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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008

Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Application of Power Circuit Breakers for
Switching Capacitive and Light Inductive
Currents
IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Dr. J ohn H. Brunke, P.E.
Fellow
Page 2
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Nature of Capacitive and Small Inductive Currents
Small in magnitude
Some technologies use current to assist in interruption
Current and voltage 90 degrees out of phase
Circuit breakers frequently called upon to deal with switching these
currents
Switching can result in extreme magnitudes of currents and extreme
rates of change of voltage
This presentation is based on C37.012 and C37.015, the application
guides for switching these currents. It is impossible to cover all the
material in these in detail, and there are other important issues with
switching these currents that are not covered in the application guides.
This presentation is intended to provide an overview of all the issues
associated with switching these currents.
Page 3
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching
Continuous Current
Margins for capacitor tolerance
Margins for harmonic current
Margin of 35% typical
Interrupting shunt capacitor bank current
Page 4
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
What is a Restrike?
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Restrike, Back to Back with CLRs
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Energizing Shunt Capacitor Banks
Single or isolated bank
Back to back
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
500 kV Single Bank Energization
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
500 kV Back to Back Energization
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Consequences of Capacitor Inrush Transients
Dip to zero voltage
Interference with devices that use zero crossing detectors
Back to back results in extremely high currents
Damage to primary and secondary equipment
Safety
Restrike (trapped charge)
2 X the voltage, effects 2 X
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Mitigation of Closing Transients
Closing Resistor or Reactor
Fixed Current Limiting Reactor
Controlled closing
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
500 kV Back to Back Energization with CLR
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Controlled Closing, Single Bank
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Controlled Closing, Back to Back
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Controlled Closing, Capacitor Banks,
targeting
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Capacitor Through a Transformer
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Faults Near Capacitor Banks
Outrush, TRV effects, high source impedance
voltage rises (or long lining), etc.
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Line Fault, 500 kV system, with 430 Mvar of Connected
Capacitors
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Circuit Breaker Standards
Restrike probability: C0, no rating, C1, ~ 1 restrike in 50 operations, C2, ~1 restrike in 300 operations
Page 19
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Circuit Breaker Standards
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Overhead Transmission Lines - Interruption
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Overhead Transmission Lines
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Charging Current and Recovery Voltage
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Recovery Voltage on Unfaulted Phases
Neutral shift, coupling of transients
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
De-energization of a Line with Connected
Transformer
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Energization of Transmission Lines, Switching Surges
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Surge Overvoltages
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Surge Mitigation
Only needed above 245 kV (rarely at 245 kV)
Closing resistors
Line connected surge arresters
Controlled closing
Trapped charge reduction (line connected PTs caution)
Single pole reclosing (limited due to secondary arc)
Controlled closing
Staggered pole closing
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Traveling Waves Present on Most Line Phenomena
Closing into a fault, 500 kV field test data.
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Shunt Reactor Switching
1
st
Parallel 1 to 10 MHz
2
nd
parallel 50 to 1000 kHZ
Load oscillation 1 to 5 kHz
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
225 Mvar Shunt Reactor Interruption
500 kV bus and reactor voltages, field test data
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Time Expansion of Previous Slide
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Re-ignition and Current Chopping
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Time Expansion of Previous Slide
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Reactor Current Interruption Failure
Interruption still a difficult duty for circuit
breakers
Differences in the parameters make a standard
test nearly impossible
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Shunt Reactor Current Interruption w/o
Controlled Opening
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Shunt Reactor Current Interruption with
Controlled Opening
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Energizing Shunt Reactors
Inrush currents smaller than for power transformers (to be discussed
next), and not generally considered a problem
Can cause sympathetic inrush in nearby power transformers
Problems have only been observed in certain configurations
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Switching Transformer Magnetizing Currents
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Transformer Core Characteristic
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Magnetizing Current Interruption
Magnetizing current interruption also showing core flux
Residual core flux remains (typical pattern)
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Energizing a Transformer
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Inrush Current
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Controlled Closing Applied to Transformers
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Three Phase Transformers
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Prospective and Dynamic Flux
58.0 54.0 50.0 46.0 42.0
T ime ms
F lux, residual 0%, -70%, 70%
0.80
0.0
-0.80
F lux kVs
A C B
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Core Flux - No residual
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Core flux with residual flux
Time 6 ms/div
Core flux, EMTP Study
800
0.0
-800
Vs
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Verification - Laboratory Tests
Delayed Closing Strategy
T i m e 6 m s / d i v
. 8 0 0 0
0 . 0
- . 8 0 0 0
V s
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Test on Laboratory Transformer
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Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Controlled Closing on 500 kV Transformer
Page 51
Capacitor and Reactor Switching, J . H. Brunke, J uly 2008
Presented at IEEE Circuit Breaker Tutorial
Summary
Capacitive and light reactive currents are frequently seen and may be
the most difficult duties for a circuit breaker
Switching surge/transient problems are typically associated with
switching shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, transformers, cables,
and lines (capacitive and light reactive currents).
Due to the complexity, correct application for these duties can be
among the most difficult application issues
Today solutions are available which were not in the past (modern circuit
breaker technologies, controlled switching, MOSAs, etc.)
Questions?