Mukavemet Formülleri

Department of Civil Engineering
CIV E 205 Mechanics of Solids II
Instructor: Tarek Hegazi
Email: tarek@uwaterloo.ca
Course Notes
University of Waterloo
Civil Engineering
CIV. E. 205 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II

Instructor: Lectures: Dr. Tarek Hegazy, Ext: 32174, CPH 2369C, E-mail: tarek@uwaterloo.ca MWF 9:30 - CPH 3385, Turotials; Wednesdays 2:30-5:30
Course Site: http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/205-2007.html Suggested Textbook: - Hibbeler, 2005 Mechanics of Materials, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall. - Course Notes Download Tentative Course Material: 1. Internal loadings on beams and frames 2. Stresses on beams and frames 3. Stress/strain transformation 4. Mohrs circle for stress and strain 5. Strain Rosettes 6. Generalized Hookes law 7. Theories of failure 8. Deflection using integration method 9. Moment - Area Method 10. Strain Energy 11. Virtual Work 12. Statically indeterminate beams and frames 13. Castiglianos Theorem 14. Buckling 15. Influence Lines Marking: Tutorial Exercises: 10% Checked at the end of tutorials 4 Quizzes @ 10%: 40% Held on dates announced in class Final Examination: 50% Bridge Competition: Bonus Notes: - Each week, a number of suggested problems will be given to serve as background study for the quizzes. Solutions are not to be handed in. - Teaching Assistants will provide one-to-one help and will prepare you for quizzes. - Course notes, solutions to suggested problems, and solutions to quizzes will be posted on the course web site.
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Mechanics of Materials II
Table of Contents
Page 4 7 13 17 19 26 28 31 34 37 44 47 50 51 52
Basic Concepts 1. Internal loadings on beams and frames 2. Stresses on beams and frames 3. Stress/strain transformation 4. Mohrs circle for stress and strain 5. Strain Rosettes 6. Generalized Hookes law 7. Theories of failure 8. Deflection using integration method 9. Moment Area Method 10. Strain Energy Method 11. Virtual Work Method 12. Statically indeterminate beams and frames 13. Castiglianos Theorem 14. Buckling 15. Influence Lines
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Mechanics of Materials
Objectives: Solve Problems in a structured systematic manner; Study the behavior of bodies that are considered deformable under different loading conditions; & Analyze and design various machines / systems Basic Concepts a) Equilibrium of a system subjected to Forces
1. X+ components of all forces = 0 2. + Y components of all forces = 0 3. M (moment at any point) = 0 + (i.e., Resultant of all forces on the system = 0) Three Equilibrium Conditions:
b)
Types of Supports
Supports exert reactions in the direction in which they restrain movement.
Roller Support (restricts in one direction only and allows rotation)
Rubber
Hinged or Pinned Support (restricts in two ways and allows rotation)
Fixed Support (restricts in two directions and also restricts rotation)
Intermediate Pin or Hinge (Gives one extra condition)
Gives extra condition
M Right = 0 M Left = 0
Force in direction of member
Examples:
_____________
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______
_______________ _______ 4
__________
___________
c)
Structural Representation of Real Systems
d)
-
Stability & Determinacy of Structures

A stable structure can resist a general force immediately at the moment of applying the force.
Unstable
Does not return to original shape if load is released
Stable
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A statically determinate structure is when the reactions can be determined using equilibrium equations.
1. Beams: r = unknown support reactions. c = additional conditions
if if if
r<c+3 r=c+3 r>c+3
Unstable Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate
r = 3 (two at hinge + one at roller) c = 2 (two intermediate hinges), then, r < c + 3 Unstable
r = 5 (four at hinges + one at roller) c = 2 (two intermediate hinges), then, r = c + 3 Stable & Statically Determinate
r = _______ c = _______ r = _______, then____________________ r = 4 (three at fixed end + one at roller) c = 0, then r > c + 3 Stable & Statically Indeterminate
2. Frames: j = No. of joints m = No. of membrs r = unknown support reactions c = special conditions
if 3m + r < 3j + c if 3m + r = 3j + c if 3m + r > 3j + c
j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3 Then, Stable & Statically determinate
3. Trusses: j = No. of joints m = No. of membrs r = unknown support reactions
if m + r < 2j if m + r = 2j if m + r > 2j
j = 8; m = 12; r = 3 Then, m + 3 = 15 < 2j, or Unstable
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1. Internal Loadings on Beams & Frames
Step 1: Get Support Reactions (Load on the Whole structure is carried by the supports)
Sign Convention for Equilibrium: Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M = 0 + = + =
Any point
Considering the whole structure
Step 2: Get Internal Forces at various points (Load to the left side of point = Loads to the write side of point)
Sign Convention for Internal Forces:
+ ive
B.M.D. S.F.D. N.F.D
Important Note:
a L/2 P/2 PL/4
b L/2 P/2
A section at point b shows that the internal bending moment (from each side separately) has a positive sign. Yet, it is in equilibrium from both sides.
Important Rule: To get the internal forces (B.M. & S.F.) we always calculate from one side.
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Internal Forces: B.M.D., S.F.D., & N.F.D.

Reactions: 1. Check stability of the structure. 2. Assume directions for the reactions and apply Equilibrium equations at any points, considering the whole structure (i.e., both sides around any point). 3. Get reactions with correct directions. Check the equilibrium of a new point to make sure reactions are OK. B.M.D.: 4. Identify points of change in load or shape. 5. Calculate the moment at each point, considering only one side of the structure and the sign convention. i.e., Left of point a, B.M. = 0; Right of point c, B.M. = 0; and Either left or right of point b, B.M. = + P. L / 4 6. Draw the B.M.D. using the values calculated in step 5, then connect these values.
B.M.D. P
L/2 P/2
P
L/2 P/2
a b P/2 +PL/4 0
P/2
7. Check if the B.M.D. is logical. S.F.D. and N.F.D.: 8. Start from the left of the structure and draw the total values to the left of each point, following the load changes and the sign convention.
+P/2 S.F.D. -P/2
Rules:
Free end
1.
B.M. at free end = 0
End Pin
2.
Any support has B.M. on top of it, unless it is an end pin, end roller, or an intermediate pin.
2 The B.M. at the middle of a UDL is +wL /8.
WL2/8 Ma Mb
3.
W L
Special case: simple beam
4.
Any connection has same B.M. (value and sign) at its two sides. +M +M
Connection is in equilibrium
5.
Shear curve is one higher degree than load curve.
6.
Moment curve is one higher degree than shear curve.
7.
Moment is maximum at the point where shear = 0.
8.
Between any two points: Area under load = difference in shear Area under shear = difference in moment Slope of shear curve = - (load trend) Slope of moment curve = shear trend
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Examples:
2 KN / m 2m 1 2m 3 P
2 KN/m
4m
3 4
6m
w KN/m
P/2 +PL/4
P/2 P
w KN/m
P 2 KN
2 KN/m
P/2
P/2 P
w KN/m
3
2m
6.67
6m
7.33
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Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.
+ ive
Solved examples 6-1 to 6-6 Note on simple beam with distributed load:
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Graphical Approach: Stability & Determinacy - Reactions N, V, & M Relations Draw Diagrams
Examples on Page 10
Rules: 1- Shear curve is one degree above load curve 2- Moment curve is one degree above shear curve 3- Moment is maximum at point with shear = 0 4- Between any two points: (look at table) Area under load = difference in shear Area under shear = difference in moment Slope of shear curve = - (load trend) Slope of moment curve = shear trend
Solved examples 6-7 to 6-13
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Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.

From point a to point b:
a b
+ ive
Load curve = Shear curve = Moment curve = Area under load = Area of shear = = difference in moment = = difference in shear =
Shear at point of max. Moment = Max. moment can be calculated from shear diagram = = Slope of shear curve = Slope of moment curve =
From point a to point b:

a b
Load curve = Shear curve = Moment curve = Area under load = = difference in shear =
Area of shear = = difference in moment =
Shear at point of max. Moment = Max. moment can be calculated from shear diagram = =
Slope of shear curve = Slope of moment curve =
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2. Stresses on Beams and Frames Forces and their effects at different points:
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
Rotation (Couple)
Types of Forces on a Cross-Section:
M M P Bending Moment = Couple Normal to Plane
Axial Force = Perpendicular to X-Section
Direct Shear = Force in the X-Section Plane
Torsion = Couple in the X-Section Plane
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Types of Forces:
Axial Moment Direct Shear Torsion
M P M
Normal Stresses
Shear Stresses
Stresses
A Q = A . Y
In narrow rectangular beams,
max
= 1.5 V / A
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Example: Determine the forces at section A

z 8
Note: When the structural system is:__________, then the free end is a good starting point for the analysis.
10 A 800 lb
800 lb 14
T=800x14
Mx=800x10
A Mz=500x14
500 lb 10 A 800 lb T=800x14
500 lb
Equilibrium equations for each segment:
Mz=500x14
500 lb
Mx=0, My=0, Mz=0 Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0
800 lb 14
500 lb
Example: Determine the internal stresses at points A, B, C, & D
C VQ / It = 0.5 MPa D A
V = 3 KN T = 3 KN My = 10.5 KN.m
C B My = 10.5 lb .in
C B T.c / J = 15.3 MPa D A D M. x / I = 107 MPa C
B D A
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Example: Calculate normal stresses at section d and also at the section just below c. First, we get the reactions.
Solved Problems 6-14 to 6-20, 7-1 to 7-3, 8-4 to 8-6
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3. Transformation of Stresses
- Member under tension only (P) in one direction, i.e., a normal stress. But, lets consider an inclined plane.
= (P Cos ) / (A / Cos ) or
Very important conclusions: - Under tension only, shear is automatically present at various planes. - The plane of maximum shear is when Sin 2 = max or when = 45. - Maximum shear = x /2 = P / 2A - It is important to study stress transformation and shear failure.
= x Cos2 = x Sin 2
- Member under two dimensional stresses.
Positive Signes y y
xy
x x
Questions: Is this the maximum stress? If not, then What is the value of max. normal stress & its orientation? and What is the value of maximum shear stress & its orientation?
y' y
xy
x
x'
General Equations:
75 MPa Example: For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise. x = +30 MPa ; y = -75 MPa ; xy = +60 MPa ; = + 40 Applying the above equations, we get: x = +45.7 MPa ; y = -90.7 MPa ; xy = -41.3 MPa Solved Examples 9-2 to 9-6
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60 MPa 30 MPa y'

90.7 41.3 45.7 40
x'
17
Important Observations: 1. x + y = x + y = Constant Sum of normal stress is constant (90 degrees apart) for any orientation.
2. The plane in which shear stress
xy =
0 is when: =0
or tan 2 = 2 xy / (x
- y)
or at 1 , 2 having 90 degrees apart. These are called principal planes.
3.
x becomes maximum when dx / d
= 0, or when differentiating the following equation:
we get, tan 2 p = 2 xy / (x - y) or, exactly at the principal planes, which has shear stress = 0. The value of the principal normal stresses are:
max, min = x + y
2 4. Since
(x -2 y)
2xy x
is maximum but y is minimum.
x + y
= constant, then, at the principal planes,
5.
xy is maximum when
planes, d / d = 0, or when:
tan 2 s = - (x
- y) / 2 xy (x - y)
2
2
and the value of maximum shear stress
xy is:
xy
max =
2xy
.
6. Similar to single stress situation, maximum is when d / d = 0, or when: =
Example: Check rule 1 for the example in previous page. In the general equations, even if the original a value as a function of normal stresses.
xy
on the element = 0, then still the shear at any plane (xy)has
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Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at point H.
Forces at the section:
Stresses at Point H:
Principal stresses:
4. Circular representation of plane stresses (Mohrs Circle):

Given a state of stress, with
and y having 90 degrees apart.
y y
Step 1: Lets plot the two points X and Y. Y
xy
x x y
xy
X x
0
xy
? ?
x
xy
X
Step 2: Draw a circle from the center to pass by points X and Y. Determine max , min , p , max , s Notice that Shear stress is positive in the bottom half of the circle.
?
y Y
xy
X x
?
0
? ?
X
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Solved Examples 9-7 to 9-13 19

Example: For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise.
75 MPa 60 MPa 30 MPa
X
75
80o 30
-75
2 1
60
Y X 30
Y
From the figure:
Average stress = Center of circle = (30 75)/2 = -22.5 , R = sqrt (52.52 + 602) = 79.7 o tan 1 = 60 / 52.5, then 1 = 48.8 and 2 = 80 - 1 = 31.2o Then, points X and Y have the following coordinates: x = -22.5 + R cos 2 = -22.5 + 79.9 * 0.855 = +45.7 MPa y = -22.5 R cos 2 = -90.7 MPa ; Principal stress values:
xy = R sin 2
= -41.3 MPa
max, min =
Average R
= -22.5 79.7 =
57.2, - 102.2
Example: For the given state of stress, determine: a) principal planes; and b) principal stresses. Analytically:
60 MPa 25 MPa 40 MPa
x = -40 MPa; y = +60 MPa ; xy = +25 MPa tan 2p = 2 xy / (x - y) = 2 x 25 / (-40 -60) = -0.5
or at p1 = -13.28; p2 = 76.7
y max, min = Average R = x + 2

Graphically: Two points X & Y Center = R =
(x -2 y)
2xy
= 10 55.9 MPa
65.9
x Y Average R Y
13.28 45.9 13.28
max, min =
2
65.9
60
25
Y X
45.9
40
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3-Dimensional stress systems: (Absolute maximum shear stress) Assume 1 > 2 > 3 are principal normal stresses ( no shear), then lets draw Mohrs circle.
max
2
1 3
Note : Even if 3 = 0, 3-D stress analysis becomes essential. Case 1: both 1 and 2 are positive Then, max = 1 / 2 Case 2: both 1 and 2 are negative Then, max = 2 / 2
max
max
Case 3: 1 and 2 have opposite signs Then, max = (1 - 1) / 2
max
Examples
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Transformation of Plain Strain

- A structure should be designed so that its material and cross sectional dimensions can resist the maximum normal and shear stresses imposed on it. Equally important also that the structure does not deform much under the load, i.e., the ability to resist strains is crucial to the serviceability of structures. - Normal Strain (due to axial load + bending moment) and Shear Strain (due to transverse shear + torsion).
Normal Strain
Shear Strain
=
+ +
Strain = = Unitless = L / L Questions: Is this the maximum strain? If not, then
Positive Signs
(elongation and angle)
What is the value of maximum normal strain and the plane in which it exists? and What is the value of maximum shear strain and the plane in which it exists? - General equations for strains on a plane at angle for a member under two dimensional strain. Notice that all equations look the same as those of stress transformation, except that xy is resembled by General Equations: Given the three constants Normal strain at any angle : Shear strain at any angle : , , then, :
Principal (Normal) Strain: Orientation: Max. Value:
Shear strain at this plane: Zero Maximum Shear Strain: Orientation: Max. Value:
Normal strain at this plane: Solved Problems 10-1 to 10-8

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- Strains before and after transformation: Positive Strains at = 0 Positive Strains at positive angle Negative Strains at negative angle
Important Observations: 1. x
+ y = x + y
= Constant (90 degrees apart) for any orientation.
2. The plane in which shear strain
xy / 2 =
0 is when: =0
or tan 2 = xy / (x 3.
- y)
or at 1 , 2 having 90 degrees apart. These are called principal planes. = 0, or when differentiating the following equation:
x becomes maximum when dx / d
we get,
tan 2 p = xy / (x
- y)
or, exactly at the principal planes, which has shear strain = 0. tan 2 s = - (x
4.
xy is maximum when d / d
= 0, or when:
- y) / xy
5. Similar to single stress situation s = 45o from p. 6. Mohrs circle of strain: (Shear strain is positive in the bottom half of the circle)
Y Y
2 p
/2 min ? , max ? , max ? , p ? , s?

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Example: Given x = -200 x10-6, y = 1000 x10-6, xy = 900 x10-6. Find the strains associated with xy axes inclined at 30 degrees clockwise. Find principal strains and the maximum shear strain along with the orientation of elements. Y Solution First, we sketch the element with the given strains, as follows. Then, we define two points X and Y to draw Mohrs circle. X Shorter in X Longer in Y +ive shear strain.
R = Sqrt (60^2 + 450^2) = 750
Y
R=750 -200 2 p 400 450
Principal Strains:
600 1000
x10-6
max , min = 400 750 = 1150 x10-6 , xy at principal planes = 0

2p= tan (450 / 600) = 36.8
-1 o
-350 x10
-6
Max Shear Strains: X
max / 2 = R = 750 x10-6 x = y at Max shear plane =

2s = 36.8 + 90 = 126.8
o o
400 x10
-6
/2 x10-6
= 60 - 36.8 = 23.2 Then
Y X
R=750
x = 400 - R Cos = 400 750 x Cos 23.2 = -290 x10-6 x/ 2 = R Sin = 750 Sin 23.2 = 295 x10-6 y = 400 + R Cos = 400 + 750 x Cos 23.2 = 1090 x10-6 y/ 2 = -R Sin = -750 Sin 23.2 = -295 x10-6
X
36.8 400
o
R=750
x10-6
Y
/2 x10-6
At 30 o Clockwise Y + =30o At Principal Planes At Maximum Shear Plane Y + X p=18.4o Shorter in X Longer in Y No Shear strain 24 + s=18.4+ 45o X Longer in X Longer in Y -ive shear strain
Shorter in X Longer in Y -ive shear strain (clockwise rotation)

Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Absolute maximum shear strain Assume
>
>
are principal normal strains (no shear), then lets draw Mohrs circle. Note: Even if 3 = 0, 3-D analysis is essential. Case 1: both 1 and 2 are positive Then,
-/2
-max/2
-/2
max/2 = 1 / 2 -max/2
2 max/2
= (max -
min) / 2
Case 2: both 1 and 2 are negative Then,
Case 3: 1 and 2 have opposite signs Then,
max/2 = 2 / 2 -max/2 -/2
max/2
= (1 - 2) / 2
-/2 max/2
Solved Examples: 10-1 to 10-7
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5. Strain Measurements Using Strain Rosettes

o o - 45 strain rosette versus 60 strain rosette - Cemented on surface - Its electrical resistance changes when wires are stretched or compressed with the material being studied - Resistance changes are measured and interpreted as changes in deformation Readings: a, b, c - Three values to get the state of strain at the point At: a=0, b=45, c=90 - Automated condition assessment of bridges Unknowns: x, y, xy - Check the strains on older structures
Readings:
At:
a, b, c a=0, b=60, c=120 x, y, xy
Unknowns:
Applying into the general equation:
Applying into the general equation:
or
x = x cos2
y Sin2
xy cos . Sin
x = a y = c xy= 2b (a + c)
x = a y = (2b + 2c - a) / 3 xy= 2(b c) / Sqrt(3)
Substitute into either equation 3 times using a, b, c to get the unknowns
x, y, xy at the measurement point.

b c a
Example: Using the strain rosette shown, the measured values at each stain gauge is as follows:
a = 8 x 10-4 , b = -6 x 10-4, c = -4 x 10-4

Determine the principal strains at the point. Solution Using Equations: a = 90, b = 135, c = 180 Applying into the general strain transformation equation:
-/2 x10A
R=10 16/2
a = 8 x 10-4 = x cos2 90 + y Sin2 90 + xy cos 90 . Sin 90 b = -6 x 10-4 = x cos2 135 + y Sin2 135 + xy cos 135 . Sin 135 c = -4 x 10-4 = x cos2 180 + y Sin2 180 + xy cos 180 . Sin 180
Then:
-4 2 16/2 8
x10-4
y = a = 8 x 10-4 ; x = c = -4 x 10-4 ; xy /2
C
= 16 x 10-4
Using Mohrs circle, we determine principal strains:
1 = 12 x 10-4
2 = -8 x 10-4
A B
2p R 8 -6 2 R 2p 6 8 d=?
Solution Using Only Mohrs Circle: Directions (a) and (c) are 90 degrees apart This means that the center of the circle is the Average strain = (a + c) / 2 = (8 x 10-4 - 4 x 10-4) /2 = 2 x 10-4 From the two triangles shown, d = _____, Then, R = Sqrt( d2 + 62) = _________ As such,
x10-4
1 = 2 + R = 12 x 10-4
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2 = 2 R = -8 x 10-4
26
/2 x10-4
Example:
Solution: Strategy: We draw a Mohrs circle for strain and on it will find the strains at the orientations of the strain gauges (45o apart).
Y + X
? ?
Longer in X Shorter in Y +ive shear strain. ?
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6. Relationship between Stress & Strain (Generalized Hookes Law)

- A stress in one direction causes elongation in its direction and shortening in the other two depending on the materials Poissons ratio ().
Generalized Hookes law
x = x / E y = - . x / E z = - . x / E
x = - . y / E y = y / E z = - . y / E
x = y = z =
- Assumptions: (1) has not correlation with x and y; (2) x and y have no relation with xy ; (3) principal strains occur in directions parallel to principal stresses.
-General Equations:
E.x = x - (y + z); E.y = y - (x + z); E.z = z - (x + y);
G. xy = xy G. yz = yz G. zx = zx
- Relationship between E, , G:
Lets consider the case of pure torsion, i.e., x = 0 and for both stress and strains.
y = 0,
Lets draw Mohrs circles
max
max
xy/2 X
Principal stresses are: 1 = xy ;
2 = - xy
Principal strains are: 1 = xy/2 ;
2 = - xy/2
Now, lets apply Hooks Equation, as follows: E.1 = 1 - (2) ; then E.1 = E. xy/2 = xy - (- xy) = Then
xy . (1 + ) = G. xy . (1 + )
G = E / 2 (1 + )
,
K = E / 3 (1 - 2 )
and K = E
Bulk Modulus
Note: Since most engineering materials has = 1/3, then G = 3/8 E

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Example:
Notice the difference between Mohrs circles for stress & strain
Example:
Example:
Example:
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Example
Solution Approach: Since we are given the forces, lets calculate the Stresses at point P, then, convert these stresses into strains.
Forces on Section at P.
Forces at end of beam.
Stresses at Point P:
Normal stresses
Shear Stresses
Strains at Point P:
Solved Problems 10-9 to 10-11

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7. Theories of Failure
Ductile Material (Yield Failure) All theories deal with PRINCIPAL STRESSES Brittle Material (Fracture Failure)
Max. normal stress (Rankins Theory) Max. shear stress (Tresca Criterion) Max. Energy of Distortion (Von Mises Criterion) Other: Max. principal strain (St. Venant)
Max. normal stress (Rankins Theory) 2 Principal stresses 1 Failure when: | 1| > y / F.S. | 2| > y / F.S. or
Max. shear stress (Tresca Criterion)
A specimen under tension reached maximum stress y, then, the maximum shear that the material can resist is y /2 from Mohrs Circle.
Then, failure is when
> y / (2 * F.S.)
Absolute max. shear (3-D analysis)
Energy of Distortion (Von Mises Criterion) To be safe, Ud on element
< Ud yield
U = .
For the 3-D stress Case: 1 [(1 2)2 + (2 3)2 + (3 1)2 ] 12G or Simply,
<
2 2yield 12G
(1 2)2 + (2 3)2 + (3 1)2
< 2 2yield
For the 2-D stress Case: (3 = 0) (12 1 2 + 22)

Dr. Tarek Hegazy
<
31
2yield
Other: Max. principal strain (St. Venant) Using Hookes law
Rarely used
max = [1 (2 + 3)] / E
<
yield / E
Fracture of Brittle Materials Brittle materials are relatively weak in Tension. Failure criterion is Maximum Principal Tensile Stress. Under Tensile force, failure is due to tension. Under Torsion, failure is still due to tension at an angle.
Element is safe when:
Example: Twist of a piece of chalk.
Solved Examples 10-12 to 10-14
Example: A steel shaft (45 mm in diameter) is exposed to a tensile yield strength = yield = 250 MPa. Determine P at which yield occurs using Von Mises and Tresca critera. Solution 1) Principal Stresses x = P / A = P / (0.0225)
2
T = 1.7 KN.m P?
4
xy = T.c / J = 1.7 x (0.0225) / (0.0225) = 95.01 Mohr's circle: Center = x / 2 R = [(x/2) 2 + xy2] 1 = x / 2 + R; 2 = x / 2 - R
95.01
2) Using Von Mises

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32
12 + 12 + 22 = yield 2 (x / 2 + R)2 + (x / 2 + R) (x / 2 - R) + (x / 2 - R)2 = yield2 (x/2)2 + 3 R2 = yield2 , x2 + 3 xy2 = yield 2 , substituting with R, substituting with x & xy,
[P / (0.0225)2] 2 + 3 x (95.01) 2 = yield 2 = 2502 then, P = 299.3 KN 3) Using TRESCA 1 and 2 have opposite signs, then max (3-D) = |1 - 2 | / 2 , which reaches failure of yield = yield / 2 |(x/2 + R) - (x/2 - R)| / 2 = yield / 2 then, R = yield / 2 , substituting with R and squaring both sides, substituting with x & xy,
(x/2)2 + xy2 = ( yield / 2) 2 , [P /2 (0.0225)2] 2 + (95.01) 2 = 1252 then, P = 258.4 KN
Notice the force P under TRESCA (focuses on Shear) is smaller than Von Mises
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
33
8. Deflection Using the Integration Method

Beams and shafts deflect under load. For serviceability, we need to make sure deflection is within allowable values. Also, the shape of the beam under the load (elastic curve) needs to be studied.
Terminology: EI = Flexture rigidity or Bending Stiffness R = Radius of Curvature 1/R = Curvature Hookes Law: 1/R = M / EI The elastic curve: Rd = ds dx or 1/R = d/dx
d R y ds +d
Also, d/dx = tan Differentiating both sides, then d2/dx2 = d/dx Accordingly, Notes: Integration of (M/EI) determines the slope of the elastic curve: 1 R = M EI = d dx = d2 dx2
ds dx
Double integration of M/EI determines the deflection:
Recall relationships between load, shear, and bending moment. Now, we can expand it to: EI d2/dx2 = M(x); EI d3/dx3 = V(x); EI d4/dx4 = -W(x)
Determining the integration constants C1 and C2: Substituting at points of known deflection and/or slope, we can determine the constants of integration.
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
34
Shape of Elastic Curve:
inflection point at location where moment=0
Calculating Slope & Displacement by Integration: Step-by-Step M= 0 + 2. Get equation of B.M. at each beam segment with change in load or shape 1. Get beam reactions: 3. Integrate the moment once to get the slope X = 0, + + Y = 0,
4. Integrate the moment a second time to get the deflection (elastic curve)
5. Substitute at points of special conditions (boundary conditions) to get the constants C1 & C2 6. Rewrite the slope and deflection equations using the constants 7. Put slope = 0 to determine the location (x) that has maximum deflection
Example: For the part AB, determine the equation of the elastic curve and maximum deflection if: I = 301x106 mm4, E=200 GPa, P=250 KN, a = 1.2 m, L = 5 m. P
Ya
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Yb
35
Solution 1. Reactions: Ma =0 + Yb . L - P . (L + a) = 0 or Yb = P (1 + a/L) + Y = 0 , then Ya + Yb P = 0 or Ya = - P. a/L P.a/L P(1 +a/L) P
2. Bending moment equations: Mx Fx x 0 to L V V Mx = - P. x Mx = - P.a.x / L 3. Integrate the moment to get the slope: = - P.a.x2 / 2L + C1 4. Integrate a second time to get the (elastic curve) = - P.a.x3 / 6L + C1. x + C2 5. Substitute at points of known conditions Slope at B right = Slope at B Left at support A: then, C2 = 0 [x = 0 . y = 0] Slope left = using equation (1), x=L = -P.a.L/2 + P.a.L/6 Slope right = using eq. (3), x=a = -P.a2 /2 + C3 = - P.a.x2 / 2L + P.a.L /6 (1) Also, at B: 7. Put slope = 0 at maximum deflection Using Equ. (4), we get C4 0 = - P.a.x2 / 2L + P.a.L /6 get x = 0.577L we get C3 = - P.x3 / 6 + C3. x + C4 .(4) 8. Applying same steps at the free end: = - P.x2 /2 + C3 (3) Fx Mx P x = 0 to a
P.a/L
also, at support B: [x = L , y = 0] then, 0 = - P a L3 / 6L + C1. L or C1 = P.a.L/6 6. Final equations:
= - P.a.x3 / 6L + P.a.L.x /6 ...(2) [x = a , y = 0]
Using this value in equation (2), we get Max deflection = 8 mm Up.
Solved problems 12-1 to 12-4

Dr. Tarek Hegazy
36
9. Calculating Slope & Displacement by Moment Area Method:

1st Moment Area Theorem: Recall M EI = d dx
Then,
XB B/A = M dx EI XA change in area under slope M/EI diagram
2nd Moment Area Theorem:
tBA = (vertical distance from tangent

at A to point B on elastic curve) = Moment of the area under M/EI around point B. XB M dx dB . EI XA dB
Note:
tAB =
tBA
Case 1: Cantilever Notice that tangent at point A is horizontal. -Deflection at any point: _____________ -Slope at any point: XB M dx B/A = EI XA
A = ___
= B - A = B
Case 2: Symmetric Loading Option 1 Deflection is max at mid beam (C). At this point C = __ -Deflection at any point: _____________ -Slope at any point:
A d
d
B tBC tdc
B/A =
XC
Xd M dx = D - C = D EI
C C = __ C = __
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
37
Case 3: Unsymmetrical Loading Option 2 -Deflection at any point: d + tDA = tBA . L1/(L1+L2)
L1 A
L2
d
d tDA
-Slope at any point to the right: Xd M dx = D - A with A being negative = |D| + |A| D/A = EI Xa
tBA / (L1+L2)
tBA
L1 A
L2 B d tDA tBA
d A
D A
-Slope at any point to the left: A
A D
D/A =
Xa
Xd M dx = D - A , both negative = |A| - |D| EI

tBA / (L1+L2)
Case 4: Over-Hanging Beam

L1 tCB heavy load
B =
tAB / L1
B
L2 tAB
c
C
= (c + |tCB| ) / L2
Then, c = |B . L2| - |tCB|
tBA
tCA
= tBA . (L1+L2)/L1 Then, c = |tCA| - | |
A
L1
B
L2 heavy load
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
38
Case 5: Unsymmetrical Loading Point of Max. Deflection

x =?
B = tAB / L B/C =
XB M dx = B - C = B = tAB / L EI We get x, then C = max = tBC
B tBC tBA
XC
C C = 0 C = max
Note: Equivalence in Bending Moment Diagrams
-b a
=
a +ive
-ive -b -a
Method of Superposition:
- Using Standard tables for various beam conditions and types of loads (Appendix C) - Adding up deflections caused by individual loads
Solved Problems: 12-7 to 12-15
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
39
Example: Determine C and A
150lb A
4
L1
300lb D
24 6
600 B D
250 lb 600 M/EI
400 lb
-1800 tDC =1/EI [ + (600 x 24 /2) . 2/3 . 24 - (1800 x 24 /2) . 1/3 . 24 ]
-1800
C = tDC / 24 = ( |A| + | tAC | ) / 4 600 A

tAC = 1/EI [600. 4/2 . 2/3 . 4]
A
tAC
tDC
Example: Determine A and D
A D wL/6
3rd degree
B A = tBA / L wL/3 = Moment of M/EI @ B / L = [w.L2 /6EI . L/2 . L/3 - w. L2/6EI . L/4 . L/5] / L = 7 w.L3 / 360EI wL2/12
B.M.D.
wL2/6
Also, d + tDA = tBA / 2 Then
3rd degree
d = | tBA / 2| - | tDA |
L/5 -wL /6
B d tDA tBA
2
L/2
-wL2/48
= 7 w.L3/720EI - [1/2 .w.L2 /12EI .L/2 .L/6 - . wL2/48EI. L/10] = 5 w.L4 / 768EI
d
A
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
40
Using Deflection Calculations to Solve Statically Indeterminate Beams

P
=
P
+
1 + 2 =0
P RB ?
______ statically indeterminate
MA ?
1 + 2 =0
First, we reduce the beam to a statically determinate, then We compensate for the change in the deflection behavior.
Example:
12 Kips 3 Kip/ft
Determine the reactions, then draw the S.F.D. & the B.M.D.
A 6 ft 6 ft
C B 12 ft
12 Kips
=
3 Kip/ft
+
RB
tAC
tBC
2 2 = - RB L3 / 48 EI
1 + 2 =0
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
41
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
42
Example:
Solution:
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
43
10. Strain Energy Method

For a structural element under load and deformation, External Work Ue = Internal Strain Energy Ui. External work Ue is a function of the load P and deflection . (deflection is at same point and direction of load)
Ue = P.
is a function of the stress and strain in the element, summed over the volume of the structure. Also, the Internal strain energy in the structure Ui
Ui = . . V =
Strain Energy per unit volume
.V
2E
Normal
Shear
Ui =
. dV
and
Ui =
. dV
V=
v
dV =
dA
A 0
dx
L
2E v
Observe the units.
v 2G
when A is constant,
V=A
0
dx
Strain Energy calculations for different loading conditions are shown in next page.
Determining Deflections Using Conservation of Energy

Single External load Deflection in the direction of load:
Ue = Ui
Ue = P.
&
Ui =
Ue = Mo .
&
Ui
Ue = P.
&
Ui
Limitations: Applies to single load only. Also, in case 2, only solpe is calculated not deflection. Also, how to get deflection at a point at which no direct load is applied.

Dr. Tarek Hegazy
44
Strain Energy Calculations Axial Load L
Ui = . dV = N dA dx 2 2E v 2EA A 0
Example: Truss with varying axial loads on individual members. (Cross section area A is constant, then V = A . L)
Normal Stress
L Bending Moment
Ui = /2E
v
dV
or
Ui =
M . y
2 E I2
dA
A 0
dx
= M.y
I
L
=I
Ui =
0
M2 dx
2EI
L Pure Shear
Ui = . . dV = /2G
v 0
A. dx
= V.Q
I.t
Shear Stress
Ui =
0
L fs V2 dx
where, fs = 6/5 - rectangular section
2GA
L Torsion
Ui = . dV = /2G . dA . dx
v A 0
= T.c
J
L
Ui =
0
T2 dx
2GJ
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
45
Example: Determine the strain energy due to both shear and bending moment in the following cantilever. The cross section is a square of length a, with EI being constant. w
P Example: Determine deflection at C, neglect shear strain energy. . EI

L/2
2EI
L/2
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
46
11. Principle of Virtual Work Conservation of Virtual Work

Work-Energy method is not able to determine the deflection at a point at which no direct load exists.
Solution: Put a virtual load of 1.0 at the desired point of a virtual system. Then apply the principal of conservation of virtual work, as follows: Real Beam Virtual Beam
1.0
?
External Virual WorK Virtual load x Real displacement 1.0 x
= = =
Internal Virtual Energy Virtual Stress x Real Strain x Volume
V . R . V
L = L
V . R .
E
L
dA
A
dx
0
n N A dx = n N dx A AE 0 0 AE m M dx 0 EI
L L
Axial Load Bending Shear
+ +
fs v V dx
GA
0 L
t T dx 0 GJ
Torsion
Examples:
Real
Virtual
1.0
1. Determine slope at desired point
Real 2. Determine horizontal deflection at desired point N M V T
Virtual n m v t
1.0

Dr. Tarek Hegazy
47
Example: Determine the deflection at mid span.
Example: Get deflection at A .
A
L/2 L/2
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
48
Examples on Virtual Work - determine the vertical deflection at point A.
A
3 t/m
Determine the horizontal deflection at point A.
Calculate: - The horizontal displacement at point b, - The vertical displacement at point g - The slope at point f EI = 20,000 m2.t
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
49
12. SOLVING statically indeterminate structures
w A L/2 C B L/2
=
Reduced System w
1 + RB 2 = 0
Compensation
+
2
RB .
1.0
Also,
w
L/2
L/2
=
Reduced System w
1 + M A 2 = 0
Compensation
+
1.0
MA .
Examples:
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
50
13. Calculating Deflections Using Castiglianos Theorem

Put an external load at the position of required deflection: external load (Q) either horizontal or vertical to get horizontal or vertical deflection; or an external moment to get slope. Deformation = first derivative of the Strain Energy with respect to the applied load.
= dU / dQ
L =
, & substituting Q = 0
L
Q Q Q
0
0 L
N dx 2EA
=
0 L
N dx EA Q M M dx E I Q
Axial Load (Trusses)
M2 dx
0 L
=
0
Bending Moment
2EI
fs V2 dx
2GA
L
=
0 L
fs V V dx G A Q T G J Q T
dx
Shear
Q 0
dx
=
0
Torsion
2GJ
Example:
Determine the horizontal deflection at point B. Cross-section area= 12 in2 6 E= 30.10 psi. AB = 48 in and BC = 36 in.
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
51
14. Buckling of Columns

- Slender columns under elastic compression buckle when the load exceeds a critical value. - Buckling causes column instability. - Short stocky columns do not buckle. - W need to study the relation between P, , and shape of buckled column. - Analysis (Euler 1707 1783):
M + P. = 0
Recall, M = d2 EI dx2 d2 dx2
Then,
+ P. = 0
EI
Equation of Elastic Curve:
= C1 Sin [(P/EI)0.5. x]
+ C2 Cos [(P/EI)0.5. x]
= 0 at x = L
or when, or when, Sin [(P/EI)0.5. L] = 0
= 0 at x = 0
C2 = 0
(P/EI)0.5. L = , 2, .
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
52
Analysis: Maximum axial load before buckling: P/A should be within allowable stresses. Smaller of the two directions x & y.
A
Put, r = I/A = radius of gyration
OR
(L/r)2
Note that L/r is the Slenderness Ratio used to classify columns as long, intermediate, or short.
Effect of Column Supports:

;
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
53

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Department of Civil Engineering

CIV E 205 Mechanics of Solids II

Instructor: Tarek Hegazi

CIV. E. 205 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Roller Support (restricts in one direction only and allows rotation)

Hinged or Pinned Support (restricts in two ways and allows rotation)

Fixed Support (restricts in two directions and also restricts rotation)

Intermediate Pin or Hinge (Gives one extra condition)

Gives extra condition

Force in direction of member

Structural Representation of Real Systems

Stability & Determinacy of Structures

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

1. Beams: r = unknown support reactions. c = additional conditions

r<c+3 r=c+3 r>c+3

Unstable Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate

Unstable Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate

j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3 Then, Stable & Statically determinate

3. Trusses: j = No. of joints m = No. of membrs r = unknown support reactions

Unstable Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate

j = 8; m = 12; r = 3 Then, m + 3 = 15 < 2j, or Unstable

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

1. Internal Loadings on Beams & Frames

Considering the whole structure

B.M.D. S.F.D. N.F.D

a L/2 P/2 PL/4

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Internal Forces: B.M.D., S.F.D., & N.F.D.

+P/2 S.F.D. -P/2

B.M. at free end = 0

Special case: simple beam

Shear curve is one higher degree than load curve.

Moment curve is one higher degree than shear curve.

Moment is maximum at the point where shear = 0.

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Solved examples 6-7 to 6-13

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.

From point a to point b:

Area of shear = = difference in moment =

Slope of shear curve = Slope of moment curve =

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Types of Forces on a Cross-Section:

M M P Bending Moment = Couple Normal to Plane

Axial Force = Perpendicular to X-Section

Direct Shear = Force in the X-Section Plane

Torsion = Couple in the X-Section Plane

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

In narrow rectangular beams,

Dr. Tarek Hegazy

Example: Determine the forces at section A

500 lb 10 A 800 lb T=800x14

Equilibrium equations for each segment:

Mx=0, My=0, Mz=0 Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0

Example: Determine the internal stresses at points A, B, C, & D