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    Frog Embryo PDF

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    Frog Embryos

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    Frog Embryos

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    Frog Embryo PDF

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    Frog Embryos

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    The passage discusses the embryonic development process in frogs from fertilization through organ formation.

    The stages discussed are gamete formation, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and organ formation.

    Gastrulation is the process by which the blastula forms the gastrula through cell movements and rearrangements. It involves invagination at the dorsal lip leading to the formation of endoderm and mesoderm layers.

    F ro g E m b r yo l o gy 2

    Sirwan M. Mohammed Sirwan.mohammed@univsul.net

    Learning objectives
    By the end of this lecture students should be able to:

    Understand the concept of blastulation in frog embryo Know Frogs early and late gastrulation. Describe neurilation & fate map of frog embryo

    frog egg

    Gamete Formation

    frog sperm

    Fertilization

    Stages of Embryonic Development


    The blastula leads to the gastrula through gastrulation which involves cell divisions, cell migrations and cell rearrangements

    Cleavage

    Blastulation Gastrulation

    midsectional views Organ Formation

    top view

    side view

    Growth, Tissue Specialization

    Fertilized egg divides mitotically


    fluid filled cavity - blastocoel- begins to form

    Blastula - hollow ball of cells

    - has between 25 and 27 cells

    blastocoel

    The Blastula - Polarity


    Animal Pole Blastomeres

    Blastocoel

    Vegetal Pole

    Frog Blastula (section)


    ectoderm blastocoel

    mesoderm

    endoderm

    vegetal pole

    frog gastrulation mechanism

    Gastrulation begins when a small indented crease, 1 the dorsal lip of the blastopore, appears on one side of the blastula. The crease is formed by cells changing shape and pushing inward from the surface (invagination). Additional cells then roll inward over the dorsal lip (involution) and move into the interior, where they will form endoderm and mesoderm. Meanwhile, cells of the animal pole, the future ectoderm, change shape and begin spreading over the outer surface. The blastopore lip grows on both sides of the 2 embryo, as more cells invaginate. When the sides of the lip meet, the blastopore forms a circle that becomes smaller as ectoderm spreads downward over the surface. Internally, continued involution expands the endoderm and mesoderm, and the archenteron begins to form; as a result, the blastocoel becomes smaller.
    3 Late in gastrulation, the endoderm-lined archenteron

    SURFACE VIEW Animal pole

    CROSS SECTION Blastocoel

    Dorsal lip Vegetal pole of blastopore Blastula Blastocoel shrinking

    Dorsal lip of blastopore

    Archenteron

    has completely replaced the blastocoel and the three germ layers are in place. The circular blastopore surrounds a plug of yolk-filled cells.
    Key
    Future ectoderm Future mesoderm Future endoderm

    Blastocoel remnant

    Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

    Yolk plug

    Yolk plug

    Gastrula

    Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    The developmental fate of cells depends on their history and on inductive signals

    Coupled with morphogenetic changes, development requires timely differentiation of cells at specific locations Two general principles cause differentiation:
    early cleavage divisions, embryonic cells must become different from one another After cell asymmetries are set up, interactions among embryonic cells influence their fate, usually causing changes in gene expression
    During

    Organ stages of development occur after tissue stages

    Newly formed mesoderm cells lie along main longitudinal axis of animal and combine to form a presumptive notochord Formation of the neural tube

    Thickening of cells, neural plate, appears along the dorsal surface of the embryo Neural folds develop on either side of neural groove Coelom appears and neural tube is complete

    At this point, the embryo is called a neurula

    Anterior end of the neural tube develops into the brain, and the rest becomes the spinal cord

    LE 47-14a
    Neural folds

    Early in vertebrate organogenesis, the notochord forms from mesoderm, and the neural plate forms from ectoderm

    LM Neural fold

    1 mm Neural plate

    Notochord Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Archenteron Neural plate formation

    Neural fold

    Neural plate

    The neural plate soon curves inward, forming the neural tube

    Neural crest

    Outer layer of ectoderm Neural crest

    Neural tube Formation of the neural tube

    Development of neural tube and coelom in a frog embryo

    Eye

    Somites

    Tail bud

    Mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms blocks called somites Lateral to the somites, the mesoderm splits to form the coelom

    SEM

    Neural tube

    1 mm

    Notochord Coelom

    Neural crest
    Somite

    Archenteron (digestive cavity) Somites

    Classic studies using frogs

    Gave indications that the lineage of cells making up the three germ layers created by gastrulation is traceable to cells in the blastula

    Epidermis Epidermis Central nervous system Notochord Mesoderm

    Figure

    Neural tube stage (transverse section) (a) Fate map of a frog embryo. The fates of groups of cells in a frog blastula (left) were determined in part by marking different regions of the blastula surface with nontoxic dyes of various colors. The embryos were sectioned at later stages of development, such as 47.23a the neural tube stage shown on the right, and the locations of the dyed cells determined. Blastula

    Endoderm

    Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Later studies developed techniques


    That marked an individual blastomere during cleavage and then followed it through development

    (b) Cell lineage analysis in a tunicate. In lineage analysis, an individual cell is injected with a dye during cleavage, as indicated in the drawings of 64-cell embryos of a tunicate, an invertebrate chordate. The dark regions in the light micrographs of larvae correspond to the cells that developed from the two different blastomeres indicated in the drawings.
    Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Derivatives of 3 Germ layers in adult vertebrates

    ECTODERM Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (including sweat glands, hair follicles) Epithelial lining of mouth and rectum Sense receptors in epidermis Cornea and lens of eye Nervous system Adrenal medulla Tooth enamel Epithelium or pineal and pituitary glands

    MESODERM Notochord Skeletal system Muscular system Muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc. Excretory system Circulatory and lymphatic systems Reproductive system (except germ cells) Dermis of skin Lining of body cavity Adrenal cortex

    ENDODERM Epithelial lining of digestive tract Epithelial lining of respiratory system Lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system Liver Pancreas Thymus Thyroid and parathyroid glands

    Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    References

    Campbell, N.A. and Reece,J.B.(2005)Biology.7th edition.Pearson Education,Inc.


    Hickman C. P, L.S. Roberts, A.Larson ,H.I'Anson.(2004)Integrated principles of zoology,12th edition,McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Chapter7&8 Slack, J.M.W.(2006)Essential developmental biology.Blackwell Publishing Ltd,Second edition,Chap 7 Mader,S.S,(2009) . Concepts of Biology,McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,Chapter35

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