife, but having riv-
ets on the handle, had been found in the fort in
Zugmantel and defined as a rare, unusual form of
knife for cutting leather.
72
The knife has not been
dated, the fort in Zugmantel, however, was built at
the end of the 1st century AD and abandoned at
the fall of limes in the year 260 AD.
73
In Slovenia,
an identical knife was found during the excava-
tions of a late Roman house at Ajdovina above
Rodik (Ajdovina nad Rodikom),
74
therefore the
two knives from Vodice can possibly also be dated
into the same period.
Measuring instrument
Steelyard
Discussions on ancient steelyards focus on
metrological analyses (on essays to decipher and
reconstruct the scales, on essays to calculate the
span of load capacity of a steelyard and on the ra-
tios between lengths of the two arms with regard to
the different centres of motion)
75
or on typological
classifications.
76
The bronze steelyard from Vodice
(Pl. 1: 15; Fig. 11) is almost entirely preserved, in-
cluding the weight, only one hook for suspending
the object to be weighed is missing. Three hooks
for the suspension of the steelyard at three differ-
ent positions made it possible to weigh loads of
different weight. Three scales corresponding to the
three centres of motion are preserved to a different
extent. The first scale is clearly visible: it is divided
into 12 units, from 1 to 12 pounds (librae). The
interspaces between two successive marks are 1.4
to 1.6 cm long, the avarage unit-length is 1.51 cm.
The poorly visible marks of the second scale reveal
that the units of the second scale were slightly more
than half as long as the units of the first scale, the
average unit-length is 0.65 cm. If we extrapolate the
distance between the better visible marks X and V
to the remainder of the scale-arm, we can ascertain
that the second scale was used to weigh loads from
10 to 37 pounds (librae). We get the same span of
load capacity by means of a calculation, using the
formula Ww Lsa = Lao (Ws+Wl) (where Ww =
weight of the leaden weight [in our case 1486 g or
4.5 librae]; Lsa = length of the scale-arm or, more
precisely, the distance between the chosen mark on
the chosen scale and the corresponding loop for
suspending the steelyard [the centre of motion];
Lao = length of the arm for suspending the object
to be weighed or, more precisely, the distance
between the centre of motion and the point [the
groove] where the load is suspended; Ws = weight
of the chain-suspension [in our case it has been
ignored, because the suspension is not entirely
preserved and because it could not be weighed];
Wl = weight of the load [the unknown]; 1 libra =
327.45 g). On the third scale, the initial XXX mark
71
Stiglitz 1986, 210, Taf. 10: 2 on pg. 220.
72
Pietsch 1983, 78, 121 No. 597, Taf. 27: 597. On similar
knives for leather also Gaitzsch 1980, 122, 126, Abb. 13 on
pg. 123.
73
Pietsch 1983, 6-7.
74
Slapak 1999, 162, the left bottom figure: the knife
above the bells.
75
For example Mutz 1983; Mutz 1988; Garbsch 1988, 202-
209; a list of discussions on metrological questions concerning
ancient steelyards has been made by Franken 1993, note 5.
76
Franken 1993.
Fig. 11: The steelyard (15a) and its weight (15b) (Pl. 1) from the
hoard from Vodice. Not in scale (photo T. Lauko, NMS).
Sl. 11: Tehtnica (15a) z utejo (15b) (t. 1) iz zakladne najdbe
z Vodic. Brez merila (foto: T. Lauko, NMS).
300 Veronika PFLAUM
is poorly visible, with more or less visible V and X
marks alternating thereafter. Using the presented
formula, we can calculate that the load capacity of
the third scale spanned the range between 30 and
100 pounds (librae). The units of the third scale
were more than half shorter than the units of the
second scale; the avarage unit-length is 0.27 cm,
the interspaces between two successive marks for
sections of five units are 1.2 to 1.4 cm long. To
summarize, the steelyard from Vodice was used
to weigh loads from 1 to 100 pounds (librae) or
approximately from 1/3 to 32.7 kg.
The steelyard from Vodice is most evidently not
preserved in its original form: the middle loop, the
middle and the right-hand suspension-hooks and
the iron parts of the chain-suspension are later
substitutions. The preserved parts of the original
steelyard correspond, as to their form, to the early
group of the Osterburken type as defined by Nor-
bert Franken.
77
On the steelyard from Vodice, two
out of three formal details, used by N. Franken
as the main criteria for defining the early group,
are present: the two bronze chain-links are made
out of long pieces of wire in such a way that the
bent end of the wire is spirally wound round the
middle of the link; the left-hand suspension-hook
is shaped like a question mark - a straight part is
followed by a curve. The omega-shaped chain-link
is not made out of a bent wire, as characteristic
of the steelyards of the early group of the Oster-
burken type, but is iron and laterally f lattened.
Such bronze flat links are characteristic for the
steelyards of the late group of the Osterburken type
as well as for the steelyards of the Konstantinopel
(Constantinople) type: according to N. Franken,
78

a similar iron link is part of the steelyard from
Ljubina above Zbelovska Gora (Ljubina nad
Zbelovsko Goro)
79
of the Gora type as defined by
Dragan Boi.
80
Comparable to the two steelyards
of the Gora type are also the spirally twisted iron
chain-suspension links of the steelyard from Vodice.
The third (the right-hand) suspension-hook of the
steelyard from Vodice, with its bottom end bent
backwards in form of an s, resembles hooks of the
steelyards of the Konstantinopel type.
81
N. Franken assumes on the basis of hypotheses
on the history of development of steelyards that
steelyards of the early group of the Osterburken
type belong to the second half of the 2nd century
and to the first half of the 3rd century; whereas
the steelyards of the late group belong to the later
3rd century.
82
D. Boi established a later dating
of the late group, putting it mainly into the 4th
century.
83
Consequently, we could probably also
prolong or shift the dating of the early group to
a later time, possibly to the whole 3rd century.
The Gora type is hypothetically dated to the 4th
century,
84
the Konstantinopel type is dated mainly
to the 5th and 6th centuries.
85
Because of the later
substitutions (mendings) on the steelyard from
Vodice which correspond to the younger types of
steelyards, we can conclude that the steelyard was
in use over a long period of time, probably still
during the entire 4th century.
Iron or bronze steelyards are also included in
some other hoards from the territory of Slovenia,
but they belong to other, younger types. Two iron
steelyards of the newly determined Gora type were
found as part of the third hoard from Gora above
Polhov Gradec (Gora nad Polhovim Gradcem),
dated to the second half of the 4th century and
the beginning of the 5th century,
86
and as part of
hoard I from Ljubina above Zbelovska gora, dated
to the 6th and 7th century;
87
this dating has been
refuted by D. Boi on the bases of analogies from
late Roman hoards and the hypothetical dating of
the steelyard-type to the 4th century.
88
Two iron
steelyards and a bronze one are included in the
long-known supposed hoard from Ajdovski gradec
above Vranje (Ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem),
dated to the later period of the settlement (after
the 4th century);
89
some other finds would point
against such late dating, for example a fibula with
onion-shaped knobs
90
of type 3/4 B according to
Philipp M. Prttels typology, dated between ap-
proximately the year 330 and the year 400 AD, or
most likely, to the later part of this period.
91
The
bronze steelyard from Ajdovski gradec belongs
to the Konstantinopel type, while the longer iron
steelyard is, as seen on the photograph,
92
quite
similar to the bronze one; the shorter iron steel-
yard is more poorly preserved and details are not
discernible on the photograph.
93
77
Ib., 85-89, Abb. 8, 10.
78
Ib., 87, 89-94, Abb. 11, 12: F; Garbsch 1988, 209.
79
Gaspari et al. 2000, 195, Fig. 8: 15.
80
Boi 2005, 353.
81
Garbsch 1988, Abb. 3, Taf. 28; Mutz 1988, Taf. 33;
Franken 1993, Abb. 11.
82
Franken 1993, 89.
83
Boi 2005, 353, 367.
84
Ib., 353.
85
Franken 1993, 93.
86
Boi 2005, 351, 353, 356, 361, Abb. 20.
87
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 200, Nos. 15, 16, Fig. 8: 15,16;
Gaspari 2001, 58.
88
Boi 2005, 356.
89
Riedl, Cuntz 1909, 3-5, 34, Fig. 5: a-d, Fig. 6, 7.
90
Ib., Fig. 5: k; Knific 1979, 748, sl. D.
91
Prttel 1988, 359, 361-364.
92
Riedl, Cuntz 1909, Fig. 5: b.
93
Ib., Fig. 5: c.
Tools
Axes
The wide axes from Vodice (Pl. 2: 16-18) differ
one from another only in size and formal details
(the shape of the cutting edge, of the back edge
of the blade and the head). All three have a blade
that is prolonged backwards, with a straight-cut
edge. Such and similar wide axes appear mainly
in the Late Roman period, some pieces already in
the Middle Roman Imperial period.
94
Similar, well-dated wide axes with low rectangular
side pieces were found; for example, three pieces in
the large hoard from Weienburg, buried probably
in the second half of the 3rd century,
95
one axe in
a hoard from the well 7 of the vicus Rainau-Buch,
buried at the same time,
96
and one axe at Moos-
berg, where the first stage of the building up of
the settlement is dated to the second half of the
3rd century, whereas the second stage is dated to
the second half of the 4th century.
97
The two axes from Vodice (Pl. 2: 19, 20) differ
one from another in size and details, but they both
belong to a strictly limited group of axes of the
Roman period. These axes differ from others in
the typical form of the back of the head, elongated
forwards and backwards, usually with small tines
in the corners. Finds of such axes are limited to
the region of Pannonia, Noricum and northern Il-
lyricum (including the north-eastern edge of Italia);
they almost never appear elsewhere. According
to the contexts of finds it seems that they belong
above all to the 3rd century and to the Late Ro-
man period.
98
The two axes from Vodice resemble,
for instance, the two axes from Lauriacum. The
first of the latter two, similar to the axe (Pl. 2:
20) from Vodice, was found in the bath to the
west of the civilian town that was probably in use
at the end of the 2nd and in the first half of the
3rd century.
99
The second one, similar to the axe
(Pl. 2: 19) from Vodice, comes from the area of a
legionary camp and probably belongs to the 3rd
and 4th centuries.
100
Compared to other areas, finds of such axes
are extraordinarily numerous on the territory of
Slovenia, which can be said to be situated in the
centre of distribution of axes with an elongated
back of the head. As to the form, they are for the
most part similar to the second axe from Vodice
(Pl. 2: 20), having a narrow blade, asymmetrically
widening downwards, but also having the small
tines on the back of the head. A list of sites of
eleven published finds, known at the time, and
four unpublished finds has been presented by
Polona Bitenc.
101
Furthermore Reinhard Pohanka
mentions an axe from Ljubljana (Emona)
102
and
another one from Gornji Zemon,
103
and Joachim
Henning mentions an axe from Oreje in the
Bizeljsko region.
104
Some recently published axes
with an elongated back of the head, contained in
hoards of iron tools from the following sites, can
be added to the list: Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin (Sv.
Pavel nad Vrtovinom; the context in which the
hoard was found is not known and the hoard has
not been dated; the settlement on Sv. Pavel, how-
ever, existed from the 4th to the 6th century),
105

Ljubina above Zbelovska Gora (two axes; the hoard
II has been dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries),
106

Limberk above Velika Rana (the hoard has been
dated into the years around 400 AD).
107
An elongated back of the head as a formal
particularity appears also on other contemporary
tools of a similar form - for instance on wide axes
and carpenters axes. Such wide axes were found
in some late Roman hoards of tools
108
and as
individual finds in the river Ljubljanica and on
Nanos,
109
on a Roman hill-top post of the second
half of the 3rd century on Veliki vrh above Osre-
dek near Podsreda (Veliki vrh nad Osredkom pri
Podsredi)
110
as well as on a Late Antiquity hill-top
94
Pietsch 1983, 15, Abb. 5: 2.
95
Kellner, Zahlhaas 1983, 48, 43 Nos. 99-101, Abb. 32.
96
Kaufmann-Heinimann 1998, 272 No. GF61, Abb. 234.
97
Garbsch 1966, 72, 85, Taf. 22. 19; 31: 13.
98
Pohanka 1986, 229, 239-242, Textabbildung 14: Typ 3;
a somewhat incomplete map of sites of such axes and wide
axes was published by Henning 1987, 61, 64, Abb. 1 on pg.
61, 72-73 list of sites; Bitenc 1997, 11-12, 28-29, Nos. 33-38,
sl. 4 on pg. 12, sl. 33-38.
99
Pohanka 1986, 240-241, 376 No. 199, Taf. 45: 199.
100
Ib., 240-241, 376 No. 198, Taf. 45: 198.
101
Bitenc 1997, 12, with bibliography.
102
Pohanka 1986, 241 note 2. It is kept in the Kunsthisto-
risches Museum in Vienna.
103
Ib., 241 note 3; Boi, Cigleneki 1995, 258 note 94
(older bibliography on the find).
104
Henning 1987, Abb. 1: 90 on pg. 61, 72 a list; Mlinar
1965, 71, sl. 9.
105
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 194, 196 No. 34, Fig. 11: 34.
106
Bitenc 2001, 14 Nos. 14: 7,8, sl. 14: the lower two on
the left (there is a mistake in numbering on the sketch in
comparison with the catalogue descriptions).
107
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32 No. 87: 16. In the same hoard
there are also two fragments of an axe-like tool with a preserved
elongated back of the head and a part of the head (No. 87:
61,62). It is not possible to deduce what the blades looked like
(whether they were axes, wide axes or carpenters axes).
108
A list of nine wide axes from five sites in Slovenia in
Boi 2005, 313.
109
Bitenc 2001a, 14 No. 13.
110
Cigleneki 1990, 150 No. 25, 165-166, t. 3: 4.
302 Veronika PFLAUM
settlement Krvavica near Vransko (Krvavica pri
Vranskem).
111
A carpenters axe with an elongated
back of the head is, for example, contained in the
hoard from Limberk above Velika Rana.
112
Axes with an elongated back of the head were in
use also after the Late Roman period, but it is difficult
to distinguish them from the Roman ones.
113
According to P. Bitenc, a production of the
late Roman axes with an elongated back of the
head can also be supposed to have taken place
somewhere on the territory of Slovenia, consid-
ering the high number of such axes from sites in
Slovenia (more than 24 axes, 13 wide axes and 1
carpenters axe are listed, and the list is certainly
not complete).
114
Adzes and hoes
A typology of Roman adzes has been made
by Martin Pietsch. He classifies them into four
consecutive types. The two adzes from Vodice
(Pl. 3: 21,22) both match the late Roman type IV,
its characteristics being a blade slightly curving
downwards, the sometimes concave edges of the
blade, the sometimes almost right angle between the
blade and the (non-preserved) helve and a low head
with a hafting hole of diverse shapes - round, oval,
quadrangular. Adzes of the type IV are dated by M.
Pietsch between 260 and around 400 AD.
115
Adzes of a similar form were found on some
other late Roman sites in Slovenia as well - for
example in hoards of tools from Grdavov hrib
near Radomlje (Grdavov hrib pri Radomljah),
116

Ljubina above Zbelovska Gora II
117
and Sv. Pavel
above Vrtovin.
118
The double-bladed adze from Vodice (Pl. 3: 23)
has two blades, the first one with a straight cut-
ting edge, the second one with a vaulted cutting
edge. Finds of double-bladed adzes are very rare;
they only appear on sites in Roman provinces.
119

A very similar double-bladed adze to the one from
Vodice was found in Lower Austria in a hoard
named Mannersdorf II; the burying of the hoard
is dated to the 4th/5th centuries.
120
Hoes with two prongs and a hoe-shaped blade
(Pl. 3: 24) are a frequent type of Roman tools,
they differ mostly in the shape and curving of the
prongs and of the blade, as well as in the shape
of the head.
121
Only a few hoes are well dated;
they appear on the territory of Roman provinces
without interruption from the Early to the Late
Roman period.
122
The two most similar hoes to
the hoe from Vodice, but with a narrower blade,
were found - the first one in a late Roman hoard
from Celje
123
and the second in Saalburg.
124
Other tools
A hammer from Vodice (Fig. 12: 25) is, as a type
of tool, similar to a group of scarce supposedly
Roman claw hammers with a cleft end of the head,
designed for pulling out nails.
125
Claw hammers
appear on Roman sites of different centuries, but it
is not possible to date them more precisely on the
basis of differences in their shape. Some medieval
hammers are also similar in form.
126
The hammer
from Vodice has no analogy amongst the suppos-
edly Roman hammers of such form that would be
a match also in details, not only as a type of tool.
Because of the round end of the head and a claw
with one triangular tip, appearing on carpenters
hammers still in recent past,
127
the hammer from
Vodice most probably belongs to the Middle Ages
or to the modern times.
111
Krempu 2000, 213 No. 2, Abb. 3: 2 on pg. 216. He
dates the wide axe on the basis of analogies to the late 3rd and
early 4th centuries. Also Bitenc 2001b.
112
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 No. 87: 24, sl. 87: 24.
113
I would like to thank Polona Bitenc (National museum
of Slovenia) for presenting to me orally the information on
younger axes with an elongated back of the head and on the
possibilities of distinguishing them from the Roman ones. On
the method of manufacturing the axes Pleiner 1967, 79-83, Abb.
1 on pg. 80; Bitenc 1997, 4-5.
114
Bitenc 1997, 23.
115
Pietsch 1983, 27-28, Abb. 11: 2, Abb. 26 on pg. 81.
116
Sagadin 2000, Pl. 2: 1-3; Sagadin 2001, 15 Nos. 15:
16,19,20, sl. 15: 16,19,20. He dates the hoard only inexactly
to the second half of the 3rd century and to the 4th century,
Boi (2005, 313) however supposes that the hoard could be
dated to the years around 400 AD.
117
Bitenc 2001, 14 No. 14: 5, sl. 14: middle-on the right
side (there is a mistake in the numbering on the sketch in
comparison with the catalogue descriptions).
118
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 194-195 Nos. 25, 27, 196 No.
33, Fig. 10: 25,27; 11: 33.
119
Gaitzsch 1980, 45-46.
120
Pollak 2006, 25-26, 31, 39, Abb. 35, Taf. 56: 34.
121
Pietsch 1983, 19-20; White 1967, 66-68 (group 12. (ii)
Ascia/rastrum), Fig. 43 on pg. 67; Rees 1979, 309-310 (iii.
Ascia-Rastrum), Fig. 85-87.
122
Rees 1979, 310.
123
Gaspari et al. 2000, 190 No. 1, Fig. 6: 1.
124
Pietsch 1983, 90 No. 68, Taf. 5: 68.
125
Gaitzsch 1980, 88, 90-91 (listed are some pieces), 350
No. 84 (a hammer from Pompeii), Abb. 9 on pg. 81, Taf. 9: 84
and 16: 84 resp.; Pietsch 1983, 24, 91 No. 106, Taf. 7: 106.
126
For example from the site Runder Berg (Koch 1984,
136, 222, Taf. 35: 1).
127
For the information on the shape of recent carpenters
hammers I would like to thank Dr. Dragan Boi.
The iron knife (Pl. 3: 28) is a part of a small
group of almost completely identically-shaped
curved knives. The use of these knives has for long
been unknown, most frequently they were defined
as knives for the cutting of forage or the like (Ger.
Futterschneidermesser),
128
and otherwise ranged into
various groups of tools - for example into a group
of billhooks or similar knives.
129
Heimo Dolenz
130

and Milan Sagadin
131
have proved, however, the
first one on the basis of a depiction of coopers
tools on a sepulchral stele from Aquileia, the second
one on the basis of ethnological analogies from
the Netherlands (knives used in making clogs),
that such knives were used to manufacture wooden
objects. The knife was fixed to a solid base by the
loop
132
and not by the tang,
133
which made it pos-
sible to turn the knife in every direction.
The finds of woodworking knives are known
above all from the north-eastern provinces of the
Roman Empire and from the northeastern part of
Italia, that is the eastern Alpine and Pannonian
region. Most of them are dated on the basis of
contexts to the Late Roman period,
134
and there
are no real arguments for later or earlier dating of
singular pieces (H. Dolenz mentions two earlier
finds from Virunum and the already-mentioned
depiction on the stele from Aquileia, dated to the
2nd century).
135
From the sites in Slovenia, three finds of wood-
working knives have been published. The knife from
Ajdovski gradec above Vranje was found in house
A with small finds dating between the 3rd/4th
century and the 6th century.
136
The knife from
Grdavov hrib near Radomlje was contained in a
hoard of tools dated to the time from the second
half of the 3rd century up to the end of the 4th
century
137
or more precisely to the years around
400 AD.
138
The third knife was found on Limberk
above Velika Rana as a part of a hoard of iron
objects. The hoard has been dated to the years
around 400 AD.
139
The fourth knife was found in
2003 on Gradie near Trnovo in Ilirska Bistrica
(Gradie pri Trnovem v Ilirski Bistrici) as a part
of a hoard and has not yet been published.
140
The gimlet from Vodice (Pl. 4: 29) belongs
amongst the so called gimlets with a spoon bit,
the most frequent form of gimlets of the Roman
period. A typological classification of Roman
gimlets was made by M. Pietsch on the basis of
the shape of their spoon bits and tangs. He found
out that spoon bits with the widest point below
the middle of their length are more frequent on
gimlets of the Early and Middle Roman Imperial
period, but they also appear in the Late Antiquity,
whereas spoon bits with the widest point above the
middle of their length appear almost exclusively
on gimlets from complexes, dated to the Late
Antiquity, and from non-Roman complexes. As
for the tangs, he recognized a development from
wide triangular tangs, clearly separated from the
shaft, in the Early and Middle Roman Imperial
period towards narrow longer tangs, less sharply
separated from the shaft, in the Late Roman peri-
od.
141
The tang of the gimlet from Vodice matches
Fig. 12: The claw hammer (25) and two nails (26, 27) from
Vodice. Iron. Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 12: Kladivo (25) in dva eblja (26, 27) z Vodic. elezo.
M. = 1:2.
128
For example Pohanka 1986, 265-267, 383 No. 232,
Taf. 50: 232, Textabbildung 18/above; Knific 1979, 758-759
(straw cutter).
129
Popovi 1988, 81, t. 13: 5 and 44: 4; Mller 1982, 340
No. 1491, fig. 24: II.2 on pg. 506, 410 No. 1996, 831.
130
Dolenz 1998, 208.
131
Sagadin 2000, 205, fig. 1; Sagadin 2000a, 560.
132
Knific 1979, 758; Sagadin 2000, 205.
133
For example Pohanka 1986, Textabbildung 18/above.
134
Pohanka 1986, 265.
135
Dolenz 1998, 208.
136
Knific 1979, 733 No. 18, 741-742, 750, sl. 18 on pg.
765; Knific 2001, 52 No. 146.
137
Sagadin 2000, 205-206, Pl. 2: 6; Sagadin 2001, 14-15
No. 15: 3, sl. 15: 3.
138
Boi 2005, 313.
139
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32 No. 87: 17.
140
Boi 2005, 313-314 note 18.
141
Pietsch 1983, 43-44.
304 Veronika PFLAUM
the description of the tangs of gimlets from the
Late Roman period, whereas the spoon bit with
its widest point below the middle of its length
matches the spoon bits that are more usual on
gimlets from the Early and Middle Roman Impe-
rial period, but also appear later. The gimlet from
Vodice has a shank, round in the cross-section
that is rare; shanks, octagonal or square in the
cross-section, are more frequent.
In Slovenia, gimlets with a spoon bit regularly
appear in the settlements and hoards of the Late
Roman period or the Late Antiquity - for example
in hoard I from Ljubina above Zbelovska Gora,
142

in the hoard from Celje, found in a large building
with a hypocaust from the 4th century,
143
five pieces
in the hoard from Grdavov hrib near Radomlje,
144

five pieces in the hoard from Limberk above Velika
Rana,
145
on a Late Antiquity hill-top settlement
Krvavica near Vransko,
146
on a Late Antiquity
hill-top settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid
(Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu),
147
two pieces on a
Late Antiquity hill-top settlement Ajdovski gradec
above Vranje
148
and on a late Roman fortified post
Annikovo gradie near Jurina vas (Annikovo
gradie pri Jurini vasi),
149
two pieces of gim-
lets, similar to the gimlet from Vodice, have also
been excavated in Drnovo near Krko (Drnovo
pri Krkem, Neviodunum)
150
and on Ajdovina
above Rodik.
151
The tangs of all the listed gimlets
correspond to Pietschs description of the tangs
of the Late Roman period. By contrast, most of
the spoon bits of the listed gimlets (as far as can
be seen from the published drawings and photos)
have their widest point below the middle of their
length, which is, according to Pietsch, more usual,
but not exclusive, on gimlets from the Early and
Middle Roman Imperial period. On late Roman
gimlets from the sites in Slovenia spoon bits
with their widest point below the middle of their
length markedly predominate,
152
therefore it can
be concluded that such a form of spoon bits is
altogether usual also in the Late Roman period
and that the place of the widest point of the spoon
bit is not a suitable criterion for the chronological
classification of gimlets.
The iron pair of compasses from Vodice (Pl. 4:
30) belongs, according to its form, to a group of
Roman compasses with a short pin, hammered into
a low convex head on both sides or flattened on
one side and with a convex head on the other. The
second group consists of compasses with a smaller,
pointed pin stuck into the main pin, prolonged on
one side, designed for fixing the legs when used.
153

With its 36.4 cm of length, the pair of compasses
from Vodice is quite long. Iron and bronze compasses
appear throughout the Roman Imperial period, but
their formal spectrum and chronological develop-
ment have not yet been studied.
In Slovenia, some compasses resembling the pair
of compasses from Vodice were found in the late
Roman complexes of finds, often in hoards of iron
tools.
154
Most of the finds are of similar length
(more than 30 cm) to the pair of compasses from
Vodice and have equally shaped legs, but they have
a pin pierced by a smaller pin on its prolonged side.
Such compasses have been found, for example, in
the hoard from Grdavov hrib near Radomlje,
155
in
the hoard from Limberk above Velika Rana,
156
in
the hoard from Merie near Povir (Merie pri
Povirju), found in a building, dated to the second
half of the 4th century,
157
and in hoard I from
Ljubina above Zbelovska Gora.
158
The anvil from Vodice (Pl. 4: 31; Fig. 13) belongs
to the simple so-called block-anvils of the Italic
type according to W. H. Manning or of type B
according to Wolfgang Gaitzsch (a more detailed
typological classification of anvils). They are rela-
tively small self-standing block-shaped or cubiform
142
Gaspari et al. 2000, 191-192 No. 13, Fig. 7: 13; Gaspari
2001, 58 No. 168; Boi 2005, 356.
143
Gaspari et al. 2000, 190 No. 10, Fig. 7: 10 on pg.
194.
144
Sagadin 2000, Pl. 1: 1-5; Sagadin 2001, 15 Nos. 15:
11-15, sl. 15: 11-15; Boi 2005, 313.
145
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 Nos. 87: 31,33,34,49,50,
sl. 87: 31,33,34,49,50.
146
Krempu 2000, 219 No. 48, Abb. 5: 48 on pg. 222. The
gimlet is dated only to the period of existance of the settlement,
that is from the middle of the 3rd century to the end of the
6th century. Also Bitenc 2001b.
147
Cigleneki 1994, 7, t. 4: 7.
148
Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 8: 11; Knific 2001.
149
Strmnik 1997, 281 Nos. 7, 8, t. 6: 7,8.
150
Petru, Petru 1978, 66, t. 21: 1,14.
151
Slapak 1997, 58, sl. 9: the left one in the second
row.
152
Only the gimlets from Limberk above Velika Rana
are different; at least some of them have spoon bits with their
widest point above the middle of their length.
153
Manning 1985, 11-12; Pietsch 1983, 61.
154
A list of compasses from sites in Slovenia in Murgelj
2000, 55-56.
155
Sagadin 2000, 205, Pl. 1: 9; Sagadin 2001, 15 No. 15:
24, sl. 15: 24; Boi 2005, 313.
156
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 No. 87: 58, sl. 87: 58.
157
Osmuk 1976, 82, 78 No. 29, t. 4: 7. The pair of compas-
ses is the one most of all resembling the piece from Vodice,
having plates of a triangular shape with convex sides. Gaspari
et al. 2000, 187 date the hoard to the 4th century.
158
Gaspari et al. 2000, 191-192 No. 11, 198, Fig. 7: 11;
Gaspari 2001, 58 No. 168; Boi 2005, 356.
(type B according to W. Gaitzsch) anvils, slightly
narrowing towards a vaulted bottom face, thus
forming four small legs in the corners.
159
Block-
anvils with small legs are known for example from
Pompeii, from a sepulchral relief from Aquileia
with a scene from a blacksmiths workshop
160
and
from Sarmizegetusa Regia in Romania.
161
The type
of the anvil was evidently present already in the
Early Roman Imperial period, that is in the 1st
century, but there are no elements yet for a more
precise dating, especially in later centuries.
Horse gear and parts of wagons
Hipposandals
All five hipposandals from Vodice (Figs. 14; 15)
are of the same shape, of nearly the same size and
of a slightly different weight, depending on their
massiveness. They belong to type 1 of the three
types defined by Annabel K. Lawson and Xavier
Aubert.
162
The hipposandals are dated, where the
contexts of finds allow the dating at all, mostly to
the time from the middle or second half of the 1st
century to the end of the 4th century.
163
Younger
pieces are not known, while only few pieces are
dated to an earlier period (the Augustan period),
for example from Magdalensberg.
164
A chronologi-
cal development of the hipposandals according to
types has not yet been studied. A cursory glance
into some hoards of iron objects from the 3rd
century that contain hipposandals reveals that all
the hipposandals are of the so-called type 3 and
none of the so-called type 1.
165
Therefore we can
assume that in that time type 3 was probably in
use and that type 1 is older.
166
Finds of hipposandals are numerous, mostly in
the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire,
that is in northern Gallia (they are supposed to
be a Gallic invention) and Britannia, but also in
southern Gallia and provinces along the Rhine and
Danube. On the other hand, they are very rare in
the Mediterranean. It should be noted that the
distribution also reflects the state of research and
the attention paid to such objects.
167
Iron hipposandals (the expression originates in
the 19th century) were named by the Romans solea
ferrea. There is a difference of opinion on their
principal purpose and on the question of who wore
them in the first place.
168
It seems most probable
Fig. 13: The anvil (31) (Pl. 4: 31) from the hoard from Vodice.
Not in scale (photo NMS).
Sl. 13: Nakovalo (31) (t. 4: 31) iz zakladne najdbe z Vodic.
Brez merila (foto: NMS).
159
Manning 1985, 1, Fig. 1: 1 (the anvil from Vodice
matches completely his description of the Italic type of anvils);
Gaitzsch 1978, 16, fig. on pg. 4; Gaitzsch 1985, 179, Abb. 3
on pg. 192: type B, a list on pg. 201.
160
Gaitzsch 1980, 341 No. 8, Taf. 2: 8, 365 No. 199, Taf.
43: 199a.
161
Popescu 1997, 267 No. 545; Iaroslavschi 1997, 71, pl.
29: 3. The anvil is not dated.
162
Lawson 1978, 133-135, Abb. 1 (here type 1 is confused
with type 2: in the first row type 2 is depicted with a denotation
type 1, in the second row, however, type 1 is depicted with a
denotation type 2!); Manning 1985, 63-66, Fig. 16 (he added
two more types to the existing typology); Junkelmann 1992,
88, Abb. 100.
163
Lawson 1978, 136; Manning 1985, 65; Junkelmann
1992, 88.
164
Dolenz 1998, 96-97 note 404, Taf. 22: M244.
165
For example Mautern, a hoard of metal objects, dated
to the 3rd century (Groh, Sedlmayer 2006, 512-525, Taf. 264:
1699/42); Straubing, a hoard of metal objects, buried most
probably in the 3rd century (Kleim, Klumbach 1951, 38 Nos.
56-62, Taf. 43: 56-62); Welzheim, a hoard of iron objects,
dated to the first half of the 3rd century (Mssle 1983, 374,
Taf. 208: 1-3); Weienburg, burying of the hoard is dated to
the year 254 or the year 233 (Kellner, Zahlhaas 1993, 124 No.
94, 146, Taf. 107).
166
I would like to thank Dr. Dragan Boi for a hint regar-
ding the possible dating of both types of hipposandals.
167
For example Lawson 1978, 136, Abb. 2 on pg. 135,
Liste 1 on pg. 161-167; Junkelmann 1992, 88; Feugre, Thaur,
Vienne 1992, 88-89 Nos. 171-179, with bibliography on new
finds in South Gaul; Feugre, Tendille 1989, 152-153, fig. 109
(a complemented list and map of sites, made by A. Lawson);
Garbsch 1986, 78-79, a list of finds from Bavaria; Manning 1985,
63-66; Ruprechtsberger 1975, 25-27, 36, Abb. 1 on pg. 26, finds
from Upper Austria; Pll, Nicolussi, Oeggl 1998, 63, Abb. 12:
3; Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 156-157, 323 Nos. E 138-141,
Taf. 44: 138-141; Mller 1982, 837, 168 Nos. 726, 727.
168
Different interpretations and arguments for and against
are presented in detail by Junkelmann 1992, 89; also Lawson
1978, 133.
306 Veronika PFLAUM
that the primary purpose of the hipposandals was
to protect the hooves from wearing out and from
sustaining injuries on hard ground (rock soil,
rubble, gravel, hard pavement). The spikes or the
grooves on the bottom face of the sole additionally
protected the animal from slipping on slippery
ground, snow and ice.
169
The second explanation,
that hipposandals were a veterinary device, holding
in place on the injured hoof the dressing possibly
with medicaments is rather less probable.
170
The
use of an iron hipposandal in veterinary practice
Fig. 14: Two hipposandals (32, 33) from Vodice. Iron. Scale = 1:3.
Sl. 14: Dve obuvali kopit (32, 33) z Vodic. elezo. M. = 1:3.
Fig. 15: Three hipposandals (34-36) from Vodice. Iron. Scale = 1:3.
Sl. 15: Tri obuvala kopit (34-36) z Vodic. elezo. M. = 1:3.
169
Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992, 89; Ruprechtsberger
1975, 26; Manning 1985, 63.
170
Lately, the interpretation has been tolerated, for example
by Dixon, Southern 1992, 231, subscription to Fig. 82 on pg.
231. Arguments against: Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992,
89. In connection with healing injuries, the ancient authors
mention similar boots (solea spartea) that were made of lighter
materials, not iron (Walker 1973, 322).
308 Veronika PFLAUM
is mentioned only once in ancient written sources,
in connection with the treatment of hip lameness
in the horse. A hipposandal was put on the sound
leg, thus slightly raising the horse and disburdening
the lame leg of the horses weight.
171
Hipposandals were designed above all for draught
and pack animals, only exceptionally for riding
animals, as they enabled only awkward and slow
walking. The draught and pack animals mostly
consisted of mules, with some oxen and donkeys
and rarely horses.
172
Hipposandals were put on
hooves - having previously been wrapped in cloth -
of mules and donkeys, rarely horses; for that reason
they appear in different sizes.
173
For cattle, iron
boots of a different form were designed, adapted
to a cloven hoof, its parts booted separately for
the sake of flexibility.
174
In Slovenia, hipposandals are known also from
other sites, for example, some older finds of type
1 have been published.
175
Two horseshoes
The two horseshoes from Vodice (Fig. 16) are
of the same form, the so-called form with crescent-
shaped shanks (Ger. Hufeisen mit Mondsichelruten),
next to the form with an undulating edge (Ger.
Hufeisen mit Wellenrand) most frequently defined
as a Roman form of horseshoe.
176
Until recently, the long-lasting discussion on
whether the Romans knew and used the horseshoes
seemed unresolved, because horseshoes repeatedly
appeared in apparent Roman (and more seldom in
pre-Roman) layers and contexts.
177
Finally, Walter
Drack convincingly refuted the existence of horse-
shoes in the pre-Roman and Roman period.
178
On
the basis of excavations of a Roman road and above
171
Walker 1973, 322-323.
172
Toynbee 1973, 152, 161-162, 175-176, 185, 191, 194-
195.
173
Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992, 90.
174
Brouquier-Redd 1991.
175
Mllner 1900, Taf. LVI: 18; Petru 1972, 130 Nos. 56-58,
t. XCI: 1-3; Horvat 1990, 289 No. 492, t. 24: 5; Mller 1982,
168 Nos. 726, 727.
176
Junkelmann 1992, 93-94, Abb. 103/below.
177
In favour of Roman horseshoes for example Lawson
1978, 137-140, Abb. 3 on pg. 138 (a distribution map), Liste 2
on pg. 167-172 (an extensive list); Ruprechtsberger 1975, 27-35;
Manning 1985, 63 note 1; Garbsch 1986, 79, 82, permitting
doubt; undecided Dixon, Southern 1992, 232-233; a review on
their book Junkelmann 1993, 487; Mller 1982, 837-838, against
the existence of Roman horseshoes; a detailed presentation of
the discussion and arguments against Roman horseshoes in
Junkelmann 1992, 92-98.
178
Drack 1990.
179
Ib., 204-205.
Fig. 16: The two horseshoes (37, 38) from Vodice. Iron. Scale
= 1:2.
Sl. 16: Podkvi (37, 38) z Vodic. elezo. M. = 1:2.
it of a modern road in Oberwinterthur (Vitudurum)
in Switzerland, he proved that the horseshoes had
sunk into the Roman layers of the road later, as
the Roman roadway was still in use in the 18th
century.
179
Therefore, he determined the horseshoes
typologically, comparing them with finds from the
well-dated contexts on small castles of Switzerland,
dated to the Middle Ages and modern times. The two
forms of horseshoes most frequently recognized as
Roman turned out to be typical of the Middle Ages
and of the early modern times, respectively: horse-
shoes with an undulating edge were dated between
the 10th and the 13th/14th centuries, horseshoes
with crescent-shaped shanks between the 13th/14th
and the 15th/16th centuries. Horseshoes as a type
of protection of hooves first appeared in the 10th
or most early in the 9th century.
180
Because of the
new finds of horseshoes, appearing repeatedly in
the so-called Roman layers, the incontestable argu-
ments of W. Drack still fail to convince everyone,
and the doubts and argumentation of the opposite
conclusions continue.
181
According to W. Drack, we can date the horse-
shoes from Vodice into the period between the
13th/14th and the 15th/16th centuries.
The bolt
The iron pin (Pl. 4: 39) of a cylindrical shape
with a flat rectangular head is probably a bolt of
a four-wheeled Roman wagon. It is the part of a
wagon that was vertically stuck into the middle
of the front axle, enabling a separable joining and
rotation of the front part of the wagon (front axle
and pole) apart from the rear (perch and rear
axle) and upper part of the wagon. Because of the
friction and loading exertion, the wooden parts of
the wagon around the bolt were often strengthened
with iron fittings of various shapes.
182
A pin, equal
to the bolt, was also sometimes vertically stuck
into the rear axle of a wagon and the wooden
parts above it, but it was usually shorter because,
unlike the bolt, it did not pierce the bottom of
the wagon.
183
A pin of equal shape, but usually a
little longer or much shorter (10 to 20 cm long),
was on some wagons placed horizontally in front
of the front axle, joining wooden parts on both
sides of the pole,
184
or in equal place in front of
the rear axle, joining wooden parts on both sides
of the perch (Fig. 17).
185
Both kinds of pins being
very rare and usually of a different length, it seems
most probable that the pin from Vodice was a bolt,
although there is no undisputed evidence of it. The
two-wheeled carts had in place of a bolt a similar
pin, but not necessarily round in the cross-section,
as rotation around it was not needed.
186
Bolts are 2-4 cm thick and 45 to 70 cm long,
but they are often broken off at the end.
187
The
entirely preserved piece from Vodice ranges among
the longer ones with its 62.3 cm. The hole at the
end was designed for a split pin.
It is difficult to date the bolts of Roman wagons
with precision, as the construction of wagons had
not changed much in the course of the Roman
period. The Thracian tumuli of the Roman period
containing such wagons, researched in detail and
reconstructed by Ivan Venedikov, are for example
dated to the time between the end of the 2nd
century and the first half of the 4th century.
188
It
Fig. 17: Visy's reconstruction of a Roman wagon with a marked
position of a bolt and similar pins (adapted from Visy 1993).
Sl. 17: Visyjeva rekonstrukcija rimskega voza z oznaenimi legami
sornika in njemu sorodnih zatiev (po Visyju 1993).
180
Ib., 206-207.
181
For example Alfldy-Thomas 1993, 339-343, Taf. 548: G
43-45; 549: G 46-47; 550: G 48-50; undecided Hck 2003, 73
note 480, with bibliography on recent finds and discussion.
182
Garbsch 1986, 61-63; Venedikov 1960, 8-29, above all
10-11 No. 7, 22 No. 34, 78-79, tabl. 1; 2: 5; 4: 9-11; 10; 13:
40; 59; 76-79; Visy 1993, 279-283, Taf. 435: F 133-136; 436: F
138-139; 437: F 137,140-142.
183
Miniero 1987, 189 No. 29, 191, Fig. 18 on pg. 190; Visy
1993, Abb. 12 on pg. 292 and 293.
184
Mrv 2005, 37-48, note 1 on pg. 21 - bibliography on
reconstructions of Roman wagons; Venedikov 1960, 23 No.
41, tabl. 20: 33; 12: 37; 77-78 (the pin is 65 cm long, it has a
hemispherical head, details are not visible, a 4 mm wide hole
at the end is mentioned); Miniero 1987, 183 No. 11, Fig. 11
on pg. 184 (the pin is 73 cm long, it has a hemispherical head
and a flattened end with an open ring); Visy 1993, 281-282,
Abb. 12/below on pg. 293, Taf. 431: F 124-129 (the pins are
10 to 20 cm long).
185
Visy 1993, Abb. 12/below on pg. 293.
186
Venedikov 1960, 30-31 No. 85, tabl. 23: 72; 80. A
four-edged pin of a two-wheeled cart from Telec in Bulgaria is
tapering towards a bent pointed end.
187
Garbsch 1986, 61; Visy 1993, 280, 282-283; Manning
1985, 126, Pl. 58: R6; Hbener 1973, 43, Taf. 15: 1,6,14,15.
188
Venedikov 1960, 99-109.
310 Veronika PFLAUM
is a burial rite that is dated, and it does not rule
out the existence of such wagons outside graves
in earlier and later times. A well preserved wagon,
having a bolt and two other similar pins, was exca-
vated in a Roman villa in Stabiae, buried beneath
ashes at the eruption of Vesuvius in the year 79
AD.
189
Six similar short pins and ten long pins
or bolts were found as a part of Alamanic booty
sunken in the Rhein near Neupotz, most probably
in the years 277/8, but they were supposedly in
use in the middle decades of the 3rd century.
190

Only one piece from Neupotz has a head shaped
as the bolt from Vodice, otherwise flat round or
semi-spherical heads are the norm.
191
In Slovenia, finds of pins, similar to bolts, are
limited to the late Roman hoards of a similar com-
position as the group of finds from Vodice. Two
pieces are contained in the hoard from Limberk
above Velika Rana, dated to the years around
400 AD.
192
Others
The awl from Vodice (Pl. 4: 40) belongs, as for
its shape, to a group of awls that did not change in
the course of time and were most frequent in Late
Antiquity. Such awls appear in graves, on settlements
and in hoards. They vary in massiveness and were
therefore differently interpreted as building materi-
als, parts of furniture, fire-steel, steel for whetting
knives or objects of unknown use.
193
Fig. 18: The pointed object (41) from Vodice. Iron. Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 18: Koniasti predmet (41) z Vodic. elezo. M. = 1:2.
189
Miniero 1987, 171.
190
Visy 1993, 326-327.
191
Ib., 282, Taf. 436: F 138.
192
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 Nos. 87: 29,38.
193
A survey on such awls, with bibliography, in Klasinc 1999,
76-78, 24 No. 29, t. 4: 29; Murgelj 2000, 65-67, t. 12: 3,4.
The iron pointed object from Vodice (Fig. 18)
has no perfect analogy among the reviewed Roman
material, but it resembles the tanged arrowheads,
square in the cross-section, not more precisely
dated within the Roman Imperial period.
194
AN ATTEMPT AT RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE HOARD
(Pl. 1-4)
The presented group of finds from Vodice is
already at first sight not a coherent set because it
also comprises objects from the Middle Ages and
modern times. A part of the group, however, ac-
cording to the otherwise unreliable data presented
by the collection-keeper J. J. vajncer, is almost
surely a late Roman hoard of iron tools. Which
objects composed the hoard is not known any
more. Timotej Knific from the National Museum
of Slovenia finds the most probable congruent
set to be a group of finds
195
presented to him by
the keeper as a hoard at their first conversation.
Apart from tools, the group comprised the anvil
and the steelyard; the weapons and hipposandals
were not among them. A list of hoards of iron
tools found in Slovenia presents a somewhat lesser
number of objects as the contents of the hoard
from Vodice (two adzes, double-bladed adze, hoe,
four axes, woodworking knife, knife), but these
data are no more reliable as they originate from
the collection-keeper as well.
196
More exact and probably more reliable data on
the place and context of the find exist only for the
sword (Fig. 3: 1) and the two pieces of its scab-
bard (Figs. 3: 2; 4; 5; cat. no. 3), found in original
position beside the sword.
197
These objects were
found in the soil in a crevice on a small elevation
or terrace south of the meadows of Vodice on the
right side of the road, where the road begins to
ascend from Vodice towards Lanie (on the verge
of the Roman settlement). The sword with the two
pieces of its scabbard was found alone, but amid the
neighbouring rocks some iron horseshoes, a spur
and Roman bronze coins have also been found. A
194
Radman-Livaja 2004, 56, 128 Nos. 64-68, t. 17: 64-68,
with bibliography.
195
For information on the probable composition of the hoard
and on the unreliability of information on it, I would like to
thank Dr. Timotej Knific who discussed the finds from Vodice
on several occasions with their keeper, Janez J. vajncer, and
borrowed them to document and study them in the National
Museum of Slovenia.
196
Gaspari et al. 2000, 187.
197
vajncer 2003.
little further up from the place where the sword was
found, several iron axes and some other objects
were found. The mention that most probably refers
to the hoard, namely that of the axes, proves that
the sword was not comprised in the hoard.
Having been dated to later periods, we can im-
mediately exclude the following from the hoard:
the two horseshoes (Fig. 16) and probably the
spearhead (Fig. 8: 4) and the hammer (Fig. 12:
25). According to the already presented data on
the hoard, we must also exclude the hipposandals
(Figs. 14; 15) and the weapons (the sword with two
pieces of its scabbard [Figs. 3-5; cat. no. 3], the
spearhead [Fig. 8: 5], the point [Fig. 8: 6], the two
plumbatae [Fig. 9]). Weapons only exceptionally
appear in the other similar hoards from Slovenia
198

and when they do, they are of a different character
(for example a sword and a spearhead of eastern
origin in the hoard from Limberk above Velika
Rana).
199
Hipposandals have up to now not
been known from hoards found on the territory of
Slovenia, they are however present in some hoards
elsewhere, but they do not belong to the type 1.
200

Which knives (Fig. 10), if any, were comprised
in the hoard is not possible to discern. Ordinary
knives are not known from hoards of iron tools
from Slovenia, therefore we can also exclude them
with some probability from the hoard from Vodice.
It is hardly possible that the pointed object (Fig.
18) would have been comprised in the hoard, as it
is possibly a piece of weapon and has no analogies
in hoards of tools.
So the following objects are left as the supposed
components of the hoard from Vodice (Pl. 1-4):
a steelyard (Pl. 1: 15; Fig. 11), three wide axes
(Pl. 2: 16-18), two axes (Pl. 2: 19,20), two adzes
(Pl. 3: 21,22), a double-bladed adze (Pl. 3: 23), a
hoe (Pl. 3: 24), a woodworking knife (Pl. 3: 28),
a gimlet (Pl. 3: 29), a pair of compasses (Pl. 4:
30), an anvil (Pl. 4: 31), a bolt (Pl. 4: 39) and an
awl (Pl. 4: 40). Wide axes,
201
axes, adzes,
202
hoes,
woodworking knives, gimlets with spoon bits, com-
passes, bolts, awls
203
and steelyards are the more
or less usual components of hoards of tools from
sites in Slovenia.
204
An anvil does not come as a
surprise in a hoard of tools, although there are
no other smiths tools in this hoard and although
anvils have until now been an almost complete
exception in such hoards.
205
However, as it is
a type of anvil that appeared very early - in the
1st century - doubt arises as to whether the anvil
from Vodice was in fact a part of the discussed
late Roman hoard.
The hoard from Vodice in the described sup-
posed composition contains types of objects that
did not change much over a long period (except
the steelyards), therefore it is difficult to date
them more precisely only on the basis of their
form. It is not possible to date the hoe, the pair
of compasses and the bolt more precisely within
the Roman Imperial period; the type of the anvil
is known already from the 1st century, but it is
not known for how long the type existed in the
following centuries, the type of the steelyard is
hypothetically dated to the 3rd century, with
later substitution, however, indicating the use of
the steelyard still in the 4th century; the axes are
dated from the 3rd to the 6th century, the wide
axes are dated to the 3rd and perhaps the 4th
centuries, the woodworking knife is dated from
the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th century, the
two adzes, the double-bladed adze and the gimlet
are late Roman (4th and the major part of the
5th century), the awl could be dated to the Late
Antiquity (4th to the 6th century). If we conclude
on the basis of other data on the site (noting that
finds do not reach beyond the end of the 4th cen-
tury) that the objects from the hoard are Roman
and exclude the possibility of dating some of them
(wide axes and awl) to the later part of the Late
Antiquity (the end of the 5th century and the
6th century), then the youngest objects from the
hoard are those dated on the basis of their form
to the Late Roman period (adzes, double-bladed
adze, gimlet). All in all, it is possible to date the
burying of the hoard hypothetically to the 4th
century, with regard to the steelyard possibly to
the end of the 4th century.
The other presented Roman objects from Vodice
not belonging to the supposed composition of the
198
A list of hoards of tools in Slovenia, with bibliography,
in Gaspari et al. 2000, 187-188, Fig. 1. Some, at that time still
unpublished, and some already published have later been pre-
sented in the catalogue of the exhibition Bitenc, Knific 2001,
Nos. 14, 15, 87, 116, 117, 118, 140, 167, 168. A completed list
of hoards, containing new finds and bibliography, in Boi
2005, 356-357.
199
Bitenc, Knific 2001a; on the sword Pf laum 2000, 24
No. 97, 137-140, sl. 15, t. 15: 97.
200
A list of late Roman hoards containing hipposandals is
published in Groh, Sedlmayer 2006, 518.
201
A list of wide axes in late Roman hoards in Slovenia in
Boi 2005, 313. They all have an elongated back of the head,
so they differ from the wide axes from Vodice.
202
The double-bladed adze has no analogies in hoards
found in Slovenia.
203
For example Celje (Gaspari et al. 2000, Fig. 7: 8).
204
Cf. above the analysis of every single object.
205
There are no anvils in the hoards, found in Slovenia.
Elsewhere, a block-anvil of a different shape was found in
Boljetin in Serbia as a part of a hoard dated to the 4th century
(Popovi 1988, 146-147, t. 29: 5).
312 Veronika PFLAUM
hoard can be dated in a similar fashion - either
inexactly to the Roman Imperial period (knives
[Fig. 10], hipposandals [Figs. 14; 15], pointed
object [Fig. 18]), or more precisely from the 3rd
to the 5th century (the sword with the pieces of
its scabbard [Figs. 3-5; cat. no. 3] to the 3rd cen-
tury, the spearhead [Fig. 8: 5] to the 3rd and 4th
centuries, the point [Fig. 8: 6] to the 4th century
and the major part of the 5th century, plumbatae
[Fig. 9] to the 4th and 5th centuries). On the
one hand, these finds supplement the knowledge
of the site connected with the traffic on the road
leading over Hruica (finds of parts of wagons,
equipment of pack animals and tools), while on
the other hand (finds of weapons) they indicate
that the settlement was in some way included in
the late Roman defence system Claustra Alpium
Iuliarum with one of the two main fortresses right
on the near Hruica (Ad Pirum).
Acknowledgements
This article is a modified and complemented chapter of my
thesis that I was working on in the years 2000 to 2004 as a
junior researcher at the National Museum of Slovenia; the
project was financed by the Ministry of Education, Science
and Sport. I would like to thank Dr. Timotej Knific (National
Museum of Slovenia) for enabling me to study the borrowed
material from Vodice as well as for his practical and expert
help. For a discussion of finds, exhaustive remarks on the
text and instructions regarding the literature, particularly with
reference to plumbatae, wide axes, double-bladed adzes, hoes
and anvils, I would like to thank Dr. Dragan Boi (Institute
of Archaeology, Scientific Research Centre of the SASA,
Ljubljana). Drawings of finds were made in pencil by Uro
Stikovski (1, 5-9, 13, 14, 16-30, 32-36, 40, 41), Ida Murgelj
from the National Museum of Slovenia (4, 10-12, 31, 37-39)
and Dragica Knific Lunder from the Institute of Archaeology
(3, 15). All drawings were finished in ink by Dragica Knific
Lunder. The map was made by Roman Hribar (National Mu-
seum of Slovenia) and Drago Valoh (Institute of Archaeology),
plates by Drago Valoh. The English text was revised by Dr.
Matej Accetto and by Dr. Agnes Pisanski Peterlin. I would
like to thank all of them for their contribution and help. The
preparation of the text was finished in spring 2006.
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Domnevna poznorimska zakladna najdba orodja in hitre tehtnice z Vodic pri Kalcah
* lanek je nekoliko predelano in dopolnjeno poglavje moje
doktorske disertacije (Veronika Pflaum, Poznorimski obrambni
in vojaki sledovi 5. stoletja na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije, Odde-
UVOD
Vojni muzej v Logatcu hrani skupino predvsem eleznih
veinoma rimskodobnih predmetov, ki jih je na arheolokem
najdiu Vodice pri Kalcah ob pomoi detektorja kovin nael in
izkopal neznani nepooblaeni iskalec starin. Datum odkritja,
natanna lega in okoliine najdbe niso ve znani.
*
Del najdb je, po sicer nezanesljivih podatkih hranitelja
zbirke Janeza J. vajncerja, skoraj gotovo sestavljal zakladno
najdbo kovinskih predmetov iz poznorimskega asa. Kateri
predmeti so zakladno najdbo sestavljali, ni ve tono znano,
zato je skupina najdb, ki jih hrani Vojni muzej, predstavljena
v celoti. Poskus rekonstrukcije sestava zakladne najdbe temelji
na skromnih ustnih podatkih o njej, na dataciji posameznih
predmetov, ki bi v nekaterih primerih lahko upraviila izloitev
lek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani,
Ljubljana [2004]).
316 Veronika PFLAUM
iz domnevnega sestava zakladne najdbe z Vodic, in na primerjavi
s sestavi soasnih sorodnih zakladnih najdb z ozemlja Slovenije,
ki bi nekatere predmete z doloeno verjetnostjo lahko vkljuila
oziroma izkljuila iz sestava zakladne najdbe.
ARHEOLOKO NAJDIE VODICE PRI KALCAH
Arheoloko najdie Vodice pri Kalcah lei ob trasi rimske
ceste med Logatcem (Longaticum) in Hruico (Ad Pirum), na
ravnini pred vzponom na Lanie (sl. 1; 2). V osemdesetih letih
prejnjega stoletja so bili na najdiu ob polaganju plinovoda
pobrani tevilni raznovrstni rimski predmeti
1
in novci iz 1. do
4. st. po Kr. (najmlaji dololjivi novci so iz kovnega obdobja
378-383).
2
Pozneje so najdie ropali nepooblaeni iskalci starin
ob pomoi detektorjev kovin. Najdbe najverjetneje pripadajo neki
rimski obcestni postojanki ali vasi (vicus) z lesenimi stavbami,
saj zidane gradbene ostaline niso bile odkrite.
3
Nekoliko jugozahodno od najdia predmetov na Vodicah je
bil oien in dokumentiran 20 m dolg odsek rimskega cestia
na zaetku vzpona z Vodic na Lanie. Cesta je bila kot terasa
zasekana v poboje, v ivo skalo cestia sta bili izdolbeni
kolesnici. Najdba srebrnika cesarja Leopolda I. iz leta 1680
dokazuje, da je bil odsek rimske ceste, ki je vodil ez Vodice in
Lanie, v uporabi e konec 17. st.
4
Leta 1686 je bil ob obnovi
ceste odkrit rimski miljnik, vendar sta kot najdie navedeni
ali Hruica ali Vodice.
5
KATALOG
Vse predmete hrani J. J. vajncer v svojem Vojnem muzeju
v Logatcu. Ker nimajo inventarnih tevilk ali drugih oznak, so
bili v Narodnem muzeju Slovenije z zaporednimi tevilkami
zapisani v seznam najdb v zasebni lasti. Predmeti niso objavljeni,
razen mea z deloma nonice.
V katalogu so predmeti razvreni po skupinah glede na
namembnost, ne glede na asovno pripadnost: oroje (me, dela
nonice, suline osti, plumbati), orodje ali kuhinjski pripomoki
(noi), merilna priprava (tehtnica), orodje (bradve, sekiri, tesla,
kopaa, kladivo, no za les, sveder, estilo, nakovalo), konjska
oprema in deli vozov (obuvala kopit, podkvi, sornik), drugo
(ilo, koniast predmet). Kataloki opis posameznega predmeta
vsebuje oznako predmeta, podroben opis, podatke o merah in
tei ter zaporedno tevilko s seznama najdb v zasebni lasti (t.
ZN), ki ga vodi Narodni muzej Slovenije.
Predmeti rekonstruirane domnevne zakladne najdbe so
predstavljeni na tablah 1-4 na koncu besedila, ostali na slikah
med besedilom. Med besedilom sta tudi fotografiji tehtnice in
nakovala iz zakladne najdbe. tevilke predmetov na tablah in
slikah se ujemajo s tevilkami teh predmetov v katalogu.
1. elezen dvorezni me (sl. 3: 1). Delno ohranjen trn je
ploat in pravokotnega preseka, prehod v rezilo je poevno
stopniast. Rezilo leastega preseka se rahlo oi proti razmeroma
topi, zaobljeni konici.
Ohr. dol. 59,2 cm, dol. rezila 56,6 cm, ir. rezila do 4,0 cm,
deb. rezila do 0,7 cm, deb. trna 0,5 cm, ohr. dol. trna 2,6 cm,
ir. trna do 1,7 cm, tea 528 g; ZN t. 130/2.
Objava: vajncer 2003.
2. elezen zakljuek nonice (sl. 3: 2; 4; 5). Zakljuek nizke
cilindrine oblike s pravokotno odprtino v plau je okraen s
taviranim okrasom. Motivi okrasa so razpoznavni po vrezih, v
katere je bila prej vloena medeninasta ika, sedaj ohranjena
le na redkih mestih. Sprednja stran je s kriajoima se pasovo-
ma razdeljena v tiri polja, obdana s koncentrinimi krogi. V
pasovih je motiv tekoe spirale, v poljih so srasto razporejeni
motivi lista, v vsakem listnem polju je motiv vitice z listom
v obliki triperesne deteljice. Na zadnji strani so motivi lista
krino razporejeni v tirilistno rozeto, obdano s koncentrinimi
krogi na robu. V vmesnih poljih so vitice. Pla je okraen s
tremi vzdolnimi rtami. Okrogli ploskvi sta rahlo izboeni,
stik sprednje ploskve in plaa je pokodovan oziroma delno
razprt. Na stiku okraenih ploskev s plaem je ponekod vidna
tanka linija spajke. Notranjost predmeta je zapolnjena z neznano
organsko? snovjo, sredina okova je predrta z luknjico.
Pr. 6,5 cm, deb. 1,6 cm, velikost odprtine 4,1 1,0 cm, tea
86 g; ZN t. 91/4.
3. elezna zanka za obeanje mea na jermen. Predmet
ni bil dostopen za ogled, podrobneji opis in risanje, ker ga
hranitelj ni nael. ZN t. 130/2.
4. elezna sulina ost (sl. 8: 4). Kratek tul se nadaljuje v list
rombinega preseka in ustvarja rebro, na tulu sta dve luknjici,
list je najiri ob tulu.
Dol. 17,1 cm, ir. lista 4,2 cm, pr. tula 2,35 cm, tea 186
g; ZN t. 130/16.
5. elezna sulina ost (sl. 8: 5). List je ozek, tul se nadaljuje
v list in ustvarja rebro, konica lista je rombinega preseka. Na
koncu dolgega tula sta luknjici, v eni je ebelj.
Dol. 21,8 cm, ir. lista 2,55 cm, pr. tula 2,1 cm, deb. lista
1,1 cm, tea 154 g; ZN t. 130/17.
6. elezna ost (sl. 8: 6). Dolga konica kvadratnega preseka
prek rahle zoitve prehaja v nesklenjen tul okroglega preseka
z luknjico. Tul je pokodovan.
Ohr. dol. 20,4 cm, pr. tula 1,5 cm, tea 56 g; ZN t.
130/18.
7. elezna plumbata (sl. 9: 7). Sestavljena je iz kratke elezne
osti s konico kvadratnega preseka z rahlo izvihanima zalustma
in ovalnega svinenega obteila na koncu tula. Notranjost tula
je zapolnjena z ostanki lesenega draja.
Dol. 10,5 cm, pr. svinenega obteila 1,6 cm, ir. konice 1,4
cm, tea 20 g; ZN t. 130/19.
8. elezna plumbata (sl. 9: 8). Sestavljena je iz kratke elezne
osti s konico vekotnega preseka z zalustma in svinenega obteila
na koncu tula. Nesklenjen tul je okroglega preseka, v luknjici je
ebljiek. Svineno obteilo je ohranjeno le v sledeh.
Dol. 11,6 cm, pr. tula 1,2 cm, ir. konice 1,5 cm, tea 16
g; ZN t. 130/20.
9. elezen no (sl. 10: 9). Rezilo z debelim, zalomljenim
hrbtom od trna louje ovalen branik, irok kot rezilo. Ploat
trn pravokotnega preseka je zakljuen z bakrenim? ploatim
gumbom, ki je pokodovan.
Dol. 32,4 cm, ir. 4,2 cm, dol. trna 10,8 cm, deb. hrbta
rezila 1,1 cm, tea 306 g; ZN t. 130/21.
10. elezen no (sl. 10: 10). Ozko rezilo z ravnim hrbtom
poevno preide v ozek dolg trn kvadratnega preseka s pravo-
kotnim, rahlo izboenim gumbom na koncu. Konica noa je
pokodovana.
Ohr. dol. 18 cm, ir. 2,3 cm, tea 28 g; ZN t. 130/22.
11. elezen no (sl. 10: 11). iroko rezilo z ravnim hrbtom po-
evno preide v trn pravokotnega preseka. Konec trna manjka.
1
Frelih 1985; Frelih 1988, 36-40; vajncer 2003; Prttel
1996, 211, Taf. 21: 4,6,7 (trije odlomki kronikov afrike sigilate
oblik Hayes 50A [dat. 230-340], Hayes 59 [dat. 340-420] in
Hayes 61A [dat. 350-410/420]).
2
Kos, emrov 1995, 227-237, t. 95; emrov 1998, 213-
219, t. 99.
3
Frelih 1988, 36. Najdbe, pobrane ob polaganju plinovoda,
hrani Intitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU v Ljubljani in niso
objavljene. Za osnovno informacijo o njih in podatek o domnevni
naselbini lesenih stavb se zahvaljujem dr. Slavku Ciglenekemu
z omenjenega intituta.
4
Frelih 1988, 36-39.
5
CIL III 4614 = 15198; Sticotti 1951, 123 t. 377; Petru
1975, 123.
Ohr. dol. 16 cm, ir. 3,4 cm, deb. 0,5 cm, tea 54 g; ZN
t. 130/26.
12. elezen no (sl. 10: 12). Rezilo z ravnim hrbtom na
strani hrbta stopniasto preide v irok kratek trn pravokotnega
preseka. Konica rezila je pokodovana.
Ohr. dol. 18,1 cm, ir. 3,1 cm, deb. 0,7 cm, tea 60 g; ZN
t. 130/27.
13. elezen no (sl. 10: 13). Rezilo listaste oblike usloeno
prehaja v ploat roaj pravokotnega preseka, ki je na koncu
razirjen.
Dol. 19,6 cm, ir. 3,2 cm, deb. 0,7 cm, tea 110 g; ZN t.
130/23.
14. elezen no (sl. 10: 14). Rezilo listaste oblike usloeno
prehaja v ploat roaj pravokotnega preseka, ki je na koncu
razirjen.
Dol. 17 cm, ir. 2,8 cm, deb. 0,6 cm, tea 74 g; ZN t.
130/24.
15. Bronasta in elezna hitra tehtnica s svineno utejo (t.
1: 15; sl. 11). Bronasta preka z daljo roico skale rombinega
preseka in krajo roico bremena kvadratnega preseka se na
obeh koncih konuje s stoastim gumbom. Desni gumb je
od roice bremena loen z globokim kronim utorom. Na
roici bremena so tri okrogla uesca, pritrjena skozi preko.
Levo (deformirano) in desno uesce sta bronasti, sklenjeni
in zakovieni skozi preko, srednje je elezno, narejeno iz
ukrivljene ice in pritrjeno skozi preko kot razcepka. V ue-
scih so trije razlini kavlji za obeanje tehtnice: levi bronasti
kavelj je upognjen iz tanke ploate ice z odebeljeno koni-
co, spodnji konec je zapognjen nazaj; desni bronasti kavelj
je upognjen iz ice kvadratnega preseka z rahlo odebeljeno
konico, spodnji konec je zavit v obliko rke S; srednji, elezni
kavelj je upognjen iz debeleje ploate ice s stanjano, ostro
konico, spodnji konec je spiralno ovit okrog spodnjega dela
kavlja. V utoru med roico bremena in konnim gumbom je
obeen verini obealnik za breme, sestavljen iz eleznega, s
strani sploenega lena v obliki grke rke omega, eleznega
lena v obliki rke U in dveh verig. Verigi sestavljajo po trije
leni iz tordirane elezne ice in po en konni len iz tanje
bronaste ice, katere konca sta zavita nazaj in se ovijata okrog
sredine lena. Na prvi verigi je ohranjen s strani sploen
elezen kavelj za breme, kavelj na drugi verigi manjka. Prva
skala, za tehtanje lajih bremen, je vidna e v celoti in je z
oznakami v obliki navpinih rt (za 1-4, 6-9, 11, 12) in rk V
in X (za 5 in 10) razdeljena na 12 enot. Druga skala skoraj ni
ve vidna, zane se z oznako dveh X (na mestu za vrednost
10; naknadno popravilo oznake?), vidna je tudi prva oznaka
V (za 15), sledi sledeih oznak so komaj vidne. Tretja skala,
za tehtanje najtejih bremen, je vidna le deloma, zane se z
oznako XXX (za 30), sicer se menjavata oznaki V in X za petice
in desetice. Na roico skale je z eleznim kavljem, sploenim
s strani, obeena svinena ute kroglaste oblike.
Dol. preke 29,6 cm, dol. roice skale brez gumba 19,4
cm, deb. roice skale 0,8 cm, dol. roice bremena brez gumba
8,2 cm, deb. roice bremena 1,0 cm, razdalja med zaetkom
roice bremena in sredino levega uesca 0,8 cm, razdalja
med sredino levega in srednjega uesca 4,4 cm, razdalja med
sredino srednjega in desnega uesca 1,9 cm, razdalja med
sredino desnega uesca in utorom 1,1 cm, razdalja med prvo
oznako prve skale in sredino levega uesca 2,4 cm, razdalja
med prvo oznako druge skale in sredino srednjega uesca 5,7
cm, razdalja med prvo oznako tretje skale in sredino desnega
uesca 7,7 cm, razdalja med prvo in zadnjo oznako prve skale
16,7 cm, razdalja med prvo in zadnjo oznako tretje skale 19,3
cm, dolina prve skale 18,2 cm, dolina tretje skale 19,3 cm,
dol. verinega obealnika 44 cm, pr. svinene utei 6,6 cm,
dol. utei s kavljem 15,7 cm, tea utei s kavljem 1486 g,
tea tehtnice brez utei 296 g, skupna tea 1782 g. Verini
obealnik ni bil stehtan, ker ga ni mogoe sneti s preke in
ker ni v celoti ohranjen. ZN t. 91/1.
16. elezna bradva (t. 2: 16). Uho z ovalno luknjo je na
obeh straneh ojaano z nizkimi pravokotnimi krilci. V luknji
je ohranjen les toporia.
Vi. 14 cm, ir. 9,5 cm, deb. 3,55 cm, tea 594 g; ZN t.
130/34.
17. elezna bradva (t. 2: 17). elo je rahlo poviano, uho
z ovalno luknjo je na obeh straneh ojaano z nizkimi pravo-
kotnimi krilci.
Vi. 18,4 cm, ir. 16,4 cm, deb. 3,9 cm, tea 1094 g; ZN
t. 130/35.
18. elezna bradva (t. 2: 18). Nizko uho ima luknjo zaobljene
pravokotne oblike.
Vi. 14,4 cm, ir. 14,2 cm, deb. 3,4 cm, tea 556 g; ZN t.
130/33.
19. elezna sekira (t. 2: 19). Podaljano elo se zakljuuje
s tirimi zobci. List se simetrino iri proti ostrini, v ovalni
luknji uesa so sledi lesenega toporia.
Vi. 13,6 cm, dol. ela 10,8 cm, deb. 2,0 cm, tea 390 g;
ZN t. 130/31.
20. elezna sekira (t. 2: 20). elo je podaljano, ozek list je
nesimetrino razirjen navzdol. V ovalni luknji uesa so ostanki
lesenega toporia.
Vi. 21 cm, dol. ela 11,2 cm, deb. 3,8 cm, tea 1214 g;
ZN t. 130/32.
21. elezno teslo (t. 3: 21). elo je kratke kladivaste oblike,
list je upognjen, uho z luknjo ovalne oblike je na obeh straneh
ojaano z neizrazitimi zaobljenimi krilci.
Vi. 16,5 cm, ir. lista 6 cm, vel. ela 3,5 3,6 cm, tea
556 g; ZN t. 130/29.
22. elezno teslo (t. 3: 22). elo je kratke kladivaste oblike,
list je upognjen, uho z luknjo ovalne oblike je na obeh straneh
ojaano z nizkimi zaobljenimi krilci.
Vi. 21,3 cm, ir. lista 7,8 cm, vel. ela 3,2 4,1 cm, tea
914 g; ZN t. 130/28.
23. elezno dvostrano teslo (t. 3: 23). Prvi list je oblikovan
kot teslo, konec drugega lista ima navzdol zaobljeno zavihane
robove v plitvo lebasto obliko.
Vi. 23,7 cm, ir. 5,3 cm, tea 404 g; ZN t. 130/30.
24. elezna kopaa (t. 3: 24). En konec je v obliki rke V
razcepljen v ravna roglja kvadratnega preseka, list na drugem
koncu je iroke trikotne oblike. Uho z luknjo ovalne oblike je
na obeh straneh ojaano z zaobljenimi krilci.
Vi. 23,8 cm, ir. 12,2 cm, tea 660 g; ZN t. 130/25.
25. elezno kladivo (sl. 12: 25). elo kladiva je okroglo,
kraka kljuna sta razcepljena v obliki rke V. Prvi krak se kona
ravno, drugi v obliki trikotne konice. Uho z luknjo zaobljene
pravokotne oblike je ojaano s krilcema, v luknji uesa je ostanek
traku z razirjeno glavo.
Vi. 14 cm, ir. 4,1 cm, deb. 3,0 cm, pr. ela 2,3 cm, tea
186 g; ZN t. 130/12.
26. Ploat elezen ebelj (sl. 12: 26) pravokotnega preseka
z ozko pravokotno glavico, odlomljen.
Dol. 7,45 cm; ZN t. 130/12.
27. elezen ebelj (sl. 12: 27) kvadratnega preseka s pravo-
kotno glavico, zvit in odlomljen.
Dol. 3,15 cm; tea ebljev skupaj 8 g; ZN t. 130/12.
28. elezen rezilo za izdelavo lesenih predmetov (t. 3: 28).
Rezilo je ob trnu pravokotnega preseka, postavljenem pravoko-
tno na rezilo, ukrivljeno. Na nasprotni strani prehaja v ploat
podaljek, ki se zakljuuje z zanko.
Dol. 46 cm, ir. rezila 4,5 cm, deb. 1,3 cm, tea 726 g; ZN
t. 130/15.
29. elezen liast sveder (t. 4: 29). Steblo je okroglega
preseka, ploato in ozko koniasto nasadilo za roaj listaste
oblike pa pravokotnega preseka.
Dol. 31,4 cm, ir. like 2,2 cm, ir. nasadila 2 cm, pr. stebla
1,1 cm, tea 164 g; ZN t. 130/11.
30. elezno estilo (t. 4: 30). Kraka pravokotnega preseka
sta na vrhu skovana v ploati polkroni ploici. Spojeni sta z
318 Veronika PFLAUM
osjo, ki je na eni strani sploena, na drugi pa skovana v nizko
izboeno glavico.
Dol. 36,4 cm, ir. ploic 3,6 cm, deb. 2,1 cm, tea 438 g,
ZN t. 130/10.
31. elezno nakovalo (t. 4: 31; sl. 13). Nakovalo kockaste
oblike ima rahlo izboeno zgornjo, udarno ploskev z izvihanimi
robovi. Spodnja, stojna ploskev je rahlo vboena, njeni robovi
so mono vboeni in poevno posneti, s imer so v spodnjih
vogalih nakovala oblikovane majhne, nizke koniaste nogice
trikotnega preseka.
Vel. udarne ploskve 21 22 cm, vi. 20 cm, tea 50 kg;
ZN t. 130/1.
32. elezno obuvalo kopita (sl. 14: 32). Dolg navpien prednji
del ploatega pravokotnega preseka se kona z ojim zunanjim
zavojem kvadratnega preseka. Stranski krilci sta izboeni, v
podplatu so tiri piramidaste konice, obuvalo se zadaj kona s
privzdignjenim kavljem pravokotnega preseka.
Dol. 20 cm, ir. 12 cm, vi. 12 cm, tea 570 g; ZN t.
130/4.
podplatu so tiri piramidaste konice, obuvalo se zadaj kona
z rahlo privzdignjenim kavljem kvadratnega preseka. Krilci in
zadnji del podplata so pokodovani.
Dol. 19 cm, ir. 13,2 cm, vi. 10 cm, tea 628 g; ZN t.
130/6.
34. elezno obuvalo kopita (sl. 15: 34). Dolg navpien pred-
nji del ploatega pravokotnega preseka se je konal z ojim
zunanjim zavojem, ki manjka. Stranski krilci sta izboeni, v
podplatu so tiri piramidaste konice, obuvalo se zadaj kona s
privzdignjenim kavljem kvadratnega preseka. Na spodnji strani
podplata so spredaj trije vzporedni vzdolni lebovi, ki segajo
skoraj do sredine podplata, ob konicah pod stranskima krilcema
pa po dva kratka vzporedna prena leba. Krilci in zadnji del
podplata so pokodovani.
Dol. 17,4 cm, ir. 10,7 cm, vi. 12,3 cm, tea 490 g; ZN
t. 130/5.
podplatu so tiri piramidaste konice, obuvalo se zadaj kona z
rahlo privzdignjenim kavljem kvadratnega preseka. Krilci sta
pokodovani.
Dol. 21,7 cm, ir. 14,45 cm, vi. 9,75 cm, tea 480 g; ZN
t. 130/7.
36. elezno obuvalo kopita (sl. 15: 36). Dolg navpien
prednji del ploatega pravokotnega preseka se kona z velikim
zunanjim zavojem ojega pravokotnega preseka. Stranski krilci
sta izboeni, v podplatu so tri piramidaste konice. Zadnji del
podplata s etrto konico in kavljem manjka.
Ohr. dol. 14,7 cm, ir. 13,3 cm, vi. 10,35 cm, tea 652 g;
ZN t. 130/3.
37. elezna podkev (sl. 16: 37). Podkev je tanka in iroka,
zunanji rob je rahlo privzdignjen, kraka se enakomerno oita
proti koncu. Na robu krakov je plitev leb, v katerem so po
tiri pravokotne luknje za eblje. V dveh luknjah sta ohranjena
eblja s trnom pravokotnega preseka in podolgovato pravokotno
izboeno glavico. Konca krakov sta pokodovana.
Ohr. dol. 11,5 cm, ir. 10,8 cm, deb. 0,6 cm, tea 116 g;
ZN t. 130/8.
38. elezna podkev (sl. 16: 38). Podkev je tanka in iroka,
zunanji rob je rahlo odebeljen z rebrom, kraka se enakomerno
oita proti koncu. Na robu krakov je plitev leb, v katerem so
po tiri pravokotne luknje za eblje. V eni luknji je ohranjen
ebelj s trnom pravokotnega preseka in podolgovato pravokotno
izboeno glavico. Del enega kraka manjka.
Dol. 10,5 cm, ir. 10,2 cm, deb. 0,65 cm, tea 96 g; ZN
t. 130/9.
39. elezen sornik (t. 4: 39). Dolgo steblo je cilindrine
oblike, vrh je skovan v ploato pravokotno glavo, ki je po-
kodovana. Konec stebla je votel, v steni je luknja nepravilne
pravokotne oblike.
Dol. 62,3 cm, pr. 2,8 cm, vel. glave 3,7 8,3 cm, tea 2462
g; ZN t. 130/37.
40. elezno ilo (t. 4: 40). ilo kvadratnega preseka se nav-
zdol oi in kona s konico, sploen vrh pravokotnega preseka
je oblikovan v nesklenjen zavoj.
Dol. 16 cm, ir. 1,4 cm, tea 24 g; ZN t. 130/13.
41. elezen predmet (sl. 18). Predmet koniaste oblike
pravokotnega preseka s fasetiranimi robovi se enakomerno oi
proti vrhu okroglega preseka, ki je ukrivljen. Spodaj se poevno
zoi v kratek trn nepravilnega kvadratnega preseka.
Dol. (ukrivljeno) 9,9 cm, ir. 1,1 cm, tea 24 g; ZN t.
130/14.
Gradivo rekonstruirane domnevne zakladne najdbe
Tabla 1: kat. t. 15.
Tabla 2: kat. t. 16-20.
Tabla 3: kat. t. 21-24, 28.
Tabla 4: kat. t. 29-31, 39, 40.
OPREDELITEV NAJDB
Oroje
Me in dela nonice
elezen dvorezni me z Vodic (sl. 3: 1) sodi med rimskodobne
dolge mee (spathae), ki so sicer pogosto deleni pregledne
obravnave,
6
vendar se z nobenim izmed doloenih tipov ali
posameznih primerkov ne ujema v vseh oblikovnih podrobnostih
in merah, primerjanje oteuje tudi nepopolna ohranjenost. Zato
si lahko pomagamo le s splonimi ugotovitvami o oblikovnem
in kronolokem razvoju tovrstnih meev, ki temeljijo predvsem
na raziskavah rimskih meev v barbariku, saj so najdbe meev
na rimskem ozemlju redke.
Gnter Ulbert je rimske dolge mee 3. st. na podlagi mer ter
razmerja med dolino in irino rezila razdelil v dva soasna tipa
(kratek irok in ozek dolg tip): tip Lauriacum-Hromwka (ir.
rezila 6,2-7,5 cm, razmerje dol. : ir. = 8-12 : 1) in tip Straubing-
Nydam (ir. rezila najve 4,6 cm, razmerje dol. : ir. = 15-17 :
1).
7
Me z Vodic se ne ujema povsem s katerim od tipov, saj
bi se po irini rezila (4,0 cm) uvral v tip Straubing-Nydam,
zaradi kratkosti rezila (56,6 cm) pa je razmerje med dolino in
irino rezila (14,15 : 1) nekje vmes med obema tipoma, vendar
blije e omenjenemu tipu.
Mee 3. st. in pozne rimske dobe, ki po merah, ne pa nujno
oblikovnih podrobnostih, ustrezajo meu z Vodic, je Piotr Ka-
czanowski imenoval tip Augst.
8
Njihova rezila so dolga od 55
do 60 cm, iroka pa okoli 4 cm, kar se povsem ujema z merami
mea z Vodic. Omenja le tiri primerke, izmed katerih je me
iz Augsta datiran v 3. st.
Rimski dolgi dvorezni mei ali spathae se pojavljajo predvsem
od 3. st. dalje. Le na podlagi doline ni mogoe razpoznati kro-
nolokega razvoja meev in torej ne datirati posamezne najdbe
mea. Dolina (in irina) rezil sicer sasoma naraa, vendar
6
Ulbert 1974; Schulze-Drrlamm 1985; Lnstrup 1986;
Kaczanowski 1992; Biborski 1994; Rald 1994; Ilkjr 1994;
tudi Bishop, Coulston 1993, 69-74, 126, 162; Feugre 1993,
147-150, 246; Menghin 1983, 15-16.
7
Ulbert 1974, 199-204.
8
Kaczanowski 1992, 30, rys. 3: 1-4.
ele od 4. st. dalje.
9
Neko povezavo med dolino rezil in datacijo
je na danskem movirskem najdiu Illerup dal opazil Jrgen
Ilkjr. Mei z mesta, kjer sta se prekrivala depozita predmetov
A in B, datirana v as okoli leta 200 (A) in po letu 200 (B),
so imeli rezila, dolga od 61,5 do 78,0 cm. Mei z depozitnega
mesta C, datiranega v as okoli leta 400 ali malo prej, pa so
imeli rezila, dolga od 76,5 do 85,5 cm. Jasne razlike med mei
prve (A, B) in druge (C) skupine, ki sta ostro asovno loeni,
je opazil tudi v dolini roajnega trna in obliki prereza rezila,
vendar ugotovitve za me z Vodic niso pomembne, saj nima
roajnega trna, med danskimi mei pa ni nobenega z leastim
prerezom.
10
Rezilo mea z Vodic je kraje od meev obeh skupin,
vendar blizu prvi, datirani v zaetek ali prvo etrtino 3. st. po
Kr. Pri istih meih je e Jrn Lnstrup opazil, da ostrini rezil
meev stareje skupine izraziteje konvergirata, pri meih mlaje
skupine pa sta skoraj vzporedni.
11
Rezilo mea z Vodic se s 4
cm v bliini roajnega trna zoi na 3 cm pred konico, kar bi
verjetno ustrezalo meem stareje skupine z danskega najdia.
Ali je mogoe ugotovitve o meih z najdia Illerup dal prenesti
splono na rimske mee, e ni bilo preverjeno.
Mechthild Schulze-Drrlamm je opazovala irino rezil meev
v dobro datiranih germanskih grobovih poznega 3. in 4. st.
12

Ugotovila je, da so mei z zelo ozkim rezilom (3,0 do 4,4 cm)
stareji od meev s irino rezila, vejo od 4,5 cm. Obravnavani
mei z zelo ozkimi rezili so bili v uporabi v poznem 3. st. in
e v prvi polovici 4. st., v drugi polovici pa so e izginili. Me
z Vodic ustreza njeni skupini meev z zelo ozkim rezilom, saj
je njegovo rezilo iroko 4 cm.
Iskanje konkretnih primerjav oziroma podobnih meev kot
pomo pri opredelitvi mea z Vodic je vpraljivo, saj se noben
me ne ujema z njim v prav vseh podrobnostih, ni pa znano,
katera izmed oblikovnih in merskih podrobnosti je res pomembna
oziroma pomembneja od drugih za asovno in sicernjo opre-
delitev. Kljub temu lahko natejemo nekaj primerjav, veinoma
z rimskega ozemlja.
Me skoraj povsem enake oblike, le dalji in z bolj pravo-
kotnim prehodom rezila v roajni trn, je bil neznano kdaj, v
neznanih najdinih okoliinah izkopan v Carnuntu.
13
Je eden
redkih meev, ki ima, tako kot me z Vodic, least presek rezila.
Least presek rezila ima tudi soroden me manjih mer iz groba
z najdia Alzey, datiranega v pozno 3. in zgodnje 4. st.
14
Meu z Vodic po merah in obliki (oblika konice, prehoda
rezila v roajni trn, preseka) podoben me je bil najden tudi v
Belgiji, na najdiu Liberchies. Datiran je v prvo etrtino 3. st.,
od mea z Vodic pa se razlikuje po izrazitejem oenju rezila
proti konici in nekoliko veji dolini rezila.
15
tirje sorodni mei, datirani v 3. st. in uvreni v tip meev
Straubing-Nydam G. Ulberta, so bili izkopani v Augstu.
16
Od
mea z Vodic se razlikujejo predvsem po fasetiranem preseku
rezila in pravokotnejem prehodu rezila v roajni trn.
Na podlagi splonih ugotovitev o rimskodobnih dolgih
dvoreznih meih in na podlagi konkretnih primerjav lahko
me z Vodic datiramo v 3. st. Po dveh razlinih tipolokih
delitvah bi ga lahko uvrstili pogojno v tip Straubing-Nydam G.
Ulberta oziroma v tip Augst P. Kaczanowskega, oba znailna
tipa meev 3. st.
Ob meu sta bila v prvotni legi najdena tudi dela nonice - e-
lezna zanka za obeanje na jermen (kat. t. 3) in elezen zakljuek
nonice v obliki ploske okrogle katlice s taviranim okrasom
(sl. 3: 2; 4; 5). Tovrstni zakljuki so krasili nonice dolgih ozkih
meev predvsem 3. st. Poleg eleznih s taviranim okrasom,
ki so najpogosteji, so znani tudi srebrni z niello okrasom,
bronasti in slonokoeni zakljuki.
17
Mei z okroglimi zakljuki
nonice so kot del vojake oprave nekajkrat upodobljeni tudi
na kamnitih nagrobnih spomenikih.
18
V Sloveniji je tak vojaki
nagrobnik vzidan v juno zunanjo steno cerkvice sv. Miklava
v Vrbi nad Dobrno pri Celju (sl. 6).
19
Nagrobnik je bil odkrit
leta 1890 v tlaku cerkvice. Na njem je nad napisnim poljem
celopostavna upodobitev pokojnika Avrelija Viktorja v popolni
vojaki opravi z ovalnim itom, sulico, dolgim meem z velikim
okroglim zakljukom nonice, irokim pasom, kratko tuniko in
plaem, spetim na desnem ramenu. Sluil je v 2. italski legiji
in bil v starosti 30 let pogrean v vojni z Goti. Nagrobnik je
bil na podlagi naina zapisa besedila in noe datiran v sredino
ali drugo polovico 3. st.
20
Arheoloke najdbe okroglih zakljukov nonic meev so bile e
vekrat predmet izrpnih in preglednih znanstvenih obravnav,
21

zato sledi le povzetek nekaterih ugotovitev, pomembnih za
najdbo z Vodic. elezni zakljuki nonic s taviranim okrasom
se pojavljajo ob germanskem limesu in v barbariku,
22
najdbe
drugod (kot na primer na Vodicah) so zaenkrat izjeme.
23
Glede
na nain razporeditve okrasnih motivov sta bili opisani dve
skupini. V prvi skupini so motivi razporejeni osno simetrino
ob vzdolnih oseh, krino ali v izsekih po etrt kroga. Glavni
motivi so preproste vitice z listi, tekoa spirala in obasno na
sredini rozeta. Premer zakljukov prve skupine je nekje med
6,4 in 7,2 cm. V drugi skupini so motivi razporejeni v ve
koncentrinih kolobarjih in vsaj deloma zasnovani s estilom.
Zakljuki s tako razporeditvijo motivov so veji, njihov premer
je med 8,5 in 9,6 cm. Skupini se razlikujeta tudi v obliki za-
kljukov: manji zakljuki, z okrasom prve skupine, imajo ploski
ali rahlo izboeni okrogli ploskvi; veji zakljuki, z okrasom
druge skupine, imajo praviloma plosko zadnjo stran in izboeno
prednjo stran s stoasto izboklino ali konkavno vdolbino na
sredini. Dokonne datacije obeh skupin e ni. Zakljuki druge
skupine domnevno sodijo v drugo polovico 3. st., vendar se tudi
zakljuki prve skupine pojavljajo e po sredini 3. st.
24
Zaklju-
ek nonice z Vodic s svojimi motivi, njihovo razporeditvijo,
premerom 6,5 cm in rahlo izboenima okroglima ploskvama
popolnoma ustreza prvi skupini.
Kljub enakemu izboru motivov in skupnim potezam v zasno-
vi okrasa je vsak zakljuek unikat, okraen nekoliko drugae.
Primerjave okrasu na zakljuku z Vodic zato najdemo za posa-
mezna okrasna polja, ne pa za okras sprednje ali zadnje strani v
celoti. Srasta polja z motivom vitice in lista v obliki triperesne
deteljice, kakrna so na sprednji strani zakljuka z Vodic, so
tudi na zakljuku iz kastela Zugmantel (sl. 7: a),
25
vendar so
tam vitice predstavljene podrobneje, bolj razvejeno. Tudi okras
9
Feugre 1993, 147-148; Menghin 1983, 16.
10
Ilkjr 1994, 236, 239.
11
Lnstrup 1986, 748.
12
Schulze-Drrlamm 1985, 542 op. 31, Tab. 1. O irini
rezil meev in razmerjih med irino in dolino rezil tudi
Knzl 1993.
13
Ponstingl 1986, 273, Abb. 32.
14
Schulze-Drrlamm 1985, 511 t. 2, 542, Abb. 3: 1.
15
Berghe 1996, 80, fig. 12: 3.
16
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 174 t. 2, Abb. 21: 1, 183 t. 19,
20, Abb. 25: 2,3, 190 t. 45, Abb. 25: 4.
17
Ib., 158-159.
18
Ib., 158 op. 19, Abb. 7.
19
CIL III 11700; Saria 1924, 251, 252, Abb. 2; Hoffiller,
Saria 1938, 7 t. 10; Petrovitsch 2006, 206-207, z drugo litera-
turo. Na nagrobnik me je opozoril dr. Dragan Boi, za kar se
mu najlepe zahvaljujem.
20
Hoffiller, Saria 1938, 7 t. 10; Petrovitsch 2006, 206.
21
Hundt 1953; Hundt 1955; pregledno, s starejo literaturo
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 150-164, Abb. 3-12; Oldenstein 1976, 116,
Taf. 22-24; Borhy 1989; Kaczanowski 1992, 47-48, rys. 12;
Bishop, Coulston 1993, 130; Lenz-Bernhard 1986.
22
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 159; Kaczanowski 1992, 47, 91,
zast. 9.
23
Borhy 1989.
24
Martin-Kilcher 1985, 159.
25
Hundt 1953, 66, Abb. 1: 2a; 4.
320 Veronika PFLAUM
kriajoih se pasov z motivom tekoe spirale s sprednje strani
zakljuka z Vodic ima edino primerjavo v okrasu na drugi strani
istega zakljuka iz Zugmantla (sl. 7: b). Okrasni polji nista enaki,
saj pasovi z motivom tekoe spirale na zakljuku iz Zugmantla
obrobljajo osrednji motiv kriajoih se linij.
26
Leasta okrasna
polja na robu okroglih ploskev z motivom vitic, kakrna so na
zadnji strani zakljuka z Vodic, so na zakljukih prve skupine
pogosta, vendar motiv vitic obiajno dopolnjujejo e listi razno-
vrstnih oblik, vitice pa so bolj razvejane. Motiv osrednje rozete,
vendar nekoliko manje, je prisoten na zakljuku z najdia
Niederbieber.
27
Ob povrni primerjavi sloga izdelave okrasa,
narejeni na podlagi objavljenih risb, je na zakljuku nonice z
Vodic opazna poenostavljena upodobitev motivov v primerjavi
z drugimi zakljuki prve skupine, znanimi iz literature.
28
Oblikovna in slogovna opredelitev zakljuka nonice z Vo-
dic, prav tako kot mea, ne omogoa datacije najdbe mea z
zanko za obeanje in zakljukom nonice natanneje kot v 3.
st. Le zakljuku nonice z Vodic po okrasu najbliji analogen
zakljuek iz kastela Zugmantel, ki je bil opuen leta 260 ob
padcu limesa, bi kazal na monost datacije v prvo polovico
ali sredino 3. st.
Suline osti
Sulina ost (sl. 8: 4) med rimskimi predmeti nima primer-
jave. Njena posebnost je kratek irok tul, ki se zajeda globoko
v list, pa tudi reliefno nakazani zalusti na listu, izrazito debela
konica lista rombinega preseka ter oblika lista, ki je najiri
nad tulom in ima rahlo usloeni stranici. Enako sulino ost je
Viktor Hoffiller sicer umestil na svojo sliko, ki prikazuje rim-
ske suline osti iz Siska (Siscia) ter z drugih najdi Hrvake
in Slavonije, vendar brez kakrnih koli podatkov o njej, zato
datacija v rimsko dobo ne more biti brez dvoma.
29
Zaradi oblike osti in konice debelega rombinega preseka,
ki spominja na preseke nekaterih mlajih izstrelkov, se zdi, da
ni antina, ampak mlaja, to je srednjeveka.
Oblikovne primerjave sulini osti z Vodic (sl. 8: 5) prihajajo z
razlinih najdi in iz raznih stoletij.
30
Avtorji, ki so se ukvarjali
z rimskimi sulinimi ostmi, opozarjajo na teavnost, neuspe-
nost poskusov in verjetno nesmiselnost tipolokih klasifikacij
sulinih osti, saj zaradi domnevno tako reko prilonostnega
naina izdelave niti dve osti med seboj nista povsem enaki. Zato
sulinih osti samih po sebi na podlagi oblike ni mogoe datirati
(nekatere oblike so ostajale nespremenjene tudi vso rimsko
cesarsko dobo), datacijo omogoajo le stratigrafski podatki
ustrezno izkopanih najdi.
31
V pomo je lahko sistematina
obravnava sulinih osti z danskega movirskega najdia Ille-
rup dal, ki je bilo tudi ustrezno izkopano in dokumentirano
ter v njegovem okviru natanno datirani posamezni depoziti
predmetov.
32
J. Ilkjr je kot glavni kriterij za oblikovno delitev
sulinih osti upoteval presek lista, nadalje mere, razmerja
med raznimi merami in obris lista. Sulina ost z Vodic ima
natanne primerjave v nekaterih primerkih tipa 3 sulinih osti
z danskega najdia, za katere sta znailna rombini presek
lista in tul, ki se nadaljuje v list in s tem ustvarja rebro.
33
De-
pozitno mesto B, v okviru katerega so bile najdene suline osti
tipa 3, je bilo datirano v prvo etrtino 3. st. (pozna perioda
C1b). Enake suline osti z mlajih movirskih najdi Danske
(Nydam, Ejsbl) po mnenju J. Ilkjra kaejo na verjetnost, da
sodijo razliice sulinih osti tipa 3 z v list podaljanim tulom
v pozno cesarsko dobo.
34
elezna ost (sl. 8: 6) je sestavljena iz dolge ozke konice
kvadratnega preseka in nesklenjenega tula. Skoraj povsem
enaki osti sta bili najdeni v blinji utrdbi na Martinj Hribu,
35

ki je glede na novne najdbe najverjetneje obstajala le kraji
as v drugi polovici 4. st. (priblino od estega desetletja do
leta 388).
36
Primerjavo predstavljata tudi plumbati iz poznorimske utrdbe
na Hruici (Ad Pirum), katerih elezni osti nimata zalusti, ampak
konico kvadratnega preseka.
37
Konica obeh je sicer kratka in
se nadaljuje v steblo in tul okroglega preseka, vendar je enako
oblikovana kot oglati del osti z Vodic. Utrdba na Hruici je bila
glede na novne najdbe opuena v prvih letih 5. st.,
38
plum-
batae kot vrsta oroja pa so sicer iroko datirane v 4. in 5. st.
Plumbati
Metalni puici s svinenim obteilom (sl. 9: 7,8) z Vodic
dopolnjujeta dosedanji seznam plumbat, posebne vrste pozno-
rimskega oroja, za katero sta znailna elezna ost s svinenim
obteilom na steblu in kratko neohranjeno leseno nasadilo.
39

Oroju so posveali precejnjo pozornost e antini pisci,
40

pogoste pa so tudi pregledne obravnave njegovih arheolokih
najdb.
41
Primerka z Vodic sodita v najpogostejo razliico,
pri kateri ima ost konico z zalustma. Redkeje so razliice s
konico kvadratnega preseka, s konico leaste oblike in trikrilno
oziroma trirobo konico.
42
26
Ib., 66, Abb. 1: 2b.
27
Ib., 66, Abb. 6: 2a.
28
Martin-Kilcher 1985, Abb. 8; 9; 27: 5; 28: 1; Oldenstein
1976, Taf. 22: 138,140; 23; 24: 146.
29
Hoffiller 1912, sl. 34 na str. 96: druga ost z leve v
spodnji vrsti.
30
Na primer Manning 1985, 166-167, pl. 79: V 106 (najdie
Hod Hill, sredina 1. st. po Kr.); Hbener 1973, 28, Taf. 18:
1-5 (najdie Augsburg-Oberhausen, niso datirane); Bishop,
Coulston 1993, fig. 35: 14 (najdie Hod Hill, sredina 1. st. po
Kr.), fig. 84: 2 (najdie Caerleon, 3. st.); Marchant 1990, pl.
1: 6 (najdie Housesteads, Hadrijanova doba ali mlaje).
31
Marchant 1990; Bishop, Coulston 1993, 69, 123, 126,
162; Feugre 1993, 169-171, 247.
32
Ilkjr 1990.
33
Ib., 43-44, Taf. 7: BQI,BRU; 8: VHR.
34
Ib., 44, 325.
35
Leben, ubic 1990, 327, 318 t. 24,25, t. 2: 20,21.
36
Kos 1986, 203-204.
37
Giesler 1981, 173, Katalog I/L. 9: 180, Taf. 22: 180;
Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 1: 20.
38
Kos 1986, 198-199, 201-207.
39
Opisal jih je anonimni pisec spisa De Rebus Bellicis
(nastal je v letih 368/9), v tirih srednjevekih prepisih njego-
vega besedila so tudi narisane, vendar se risbe ne ujemajo z
njegovim opisom; Anon. de rebus bell. X, XI (Ireland 1979, 10,
30-31, 104, pl. IX). Anonimovi opisi se poleg tega ne ujemajo
povsem z arheolokimi najdbami. O videzu tudi Hck 2003,
70, 72, z literaturo.
40
Anon. de rebus bell. X, XI (Ireland 1979, 10, 30-31,
104); Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Militaris I 17, II 15, nemki prevod
odlomkov pri Degen 1992, 140; o oboroitvi in bojevanju s
plumbatami, kot ju opisuje Vegecij, pie Kolias 1988, 173-174;
Bennett 1991, 59.
41
Prvi jih je zbral in tipoloko razdelil Vlling 1991, 288-289,
296-298; pregled, dopolnjen seznam in zemljevid najdi pri
Degen 1992; Buora 1997; Hck 2003, 69-73, 161, Fundliste 5;
o posameznih najdbah Barker 1979; Marchant 1990, 2; Bennett
1991; Volpert 1997, 266 t. 49, Abb. 11: 10; Radman-Livaja 2004,
31-32, 127 t. 31-35, t. 8: 31,32; 9: 33-35; o izdelavi Sherlock
1979; o poskusih o nainu uporabe Eagle 1989.
42
Hck 2003, 70, Abb. 49.
Najdbe plumbat (objavljenih je priblino 70 primerkov s
priblino 40 najdi) so omejene predvsem na prostor seve-
rovzhodne Italije in zahodne Slovenije ter Britanije, redko
oziroma posamino se pojavljajo tudi ob donavskem in ren-
skem limesu ter v njunem zaledju v Nemiji, vici, Avstriji,
Italiji, Franciji, na Nizozemskem, Hrvakem in Madarskem.
Osamljene najdbe prihajajo s spodnjega toka Donave, s
Peloponeza in vzhodne obale rnega morja.
43
Anton Hck
podobo razirjenosti razlaga kot posledico stanja raziskav in
plumbatae priakuje tudi v notranjosti cesarstva, na primer v
paniji in na Portugalskem ter prek Severne Afrike in Palestine
do maloazijskega obmoja.
44
Plumbatae ali z drugim imenom mattiobarbuli naj bi bile po
Vegeciju specialno oroje dveh ilirskih legij (leg. I Iovia, leg. I
Herculia), ki sta do konca (zahodno) rimske oblasti kot elitni
enoti delovali na tevilnih krajih.
45
Ostaja pa nejasno, ali sta
bili le ti dve elitni legiji oboroeni s plumbatami ali tudi druge
soasne enote.
46
Plumbatae so poznorimska inovacija, vendar so redko najdene
v sklopih, ki bi omogoali natannejo datacijo. Najdbe, ki jih
je mogoe datirati, kaejo na 4. in 5. st., morda le na zaetek
petega in e konec tretjega stoletja.
47
Nekoliko veje sorodne
metalne puice so znane e v bizantinski oboroitvi.
48
Iz Slovenije je, vkljuno z najdbama z Vodic, znanih 11
plumbat s teh najdi:
49
Ajdna nad Potoki (1),
50
Hruica (3),
51

Ljubljana (1),
52
Predjama (1),
53
Podutik (1),
54
Velike Malence
(1),
55
Vodice (2), Ljubljanica pri Vrhniki (1).
56
Gre za posamine
najdbe ali za najdbe s starih, metodoloko neustreznih izkopavanj,
zato konteksti najdb, ki bi omogoali natannejo datacijo, niso
znani. Le primerek z Velikih Malenc je bil najden v zadnjem
asu, ob izkopavanjih vile rustike pri cerkvi sv. Martina pri
Velikih Malencah. Plumbata je bila najdena ob izkopani stavbi
na nekakni tlakovani dvorini povrini, v kateri so bili novci iz
asa od zadnje tretjine 3. do zadnje tretjine 4. st. Rimskodobni
stavbni kompleks je bil unien v poaru okrog leta 378, sledov
poznejih dejavnosti in mlajih najdb ni.
57
Orodje ali kuhinjski pripomoki
Noi
tudij noev rimske dobe in njihovo razvranje v oblikovne
skupine poleg raznovrstnosti oblik mono oteujejo obrablje-
nost, slaba ohranjenost in mona zarjavelost, zaradi esar je
oblika noa drugana od prvotne. Poleg tega so redke najdbe
noev natanneje datirane znotraj rimske dobe.
58
Uporaba
posameznih oblik noev razen redkih primerov ni natanneje
znana - v prvi vrsti je lo domnevno za kuhinjske pripomoke,
ki so bili lahko poleg tega uporabljani tudi sicer v gospodinj-
stvu, v rokodelstvih in poljedelstvu. Razen izjem ni dokazov,
da bi obstajala neposredna povezava med obliko in nainom
uporabe noa.
59
Primerjave za dobro ohranjen no z Vodic (sl. 10: 9), ki bi
ustrezala v vseh podrobnostih, ni bilo mogoe najti. Oblikovno
sorodna, vendar drugane velikosti, je posamina najdba noa
z najdia Runder Berg. Ta ima na rezilu, ki se proti konici
oi z zgornje in spodnje strani, leb.
60
Gre za tipino obliko
noa pozne cesarske dobe, ki se pogosto pojavlja v germanskih
grobovih 4. st., pa tudi v poznorimskih sklopih. Braniki so pri
noih tega tipa pogosti.
61
Dolg roajni trn je po ugotovitvah
Ursule Koch znailen za noe pozne cesarske dobe.
62
Zaradi pomanjkanja ustreznih primerjav noa z Vodic ne
moremo natanneje opredeliti in datirati.
No z Vodic (sl. 10: 10) je po dolini in obliki trna ter prehoda
v rezilo podoben nou s slabo ohranjenim rezilom z najdia
Oberwinterthur (Vitudurum) v vici.
63
No je relativnokrono-
loko uvren v periodo II najdia, ki je omejena z letnicama
45/55 in 70/80 po Kr.
64
Podoben, vendar dalji je tudi no z
najdia Augsburg-Oberhausen, ki ni natanneje datiran.
65
Dolg
roajni trn, domnevno znailen za noe pozne cesarske dobe,
66

ne zadoa za opredelitev in datacijo noa z Vodic.
No z Vodic (sl. 10: 11) predstavlja najpogostejo obliko
rimskih noev, to je z enakomerno izboeno ostrino rezila,
43
Zadnji je dopolnil obstojee sezname plumbat in jih
kartiral Hck 2003, 69 op. 458, 71, Tab. 8, 72-73, Abb. 50, 161,
Fundliste 5. Prej Vlling 1991, 296-298; Degen 1992, Abb. 6;
Buora 1997. Objava novega primerka (Vindonissa) Huber 2003,
397 in Hagendorn 2003, 668 t. Me898, Taf. 72: Me898; Kasprzyk
2004, 243, fig. 3: 4 (Escolives-Sainte-Camille); najdbe v Srbiji
Christodoulou 2001-2002, 29-31, op. 19, fig. 8; 9: B-D.
44
Hck 2003, 72.
45
O Vegecijevem opisu Kolias 1988, 173-174; Bennett 1991,
59; Degen 1992, 140.
46
Degen 1992, 144, 146; Hck 2003, 72; Christodoulou
2001-2002, 31; Buora 1997.
47
Barker 1979, 97; Degen 1992, 144; Buora 1997, 240-242.
Za najdbe s treh britanskih najdi Marchant (1990, 2) dopua
datacijo v 3. st. ali pozneje. Vlling (1991, 291) pa datacijo v
poznorimsko dobo utemeljuje tudi z dejstvom, da plumbatae
niso znane iz Dacije in zgornjegermansko-recijskega limesa, ki
sta bila opuena v sedemdesetih letih 3. st.
48
O omembah v literarnih virih Kolias 1988, 175-177; o
najdbi bizantinske razliice Vlling 1991, 287-288, 294-296,
Abb. 1.
49
Na nekaterih seznamih plumbat je omenjena tudi najdba
z Martinj Hriba (Leben, ubic 1990, 318, t. 2: 18), vendar se
je pri konservatorskem posegu pokazalo, da je navadna ost
kopja z zalustma.
50
Vali 1985, 267, sl. 95; Vali 1997, 264, sl. 8.
51
Giesler 1981, 76, 173, Katalog I/L. 9: 180, Taf. 22: 180,
76, 173, Katalog I/ L. 9: 179, Taf. 22: 179 (ohranjena je le
svinena obloga); Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 1: 20.
52
Petru 1976, neot. str. 36: zgoraj levo; Pflaum 2001b, 24.
53
Koroec 1982, 93, t. 8: 5.
54
Mllner 1900, Taf. 56: 17; Gutin 1979, 47, t. 80: 3 (objavlja
jo pod napanim najdiem mihel; enako Gutin 1973, 486,
sl. 3: 23 in Slapak 1996, 220, spodnja slika: 2); Degen 1992,
Abb. 4: 9; Pflaum 2001. V literaturi je najpogosteje kot najdie
navedeno ime Utik, pri emer gre za staro poimenovanje vasi
Podutik pri Ljubljani. Plumbata je bila najdena med Podutikom
in Tokim elom - prim. ael 1975. Za opozorilo o nepravilnem
imenovanju najdia se zahvaljujem dr. Draganu Boiu.
55
Bavec 2001, 169, sl. 51: 8.
56
Mllner 1900, Taf. 54: 16; Gutin 1979, 47, t. 80: 4
(objavlja jo pod napanim najdiem mihel); Horvat 1990,
306, sl. 36; Pflaum 2001a.
57
Bavec 2001, 166-170.
58
O problematiki tudija noev Manning 1985, 108.
59
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 167; Manning 1985, 108.
60
Koch 1984, 213, Taf. 22: 1.
61
Ib., 118, 199. No uvra v svojo skupino noev s irokim
rezilom suliaste oblike.
62
Ib., 119.
63
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 166-167, 326 t. E 253,
Taf. 50: 253.
64
Ib., 142.
65
Hbener 1973, 52, Taf. 20: 22.
66
Koch 1984, 119.
322 Veronika PFLAUM
ravnim hrbtom rezila in roajnim trnom, postavljenim nije
od hrbta rezila. Podobni noi so bili npr. najdeni na najdiih
Carnuntum,
67
Walthamstow
68
in Oberwinterthur (Vitudurum).
69

Datiran je le no z zadnjega najdia, in sicer je relativnokro-
noloko postavljen v periodi I/zgodaj in II najdia. Periodi sta
datirani od okoli 7 do okoli 35 po Kr. ter od 45/55 do 70/80
po Kr.
70
Noa z Vodic zato znotraj rimske dobe ne moremo
natanneje datirati.
No (sl. 10: 12) je izjemno slabo ohranjen, zato opredeljevanje
na podlagi oblikovnih primerjav ne more biti uspeno. Skoraj
povsem enak, vendar kraji, se zdi no iz Carnunta, najden
na nasipu ceste in nedatiran.
71
Primerjava ni ne pripomore k
opredelitvi noa z Vodic.
Noa (sl. 10: 13,14), ki sta skoraj povsem enake suliaste
oblike med tevilnimi in raznovrstnimi oblikami rimskih noev
tako reko nimata primerjav. Podoben no, vendar z zakovicami
na roaju, je bil najden v kastelu Zugmantel in bil opredeljen kot
redka, posebna oblika noa za usnje.
72
Sam no ni natanneje
datiran, kastel Zugmantel pa je bil zgrajen konec 1. st. po Kr.
in opuen ob padcu limesa leta 260 po Kr.
73
V Sloveniji je bil
enak no kot na Vodicah najden ob izkopavanjih poznorimske
hie na Ajdovini nad Rodikom,
74
zato tudi noa z Vodic
morda lahko datiramo v isti as.
Merilna priprava
Tehtnica
Razprave o antinih tehtnicah se osredotoajo na metrolo-
ke analize (na poskuse deifriranja in rekonstrukcije skal, na
poskuse izrauna razpona nosilnosti posamezne tehtnice ter na
razmerja med dolinama roic glede na razlina vrtia)
75
ali
na tipoloke delitve.
76
Bronasta hitra tehtnica z Vodic (t. 1: 15;
sl. 11) je ohranjena skoraj v celoti, vkljuno z utejo, manjka le
en kavelj za obeanje bremena. Trije kavlji za obeanje tehtnice
na razlinih mestih roice bremena so omogoali tehtanje raz-
lino tekih bremen. Tri skale na roici skale, prilagojene trem
vrtiem, so razlino dobro vidne. Prva skala je lepo vidna:
razdeljena je na 12 enot, od 1 do 12 liber. Razmaki oznak so
dolgi od 1,4 do 1,6 cm, povprena dolina enot je 1,51 cm.
Slabo vidne oznake druge skale kaejo, da so bile enote druge
skale malo ve kot pol kraje od enot prve skale, povprena
dolina enot je 0,65 cm. e razdaljo med bolje vidnima ozna-
kama X in V zaporedno nanesemo po roici skale, ugotovimo,
da so z drugo skalo lahko tehtali bremena, teka od 10 do
37 liber. Enak razpon dobimo tudi pri izraunu po formuli
Tu Drs = Drb (To+Tb) (Tu = tea utei [v tem primeru
1486 g oziroma 4,5 libre]; Drs = dolina roice skale oziroma
razdalja med izbrano oznako na izbrani skali in pripadajoim
uescem za obeanje tehtnice [vrtiem]; Drb = dolina roice
bremena oziroma razdalja med vrtiem in toko [utorom],
kjer je obeeno breme; To = tea verinega obealnika [v tem
primeru zanemarjena, ker obealnik ni ohranjen v celoti in ker
ga ni bilo mogoe stehtati]; Tb = tea bremena [neznanka]; 1
libra = 327,45 g). Na tretji skali je slabo vidna prav izhodina
oznaka XXX, nato se izmenjujejo bolje ali slabe vidne oznake
V in X. Izraun po predstavljeni formuli razkrije razpon tretje
skale od 30 do 100 liber. Enote tretje skale so bile ve kot pol
kraje od enot druge skale, povprena dolina enot je 0,27 cm,
razmaki oznak odsekov po pet enot so dolgi od 1,2 do 1,4 cm.
S tehtnico z Vodic so torej lahko tehtali bremena, teka od 1
libre do 100 liber oziroma od priblino 1/3 kg do 32,7 kg.
Tehtnica zelo oitno ni ohranjena v prvotni obliki: drugotne
zamenjave so srednje uesce, srednji in desni kavelj za obeanje
tehtnice in elezni deli verinega obealnika za breme. Ohranjeni
deli prvotne tehtnice oblikovno ustrezajo zgodnji skupini tipa
Osterburken, kot ga je doloil Norbert Franken.
77
Na tehtnici
z Vodic sta dve izmed treh oblikovnih podrobnosti, ki jih je
N. Franken uporabil kot glavne kriterije za doloitev zgodnje
skupine: bronasta lena verinega obealnika sta zvita iz dolgih
kosov ice na nain, da nazaj zapognjeni konec ice spiralno
ovija sredino lena; levi kavelj za obeanje tehtnice ima obliko
vpraaja - ravnemu delu sledi zavoj. len verinega obealnika
v obliki grke rke omega ni narejen iz upognjene bronaste ice,
kot je znailno za tehtnice zgodnje skupine tipa Osterburken,
ampak je elezen in sploen s strani. Taki bronasti ploati
leni so znailni za pozno skupino tehtnic tipa Osterburken in za
tehtnice poznoantino-zgodnjebizantinskega tipa Konstantinopel
po tipologiji, ki jo je izdelal N. Franken,
78
podoben elezen
len pa je na tehtnici z Ljubine nad Zbelovsko Goro
79
tipa
Gora, ki ga je doloil Dragan Boi.
80
S tehtnicama tipa Gora
so primerljivi tudi tordirani elezni leni verinega obealnika
tehtnice z Vodic. Tretji (desni) kavelj za obeanje tehtnice z
Vodic s spodnjim koncem, zavitim nazaj v obliki rke S, nekoliko
spominja na tehtnice tipa Konstantinopel.
81
N. Franken na osnovi hipotez o zgodovini razvoja tehtnic
domneva, da tehtnice zgodnje skupine tipa Osterburken pripa-
dajo drugi polovici 2. st. in prvi polovici 3. st., tehtnice pozne
skupine pa poznejemu 3. st.
82
D. Boi je utemeljil poznejo
datacijo pozne skupine, to je datacijo predvsem v 4. st.
83
Ver-
jetno bi posledino smeli podaljati ali prestaviti tudi datacijo
zgodnje skupine v pozneji as, morda v celotno 3. st. Tip Gora
je hipotetino datiran v 4. st.,
84
tip Konstantinopel pa je datiran
predvsem v 5. in 6. st.
85
Po naknadnih popravilih tehtnice z Vodic,
ki oblikovno ustrezajo mlajim tipom tehtnic, lahko sklepamo, da
je bila tehtnica dolgo v uporabi, verjetno e vse 4. st.
elezne ali bronaste hitre tehtnice so prisotne tudi v nekaterih
drugih zakladnih najdbah z ozemlja Slovenije, vendar oblikovno
pripadajo drugim, mlajim tipom. elezni hitri tehtnici novo
doloenega tipa Gora sta bili najdeni v sklopu tretje zakladne
najdbe z Gore nad Polhovim Gradcem, datirane v drugo polovico
4. in zaetek 5. st.,
86
in v sklopu zakladne najdbe I z Ljubine nad
67
No je zelo podobne oblike, vendar kraji (Stiglitz 1986,
210, Taf. 10: 3 na str. 220).
68
Manning 1985, 115, pl. 55: Q49. Opredeljen je kot tip
15 (ib., 115, fig. 28: 15 na str. 109).
69
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 326 t. E 250, Taf. 50: 250.
Uvren je v podskupino 1 skupine 1, za katero je znailen v
prvi vrsti roajni trn, nato pa raven hrbet rezila z neposrednim
prehodom v trn (ib., 167, Tab. 72).
70
Ib., 142, 167, Tab. 72.
71
Stiglitz 1986, 210, Taf. 10: 2 na str. 220.
72
Pietsch 1983, 78, 121 t. 597, Taf. 27: 597. O podobnih noih
za usnje tudi Gaitzsch 1980, 122, 126, Abb. 13 na str. 123.
73
Pietsch 1983, 6-7.
74
Slapak 1999, 162, slika levo spodaj: no tik nad zvonci.
75
Na primer Mutz 1983; Mutz 1988; Garbsch 1988, 202-
209; seznam del o metrolokih vpraanjih v zvezi z antinimi
tehtnicami v Franken 1993, op. 5.
76
Franken 1993.
77
Ib., 85-89, Abb. 8, 10.
78
Ib., 87, 89-94, Abb. 11, 12: F; Garbsch 1988, 209.
79
Gaspari et al. 2000, 195, Fig. 8: 15.
80
Boi 2005, 353.
81
Garbsch 1988, Abb. 3, Taf. 28; Mutz 1988, Taf. 33;
Franken 1993, Abb. 11.
82
Franken 1993, 89.
83
Boi 2005, 353, 367.
84
Ib., 353.
85
Franken 1993, 93.
86
Boi 2005, 351, 353, 356, 361, Abb. 20.
Zbelovsko Goro, datirane v 6. in 7. st.;
87
datacijo je z analogijami
iz poznorimskih zakladnih najdb in s hipotetinim datiranjem
tipa tehtnice v 4. st. ovrgel D. Boi.
88
Dve elezni in bronasta
hitra tehtnica sta vsebovani v e dolgo znani domnevni zakladni
najdbi z Ajdovskega gradca nad Vranjem, datirani v pozneji
as poselitve naselja (po 4. st.);
89
proti tako pozni dataciji bi
govorile nekatere druge najdbe, na primer fibula s ebulastimi
gumbi
90
tipa 3/4 B po Philippu M. Prttlu, datiranega v as
od okoli 330 do okoli 400 oziroma morda predvsem v mlaji
del tega razdobja.
91
Bronasta tehtnica z Ajdovskega gradca
pripada tipu Konstantinopel, dalja elezna tehtnica je glede
na fotografijo
92
povsem podobna bronasti, kraja pa je slabe
ohranjena in podrobnosti na fotografiji niso vidne.
93
Orodje
Bradve in sekiri
Bradve (t. 2: 16-18) z Vodic se med seboj razlikujejo le v
velikosti in podrobnostih (izoblikovanosti ostrine, hrbta lista
in uesa). Vse tri imajo nazaj podaljan spodnji del lista z
ravnim zakljukom. Take in podobne bradve se veinoma
pojavljajo v pozni cesarski dobi, nekateri primerki e v srednji
cesarski dobi.
94
Podobne, dobro datirane bradve z nizkimi pravokotnimi
ojaitvenimi krilci so bile najdene na primer: tri v veliki zakla-
dni najdbi iz Weienburga, zakopani verjetno v drugi tretjini 3.
st.,
95
ena v zakladni najdbi iz vodnjaka 7 vikusa Rainau-Buch,
zakopani v istem asu,
96
ena na Moosbergu, kjer je prva faza
pozidave datirana v drugo polovico 3. st., druga faza pa v drugo
polovico 4. st.
97
Sekiri (t. 2: 19,20) se sicer razlikujeta v velikosti in po-
drobnostih, vendar se obe uvrata v jasno zamejeno skupino
rimskodobnih sekir, ki se od drugih loijo po znailni obliki
ela, podaljanega naprej in nazaj, navadno z zobci na vogalih.
Najdbe tovrstnih sekir so omejene na obmoje Panonije, Norika
in severnega Ilirika (s severovzhodnim robom Italije), drugod
jih skoraj ni. Glede na okoliine najdb se zdi, da so asovno
vezane predvsem na 3. st. in poznorimsko dobo.
98
Sekirama z
Vodic sta, na primer, podobni sekiri iz Lavriaka. Sekira, podobna
sekiri (t. 2: 20), je bila najdena v kopaliki stavbi zahodno od
civilnega mesta, ki so jo uporabljali verjetno ob koncu 2. in v
zaetku oziroma prvi polovici 3. st.
99
Sekira, podobna sekiri (t.
2: 19), pa prihaja z obmoja legijskega tabora in izvira verjetno
iz 3. ali 4. st.
100
V Sloveniji, ki lei tako reko v srediu razirjenosti sekir
s podaljanim elom, so najdbe tovrstnih sekir glede na druga
obmoja razirjenosti izjemno pogoste. Oblikovno so veinoma
podobne drugi sekiri z Vodic (t. 2: 20), kar pomeni, da je ozek list
nesimetrino razirjen navzdol, vendar imajo na elu zobce. Seznam
najdi tedaj znanih enajstih objavljenih in tirih neobjavljenih
najdb je naredila Polona Bitenc.
101
Poleg tega omenja Reinhard
Pohanka sekiri iz Ljubljane (Emona)
102
in z Gornjega Zemona,
103

Joachim Henning pa sekiro iz Oreja na Bizeljskem.
104
Seznamu
lahko dodamo nekaj sekir s podaljanim elom iz zakladnih najdb
orodja s teh najdi: Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom (zakladna najdba,
katere najdine okoliine niso znane, ni natanneje datirana,
naselje na Sv. Pavlu pa je obstajalo od 4. do 6. st.),
105
Ljubina
nad Zbelovsko Goro (dve sekiri; zakladna najdba II je datirana
v 3. in 4. st.),
106
Limberk nad Veliko Rano (datacija zakladne
najdbe v as okrog leta 400).
107
Podaljano elo se kot oblikovna posebnost pojavlja tudi na
drugem soasnem, sekiram sorodnem orodju - na primer na
bradvah in tesaah. Tovrstne bradve so bile najdene v nekate-
rih poznorimskih zakladnih najdbah orodja,
108
kot posamine
najdbe pa v reki Ljubljanici in na Nanosu,
109
na rimski viinski
postojanki druge polovice 3. st. na Velikem vrhu nad Osredkom
pri Podsredi
110
ter na poznoantini viinski naselbini Krvavica
pri Vranskem.
111
Tesaa s podaljanim elom je, na primer, v
zakladni najdbi z Limberka nad Veliko Rano.
112
Sekire s podaljanim elom so se pojavljale tudi po pozno-
rimski dobi, to je v mlajem delu pozne antike, vendar jih je
teko loevati od rimskih.
113
Glede na veliko tevilo poznorimskih sekir s podaljanim
elom s slovenskih najdi (zgoraj je natetih 24 sekir, 13 bra-
dev in 1 tesaa, kar pa zanesljivo ni popoln seznam) P. Bitenc
domneva, da so jih morda izdelovali tudi nekje na obmoju
dananje Slovenije.
114
Tesla in kopaa
Tipologijo rimskih tesel je izdelal Martin Pietsch, deli jih
na tiri tipe, ki si asovno sledijo. Tesli z Vodic (t. 3: 21,22) po
87
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 200, t. 15, 16, Fig. 8: 15,16;
Gaspari 2001, 58.
88
Boi 2005, 356.
89
Riedl, Cuntz 1909, 3-5, 34, Fig. 5: a-d; 6; 7.
90
Ib., Fig. 5: k; Knific 1979, 748, sl. D.
91
Prttel 1988, 359, 361-364.
92
Riedl, Cuntz 1909, Fig. 5: b.
93
Ib., Fig. 5: c.
94
Pietsch 1983, 15, Abb. 5: 2.
95
Kellner, Zahlhaas 1983, 48, 43 t. 99-101, Abb. 32.
96
Kaufmann-Heinimann 1998, 272 t. GF61, Abb. 234.
97
Garbsch 1966, 72, 85, Taf. 22. 19; 31: 13.
98
Pohanka 1986, 229, 239-242, Textabbildung 14: Typ 3;
nekoliko pomanjkljiv zemljevid razirjenosti tovrstnih sekir in
bradev je objavil Henning 1987, 61, 64, Abb. 1 na str. 61, 72-
73 seznam najdi; Bitenc 1997, 11-12, 28-29, t. 33-38, sl. 4
na str. 12, sl. 33-38.
99
Pohanka 1986, 240-241, 376 t. 199, Taf. 45: 199.
100
Ib., 240-241, 376 t. 198, Taf. 45: 198.
101
Bitenc 1997, 12, z literaturo.
102
Pohanka 1986, 241 op. 2. Hrani jo Umetnostnozgodo-
vinski muzej na Dunaju.
103
Ib., 241 op. 3; Boi, Cigleneki 1995, 258 op. 94
(stareje objave).
104
Henning 1987, Abb. 1: 90 na str. 61, 72 seznam; Mlinar
1965, 71, sl. 9.
105
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 194, 196 t. 34, fig. 11: 34.
106
Bitenc 2001, 14 t. 14: 7,8, sl. 14: spodnji levi dve (na
skici je napaka v otevilenju glede na kataloke opise).
107
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32 t. 87: 16. V isti zakladni najdbi
sta tudi odlomka sekirastega orodja z ohranjenim podaljanim
elom in delom uesa (t. 87: 61,62). Kakne oblike sta bila
lista (sekira, bradva ali tesaa), ni mogoe sklepati.
108
Seznam devetih bradev s petih najdi v Sloveniji pri
Boi 2005, 313.
109
Bitenc 2001a, 14 t. 13.
110
Cigleneki 1990, 150 t. 25, 152, t. 3: 4.
111
Krempu 2000, 213 t. 2, Abb. 3: 2 na str. 216. Bradvo
na podlagi primerjav datira v pozno 3. in zgodnje 4. st. Tudi
Bitenc 2001b.
112
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 t. 87: 24, sl. 87: 24.
113
Podatke o mlajih sekirah s podaljanim elom in
monostih loevanja od rimskodobnih mi je ustno posredovala
Polona Bitenc (Narodni muzej Slovenije), za kar se ji na tem
mestu e enkrat zahvaljujem. O nainu izdelave sekir Pleiner
1967, 79-83, Abb. 1 na str. 80; Bitenc 1997, 4-5.
114
Bitenc 1997, 23.
324 Veronika PFLAUM
opisu ustrezata poznorimskemu tipu IV, za katerega so znailni
zaobljeno upognjen list, vasih konkavni stranici lista, vasih
skoraj pravi kot med listom in (neohranjenim) toporiem ter
nizko uho (ne tulasto) z luknjo razlinih oblik - okrogle, ovalne,
tirikotne. Datira jih v as od leta 260 do okrog leta 400.
115
Tesla podobnih oblik so bila najdena tudi na nekaterih dru-
gih poznorimskih najdiih Slovenije - na primer v zakladnih
najdbah orodij z Grdavovega hriba pri Radomljah,
116
Ljubine
nad Zbelovsko Goro II
117
in s Sv. Pavla nad Vrtovinom.
118
Dvostrano teslo (t. 3: 23) z Vodic ima enako obrnjena li-
sta, prvega z ravnim, drugega z zaobljeno izboenim rezilom.
Najdbe dvostranih tesel so izjemno redke, pojavljajo pa se na
najdiih rimskih provinc.
119
Dobra primerjava teslu z Vodic
je bila najdena v Spodnji Avstriji v zakladni najdbi z oznako
Mannersdorf II; njen zakop je datiran v 4./5. st.
120
Kopae z rogljema in listom v obliki motike (t. 3: 24) so
pogosto rimsko orodje in se razlikujejo predvsem v obliki in
zakrivljenosti rogljev, obliki in upognjenosti lista ter obliki
uesa.
121
Redke kopae so dobro datirane, na obmoju rim-
skih provinc se pojavljajo nepretrgoma od zgodnje do pozne
rimske dobe.
122
Oblikovno sta kopai z Vodic najbliji najdbi
z ojim listom iz poznorimske zakladne najdbe iz Celja
123
in
iz Saalburga.
124
Drugo orodje
Kladivo z Vodic (sl. 12: 25) je kot tip orodja podobno
skupini malotevilnih domnevnih rimskih kladiv s elom in
razcepljenim kljunom, namenjenim izvleku ebljev.
125
Kladiva
z razcepljenim kljunom je mogoe odkriti na rimskodobnih
najdiih razlinih stoletij, vendar jih na podlagi oblikovnih
razlik ni mogoe natanneje datirati. Podobna so tudi tovrstna
srednjeveka kladiva.
126
Kladivo z Vodic med sorodnimi domnevno rimskodobnimi
kladivi nima primerjave, ki bi se ujemala tudi v podrobnostih,
ne le kot tip orodja. Glede na okroglo obliko ela in izoblikova-
nost enega kraka v trikotno konico, kar je znailnost tesarskih
kladiv e polpretekle dobe,
127
je najverjetneje, da je kladivo z
Vodic srednje- ali novoveko.
elezno rezilo (t. 3: 28) sodi v ozko skupino skoraj povsem
enako oblikovanih ukrivljenih rezil s trnom na enem in ploa-
tim podaljkom z zanko na drugem koncu. Namembnost rezil
dolgo ni bila znana, najpogosteje so bila na podlagi domnevne
uporabe opredeljena kot rezila za krmo ali podobno (nem.
Futterschneidermesser),
128
sicer pa uvrena v razne skupine
orodij - na primer v skupino vejnikov in podobnih rezil.
129

Heimo Dolenz
130
in Milan Sagadin
131
pa sta, prvi na podlagi
upodobitve orodij sodarja na nagrobni steli iz Akvileje, drugi na
podlagi etnolokih primerjav iz Nizozemske (noi za izdelavo
cokel), dokazala, da so bila tovrstna rezila namenjena obdelavi
lesa oziroma izdelavi lesenih predmetov. Rezilo je bilo na trdno
podlago pritrjeno prek zanke,
132
kar je omogoalo premikanje
v vse smeri, in ne prek trna.
133
Najdbe rezil za obdelavo lesa so znane predvsem iz se-
verovzhodnih provinc rimskega imperija in severovzhodnega
dela Italije (to je vzhodnoalpski in panonski prostor). Veina
jih je na podlagi najdinih okoliin datiranih v poznorimski
as,
134
pravih argumentov za poznejo in zgodnejo datacijo
posameznih primerkov ni (H. Dolenz omenja zgodneji najd-
bi iz Viruna in e omenjeno upodobitev na steli iz Akvileje,
datirani v 2. st.).
135
S slovenskih najdi so bili v strokovni literaturi objavljeni
trije primerki tovrstnih rezil. Rezilo z Ajdovskega gradca nad
Vranjem, ki ima v zanki ploatega podaljka e ohranjen
obroek za pritrditev na trdno podlago, je bilo najdeno v hii
A z drobnimi najdbami iz asa od 3./4. st. do 6. st.
136
Rezilo
z Grdavovega hriba pri Radomljah je bilo del zakladne najdbe
orodij, okvirno datirane v as od druge polovice 3. do konca 4.
st.
137
oziroma oje v as okrog leta 400.
138
Tretje rezilo je bilo
najdeno na Limberku nad Veliko Rano, prav tako v sklopu
zakladne najdbe orodij in oroja. Zakladna najdba je datirana
v as okrog leta 400.
139
etrto rezilo je bilo odkrito leta 2003
v sklopu zakladne najdbe z Gradia pri Trnovem v Ilirski
Bistrici, ki e ni objavljena.
140
Sveder z Vodic (t. 4: 29) se uvra med tako imenovane
liaste svedre, ki so najpogosteja oblika rimskodobnih sve-
drov. Njihovo tipologijo je izdelal M. Pietsch na podlagi oblik
like in nasadila ter ugotovil, da so like z najvejo irino pod
sredino svoje doline obiajne na svedrih zgodnje in srednje
cesarske dobe, pojavljajo pa se tudi e v pozni antiki, like
z najvejo irino nad sredino svoje doline pa se pojavljajo
skoraj izkljuno na svedrih iz poznoantinih in nerimskih
sklopov. Glede nasadil je prepoznal razvoj od irokih trikotnih,
jasno loenih od draja v zgodnji in srednji cesarski dobi, do
ozkih daljih, manj ostro loenih od draja v pozni cesarski
dobi.
141
Nasadilo svedra z Vodic ustreza opisu nasadil pozne
115
Pietsch 1983, 27-28, Abb. 11: 2, Abb. 26 na str. 81.
116
Sagadin 2000, pl. 2: 1-3; Sagadin 2001, 15 t. 15: 16,19,20,
sl. 15: 16,19,20. Zakladno najdbo datira le okvirno v drugo
polovico 3. in 4. st., Boi (2005, 313) pa domneva datacijo
v as okrog leta 400.
117
Bitenc 2001, 14 t. 14: 5, sl. 14: sredina-desno (otevilenje
na skici je glede na kataloke opise zameano).
118
Gaspari et al. 2000, 192, 194-195 t. 25, 27, 196 t. 33,
fig. 10: 25,27; 11: 33.
119
Gaitzsch 1980, 45-46.
120
Pollak 2006, 25-26, 31, 39, Abb. 35, Taf. 56: 34.
121
Pietsch 1983, 19-20; White 1967, 66-68 (skupina 12.
(ii) Ascia/rastrum), fig. 43 na str. 67; Rees 1979, 309-310 (iii.
Ascia-Rastrum), fig. 85-87.
122
Rees 1979, 310.
123
Gaspari et al. 2000, 190 t. 1, fig. 6: 1.
124
Pietsch 1983, 90 t. 68, Taf. 5: 68.
125
Gaitzsch 1980, 88, 90-91 (nateti nekateri primerki),
350 t. 84 (kladivo iz Pompejev), Abb. 9 na str. 81, Taf. 9: 84
oz. 16: 84; Pietsch 1983, 24, 91 t. 106, Taf. 7: 106.
126
Na primer z najdia Runder Berg (Koch 1984, 136,
222, Taf. 35: 1).
127
Za informacijo o obliki nedavnih tesarskih kladiv s
koniastim krakom se zahvaljujem dr. Draganu Boiu.
128
Na primer Pohanka 1986, 265-267, 383 t. 232, Taf.
50: 232, Textabbildung 18/zgoraj; Knific 1979, 741-742 (sla-
moreznica).
129
Popovi 1988, 81, t. 13: 5 oz. 44: 4; Mller 1982, 340
t. 1491, sl. 24: II.2 na str. 506, 410 t. 1996, 831.
130
Dolenz 1998, 208.
131
Sagadin 2000, 205, fig. 1; Sagadin 2000a, 560.
132
Knific 1979, 741; Sagadin 2000, 205.
133
Na primer Pohanka 1986, Textabbildung 18/zgoraj.
134
Pohanka 1986, 265.
135
Dolenz 1998, 208.
136
Knific 1979, 733 t. 18, 741-742, 750, sl. 18 na str. 765;
Knific 2001, 52 t. 146.
137
Sagadin 2000, 205-206, pl. 2: 6; Sagadin 2001, 14-15
t. 15: 3, sl. 15: 3.
138
Boi 2005, 313.
139
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32 t. 87: 17.
140
Boi 2005, 313-314 op. 18.
141
Pietsch 1983, 43-44.
cesarske dobe, lika pa je najira pod irino svoje doline in
torej ustreza likam, ki so obiajneje na svedrih zgodnje in
srednje cesarske dobe, pojavljajo pa se tudi e pozneje. Okrogli
presek stebla, kot ga ima sveder z Vodic, je redek, pogosteji
je osmerokoten ali kvadraten.
V Sloveniji se liasti svedri redno pojavljajo v poznorimskih
in poznoantinih naseljih ter zakladnih najdbah orodja - na
primer v zakladni najdbi orodja I z Ljubine nad Zbelovsko
Goro,
142
v zakladni najdbi orodja iz Celja, najdeni v veliki stavbi
s hipokavstom iz 4. st.,
143
pet primerkov v zakladni najdbi z
Grdavovega hriba pri Radomljah,
144
pet primerkov v zakladni
najdbi z Limberka nad Veliko Rano,
145
na poznoantini
viinski naselbini Krvavica pri Vranskem,
146
na poznoantini
viinski naselbini na Tonovcovem gradu pri Kobaridu,
147
po dva
primerka na poznoantini viinski naselbini Ajdovski gradec
nad Vranjem
148
in poznorimski utrjeni postojanki Annikovo
gradie pri Jurini vasi,
149
po dva primerka svedru z Vodic
podobne oblike sta bila izkopana tudi v Drnovem pri Krkem
(Neviodunum)
150
in na Ajdovini nad Rodikom.
151
Nasadila
vseh natetih svedrov ustrezajo Pietschevemu opisu nasadil
pozne cesarske dobe. Nasprotno pa veina lik natetih svedrov
(kolikor je bilo mo razbrati z objavljenih risb in fotografij)
dosee najvejo irino pod sredino svoje doline, kar naj bi
bilo po Pietschevih ugotovitvah obiajneje, ne pa izkljuno,
na svedrih zgodnje in srednje cesarske dobe. Na poznorimskih
svedrih s slovenskih najdi like z najvejo irino pod sredino
svoje doline izrazito prevladujejo,
152
zato lahko sklepamo, da
je taka oblika povsem obiajna tudi v pozni cesarski dobi in da
mesto najveje irine like ni ustrezen kriterij za kronoloko
opredelitev svedrov.
elezno estilo z Vodic (t. 4: 30) se po obliki osi uvra v
skupino antinih estil s kratko osjo, na obeh straneh izboeno
v nizko glavico ali na prvi strani sploeno, na drugi izboeno.
Drugo skupino predstavljajo estila, pri katerih je skozi os,
na eni strani podaljano, zataknjen zati, namenjen fiksiranju
krakov ob uporabi.
153
Po dolini (36,4 cm) je estilo z Vodic
med daljimi.
elezna in bronasta estila se pojavljajo v vsem rimskem
cesarskem obdobju, vendar njihov oblikovni spekter in krono-
loki razvoj e nista bila raziskana.
V Sloveniji je bilo nekaj primerkov, sorodnih estilu z Vodic,
najdenih v poznorimskih sklopih najdb, pogosto zakladnih
najdbah eleznega orodja.
154
Veina najdb je podobne doline
(nad 30 cm) kot estilo z Vodic in ima enako oblikovane krake,
v podrobnostih pa se razlikuje od njega - ploice so okrogle,
os pa je navadno podaljana in prebodena z zatiem. Taka
estila so bila najdena na primer v zakladni najdbi orodja z
Grdavovega hriba pri Radomljah,
155
v zakladni najdbi orodja
in oroja z Limberka nad Veliko Rano,
156
v zakladni najdbi
orodja z Meria pri Povirju, najdeni v stavbi, datirani v drugo
polovico 4. st.,
157
in v zakladni najdbi orodja I z Ljubine nad
Zbelovsko Goro.
158
Nakovalo z Vodic (t. 4: 31; sl. 13) sodi med preprosta, tako
imenovana blokovna nakovala italskega tipa po W. H. Manningu
oziroma med nakovala tipa B po Wolfgangu Gaitzschu (podrobneja
tipoloka delitev nakoval). Gre za razmeroma majhna samostojno
stojea nakovala kvadraste ali kockaste (tip B po W. Gaitzschu)
oblike, ki se rahlo oijo proti nekoliko vboeni spodnji ploskvi,
s imer so v vogalih nastale tiri majhne nogice, na katerih je
nakovalo stalo.
159
Blokovna nakovala z nogicami so znana na
primer iz Pompejev, z nagrobnega reliefa iz Akvileje s prizorom
iz kovanice
160
in iz Sarmizegetuse Regie v Romuniji.
161
Tip
nakovala je bil oitno prisoten e v zgodnji rimski dobi oziroma
v 1. st., opor za natannejo datacijo tipa in asovno omejitev
njegovega obstoja znotraj rimske dobe zaenkrat ni.
Konjska oprema in deli vozov
Obuvala kopit (hiposandale)
Vseh pet primerkov obuval kopit oziroma hiposandal z
Vodic (sl. 14; 15) je enake oblike, priblino enake velikosti
in nekoliko razlinih te, odvisno od masivnosti. Obuvala
oblikovno pripadajo tipu 1 izmed treh tipov po Annabel K.
Lawson oziroma Xavieru Aubertu.
162
Obuvala kopit so datira-
na, kjer najdini sklopi datacijo sploh dopuajo, veinoma
v as med sredino oziroma drugo polovico 1. in koncem 4.
st.
163
Mlaji primerki niso znani, v stareji (avgustejski) as
pa so datirani redki primerki, na primer s talenske gore.
164

Kronoloki razvoj obuval kopit glede na tipe e ni bil raziskan.
Been pogled v nekatere zakladne najdbe kovinskih predme-
tov 3. st., ki vsebujejo obuvala kopit, pokae, da gre v vseh
primerih za obuvala tako imenovanega tipa 3,
165
nikoli tipa 1.
142
Gaspari et al. 2000, 191-192 t. 13, fig. 7: 13; Gaspari
2001, 58 t. 168; Boi 2005, 356.
143
Gaspari et al. 2000, 190 t. 10, fig. 7: 10 na str. 194.
144
Sagadin 2000, pl. 1: 1-5; Sagadin 2001, 15 t. 15: 11-15,
sl. 15: 11-15; Boi 2005, 313.
145
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 t. 87: 31,33,34,49,50, sl.
87: 31,33,34,49,50.
146
Krempu 2000, 219 t. 48, Abb. 5: 48 na str. 222. Sve-
der je datiran le v as obstoja naselbine, to je od sredine 3. do
konca 6. stol. po Kr. Tudi Bitenc 2001b.
147
Cigleneki 1994, 7, t. 4: 7.
148
Cigleneki 1994a, Taf. 8: 11; Knific 2001.
149
Strmnik 1997, 281 t. 7, 8, t. 6: 7,8.
150
Petru, Petru 1978, 66, t. 21: 1,14.
151
Slapak 1997, 58, sl. 9: druga vrsta levo.
152
Le svedri z Limberka nad Veliko Rano so drugani,
vsaj nekateri izmed njih imajo like, najire nad sredino
svoje doline.
153
Manning 1985, 11-12; Pietsch 1983, 61.
154
Seznam najdb estil s slovenskih najdi v Murgelj
2000, 55-56.
155
Sagadin 2000, 205, pl. 1: 9; Sagadin 2001, 15 t. 15: 24,
sl. 15: 24; Boi 2005, 313.
156
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 t. 87: 58, sl. 87: 58.
157
Osmuk 1976, 82, 78 t. 29, t. 4: 7. estilo ima ploici
izboeno zaobljene trikotne oblike, kar je najblije estilu z Vo-
dic. Gaspari et al. 2000, 187 zakladno najdbo datirajo v 4. st.
158
Gaspari et al. 2000, 191-192 t. 11, 198, fig. 7: 11; Gaspari
2001, 58 t. 168; Boi 2005, 356.
159
Manning 1985, 1, fig. 1: 1 (nakovalo z Vodic povsem
ustreza njegovemu opisu italskega tipa nakoval); Gaitzsch 1978,
16, sl. na str. 4; Gaitzsch 1985, 179, Abb. 3 na str. 192: tip B,
seznam na str. 201.
160
Gaitzsch 1980, 341 t. 8, Taf. 2: 8, 365 t. 199, Taf.
43: 199a.
161
Popescu 1997, 267 t. 545; Iaroslavschi 1997, 71, pl. 29:
3. Nakovalo ni datirano.
162
Lawson 1978, 133-135, Abb. 1 (tu sta zamenjana tipa
1 in 2: v prvi vrsti je upodobljen tip 2 z oznako tip 1, v drugi
vrsti pa tip 1 z oznako tip 2!); Manning 1985, 63-66, fig. 16
(obstojei tipologiji je dodal e dva tipa); Junkelmann 1992,
88, Abb. 100.
163
Lawson 1978, 136; Manning 1985, 65; Junkelmann
1992, 88.
164
Dolenz 1998, 96-97 op. 404, Taf. 22: M244.
165
Na primer Mautern, zakladna najdba kovinskih pred-
metov, datirana v 3. st. (Groh, Sedlmayer 2006, 512-525, Taf.
264: 1699/42); Straubing, zakladna najdba kovinskih predmetov,
326 Veronika PFLAUM
Domnevamo lahko, da se je v tem asu verjetno uporabljal
tip 3 in da je tip 1 stareji.
166
Najdbe obuval kopit so tevilne, veinoma v severozahodnih
provincah imperija, to je v severni Galiji (lo naj bi za galsko
iznajdbo) in Britaniji, pa tudi v juni Galiji ter provincah ob
Renu in Donavi, zelo redke so v sredozemskem obmoju. Slika
razirjenosti odraa tudi stanje raziskav oziroma pozornost,
namenjeno tovrstnim predmetom.
167
elezna obuvala kopit, za katera se je v 19. st. uveljavil
angleki izraz hipposandals, so Rimljani imenovali solea ferrea.
O tem, kaj je bil njihov osnovni namen in kdo jih je v prvi vrsti
nosil, so bila izraena razlina mnenja.
168
Najverjetneje se zdi,
da je bil prvi namen obuval kopit varovanje kopit pred obrabo
in pokodbami na trdih tleh (skalnata tla, gru, prod, trd tlak).
Konice ali lebovi na spodnji strani podplata so dodatno varovali
ival pred zdrsom na spolzkih tleh, snegu in ledu.
169
Precej manj
verjetna je razlaga, da je lo za veterinarski pripomoek, ki je
na pokodovanem kopitu dral na mestu obvezo z morebitnimi
zdravili.
170
Uporaba eleznega obuvala v veterinarski praksi je
pri antinih avtorjih omenjena le enkrat, ob zdravljenju bolein
v kolku oziroma kolne ohromelosti konja. V elezno obuvalo so
obuli zdravo nogo ob bolni, da je bil konj nekoliko privzdignjen
in s tem bolna noga razbremenjena tee.
171
Obuvala kopit so bila namenjena predvsem vprenim in
tovornim ivalim, le izjemoma jezdnim, saj so omogoala le
okorno in poasno hojo. Med vprenimi in tovornimi ivalmi
so prevladovale mule, poleg volov in oslov ter redko konjev.
172

Obuvala kopit oziroma tako imenovane hiposandale so na kopito,
prej ovito z blagom, torej natikali predvsem mulam in oslom,
redko konjem, zato se pojavljajo v razlinih velikostih.
173
Govedu
so bila namenjena elezna obuvala drugane oblike, prilagojene
nogi z dvema prstoma in torej dvema loenima parkljema, ki
so ju zaradi gibljivosti loeno obuvali.
174
V Sloveniji so obuvala kopit znana tudi z drugih najdi,
objavljenih je na primer nekaj starih najdb tipa 1.
175
Podkvi
Podkvi z Vodic (sl. 16) sta enake oblike - tanki in iroki,
z rahlo privzdignjenim zunanjim robom in krakoma, ki se
enakomerno irita proti koncu, na krakih so po tiri luknje
za eblje. Oblika je v strokovni literaturi navadno imenovana
kot podkev s krakoma v obliki luninega krajca (nem. Hufeisen
mit Mondsichelruten) in je poleg podkev z valovitim zunanjim
robom (nem. Hufeisen mit Wellenrand) najpogosteje opredeljena
kot rimskodobna.
176
Dolgotrajna diskusija o tem, ali so Rimljani poznali podkve,
se do nedavnega e ni zdela reena, saj so se podkve vedno znova
pojavljale v oitno rimskih (in redkeje tudi predrimskih) plasteh
in sklopih najdb.
177
Konno je obstoj podkev v predrimski in
rimski dobi prepriljivo ovrgel Walter Drack.
178
Na podlagi iz-
kopavanj rimske in nad njo novodobne ceste v Oberwinterthuru
(Vitudurum) v vici je dokazal, da so podkve v rimske sloje
ceste zale pozneje, saj je bilo rimsko cestie v uporabi vse
v 18. st. (konjem so se noge pogrezale v nevzdrevano nasuto
cestie, pri emer so pogosto izgubili podkve, ki so pozneje
zaradi tee lahko potonile e globlje).
179
Podkve je zato opre-
delil tipoloko, na podlagi primerjav iz dobro datiranih sklopov
najdb z malih srednje- in novovekih gradov vice. Obe obliki
podkev, najpogosteje opredeljeni kot rimski, sta se pokazali
za tipino srednjeveki oziroma zgodnjenovoveki: podkve z
valovitim zunanjim robom so datirane v as od 10. do 13./14.
st., podkve s kraki v obliki luninega krajca pa v as od 13./14.
do 15./16. st. Podkve kot vrsta zaite kopit pa so se pojavile
v 10. ali najzgodneje 9. st.
180
Nesporni argumenti W. Dracka
predvsem zaradi tevilnosti vedno novih najdb podkev v tako
imenovanih rimskih plasteh vendarle niso prepriali vseh, zato
se pomisleki in dokazovanje nasprotnega nadaljujejo.
181
Na podlagi ugotovitev W. Dracka lahko podkvi z Vodic
okvirno postavimo v obdobje od 13./14. do 15./16. st.
Sornik
elezen zati (t. 4: 39) cilindrine oblike s ploato pravo-
kotno glavo je verjetno sornik tirikolesnega rimskega voza. Gre
za del voza, ki je bil navpino zasajen v sredino prednje osi, da
je omogoal loljivo povezavo in obraanje prednjega dela voza
(prednja os in oje) loeno od zadnjega dela (sora in zadnja os)
in nadvozja. Leseni deli voza okoli sornika so bili zaradi trenja in
obremenitev pogosto ojaani z eleznimi okovi raznih oblik.
182

zakopana najverjetneje v 3. st. (Keim, Klumbach 1951, 38 t.
56-62, Taf. 43: 56-62); Welzheim, zakladna najdba eleznih
predmetov, datirana v 1. polovico 3. st. (Mssle 1983, 374,
Taf. 208: 1-3); Weienburg, zakop zakladne najdbe je datiran
v leto 254 ali 233 (Kellner, Zahlhaas 1993, 124 t. 94, 146,
Taf. 107).
166
Za namig glede mone datacije obeh tipov obuval kopit
se zahvaljujem dr. Draganu Boiu.
167
Npr. Lawson 1978, 136, Abb. 2 na str. 135, Liste 1 na
str. 161-167; Junkelmann 1992, 88; Feugre, Thaur, Vienne
1992, 88-89 t. 171-179, z navedeno literaturo o novih najd-
bah v juni Galiji; Feugre, Tendille 1989, 152-153, fig. 109
(dopolnjen seznam in zemljevid najdi A. Lawson); Garbsch
1986, 78-79, seznam najdb iz Bavarske; Manning 1985, 63-66;
Ruprechtsberger 1975, 25-27, 36, Abb. 1 na str. 26, najdbe iz
Gornje Avstrije; Pll, Nicolussi, Oeggl 1998, 63, Abb. 12: 3;
Schaltenbrand Obrecht 1996, 156-157, 323 t. E 138-141, Taf.
44: 138-141; Mller 1982, 837, 168 t. 726, 727.
168
Razline razlage in razloge za ali proti natanno pred-
stavlja Junkelmann 1992, 89; tudi Lawson 1978, 133.
169
Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992, 89; Ruprechtsberger
1975, 26; Manning 1985, 63.
170
V zadnjem asu razlago dopuata na primer Dixon,
Southern 1992, 231, podnapis k fig. 82 na str. 231. Razlogi
proti: Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992, 89. Antini avtorji
omenjajo pri zdravljenju pokodb podobna obuvala (solea spartea),
narejena iz lajih materialov, ne eleza (Walker 1973, 322).
171
Walker 1973, 322-323.
172
Toynbee 1973, 152, 161-162, 175-176, 185, 191, 194-195.
173
Lawson 1978, 133; Junkelmann 1992, 90.
174
Brouquier-Redd 1991.
175
Mllner 1900, Taf. LVI: 18; Petru 1972, 130 t. 56-58,
t. XCI: 1-3; Horvat 1990, 289 t. 492, t. 24: 5; Mller 1982,
168 t. 726, 727.
176
Junkelmann 1992, 93-94, Abb. 103/spodaj.
177
V prid rimskim podkvam na primer Lawson 1978,
137-140, Abb. 3 na str. 138 (zemljevid razirjenosti), Liste 2
na str. 167-172 (obseen seznam); Ruprechtsberger 1975, 27-
35; Manning 1985, 63 op. 1; Garbsch 1986, 79, 82, dopua
dvom; neodloeno Dixon, Southern 1992, 232-233; gl. tudi
recenzijo njune knjige (Junkelmann 1993, 487); Mller 1982,
837-838, proti obstoju rimskih podkev; podrobna predstavitev
diskusije in argumenti proti rimskim podkvam pri Junkelmann
1992, 92-98.
178
Drack 1990.
179
Ib., 204-205.
180
Ib., 206-207.
181
Na primer Alfldy-Thomas 1993, 339-343, Taf. 548: G
43-45; 549: G 46-47; 550: G 48-50; neodloeno Hck 2003, 73
op. 480, z literaturo o nedavnih najdbah in diskusiji.
182
Garbsch 1986, 61-63; Venedikov 1960, 8-29, predvsem
10-11 t. 7, 22 t. 34, 78-79, tabl. 1; 2: 5; 4: 9-11; 10; 13: 40;
59; 76-79; Visy 1993, 279-283, Taf. 435: F 133-136; 436: F
138-139; 437: F 137,140-142.
Sorniku enak zati je bil vasih navpino zasajen tudi v zadnjo
os tirikolesnega voza in lesene dele nad njo, vendar je bil
navadno kraji, saj v nasprotju s sornikom na vrhu ni predrl
dna voza.
183
Zati enake oblike, vendar navadno nekoliko dalji
ali precej kraji (dolg 10-20 cm), je pri nekaterih vozovih leal
vodoravno pred prednjo osjo, kjer je povezoval lesene dele ob
ojesu,
184
ali na enakem mestu pred zadnjo osjo, kjer je pove-
zoval lesene dele ob sori (sl. 17).
185
Ker sta obe vrsti zatiev
zelo redki in navadno drugane doline, se zdi najverjetneje,
da gre pri zatiu z Vodic za sornik, eprav nespornega dokaza
ni. Pri dvokolesnih vozovih je bil na mestu sornika podoben
zati, vendar ne nujno okroglega preseka, saj vrtenje oziroma
obraanje okrog njega ni bilo potrebno.
186
Sorniki so bili debeli 2-4 cm in dolgi od 45 do 70 cm, vendar
so pogosto na koncu odlomljeni.
187
V celoti ohranjeni primerek
z Vodic je med daljimi, saj meri 62,3 cm. Luknja v ostenju
konca je bila namenjena razcepki.
Sornike rimskodobnih vozov je teko oje datirati, saj se
konstrukcija vozov v rimski dobi ni dosti spreminjala. Traanski
tumuli rimskega asa s tovrstnimi vozovi, ki jih je podrobno
raziskal in rekonstruiral Ivan Venedikov, so na primer datirani
od konca 2. do vkljuno prve polovice 4. st.
188
Gre za datacijo
nekega pogrebnega obiaja, ki pa seveda ne izkljuuje obstoja
vozov zunaj grobov v zgodnejem in poznejem asu. Dobro
ohranjen voz s sornikom in e dvema podobnima zatiema je
bil izkopan v rimski vili v Stabiah, zasuti ob izbruhu Vezuva
leta 79.
189
est tovrstnih kratkih zatiev in deset dolgih zati-
ev oziroma sornikov je bilo najdenih v sklopu alamanskega
plena, potopljenega v Renu pri Neupotzu najverjetneje v letih
277/8, v uporabi pa so bili domnevno v srednjih desetletjih
3. st.
190
Le en primerek iz Neupotza ima enako oblikovano
glavo kot sornik z Vodic, sicer so obiajne ploske okrogle ali
polkroglaste glave.
191
V Sloveniji so najdbe sornikom sorodnih zatiev omejene
na zakladne najdbe eleznih predmetov poznorimskega asa,
po sestavi podobne sklopu najdb z Vodic. Dva primerka sta v
zakladni najdbi z Limberka nad Veliko Rano, datirani v as
okrog leta 400.
192
Drugo
ilo z Vodic (t. 4: 40) sodi po obliki v skupino il, ki se s
asom niso spreminjala in so bila najpogosteja v pozni antiki.
Tovrstna ila se pojavljajo v grobovih, na naselbinskih najdiih
in v zakladnih najdbah. Razlikujejo se v masivnosti in so bila
glede na to razlino interpretirana kot gradbeni material, deli
pohitva, ognjila, pripomoki za bruenje noev oziroma kot
predmeti, katerih nain uporabe ni povsem znan.
193
elezen predmet koniaste oblike (sl. 18) med pregledanim
rimskodobnim gradivom nima popolne primerjave, spominja
pa na puine osti s trnom in konico kvadratnega preseka, ki
znotraj rimske cesarske dobe niso natanneje datirane.
194
POSKUS REKONSTRUKCIJE ZAKLADNE NAJDBE
(t. 1-4)
Predstavljeni sklop najdb z Vodic e na prvi pogled ne
predstavlja sklenjene celote, saj so vmes tudi srednje- ali
novoveki predmeti. Del najdb pa po sicer nezanesljivih po-
datkih hranitelja zbirke J. J. vajncerja skoraj gotovo sestavlja
zakladno najdbo orodja iz poznorimskega asa. Kateri pred-
meti so sestavljali zakladno najdbo, ni ve znano. Timoteju
Knificu iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije se zdi najverjetneja
celota sklop najdb,
195
ki mu jih je hranitelj ob prvem pogovoru
predstavil kot zakladno najdbo. Poleg orodij je sklop vseboval
nakovalo in tehtnico; oroja in obuval kopit ni bilo med njimi.
V seznamu zakladnih najdb orodja v Sloveniji je kot vsebina
najdbe z Vodic sicer natetih nekaj manj predmetov (dve tesli,
dvostrano teslo, kopaa, tiri sekire, rezilo za obdelavo lesa,
no), vendar ta podatek ni zanesljiveji, saj prav tako izvira
od hranitelja najdb.
196
Natanneji in verjetno zanesljiveji podatki o mestu in
okoliinah najdbe obstajajo le za me (sl. 3: 1) in ob njem v
prvotni legi najdena dela nonice - zakljuek nonice (sl. 3: 2;
4; 5) in zanka za obeanje (kat. t. 3).
197
Predmeti so leali v
zemlji v skalni razpoki na majhni vzpetini oziroma terasi juno
od travnikov Vodic desno od ceste, ko se zane vzpenjati z
Vodic proti Laniu (to je na robu antinega naselja). Me z
deloma nonice je bil najden sam, med okolikimi skalami pa
ve eleznih podkev, ostroga in rimski bronasti novci. Malo vie
od mesta najdbe mea je bilo najdenih ve eleznih sekir ... in
nekaj drugih predmetov. Omemba, ki se najverjetneje (sekire!)
nanaa prav na zakladno najdbo, dokazuje, da me ni bil njen
sestavni del.
Na podlagi opredelitve najdb lahko zaradi datacije v mlaji
as iz sestava zakladne najdbe e takoj izkljuimo podkvi (sl.
16) in verjetno sulino ost (sl. 8: 4) in kladivo (sl. 12: 25). Glede
na predstavljene podatke je treba izkljuiti e obuvala kopit (sl.
14; 15) in oroje (me z deloma nonice [sl. 3-5; kat. t. 3],
sulina ost [sl. 8: 5], ost [sl. 8: 6], plumbati [sl. 9]). Oroje se
tudi sicer v tovrstnih zakladnih najdbah v Sloveniji
198
pojavlja
izjemoma, in to drugane narave (na primer me in sulina
183
Miniero 1987, 189 t. 29, 191, fig. 18 na str. 190; Visy
1993, Abb. 12 na str. 292 in 293.
184
Mrv 2005, 37-48, 21 op. 1 - seznam literature o rekon-
strukcijah rimskih vozov; Venedikov 1960, 23 t. 41, tabl. 20:
33; 12: 37; 77-78 (zati je dolg 65 cm, ima polkroglasto glavo,
detajli niso vidni, omenjena je 4 mm iroka luknjica na koncu);
Miniero 1987, 183 t. 11, fig. 11 na str. 184 (zati je dolg 73
cm, ima polkroglasto glavo in sploen konec, v katerega je vdet
nesklenjen obro); Visy 1993, 281-282, Abb. 12/spodaj na str.
293, Taf. 431: F 124-129 (zatii so dolgi od 10 do 20 cm).
185
Visy 1993, Abb. 12/spodaj na str. 293.
186
Venedikov 1960, 30-31 t. 85, tabl. 23: 72; 80. tirirobi
zati dvokolesnega voza iz Teleca v Bolgariji se je proti koncu
oil v konico, ki je bila zapognjena.
187
Garbsch 1986, 61; Visy 1993, 280, 282-283; Manning
1985, 126, pl. 58: R6; Hbener 1973, 43, Taf. 15: 1,6,14,15.
188
Venedikov 1960, 99-109.
189
Miniero 1987, 171.
190
Visy 1993, 326-327.
191
Ib., 282, Taf. 436: F 138.
192
Bitenc, Knific 2001a, 32-33 t. 87: 29,38.
193
Pregledno o tovrstnih ilih, z literaturo, Klasinc 1999,
76-78, 24 t. 29, t. 4: 29; Murgelj 2000, 65-67, t. 12: 3,4.
194
Radman-Livaja 2004, 56, 128 t. 64-68, t. 17: 64-68, z
literaturo.
195
Za podatke o verjetnem sestavu zakladne najdbe in
nezanesljivosti podatkov o njej se zahvaljujem dr. Timoteju
Knificu, ki se je o predmetih z Vodic vekrat pogovarjal z
njihovim hraniteljem, Janezom J. vajncerjem, ter si jih spo-
sodil za dokumentiranje in strokovno obdelavo v Narodnem
muzeju Slovenije.
196
Gaspari et al. 2000, 187.
197
vajncer 2003.
198
Seznam zakladnih najdb orodja v Sloveniji z literaturo pri
Gaspari et al. 2000, 187-188, fig. 1. Nekatere, takrat e neobjav-
ljene, in nekatere e objavljene so bile pozneje predstavljene v
katalogu razstave Bitenc, Knific 2001, t. 14, 15, 87, 116, 117,
118, 140, 167, 168. Dopolnjen seznam zakladnih najdb, z novimi
najdbami in objavami, v Boi 2005, 356-357.
328 Veronika PFLAUM
ost vzhodnega izvora v zakladni najdbi z Limberka nad Veliko
Rano).
199
Obuvala kopit za zdaj iz zakladnih najdb s sloven-
skega ozemlja niso znana, prisotna pa so v nekaterih zakladnih
najdbah drugod, vendar ne pripadajo tipu 1.
200
Kateri noi (sl.
10), e sploh, so bili del zakladne najdbe, ni mogoe ugotoviti.
Navadni noi v zakladnih najdbah eleznega orodja iz Slovenije
niso znani, zato jih tudi iz sestava zakladne najdbe z Vodic
lahko z neko verjetnostjo izloimo. Precej vpraljiva oziroma
malo verjetna je tudi pripadnost koniastega predmeta (sl. 18)
zakladni najdbi, saj gre morda za oroje in nima primerjav v
zakladnih najdbah orodij.
Kot domnevni sestavni deli zakladne najdbe z Vodic (t. 1-4)
tako ostanejo tehtnica (t. 1: 15; sl. 11), tri bradve (t. 2: 16-18),
sekiri (t. 2: 19,20), tesli (t. 3: 21,22), dvostrano teslo (t. 3: 23),
kopaa (t. 3: 24), rezilo za obdelavo lesa (t. 3: 28), sveder (t.
3: 29), estilo (t. 4: 30), nakovalo (t. 4: 31), sornik (t. 4: 39)
in ilo (t. 4: 40). Bradve,
201
sekire, tesla,
202
kopae, rezila za
obdelavo lesa, liasti svedri, estila, sorniki, ila
203
in tehtnice
so bolj ali manj obiajni sestavni deli poznorimskih zakladnih
najdb orodij s slovenskih najdi.
204
Nakovalo v zakladni najdbi
orodja ne presenea, eprav drugega kovakega orodja ni v njej
in eprav so nakovala za zdaj v tovrstnih najdbah skoraj popolna
izjema.
205
Ker pa gre za tip nakovala, ki se je pojavil e zelo
zgodaj, v 1. st., ostaja dvom, ali je bilo nakovalo z Vodic res v
obravnavani poznorimski zakladni najdbi.
Zakladna najdba z Vodic v zgoraj opisanem domnevnem
sestavu vsebuje tipe predmetov, ki se v daljem asovnem
obdobju oblikovno niso dosti spreminjali (razen tehtnic) in
jih je zato le na podlagi oblike teko oje asovno opredeliti.
Kopae, estila in sornika znotraj rimske cesarske dobe ni
mogoe natanneje datirati, tip nakovala je znan e iz 1. st., ni
pa znano, kako dolgo se je ohranil, tip tehtnice je hipotetino
datiran v 3. st., naknadna popravila pa kaejo na uporabo e
v 4. st., sekiri se uvrata v as od 3. do 6. st., bradve v 3. in
morda 4. st., rezilo za obdelavo lesa v as od 3. do zaetka 5.
st., tesli, dvostrano teslo in sveder so poznorimski (4. in veji
del 5. st.), ilo bi bilo lahko poznoantino (4. do 6. st.). e na
podlagi drugih podatkov o najdiu (najdbe ne presegajo konca
4. st.) sklepamo, da so predmeti rimski in izkljuimo monost
datacije nekaterih predmetov (sekiri, ilo) v mlaji del pozne
antike (konec 5. in 6. st.), so najmlaji na podlagi oblike asovno
dololjivi predmeti poznorimski (tesli, dvostrano teslo, sveder).
Zakop zakladne najdbe tako lahko datiramo domnevno v 4. st.,
glede na tehtnico morda na konec 4. st.
Drugi predstavljeni rimskodobni predmeti z Vodic, ki ne sodijo
v domnevni sestav zakladne najdbe, so datirani podobno - ali
le iroko v rimsko cesarsko dobo (noi [sl. 10], obuvala kopit
[sl. 14; 15], koniast predmet [sl. 18]), ali nekoliko oje v as
od 3. do 5. st. (me z deloma nonice [sl. 3-5; kat. t. 3] v 3.
st., sulina ost [sl. 8: 5] v 3. in 4. st., ost [sl. 8: 6] v 4. in veji
del 5. st., plumbati [sl. 9] v 4. in 5. st.). Najdbe po eni strani
osvetljujejo podobo naselja, povezanega s cestno povezavo ez
Hruico in po njej potekajoim prometom (najdbe delov voza,
oprave tovornih ivali in orodja), po drugi strani (najdbe oroja)
pa kaejo na vkljuenost naselja v poznorimski zaporni sistem
Claustra Alpium Iuliarum z eno od dveh glavnih vojakih utrdb
prav na blinji Hruici (Ad Pirum).
Zahvala
lanek je nekoliko predelano in dopolnjeno poglavje moje
doktorske disertacije, ki je nastajala v letih od 2000 do 2004
v Narodnem muzeju Slovenije v okviru usposabljanja mlade
raziskovalke, financiranega s strani takratnega Ministrstva
za olstvo, znanost in port RS. Zahvaljujem se dr. Timoteju
Knificu (Narodni muzej Slovenije), da mi je omogoil obdelavo
sposojenega gradiva z Vodic in mi bil v praktino in strokovno
pomo. Za pogovor o najdbah, izrpne pripombe k besedilu in
napotke glede literature, zlati v zvezi s plumbatami, bradvami,
dvostranimi tesli, kopaami z rogljema in nakovali, se zahva-
ljujem dr. Draganu Boiu (Intitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU,
Ljubljana). Risbe predmetov so v svinniku izdelali Ida Murgelj
iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije (4, 10-12, 31, 37-39), zunanji
sodelavec NMS Uro Stikovski (1, 5-9, 13, 14, 16-30, 32-36, 40,
41) in Dragica Knific Lunder z Intituta za arheologijo (3, 15),
ki je tudi vse risbe v tuu pripravila za objavo. Table je oblikoval
Drago Valoh (Intitut za arheologijo), zemljevid Roman Hribar
(Narodni muzej Slovenije) in Drago Valoh, angleko besedilo
sta pregledala dr. Matej Accetto in dr. Agnes Pisanski Peterlin.
Vsem se zahvaljujem za njihov prispevek in pomo. Priprava
besedila lanka je bila konana spomladi leta 2006.
Veronika Pflaum
Vodovodna cesta 38c
SI-1000 Ljubljana
veronika.pflaum@gmail.com
199
Bitenc, Knific 2001a; o meu Pflaum 2000, 24 t. 97,
137-140, sl. 15, t. 15: 97.
200
Seznam poznorimskih zakladnih najdb, ki vsebujejo
obuvala kopit, pri Groh, Sedlmayer 2006, 518.
201
Seznam bradev v poznorimskih zakladnih najdbah orodja
iz Slovenije v Boi 2005, 313. Vse imajo podaljano elo, torej
se oblikovno razlikujejo od bradev z Vodic.
202
Dvostrano teslo v zakladnih najdbah iz Slovenije nima
primerjave.
203
Na primer Celje (Gaspari et al. 2000, fig. 7: 8).
204
Gl. zgoraj opredelitve posameznih predmetov.
205
V zakladnih najdbah iz Slovenije ni nakoval. Drugod je
bilo blokovno nakovalo drugane oblike najdeno na primer v
zakladni najdbi iz Boljetina v Srbiji, datirani v 4. st. (Popovi
1988, 146-147, t. 29: 5).
Pl. 1: Vodice near Kalce, the supposed hoard. Steelyard (15) (Fig. 11). Bronze, iron. Scale = 1:3.
T. 1: Vodice pri Kalcah, domnevna zakladna najdba. Tehtnica (15) (sl. 11). Bron, elezo. M. = 1:3.
330 Veronika PFLAUM Veronika PFLAUM
Pl. 2: Vodice near Kalce, the supposed hoard. Wide axes (16-18) and axes (19, 20). 16,19,20 iron, wood, 17,18 iron. Scale = 1:3.
T. 2: Vodice pri Kalcah, domnevna zakladna najdba. Bradve (16-18) in sekiri (19, 20). 16,19,20 elezo, les, 17,18 elezo. M. = 1:3.
331 The Supposed Late Roman Hoard of Tools and a Steelyard from Vodice near Kalce
Pl. 3: Vodice near Kalce, the supposed hoard. Adzes (21-23), hoe (24) and woodworking knife (28). Iron. Scale = 1:3.
T. 3: Vodice pri Kalcah, domnevna zakladna najdba. Tesla (21-23), kopaa (24) in rezilo za izdelavo lesenih predmetov (28).
elezo. M. = 1:3.
332 Veronika PFLAUM
Pl. 4: Vodice near Kalce, the supposed hoard. Gimlet (29), pair of compasses (30), anvil (31) (Fig. 13), bolt (39) and awl (40).
Iron. Scale 40 = 1:2; others = 1:3.
T. 4: Vodice pri Kalcah, domnevna zakladna najdba. Sveder (29), estilo (30), nakovalo (31) (sl. 13), sornik (39) in ilo (40).
elezo. M. 40 = 1:2; drugo = 1:3.

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285 The supposed Late Roman hoard of tools and a steelyard from Vodice near Kalce

The supposed Late Roman hoard of tools and a steelyard

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