Labor Code Book V

Book V - Labor Relations
BOOK FIVE
LABOR RELATIONS
Title I
POLICY AND DEFINITIONS
Chapter I
POLICY
Art. 211. Declaration of Policy.
A. It is the policy of the State:
a. To promote and emphasize the primacy of free collective bargaining and

negotiations, including voluntary arbitration, mediation and conciliation, as
modes of settling labor or industrial disputes;
b. To promote free trade unionism as an instrument for the enhancement of

democracy and the promotion of social justice and development;
c. To foster the free and voluntary organization of a strong and united labor
movement;
d. To promote the enlightenment of workers concerning their rights and obligations

as union members and as employees;
e. To provide an adequate administrative machinery for the expeditious settlement

of labor or industrial disputes;
f. To ensure a stable but dynamic and just industrial peace; and
g. To ensure the participation of workers in decision and policy-making processes

affecting their rights, duties and welfare.
B. To encourage a truly democratic method of regulating the relations between the

employers and employees by means of agreements freely entered into through collective
bargaining, no court or administrative agency or official shall have the power to set or fix
wages, rates of pay, hours of work or other terms and conditions of employment, except
as otherwise provided under this Code. (As amended by Section 3, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Chapter II
DEFINITIONS
Art. 212. Definitions.
a. "Commission" means the National Labor Relations Commission or any of its divisions,
as the case may be, as provided under this Code.
b. "Bureau" means the Bureau of Labor Relations and/or the Labor Relations Divisions in
the regional offices established under Presidential Decree No. 1, in the Department of
Labor.
c. "Board" means the National Conciliation and Mediation Board established under
Executive Order No. 126.
d. "Council" means the Tripartite Voluntary Arbitration Advisory Council established under
Executive Order No. 126, as amended.
e. "Employer" includes any person acting in the interest of an employer, directly or

indirectly. The term shall not include any labor organization or any of its officers or
agents except when acting as employer.
f. "Employee" includes any person in the employ of an employer. The term shall not be
limited to the employees of a particular employer, unless the Code so explicitly states. It
shall include any individual whose work has ceased as a result of or in connection with
any current labor dispute or because of any unfair labor practice if he has not obtained
any other substantially equivalent and regular employment.
g. "Labor organization" means any union or association of employees which exists in whole
or in part for the purpose of collective bargaining or of dealing with employers
concerning terms and conditions of employment.
h. "Legitimate labor organization" means any labor organization duly registered with the
Department of Labor and Employment, and includes any branch or local thereof.
i. "Company union" means any labor organization whose formation, function or

administration has been assisted by any act defined as unfair labor practice by this Code.
j. "Bargaining representative" means a legitimate labor organization whether or not

employed by the employer.
k. "Unfair labor practice" means any unfair labor practice as expressly defined by the Code.
l. "Labor dispute" includes any controversy or matter concerning terms and conditions of
employment or the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing,
maintaining, changing or arranging the terms and conditions of employment, regardless
of whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee.
m. "Managerial employee" is one who is vested with the powers or prerogatives to lay down
and execute management policies and/or to hire, transfer, suspend, lay-off, recall,
discharge, assign or discipline employees. Supervisory employees are those who, in the
interest of the employer, effectively recommend such managerial actions if the exercise
of such authority is not merely routinary or clerical in nature but requires the use of
independent judgment. All employees not falling within any of the above definitions are
considered rank-and-file employees for purposes of this Book.
n. "Voluntary Arbitrator" means any person accredited by the Board as such or any person
named or designated in the Collective Bargaining Agreement by the parties to act as their
Voluntary Arbitrator, or one chosen with or without the assistance of the National
Conciliation and Mediation Board, pursuant to a selection procedure agreed upon in the
Collective Bargaining Agreement, or any official that may be authorized by the Secretary
of Labor and Employment to act as Voluntary Arbitrator upon the written request and
agreement of the parties to a labor dispute.
o. "Strike" means any temporary stoppage of work by the concerted action of employees as
a result of an industrial or labor dispute.
p. "Lockout" means any temporary refusal of an employer to furnish work as a result of an

industrial or labor dispute.
q. "Internal union dispute" includes all disputes or grievances arising from any violation of
or disagreement over any provision of the constitution and by laws of a union, including
any violation of the rights and conditions of union membership provided for in this Code.
r. "Strike-breaker" means any person who obstructs, impedes, or interferes with by force,
violence, coercion, threats, or intimidation any peaceful picketing affecting wages, hours
or conditions of work or in the exercise of the right of self-organization or collective
bargaining.
s. "Strike area" means the establishment, warehouses, depots, plants or offices, including
the sites or premises used as runaway shops, of the employer struck against, as well as the
immediate vicinity actually used by picketing strikers in moving to and fro before all
points of entrance to and exit from said establishment. (As amended by Section 4,
Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Title II
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION
Chapter I
CREATION AND COMPOSITION
Art. 213. National Labor Relations Commission. There shall be a National Labor Relations
Commission which shall be attached to the Department of Labor and Employment for program
and policy coordination only, composed of a Chairman and fourteen (14) Members.
Five (5) members each shall be chosen from among the nominees of the workers and employers
organizations, respectively. The Chairman and the four (4) remaining members shall come from
the public sector, with the latter to be chosen from among the recommendees of the Secretary of
Labor and Employment.
Upon assumption into office, the members nominated by the workers and employers
organizations shall divest themselves of any affiliation with or interest in the federation or
association to which they belong.
The Commission may sit en banc or in five (5) divisions, each composed of three (3) members.
Subject to the penultimate sentence of this paragraph, the Commission shall sit en banc only for
purposes of promulgating rules and regulations governing the hearing and disposition of cases
before any of its divisions and regional branches, and formulating policies affecting its
administration and operations. The Commission shall exercise its adjudicatory and all other
powers, functions, and duties through its divisions. Of the five (5) divisions, the first, second and
third divisions shall handle cases coming from the National Capital Region and the parts of
Luzon; and the fourth and fifth divisions, cases from the Visayas and Mindanao, respectively;
Provided that the Commission sitting en banc may, on temporary or emergency basis, allow
cases within the jurisdiction of any division to be heard and decided by any other division whose
docket allows the additional workload and such transfer will not expose litigants to unnecessary
additional expense. The divisions of the Commission shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction
over cases within their respective territorial jurisdictions. [As amended by Republic Act No.
7700].
The concurrence of two (2) Commissioners of a division shall be necessary for the
pronouncement of judgment or resolution. Whenever the required membership in a division is
not complete and the concurrence of two (2) commissioners to arrive at a judgment or resolution
cannot be obtained, the Chairman shall designate such number of additional Commissioners
from the other divisions as may be necessary.
The conclusions of a division on any case submitted to it for decision shall be reached in
consultation before the case is assigned to a member for the writing of the opinion. It shall be
mandatory for the division to meet for purposes of the consultation ordained herein. A
certification to this effect signed by the Presiding Commissioner of the division shall be issued
and a copy thereof attached to the record of the case and served upon the parties.
The Chairman shall be the Presiding Commissioner of the first division and the four (4) other
members from the public sector shall be the Presiding Commissioners of the second, third, fourth
and fifth divisions, respectively. In case of the effective absence or incapacity of the Chairman,
the Presiding Commissioner of the second division shall be the Acting Chairman.
The Chairman, aided by the Executive Clerk of the Commission, shall have administrative
supervision over the Commission and its regional branches and all its personnel, including the
Executive Labor Arbiters and Labor Arbiters.
The Commission, when sitting en banc shall be assisted by the same Executive Clerk and, when
acting thru its Divisions, by said Executive Clerks for the second, third, fourth and fifth
Divisions, respectively, in the performance of such similar or equivalent functions and duties as
are discharged by the Clerk of Court and Deputy Clerks of Court of the Court of Appeals. (As
amended by Section 5, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 214. Headquarters, Branches and Provincial Extension Units. The Commission and its
First, Second and Third divisions shall have their main offices in Metropolitan Manila, and the
Fourth and Fifth divisions in the Cities of Cebu and Cagayan de Oro, respectively. The
Commission shall establish as many regional branches as there are regional offices of the
Department of Labor and Employment, sub-regional branches or provincial extension units.
There shall be as many Labor Arbiters as may be necessary for the effective and efficient
operation of the Commission. Each regional branch shall be headed by an Executive Labor
Arbiter. (As amended by Section 6, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 215. Appointment and Qualifications. The Chairman and other Commissioners shall be
members of the Philippine Bar and must have engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines
for at least fifteen (15) years, with at least five (5) years experience or exposure in the field of
labor-management relations, and shall preferably be residents of the region where they are to
hold office. The Executive Labor Arbiters and Labor Arbiters shall likewise be members of the
Philippine Bar and must have been engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines for at least
seven (7) years, with at least three (3) years experience or exposure in the field of labor-
management relations: Provided, However, that incumbent Executive Labor Arbiters and Labor
Arbiters who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least five (5) years may be
considered as already qualified for purposes of reappointment as such under this Act. The
Chairman and the other Commissioners, the Executive Labor Arbiters and Labor Arbiters shall
hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of sixty-five years, unless sooner
removed for cause as provided by law or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their
office.
The Chairman, the division Presiding Commissioners and other Commissioners shall be
appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.
Appointment to any vacancy shall come from the nominees of the sector which nominated the
predecessor. The Executive Labor Arbiters and Labor Arbiters shall also be appointed by the
President, upon recommendation of the Secretary of Labor and Employment and shall be subject
to the Civil Service Law, rules and regulations.
The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, in consultation with the Chairman of the
Commission, appoint the staff and employees of the Commission and its regional branches as the
needs of the service may require, subject to the Civil Service Law, rules and regulations, and
upgrade their current salaries, benefits and other emoluments in accordance with law. (As
Art. 216. Salaries, benefits and other emoluments. The Chairman and members of the
Commission shall receive an annual salary at least equivalent to, and be entitled to the same
allowances and benefits as those of the Presiding Justice and Associate Justices of the Court of
Appeals, respectively. The Executive Labor Arbiters shall receive an annual salary at least
equivalent to that of an Assistant Regional Director of the Department of Labor and Employment
and shall be entitled to the same allowances and benefits as that of a Regional Director of said
Department. The Labor Arbiters shall receive an annual salary at least equivalent to, and be
entitled to the same allowances and benefits as that of an Assistant Regional Director of the
Department of Labor and Employment. In no case, however, shall the provision of this Article
result in the diminution of existing salaries, allowances and benefits of the aforementioned
officials. (As amended by Section 8, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Chapter II
POWERS AND DUTIES
Art. 217. Jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiters and the Commission.
a. Except as otherwise provided under this Code, the Labor Arbiters shall have original and
exclusive jurisdiction to hear and decide, within thirty (30) calendar days after the
submission of the case by the parties for decision without extension, even in the absence
of stenographic notes, the following cases involving all workers, whether agricultural or
non-agricultural:
1. Unfair labor practice cases;
2. Termination disputes;
3. If accompanied with a claim for reinstatement, those cases that workers may file
involving wages, rates of pay, hours of work and other terms and conditions of
employment;
4. Claims for actual, moral, exemplary and other forms of damages arising from the
employer-employee relations;
5. Cases arising from any violation of Article 264 of this Code, including questions
involving the legality of strikes and lockouts; and
6. Except claims for Employees Compensation, Social Security, Medicare and

maternity benefits, all other claims arising from employer-employee relations,
including those of persons in domestic or household service, involving an amount
exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) regardless of whether accompanied
with a claim for reinstatement.
b. The Commission shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by
Labor Arbiters.
c. Cases arising from the interpretation or implementation of collective bargaining

agreements and those arising from the interpretation or enforcement of company
personnel policies shall be disposed of by the Labor Arbiter by referring the same to the
grievance machinery and voluntary arbitration as may be provided in said agreements.
(As amended by Section 9, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 218. Powers of the Commission. The Commission shall have the power and authority:
a. To promulgate rules and regulations governing the hearing and disposition of cases
before it and its regional branches, as well as those pertaining to its internal functions and
such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Code;
b. To administer oaths, summon the parties to a controversy, issue subpoenas requiring the
attendance and testimony of witnesses or the production of such books, papers, contracts,
records, statement of accounts, agreements, and others as may be material to a just
determination of the matter under investigation, and to testify in any investigation or
hearing conducted in pursuance of this Code;
c. To conduct investigation for the determination of a question, matter or controversy within

its jurisdiction, proceed to hear and determine the disputes in the absence of any party
thereto who has been summoned or served with notice to appear, conduct its proceedings
or any part thereof in public or in private, adjourn its hearings to any time and place, refer
technical matters or accounts to an expert and to accept his report as evidence after
hearing of the parties upon due notice, direct parties to be joined in or excluded from the
proceedings, correct, amend, or waive any error, defect or irregularity whether in
substance or in form, give all such directions as it may deem necessary or expedient in
the determination of the dispute before it, and dismiss any matter or refrain from further
hearing or from determining the dispute or part thereof, where it is trivial or where further
proceedings by the Commission are not necessary or desirable; and
d. To hold any person in contempt directly or indirectly and impose appropriate penalties
therefor in accordance with law.
A person guilty of misbehavior in the presence of or so near the Chairman or any member
of the Commission or any Labor Arbiter as to obstruct or interrupt the proceedings before
the same, including disrespect toward said officials, offensive personalities toward others,
or refusal to be sworn, or to answer as a witness or to subscribe an affidavit or deposition
when lawfully required to do so, may be summarily adjudged in direct contempt by said
officials and punished by fine not exceeding five hundred pesos (P500) or imprisonment
not exceeding five (5) days, or both, if it be the Commission, or a member thereof, or by
a fine not exceeding one hundred pesos (P100) or imprisonment not exceeding one (1)
day, or both, if it be a Labor Arbiter.
The person adjudged in direct contempt by a Labor Arbiter may appeal to the
Commission and the execution of the judgment shall be suspended pending the resolution
of the appeal upon the filing by such person of a bond on condition that he will abide by
and perform the judgment of the Commission should the appeal be decided against him.
Judgment of the Commission on direct contempt is immediately executory and
unappealable. Indirect contempt shall be dealt with by the Commission or Labor Arbiter
in the manner prescribed under Rule 71 of the Revised Rules of Court; and (As amended
by Section 10, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
e. To enjoin or restrain any actual or threatened commission of any or all prohibited or

unlawful acts or to require the performance of a particular act in any labor dispute which,
if not restrained or performed forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable damage to any
party or render ineffectual any decision in favor of such party: Provided, That no
temporary or permanent injunction in any case involving or growing out of a labor
dispute as defined in this Code shall be issued except after hearing the testimony of
witnesses, with opportunity for cross-examination, in support of the allegations of a
complaint made under oath, and testimony in opposition thereto, if offered, and only after
a finding of fact by the Commission, to the effect:
1. That prohibited or unlawful acts have been threatened and will be committed and
will be continued unless restrained, but no injunction or temporary restraining
order shall be issued on account of any threat, prohibited or unlawful act, except
against the person or persons, association or organization making the threat or
committing the prohibited or unlawful act or actually authorizing or ratifying the
same after actual knowledge thereof;
2. That substantial and irreparable injury to complainants property will follow;
3. That as to each item of relief to be granted, greater injury will be inflicted upon
complainant by the denial of relief than will be inflicted upon defendants by the
granting of relief;
4. That complainant has no adequate remedy at law; and
5. That the public officers charged with the duty to protect complainants property
are unable or unwilling to furnish adequate protection.
Such hearing shall be held after due and personal notice thereof has been served, in such
manner as the Commission shall direct, to all known persons against whom relief is
sought, and also to the Chief Executive and other public officials of the province or city
within which the unlawful acts have been threatened or committed, charged with the duty
to protect complainants property: Provided, however, that if a complainant shall also
allege that, unless a temporary restraining order shall be issued without notice, a
substantial and irreparable injury to complainants property will be unavoidable, such a
temporary restraining order may be issued upon testimony under oath, sufficient, if
sustained, to justify the Commission in issuing a temporary injunction upon hearing after
notice. Such a temporary restraining order shall be effective for no longer than twenty
(20) days and shall become void at the expiration of said twenty (20) days. No such
temporary restraining order or temporary injunction shall be issued except on condition
that complainant shall first file an undertaking with adequate security in an amount to be
fixed by the Commission sufficient to recompense those enjoined for any loss, expense or
damage caused by the improvident or erroneous issuance of such order or injunction,
including all reasonable costs, together with a reasonable attorneys fee, and expense of
defense against the order or against the granting of any injunctive relief sought in the
same proceeding and subsequently denied by the Commission.
The undertaking herein mentioned shall be understood to constitute an agreement entered

into by the complainant and the surety upon which an order may be rendered in the same
suit or proceeding against said complainant and surety, upon a hearing to assess damages,
of which hearing, complainant and surety shall have reasonable notice, the said
complainant and surety submitting themselves to the jurisdiction of the Commission for
that purpose. But nothing herein contained shall deprive any party having a claim or
cause of action under or upon such undertaking from electing to pursue his ordinary
remedy by suit at law or in equity: Provided, further, That the reception of evidence for
the application of a writ of injunction may be delegated by the Commission to any of its
Labor Arbiters who shall conduct such hearings in such places as he may determine to be
accessible to the parties and their witnesses and shall submit thereafter his
recommendation to the Commission. (As amended by Section 10, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 219. Ocular inspection. The Chairman, any Commissioner, Labor Arbiter or their duly
authorized representatives, may, at any time during working hours, conduct an ocular inspection
on any establishment, building, ship or vessel, place or premises, including any work, material,
implement, machinery, appliance or any object therein, and ask any employee, laborer, or any
person, as the case may be, for any information or data concerning any matter or question
relative to the object of the investigation.
[ Art. 220. Compulsory arbitration. The Commission or any Labor Arbiter shall have the
power to ask the assistance of other government officials and qualified private citizens to act as
compulsory arbitrators on cases referred to them and to fix and assess the fees of such
compulsory arbitrators, taking into account the nature of the case, the time consumed in hearing
the case, the professional standing of the arbitrators, the financial capacity of the parties, and the
fees provided in the Rules of Court.] (Repealed by Section 16, Batas Pambansa Bilang 130,
August 21, 1981)
Art. 221. Technical rules not binding and prior resort to amicable settlement. In any
proceeding before the Commission or any of the Labor Arbiters, the rules of evidence prevailing
in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of this Code
that the Commission and its members and the Labor Arbiters shall use every and all reasonable
means to ascertain the facts in each case speedily and objectively and without regard to
technicalities of law or procedure, all in the interest of due process. In any proceeding before the
Commission or any Labor Arbiter, the parties may be represented by legal counsel but it shall be
the duty of the Chairman, any Presiding Commissioner or Commissioner or any Labor Arbiter to
exercise complete control of the proceedings at all stages.
Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, the Labor Arbiter shall exert all efforts
towards the amicable settlement of a labor dispute within his jurisdiction on or before the first
hearing. The same rule shall apply to the Commission in the exercise of its original jurisdiction.
Art. 222. Appearances and Fees.
a. Non-lawyers may appear before the Commission or any Labor Arbiter only:
1. If they represent themselves; or
2. If they represent their organization or members thereof.
b. No attorneys fees, negotiation fees or similar charges of any kind arising from any
collective bargaining agreement shall be imposed on any individual member of the
contracting union: Provided, However, that attorneys fees may be charged against union
funds in an amount to be agreed upon by the parties. Any contract, agreement or
arrangement of any sort to the contrary shall be null and void. (As amended by
Presidential Decree No. 1691, May 1, 1980)
Chapter III
APPEAL
Art. 223. Appeal. Decisions, awards, or orders of the Labor Arbiter are final and executory
unless appealed to the Commission by any or both parties within ten (10) calendar days from
receipt of such decisions, awards, or orders. Such appeal may be entertained only on any of the
following grounds:
a. If there is prima facie evidence of abuse of discretion on the part of the Labor Arbiter;
b. If the decision, order or award was secured through fraud or coercion, including graft and
corruption;
c. If made purely on questions of law; and
d. If serious errors in the findings of facts are raised which would cause grave or irreparable
damage or injury to the appellant.
In case of a judgment involving a monetary award, an appeal by the employer may be perfected
only upon the posting of a cash or surety bond issued by a reputable bonding company duly
accredited by the Commission in the amount equivalent to the monetary award in the judgment
appealed from.
In any event, the decision of the Labor Arbiter reinstating a dismissed or separated employee,
insofar as the reinstatement aspect is concerned, shall immediately be executory, even pending
appeal. The employee shall either be admitted back to work under the same terms and conditions
prevailing prior to his dismissal or separation or, at the option of the employer, merely reinstated
in the payroll. The posting of a bond by the employer shall not stay the execution for
reinstatement provided herein.
To discourage frivolous or dilatory appeals, the Commission or the Labor Arbiter shall impose
reasonable penalty, including fines or censures, upon the erring parties.
In all cases, the appellant shall furnish a copy of the memorandum of appeal to the other party
who shall file an answer not later than ten (10) calendar days from receipt thereof.
The Commission shall decide all cases within twenty (20) calendar days from receipt of the
answer of the appellee. The decision of the Commission shall be final and executory after ten
(10) calendar days from receipt thereof by the parties.
Any law enforcement agency may be deputized by the Secretary of Labor and Employment or
the Commission in the enforcement of decisions, awards or orders. (As amended by Section 12,
Art. 224. Execution of decisions, orders or awards.
a. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or any Regional Director, the Commission or
any Labor Arbiter, or Med-Arbiter or Voluntary Arbitrator may, motu proprio or on
motion of any interested party, issue a writ of execution on a judgment within five (5)
years from the date it becomes final and executory, requiring a sheriff or a duly deputized
officer to execute or enforce final decisions, orders or awards of the Secretary of Labor
and Employment or regional director, the Commission, the Labor Arbiter or med-arbiter,
or voluntary arbitrators. In any case, it shall be the duty of the responsible officer to
separately furnish immediately the counsels of record and the parties with copies of said
decisions, orders or awards. Failure to comply with the duty prescribed herein shall
subject such responsible officer to appropriate administrative sanctions.
b. The Secretary of Labor and Employment, and the Chairman of the Commission may
designate special sheriffs and take any measure under existing laws to ensure compliance
with their decisions, orders or awards and those of the Labor Arbiters and voluntary
arbitrators, including the imposition of administrative fines which shall not be less than
P500.00 nor more than P10,000.00. (As amended by Section 13, Republic Act No. 6715,
March 21, 1989)
Art. 225. Contempt powers of the Secretary of Labor. In the exercise of his powers under this
Code, the Secretary of Labor may hold any person in direct or indirect contempt and impose the
appropriate penalties therefor.
Title III
BUREAU OF LABOR RELATIONS
Art. 226. Bureau of Labor Relations. The Bureau of Labor Relations and the Labor Relations
Divisions in the regional offices of the Department of Labor, shall have original and exclusive
authority to act, at their own initiative or upon request of either or both parties, on all inter-union
and intra-union conflicts, and all disputes, grievances or problems arising from or affecting
labor-management relations in all workplaces, whether agricultural or non-agricultural, except
those arising from the implementation or interpretation of collective bargaining agreements
which shall be the subject of grievance procedure and/or voluntary arbitration.
The Bureau shall have fifteen (15) working days to act on labor cases before it, subject to
extension by agreement of the parties. (As amended by Section 14, Republic Act No. 6715,
March 21, 1989).
Art. 227. Compromise agreements. Any compromise settlement, including those involving
labor standard laws, voluntarily agreed upon by the parties with the assistance of the Bureau or
the regional office of the Department of Labor, shall be final and binding upon the parties. The
National Labor Relations Commission or any court, shall not assume jurisdiction over issues
involved therein except in case of non-compliance thereof or if there is prima facie evidence that
the settlement was obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or coercion.
[ Art. 228. Indorsement of cases to Labor Arbiters.
a. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this Article, the Labor Arbiter shall entertain only
cases endorsed to him for compulsory arbitration by the Bureau or by the Regional
Director with a written notice of such indorsement or non-indorsement. The indorsement
or non-indorsement of the Regional Director may be appealed to the Bureau within ten
(10) working days from receipt of the notice.
b. The parties may, at any time, by mutual agreement, withdraw a case from the
Conciliation Section and jointly submit it to a Labor Arbiter, except deadlocks in
collective bargaining.] (Repealed by Section 16, Batas Pambansa Bilang 130, August 21,
1981)
Art. 229. Issuance of subpoenas. The Bureau shall have the power to require the appearance of
any person or the production of any paper, document or matter relevant to a labor dispute under
its jurisdiction, either at the request of any interested party or at its own initiative.
Art. 230. Appointment of bureau personnel. The Secretary of Labor and Employment may
appoint, in addition to the present personnel of the Bureau and the Industrial Relations Divisions,
such number of examiners and other assistants as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of
the Code. (As amended by Section 15, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 231. Registry of unions and file of collective bargaining agreements. The Bureau shall
keep a registry of legitimate labor organizations. The Bureau shall also maintain a file of all
collective bargaining agreements and other related agreements and records of settlement of labor
disputes and copies of orders and decisions of voluntary arbitrators. The file shall be open and
accessible to interested parties under conditions prescribed by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment, provided that no specific information submitted in confidence shall be disclosed
unless authorized by the Secretary, or when it is at issue in any judicial litigation, or when public
interest or national security so requires.
Within thirty (30) days from the execution of a Collective Bargaining Agreement, the parties
shall submit copies of the same directly to the Bureau or the Regional Offices of the Department
of Labor and Employment for registration, accompanied with verified proofs of its posting in
two conspicuous places in the place of work and ratification by the majority of all the workers in
the bargaining unit. The Bureau or Regional Offices shall act upon the application for
registration of such Collective Bargaining Agreement within five (5) calendar days from receipt
thereof. The Regional Offices shall furnish the Bureau with a copy of the Collective Bargaining
Agreement within five (5) days from its submission.
The Bureau or Regional Office shall assess the employer for every Collective Bargaining
Agreement a registration fee of not less than one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or in any other
amount as may be deemed appropriate and necessary by the Secretary of Labor and Employment
for the effective and efficient administration of the Voluntary Arbitration Program. Any amount
collected under this provision shall accrue to the Special Voluntary Arbitration Fund.
The Bureau shall also maintain a file and shall undertake or assist in the publication of all final
decisions, orders and awards of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Regional Directors and
the Commission. (As amended by Section 15, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 232. Prohibition on certification election. The Bureau shall not entertain any petition for
certification election or any other action which may disturb the administration of duly registered
existing collective bargaining agreements affecting the parties except under Articles 253, 253-A
and 256 of this Code. (As amended by Section 15, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 233. Privileged communication. Information and statements made at conciliation

proceedings shall be treated as privileged communication and shall not be used as evidence in
the Commission. Conciliators and similar officials shall not testify in any court or body
regarding any matters taken up at conciliation proceedings conducted by them.
Title IV
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Chapter I
REGISTRATION AND CANCELLATION
Art. 234. Requirements of registration. Any applicant labor organization, association or group
of unions or workers shall acquire legal personality and shall be entitled to the rights and
privileges granted by law to legitimate labor organizations upon issuance of the certificate of
registration based on the following requirements.
a. Fifty pesos (P50.00) registration fee;

b. The names of its officers, their addresses, the principal address of the labor organization,
the minutes of the organizational meetings and the list of the workers who participated in
such meetings;
c. The names of all its members comprising at least twenty percent (20%) of all the
employees in the bargaining unit where it seeks to operate; (As amended by Executive
Order No. 111, December 24, 1986)
d. If the applicant union has been in existence for one or more years, copies of its annual
financial reports; and
e. Four (4) copies of the constitution and by-laws of the applicant union, minutes of its
adoption or ratification, and the list of the members who participated in it. (As amended
by Batas Pambansa Bilang 130, August 21, 1981)
Art. 235. Action on application. The Bureau shall act on all applications for registration within
thirty (30) days from filing.
All requisite documents and papers shall be certified under oath by the secretary or the treasurer
of the organization, as the case may be, and attested to by its president.
Art. 236. Denial of registration; appeal. The decision of the Labor Relations Division in the
regional office denying registration may be appealed by the applicant union to the Bureau within
ten (10) days from receipt of notice thereof.
Art. 237. Additional requirements for federations or national unions. Subject to Article 238,
if the applicant for registration is a federation or a national union, it shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding Articles, submit the following:
a. Proof of the affiliation of at least ten (10) locals or chapters, each of which must be a duly
recognized collective bargaining agent in the establishment or industry in which it
operates, supporting the registration of such applicant federation or national union; and
b. The names and addresses of the companies where the locals or chapters operate and the
list of all the members in each company involved.
[ Art. 238. Conditions for registration of federations or national unions. No federation or

national union shall be registered to engage in any organization activity in more than one
industry in any area or region, and no federation or national union shall be registered to engage
in any organizational activity in more than one industry all over the country.
The federation or national union which meets the requirements and conditions herein prescribed
may organize and affiliate locals and chapters without registering such locals or chapters with the
Bureau.
Locals or chapters shall have the same rights and privileges as if they were registered in the
Bureau, provided that such federation or national union organizes such locals or chapters within
its assigned organizational field of activity as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Labor.
The Bureau shall see to it that federations and national unions shall only organize locals and
chapters within a specific industry or union.] (Repealed by Executive Order No. 111, December
24, 1986)
Art. 238. Cancellation of registration; appeal. The certificate of registration of any legitimate
labor organization, whether national or local, shall be cancelled by the Bureau if it has reason to
believe, after due hearing, that the said labor organization no longer meets one or more of the
requirements herein prescribed.
[The Bureau upon approval of this Code shall immediately institute cancellation proceedings and
take such other steps as may be necessary to restructure all existing registered labor
organizations in accordance with the objective envisioned above.] (Repealed by Executive Order
No. 111, December 24, 1986)
Art. 239. Grounds for cancellation of union registration. The following shall constitute
grounds for cancellation of union registration:
a. Misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the adoption or ratification

of the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto, the minutes of ratification and the
list of members who took part in the ratification;
b. Failure to submit the documents mentioned in the preceding paragraph within thirty (30)
days from adoption or ratification of the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto;
c. Misrepresentation, false statements or fraud in connection with the election of officers,

minutes of the election of officers, the list of voters, or failure to submit these documents
together with the list of the newly elected/appointed officers and their postal addresses
within thirty (30) days from election;
d. Failure to submit the annual financial report to the Bureau within thirty (30) days after
the closing of every fiscal year and misrepresentation, false entries or fraud in the
preparation of the financial report itself;
e. Acting as a labor contractor or engaging in the "cabo" system, or otherwise engaging in

any activity prohibited by law;
f. Entering into collective bargaining agreements which provide terms and conditions of
employment below minimum standards established by law;
g. Asking for or accepting attorneys fees or negotiation fees from employers;

h. Other than for mandatory activities under this Code, checking off special assessments or
any other fees without duly signed individual written authorizations of the members;
i. Failure to submit list of individual members to the Bureau once a year or whenever
required by the Bureau; and
j. Failure to comply with requirements under Articles 237 and 238.
Art. 240. Equity of the incumbent. All existing federations and national unions which meet the
qualifications of a legitimate labor organization and none of the grounds for cancellation shall
continue to maintain their existing affiliates regardless of the nature of the industry and the
location of the affiliates.
Chapter II
RIGHTS AND CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP
Art. 241. Rights and conditions of membership in a labor organization. The following are
the rights and conditions of membership in a labor organization:
a. No arbitrary or excessive initiation fees shall be required of the members of a legitimate

labor organization nor shall arbitrary, excessive or oppressive fine and forfeiture be
imposed;
b. The members shall be entitled to full and detailed reports from their officers and
representatives of all financial transactions as provided for in the constitution and by-laws
of the organization;
c. The members shall directly elect their officers, including those of the national union or
federation, to which they or their union is affiliated, by secret ballot at intervals of five
(5) years. No qualification requirements for candidacy to any position shall be imposed
other than membership in good standing in subject labor organization. The secretary or
any other responsible union officer shall furnish the Secretary of Labor and Employment
with a list of the newly-elected officers, together with the appointive officers or agents
who are entrusted with the handling of funds, within thirty (30) calendar days after the
election of officers or from the occurrence of any change in the list of officers of the
labor organization; (As amended by Section 16, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
d. The members shall determine by secret ballot, after due deliberation, any question of
major policy affecting the entire membership of the organization, unless the nature of the
organization or force majeure renders such secret ballot impractical, in which case, the
board of directors of the organization may make the decision in behalf of the general
membership;
e. No labor organization shall knowingly admit as members or continue in membership any

individual who belongs to a subversive organization or who is engaged directly or
indirectly in any subversive activity;
f. No person who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude shall be eligible
for election as a union officer or for appointment to any position in the union;
g. No officer, agent or member of a labor organization shall collect any fees, dues, or other
contributions in its behalf or make any disbursement of its money or funds unless he is
duly authorized pursuant to its constitution and by-laws;
h. Every payment of fees, dues or other contributions by a member shall be evidenced by a

receipt signed by the officer or agent making the collection and entered into the record of
the organization to be kept and maintained for the purpose;
i. The funds of the organization shall not be applied for any purpose or object other than
those expressly provided by its constitution and by-laws or those expressly authorized by
written resolution adopted by the majority of the members at a general meeting duly
called for the purpose;
j. Every income or revenue of the organization shall be evidenced by a record showing its
source, and every expenditure of its funds shall be evidenced by a receipt from the person
to whom the payment is made, which shall state the date, place and purpose of such
payment. Such record or receipt shall form part of the financial records of the
organization.
Any action involving the funds of the organization shall prescribe after three (3) years
from the date of submission of the annual financial report to the Department of Labor and
Employment or from the date the same should have been submitted as required by law,
whichever comes earlier: Provided, That this provision shall apply only to a legitimate
labor organization which has submitted the financial report requirements under this Code:
Provided, further, that failure of any labor organization to comply with the periodic
financial reports required by law and such rules and regulations promulgated thereunder
six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act shall automatically result in the
cancellation of union registration of such labor organization; (As amended by Section 16,
k. The officers of any labor organization shall not be paid any compensation other than the
salaries and expenses due to their positions as specifically provided for in its constitution
and by-laws, or in a written resolution duly authorized by a majority of all the members
at a general membership meeting duly called for the purpose. The minutes of the meeting
and the list of participants and ballots cast shall be subject to inspection by the Secretary
of Labor or his duly authorized representatives. Any irregularities in the approval of the
resolutions shall be a ground for impeachment or expulsion from the organization;
l. The treasurer of any labor organization and every officer thereof who is responsible for
the account of such organization or for the collection, management, disbursement,
custody or control of the funds, moneys and other properties of the organization, shall
render to the organization and to its members a true and correct account of all moneys
received and paid by him since he assumed office or since the last day on which he
rendered such account, and of all bonds, securities and other properties of the
organization entrusted to his custody or under his control. The rendering of such account
shall be made:
1. At least once a year within thirty (30) days after the close of its fiscal year;
2. At such other times as may be required by a resolution of the majority of the

members of the organization; and
3. Upon vacating his office.
The account shall be duly audited and verified by affidavit and a copy thereof shall be
furnished the Secretary of Labor.
m. The books of accounts and other records of the financial activities of any labor
organization shall be open to inspection by any officer or member thereof during office
hours;
n. No special assessment or other extraordinary fees may be levied upon the members of a
labor organization unless authorized by a written resolution of a majority of all the
members in a general membership meeting duly called for the purpose. The secretary of
the organization shall record the minutes of the meeting including the list of all members
present, the votes cast, the purpose of the special assessment or fees and the recipient of
such assessment or fees. The record shall be attested to by the president.
o. Other than for mandatory activities under the Code, no special assessments, attorneys
fees, negotiation fees or any other extraordinary fees may be checked off from any
amount due to an employee without an individual written authorization duly signed by
the employee. The authorization should specifically state the amount, purpose and
beneficiary of the deduction; and
p. It shall be the duty of any labor organization and its officers to inform its members on the
provisions of its constitution and by-laws, collective bargaining agreement, the prevailing
labor relations system and all their rights and obligations under existing labor laws.
For this purpose, registered labor organizations may assess reasonable dues to finance labor
relations seminars and other labor education activities.
Any violation of the above rights and conditions of membership shall be a ground for
cancellation of union registration or expulsion of officers from office, whichever is appropriate.
At least thirty percent (30%) of the members of a union or any member or members specially
concerned may report such violation to the Bureau. The Bureau shall have the power to hear and
decide any reported violation to mete the appropriate penalty.
Criminal and civil liabilities arising from violations of above rights and conditions of
membership shall continue to be under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts.
Chapter III
RIGHTS OF LEGITIMATE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Art. 242. Rights of legitimate labor organizations. A legitimate labor organization shall have
the right:
a. To act as the representative of its members for the purpose of collective bargaining;
b. To be certified as the exclusive representative of all the employees in an appropriate

bargaining unit for purposes of collective bargaining;
c. To be furnished by the employer, upon written request, with its annual audited financial
statements, including the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement, within thirty
(30) calendar days from the date of receipt of the request, after the union has been duly
recognized by the employer or certified as the sole and exclusive bargaining
representative of the employees in the bargaining unit, or within sixty (60) calendar days
before the expiration of the existing collective bargaining agreement, or during the
collective bargaining negotiation;
d. To own property, real or personal, for the use and benefit of the labor organization and its
members;
e. To sue and be sued in its registered name; and
f. To undertake all other activities designed to benefit the organization and its members,
including cooperative, housing, welfare and other projects not contrary to law.
Notwithstanding any provision of a general or special law to the contrary, the income and the
properties of legitimate labor organizations, including grants, endowments, gifts, donations and
contributions they may receive from fraternal and similar organizations, local or foreign, which
are actually, directly and exclusively used for their lawful purposes, shall be free from taxes,
duties and other assessments. The exemptions provided herein may be withdrawn only by a
special law expressly repealing this provision. (As amended by Section 17, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Title V
COVERAGE
Art. 243. Coverage and employees right to self-organization. All persons employed in
commercial, industrial and agricultural enterprises and in religious, charitable, medical, or
educational institutions, whether operating for profit or not, shall have the right to self-
organization and to form, join, or assist labor organizations of their own choosing for purposes of
collective bargaining. Ambulant, intermittent and itinerant workers, self-employed people, rural
workers and those without any definite employers may form labor organizations for their mutual
aid and protection. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Bilang 70, May 1, 1980)
Art. 244. Right of employees in the public service. Employees of government corporations
established under the Corporation Code shall have the right to organize and to bargain
collectively with their respective employers. All other employees in the civil service shall have
the right to form associations for purposes not contrary to law. (As amended by Executive Order
No. 111, December 24, 1986)
Art. 245. Ineligibility of managerial employees to join any labor organization; right of
supervisory employees. Managerial employees are not eligible to join, assist or form any labor
organization. Supervisory employees shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization
of the rank-and-file employees but may join, assist or form separate labor organizations of their
own. (As amended by Section 18, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 246. Non-abridgment of right to self-organization. It shall be unlawful for any person to
restrain, coerce, discriminate against or unduly interfere with employees and workers in their
exercise of the right to self-organization. Such right shall include the right to form, join, or assist
labor organizations for the purpose of collective bargaining through representatives of their own
choosing and to engage in lawful concerted activities for the same purpose for their mutual aid
and protection, subject to the provisions of Article 264 of this Code. (As amended by Batas
Pambansa Bilang 70, May 1, 1980)
Title VI
UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
Chapter I
CONCEPT
Art. 247. Concept of unfair labor practice and procedure for prosecution thereof. Unfair
labor practices violate the constitutional right of workers and employees to self-organization, are
inimical to the legitimate interests of both labor and management, including their right to bargain
collectively and otherwise deal with each other in an atmosphere of freedom and mutual respect,
disrupt industrial peace and hinder the promotion of healthy and stable labor-management
relations.
Consequently, unfair labor practices are not only violations of the civil rights of both labor and
management but are also criminal offenses against the State which shall be subject to prosecution
and punishment as herein provided.
Subject to the exercise by the President or by the Secretary of Labor and Employment of the
powers vested in them by Articles 263 and 264 of this Code, the civil aspects of all cases
involving unfair labor practices, which may include claims for actual, moral, exemplary and
other forms of damages, attorneys fees and other affirmative relief, shall be under the
jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiters. The Labor Arbiters shall give utmost priority to the hearing
and resolution of all cases involving unfair labor practices. They shall resolve such cases within
thirty (30) calendar days from the time they are submitted for decision.
Recovery of civil liability in the administrative proceedings shall bar recovery under the Civil
Code.
No criminal prosecution under this Title may be instituted without a final judgment finding that
an unfair labor practice was committed, having been first obtained in the preceding paragraph.
During the pendency of such administrative proceeding, the running of the period of prescription
of the criminal offense herein penalized shall be considered interrupted: Provided, however, that
the final judgment in the administrative proceedings shall not be binding in the criminal case nor
be considered as evidence of guilt but merely as proof of compliance of the requirements therein
set forth. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Bilang 70, May 1, 1980 and later further amended by
Section 19, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Chapter II
UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES OF EMPLOYERS
Art. 248. Unfair labor practices of employers. It shall be unlawful for an employer to commit
any of the following unfair labor practice:
a. To interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-
organization;
b. To require as a condition of employment that a person or an employee shall not join a

labor organization or shall withdraw from one to which he belongs;
c. To contract out services or functions being performed by union members when such will
interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights to self-
organization;
d. To initiate, dominate, assist or otherwise interfere with the formation or administration of

any labor organization, including the giving of financial or other support to it or its
organizers or supporters;
e. To discriminate in regard to wages, hours of work and other terms and conditions of
employment in order to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization.
Nothing in this Code or in any other law shall stop the parties from requiring membership
in a recognized collective bargaining agent as a condition for employment, except those
employees who are already members of another union at the time of the signing of the
collective bargaining agreement. Employees of an appropriate bargaining unit who are
not members of the recognized collective bargaining agent may be assessed a reasonable
fee equivalent to the dues and other fees paid by members of the recognized collective
bargaining agent, if such non-union members accept the benefits under the collective
bargaining agreement: Provided, that the individual authorization required under Article
242, paragraph (o) of this Code shall not apply to the non-members of the recognized
collective bargaining agent;
f. To dismiss, discharge or otherwise prejudice or discriminate against an employee for

having given or being about to give testimony under this Code;
g. To violate the duty to bargain collectively as prescribed by this Code;
h. To pay negotiation or attorneys fees to the union or its officers or agents as part of the
settlement of any issue in collective bargaining or any other dispute; or
i. To violate a collective bargaining agreement.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph notwithstanding, only the officers and agents of
corporations, associations or partnerships who have actually participated in, authorized or
ratified unfair labor practices shall be held criminally liable. (As amended by Batas Pambansa
Bilang 130, August 21, 1981)
Chapter III
UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Art. 249. Unfair labor practices of labor organizations. It shall be unfair labor practice for a
labor organization, its officers, agents or representatives:
a. To restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization.

However, a labor organization shall have the right to prescribe its own rules with respect
to the acquisition or retention of membership;
b. To cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an employee, including

discrimination against an employee with respect to whom membership in such
organization has been denied or to terminate an employee on any ground other than the
usual terms and conditions under which membership or continuation of membership is
made available to other members;
c. To violate the duty, or refuse to bargain collectively with the employer, provided it is the
representative of the employees;
d. To cause or attempt to cause an employer to pay or deliver or agree to pay or deliver any
money or other things of value, in the nature of an exaction, for services which are not
performed or not to be performed, including the demand for fee for union negotiations;
e. To ask for or accept negotiation or attorneys fees from employers as part of the
settlement of any issue in collective bargaining or any other dispute; or
f. To violate a collective bargaining agreement.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph notwithstanding, only the officers, members of
governing boards, representatives or agents or members of labor associations or organizations
who have actually participated in, authorized or ratified unfair labor practices shall be held
criminally liable. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Bilang 130, August 21, 1981)
Title VII
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND ADMINISTRATION OF AGREEMENTS
Art. 250. Procedure in collective bargaining. The following procedures shall be observed in
collective bargaining:
a. When a party desires to negotiate an agreement, it shall serve a written notice upon the
other party with a statement of its proposals. The other party shall make a reply thereto
not later than ten (10) calendar days from receipt of such notice;
b. Should differences arise on the basis of such notice and reply, either party may request
for a conference which shall begin not later than ten (10) calendar days from the date of
request.
c. If the dispute is not settled, the Board shall intervene upon request of either or both
parties or at its own initiative and immediately call the parties to conciliation meetings.
The Board shall have the power to issue subpoenas requiring the attendance of the parties
to such meetings. It shall be the duty of the parties to participate fully and promptly in the
conciliation meetings the Board may call;
d. During the conciliation proceedings in the Board, the parties are prohibited from doing
any act which may disrupt or impede the early settlement of the disputes; and
e. The Board shall exert all efforts to settle disputes amicably and encourage the parties to
submit their case to a voluntary arbitrator. (As amended by Section 20, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 251. Duty to bargain collectively in the absence of collective bargaining agreements. In
the absence of an agreement or other voluntary arrangement providing for a more expeditious
manner of collective bargaining, it shall be the duty of employer and the representatives of the
employees to bargain collectively in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
Art. 252. Meaning of duty to bargain collectively. The duty to bargain collectively means the
performance of a mutual obligation to meet and convene promptly and expeditiously in good
faith for the purpose of negotiating an agreement with respect to wages, hours of work and all
other terms and conditions of employment including proposals for adjusting any grievances or
questions arising under such agreement and executing a contract incorporating such agreements
if requested by either party but such duty does not compel any party to agree to a proposal or to
make any concession.
Art. 253. Duty to bargain collectively when there exists a collective bargaining agreement.
When there is a collective bargaining agreement, the duty to bargain collectively shall also mean
that neither party shall terminate nor modify such agreement during its lifetime. However, either
party can serve a written notice to terminate or modify the agreement at least sixty (60) days
prior to its expiration date. It shall be the duty of both parties to keep the status quo and to
continue in full force and effect the terms and conditions of the existing agreement during the 60-
day period and/or until a new agreement is reached by the parties.
Art. 253-A. Terms of a collective bargaining agreement. Any Collective Bargaining

Agreement that the parties may enter into shall, insofar as the representation aspect is concerned,
be for a term of five (5) years. No petition questioning the majority status of the incumbent
bargaining agent shall be entertained and no certification election shall be conducted by the
Department of Labor and Employment outside of the sixty-day period immediately before the
date of expiry of such five-year term of the Collective Bargaining Agreement. All other
provisions of the Collective Bargaining Agreement shall be renegotiated not later than three (3)
years after its execution. Any agreement on such other provisions of the Collective Bargaining
Agreement entered into within six (6) months from the date of expiry of the term of such other
provisions as fixed in such Collective Bargaining Agreement, shall retroact to the day
immediately following such date. If any such agreement is entered into beyond six months, the
parties shall agree on the duration of retroactivity thereof. In case of a deadlock in the
renegotiation of the Collective Bargaining Agreement, the parties may exercise their rights under
this Code. (As amended by Section 21, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 254. Injunction prohibited. No temporary or permanent injunction or restraining order in

any case involving or growing out of labor disputes shall be issued by any court or other entity,
except as otherwise provided in Articles 218 and 264 of this Code. (As amended by Batas
Pambansa Bilang 227, June 1, 1982)
Art. 255. Exclusive bargaining representation and workers participation in policy and
decision-making. The labor organization designated or selected by the majority of the
employees in an appropriate collective bargaining unit shall be the exclusive representative of
the employees in such unit for the purpose of collective bargaining. However, an individual
employee or group of employees shall have the right at any time to present grievances to their
employer.
Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, workers shall have the right, subject to
such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Labor and Employment may promulgate, to
participate in policy and decision-making processes of the establishment where they are
employed insofar as said processes will directly affect their rights, benefits and welfare. For this
purpose, workers and employers may form labor-management councils: Provided, That the
representatives of the workers in such labor-management councils shall be elected by at least the
majority of all employees in said establishment. (As amended by Section 22, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 256. Representation issue in organized establishments. In organized establishments,

when a verified petition questioning the majority status of the incumbent bargaining agent is
filed before the Department of Labor and Employment within the sixty-day period before the
expiration of the collective bargaining agreement, the Med-Arbiter shall automatically order an
election by secret ballot when the verified petition is supported by the written consent of at least
twenty-five percent (25%) of all the employees in the bargaining unit to ascertain the will of the
employees in the appropriate bargaining unit. To have a valid election, at least a majority of all
eligible voters in the unit must have cast their votes. The labor union receiving the majority of
the valid votes cast shall be certified as the exclusive bargaining agent of all the workers in the
unit. When an election which provides for three or more choices results in no choice receiving a
majority of the valid votes cast, a run-off election shall be conducted between the labor unions
receiving the two highest number of votes: Provided, that the total number of votes for all
contending unions is at least fifty percent (50%) of the number of votes cast.
At the expiration of the freedom period, the employer shall continue to recognize the majority
status of the incumbent bargaining agent where no petition for certification election is filed. (As
Art. 257. Petitions in unorganized establishments. In any establishment where there is no

certified bargaining agent, a certification election shall automatically be conducted by the Med-
Arbiter upon the filing of a petition by a legitimate labor organization. (As amended by Section
24, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 258. When an employer may file petition. When requested to bargain collectively, an
employer may petition the Bureau for an election. If there is no existing certified collective
bargaining agreement in the unit, the Bureau shall, after hearing, order a certification election.
All certification cases shall be decided within twenty (20) working days.
The Bureau shall conduct a certification election within twenty (20) days in accordance with the
rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Labor.
Art. 259. Appeal from certification election orders. Any party to an election may appeal the
order or results of the election as determined by the Med-Arbiter directly to the Secretary of
Labor and Employment on the ground that the rules and regulations or parts thereof established
by the Secretary of Labor and Employment for the conduct of the election have been violated.
Such appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) calendar days. (As amended by Section 25,
Title VII-A
GRIEVANCE MACHINERY AND VOLUNTARY ARBITRATION
Art. 260. Grievance machinery and voluntary arbitration. The parties to a Collective
Bargaining Agreement shall include therein provisions that will ensure the mutual observance of
its terms and conditions. They shall establish a machinery for the adjustment and resolution of
grievances arising from the interpretation or implementation of their Collective Bargaining
Agreement and those arising from the interpretation or enforcement of company personnel
policies.
All grievances submitted to the grievance machinery which are not settled within seven (7)
calendar days from the date of its submission shall automatically be referred to voluntary
arbitration prescribed in the Collective Bargaining Agreement.
For this purpose, parties to a Collective Bargaining Agreement shall name and designate in
advance a Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators, or include in the agreement a
procedure for the selection of such Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators,
preferably from the listing of qualified Voluntary Arbitrators duly accredited by the Board. In
case the parties fail to select a Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators, the Board
shall designate the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators, as may be necessary,
pursuant to the selection procedure agreed upon in the Collective Bargaining Agreement, which
shall act with the same force and effect as if the Arbitrator or panel of Arbitrators has been
selected by the parties as described above.
Art. 261. Jurisdiction of Voluntary Arbitrators or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators. The

Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators shall have original and exclusive
jurisdiction to hear and decide all unresolved grievances arising from the interpretation or
implementation of the Collective Bargaining Agreement and those arising from the interpretation
or enforcement of company personnel policies referred to in the immediately preceding article.
Accordingly, violations of a Collective Bargaining Agreement, except those which are gross in
character, shall no longer be treated as unfair labor practice and shall be resolved as grievances
under the Collective Bargaining Agreement. For purposes of this article, gross violations of
Collective Bargaining Agreement shall mean flagrant and/or malicious refusal to comply with
the economic provisions of such agreement.
The Commission, its Regional Offices and the Regional Directors of the Department of Labor
and Employment shall not entertain disputes, grievances or matters under the exclusive and
original jurisdiction of the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators and shall
immediately dispose and refer the same to the Grievance Machinery or Voluntary Arbitration
provided in the Collective Bargaining Agreement.
Art. 262. Jurisdiction over other labor disputes. The Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of
Voluntary Arbitrators, upon agreement of the parties, shall also hear and decide all other labor
disputes including unfair labor practices and bargaining deadlocks.
Art. 262-A. Procedures. The Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators shall have
the power to hold hearings, receive evidences and take whatever action is necessary to resolve
the issue or issues subject of the dispute, including efforts to effect a voluntary settlement
between parties.
All parties to the dispute shall be entitled to attend the arbitration proceedings. The attendance of
any third party or the exclusion of any witness from the proceedings shall be determined by the
Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators. Hearing may be adjourned for cause or
upon agreement by the parties.
Unless the parties agree otherwise, it shall be mandatory for the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of
Voluntary Arbitrators to render an award or decision within twenty (20) calendar days from the
date of submission of the dispute to voluntary arbitration.
The award or decision of the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators shall contain
the facts and the law on which it is based. It shall be final and executory after ten (10) calendar
days from receipt of the copy of the award or decision by the parties.
Upon motion of any interested party, the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators
or the Labor Arbiter in the region where the movant resides, in case of the absence or incapacity
of the Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators, for any reason, may issue a writ of
execution requiring either the sheriff of the Commission or regular courts or any public official
whom the parties may designate in the submission agreement to execute the final decision, order
or award.
Art. 262-B. Cost of voluntary arbitration and Voluntary Arbitrators fee. The parties to a
Collective Bargaining Agreement shall provide therein a proportionate sharing scheme on the
cost of voluntary arbitration including the Voluntary Arbitrators fee. The fixing of fee of
Voluntary Arbitrators, whether shouldered wholly by the parties or subsidized by the Special
Voluntary Arbitration Fund, shall take into account the following factors:
a. Nature of the case;
b. Time consumed in hearing the case;
c. Professional standing of the Voluntary Arbitrator;
d. Capacity to pay of the parties; and
e. Fees provided for in the Revised Rules of Court.
Title VIII
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS AND FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT IN TRADE UNION
ACTIVITIES
Chapter I
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS
Art. 263. Strikes, picketing and lockouts.
a. It is the policy of the State to encourage free trade unionism and free collective
bargaining.
b. Workers shall have the right to engage in concerted activities for purposes of collective
bargaining or for their mutual benefit and protection. The right of legitimate labor
organizations to strike and picket and of employers to lockout, consistent with the
national interest, shall continue to be recognized and respected. However, no labor union
may strike and no employer may declare a lockout on grounds involving inter-union and
intra-union disputes.
c. In case of bargaining deadlocks, the duly certified or recognized bargaining agent may
file a notice of strike or the employer may file a notice of lockout with the Ministry at
least 30 day before the intended date thereof. In cases of unfair labor practice, the period
of notice shall be 15 days and in the absence of a duly certified or recognized bargaining
agent, the notice of strike may be filed by any legitimate labor organization in behalf of
its members. However, in case of dismissal from employment of union officers duly
elected in accordance with the union constitution and by-laws, which may constitute
union busting, where the existence of the union is threatened, the 15-day cooling-off
period shall not apply and the union may take action immediately. (As amended by
Executive Order No. 111, December 24, 1986)
d. The notice must be in accordance with such implementing rules and regulations as the
Minister of Labor and Employment may promulgate.
e. During the cooling-off period, it shall be the duty of the Ministry to exert all efforts at
mediation and conciliation to effect a voluntary settlement. Should the dispute remain
unsettled until the lapse of the requisite number of days from the mandatory filing of the
notice, the labor union may strike or the employer may declare a lockout.
f. A decision to declare a strike must be approved by a majority of the total union

membership in the bargaining unit concerned, obtained by secret ballot in meetings or
referenda called for that purpose. A decision to declare a lockout must be approved by a
majority of the board of directors of the corporation or association or of the partners in a
partnership, obtained by secret ballot in a meeting called for that purpose. The decision
shall be valid for the duration of the dispute based on substantially the same grounds
considered when the strike or lockout vote was taken. The Ministry may, at its own
initiative or upon the request of any affected party, supervise the conduct of the secret
balloting. In every case, the union or the employer shall furnish the Ministry the results of
the voting at least seven days before the intended strike or lockout, subject to the cooling-
off period herein provided. (As amended by Batas Pambansa Bilang 130, August 21,
1981 and further amended by Executive Order No. 111, December 24, 1986)
g. When, in his opinion, there exists a labor dispute causing or likely to cause a strike or
lockout in an industry indispensable to the national interest, the Secretary of Labor and
Employment may assume jurisdiction over the dispute and decide it or certify the same to
the Commission for compulsory arbitration. Such assumption or certification shall have
the effect of automatically enjoining the intended or impending strike or lockout as
specified in the assumption or certification order. If one has already taken place at the
time of assumption or certification, all striking or locked out employees shall
immediately return-to-work and the employer shall immediately resume operations and
readmit all workers under the same terms and conditions prevailing before the strike or
lockout. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or the Commission may seek the
assistance of law enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with this provision as well
as with such orders as he may issue to enforce the same.
In line with the national concern for and the highest respect accorded to the right of
patients to life and health, strikes and lockouts in hospitals, clinics and similar medical
institutions shall, to every extent possible, be avoided, and all serious efforts, not only by
labor and management but government as well, be exhausted to substantially minimize, if
not prevent, their adverse effects on such life and health, through the exercise, however
legitimate, by labor of its right to strike and by management to lockout. In labor disputes
adversely affecting the continued operation of such hospitals, clinics or medical
institutions, it shall be the duty of the striking union or locking-out employer to provide
and maintain an effective skeletal workforce of medical and other health personnel,
whose movement and services shall be unhampered and unrestricted, as are necessary to
insure the proper and adequate protection of the life and health of its patients, most
especially emergency cases, for the duration of the strike or lockout. In such cases,
therefore, the Secretary of Labor and Employment may immediately assume, within
twenty four (24) hours from knowledge of the occurrence of such a strike or lockout,
jurisdiction over the same or certify it to the Commission for compulsory arbitration. For
this purpose, the contending parties are strictly enjoined to comply with such orders,
prohibitions and/or injunctions as are issued by the Secretary of Labor and Employment
or the Commission, under pain of immediate disciplinary action, including dismissal or
loss of employment status or payment by the locking-out employer of backwages,
damages and other affirmative relief, even criminal prosecution against either or both of
them.
The foregoing notwithstanding, the President of the Philippines shall not be precluded
from determining the industries that, in his opinion, are indispensable to the national
interest, and from intervening at any time and assuming jurisdiction over any such labor
dispute in order to settle or terminate the same.
h. Before or at any stage of the compulsory arbitration process, the parties may opt to
submit their dispute to voluntary arbitration.
i. The Secretary of Labor and Employment, the Commission or the voluntary arbitrator
shall decide or resolve the dispute, as the case may be. The decision of the President, the
Secretary of Labor and Employment, the Commission or the voluntary arbitrator shall be
final and executory ten (10) calendar days after receipt thereof by the parties. (As
Art. 264. Prohibited activities.
a. No labor organization or employer shall declare a strike or lockout without first having
bargained collectively in accordance with Title VII of this Book or without first having
filed the notice required in the preceding Article or without the necessary strike or
lockout vote first having been obtained and reported to the Ministry.
No strike or lockout shall be declared after assumption of jurisdiction by the President or
the Minister or after certification or submission of the dispute to compulsory or voluntary
arbitration or during the pendency of cases involving the same grounds for the strike or
lockout.
Any worker whose employment has been terminated as a consequence of any unlawful
lockout shall be entitled to reinstatement with full backwages. Any union officer who
knowingly participates in an illegal strike and any worker or union officer who
knowingly participates in the commission of illegal acts during a strike may be declared
to have lost his employment status: Provided, That mere participation of a worker in a
lawful strike shall not constitute sufficient ground for termination of his employment,
even if a replacement had been hired by the employer during such lawful strike.
b. No person shall obstruct, impede, or interfere with, by force, violence, coercion, threats
or intimidation, any peaceful picketing by employees during any labor controversy or in
the exercise of the right to self-organization or collective bargaining, or shall aid or abet
such obstruction or interference.
c. No employer shall use or employ any strike-breaker, nor shall any person be employed as
a strike-breaker.
d. No public official or employee, including officers and personnel of the New Armed
Forces of the Philippines or the Integrated National Police, or armed person, shall bring
in, introduce or escort in any manner, any individual who seeks to replace strikers in
entering or leaving the premises of a strike area, or work in place of the strikers. The
police force shall keep out of the picket lines unless actual violence or other criminal acts
occur therein: Provided, That nothing herein shall be interpreted to prevent any public
officer from taking any measure necessary to maintain peace and order, protect life and
property, and/or enforce the law and legal order. (As amended by Executive Order No.
111, December 24, 1986)
e. No person engaged in picketing shall commit any act of violence, coercion or

intimidation or obstruct the free ingress to or egress from the employers premises for
lawful purposes, or obstruct public thoroughfares. (As amended by Batas Pambansa
Bilang 227, June 1, 1982)
Art. 265. Improved offer balloting. In an effort to settle a strike, the Department of Labor and
Employment shall conduct a referendum by secret ballot on the improved offer of the employer
on or before the 30th day of the strike. When at least a majority of the union members vote to
accept the improved offer the striking workers shall immediately return to work and the
employer shall thereupon readmit them upon the signing of the agreement.
In case of a lockout, the Department of Labor and Employment shall also conduct a referendum
by secret balloting on the reduced offer of the union on or before the 30th day of the lockout.
When at least a majority of the board of directors or trustees or the partners holding the
controlling interest in the case of a partnership vote to accept the reduced offer, the workers shall
immediately return to work and the employer shall thereupon readmit them upon the signing of
the agreement. (Incorporated by Section 28, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 266. Requirement for arrest and detention. Except on grounds of national security and
public peace or in case of commission of a crime, no union members or union organizers may be
arrested or detained for union activities without previous consultations with the Secretary of
Labor.
Chapter II
ASSISTANCE TO LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Art. 267. Assistance by the Department of Labor. The Department of Labor, at the initiative
of the Secretary of Labor, shall extend special assistance to the organization, for purposes of
collective bargaining, of the most underprivileged workers who, for reasons of occupation,
organizational structure or insufficient incomes, are not normally covered by major labor
organizations or federations.
Art. 268. Assistance by the Institute of Labor and Manpower Studies. The Institute of Labor
and Manpower Studies shall render technical and other forms of assistance to labor organizations
and employer organizations in the field of labor education, especially pertaining to collective
bargaining, arbitration, labor standards and the Labor Code of the Philippines in general.
Chapter III
FOREIGN ACTIVITIES
Art. 269. Prohibition against aliens; exceptions. All aliens, natural or juridical, as well as
foreign organizations are strictly prohibited from engaging directly or indirectly in all forms of
trade union activities without prejudice to normal contacts between Philippine labor unions and
recognized international labor centers: Provided, however, That aliens working in the country
with valid permits issued by the Department of Labor and Employment, may exercise the right to
self-organization and join or assist labor organizations of their own choosing for purposes of
collective bargaining: Provided, further, That said aliens are nationals of a country which grants
the same or similar rights to Filipino workers. (As amended by Section 29, Republic Act No.
6715, March 21, 1989)
Art. 270. Regulation of foreign assistance.
a. No foreign individual, organization or entity may give any donations, grants or other
forms of assistance, in cash or in kind, directly or indirectly, to any labor organization,
group of workers or any auxiliary thereof, such as cooperatives, credit unions and
institutions engaged in research, education or communication, in relation to trade union
activities, without prior permission by the Secretary of Labor.
"Trade union activities" shall mean:

1. organization, formation and administration of labor organization;
2. negotiation and administration of collective bargaining agreements;
3. all forms of concerted union action;
4. organizing, managing, or assisting union conventions, meetings, rallies, referenda,

teach-ins, seminars, conferences and institutes;
5. any form of participation or involvement in representation proceedings,

representation elections, consent elections, union elections; and
6. other activities or actions analogous to the foregoing.
b. This prohibition shall equally apply to foreign donations, grants or other forms of
assistance, in cash or in kind, given directly or indirectly to any employer or employers
organization to support any activity or activities affecting trade unions.
c. The Secretary of Labor shall promulgate rules and regulations to regulate and control the
giving and receiving of such donations, grants, or other forms of assistance, including the
mandatory reporting of the amounts of the donations or grants, the specific recipients
thereof, the projects or activities proposed to be supported, and their duration.
Art. 271. Applicability to farm tenants and rural workers. The provisions of this Title
pertaining to foreign organizations and activities shall be deemed applicable likewise to all
organizations of farm tenants, rural workers, and the like: Provided, That in appropriate cases,
the Secretary of Agrarian Reform shall exercise the powers and responsibilities vested by this
Title in the Secretary of Labor.
Chapter IV
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION
Art. 272. Penalties.
a. Any person violating any of the provisions of Article 264 of this Code shall be punished
by a fine of not less than one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) nor more than ten thousand
pesos (P10,000.00) and/or imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than
three (3) years, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court.
Prosecution under this provision shall preclude prosecution for the same act under the
Revised Penal Code, and vice versa.
b. Upon the recommendation of the Minister of Labor and Employment and the Minister of
National Defense, foreigners who violate the provisions of this Title shall be subject to
immediate and summary deportation by the Commission on Immigration and Deportation
and shall be permanently barred from re-entering the country without the special
permission of the President of the Philippines. (As amended by Section 16, Batas
Pambansa Bilang 130 and Section 7, Batas Pambansa Bilang 227)
Title IX
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
Art. 273. Study of labor-management relations. The Secretary of Labor shall have the power
and it shall be his duty to inquire into:
a. the existing relations between employers and employees in the Philippines;
b. the growth of associations of employees and the effect of such associations upon
employer-employee relations;
c. the extent and results of the methods of collective bargaining in the determination of
terms and conditions of employment;
d. the methods which have been tried by employers and associations of employees for
maintaining mutually satisfactory relations;
e. desirable industrial practices which have been developed through collective bargaining
and other voluntary arrangements;
f. the possible ways of increasing the usefulness and efficiency of collective bargaining for
settling differences;
g. the possibilities for the adoption of practical and effective methods of labor-management
cooperation;
h. any other aspects of employer-employee relations concerning the promotion of harmony

and understanding between the parties; and
i. the relevance of labor laws and labor relations to national development.

The Secretary of Labor shall also inquire into the causes of industrial unrest and take all
the necessary steps within his power as may be prescribed by law to alleviate the same,
and shall from time to time recommend the enactment of such remedial legislation as in
his judgment may be desirable for the maintenance and promotion of industrial peace.
Art. 274. Visitorial power. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized
representative is hereby empowered to inquire into the financial activities of legitimate labor
organizations upon the filing of a complaint under oath and duly supported by the written
consent of at least twenty percent (20%) of the total membership of the labor organization
concerned and to examine their books of accounts and other records to determine compliance or
non-compliance with the law and to prosecute any violations of the law and the union
constitution and by-laws: Provided, That such inquiry or examination shall not be conducted
during the sixty (60)-day freedom period nor within the thirty (30) days immediately preceding
the date of election of union officials. (As amended by Section 31, Republic Act No. 6715,
March 21, 1989)
Art. 275. Tripartism and tripartite conferences.
a. Tripartism in labor relations is hereby declared a State policy. Towards this end, workers
and employers shall, as far as practicable, be represented in decision and policy-making
bodies of the government.
b. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized representatives may,
from time to time, call a national, regional, or industrial tripartite conference of
representatives of government, workers and employers for the consideration and adoption
of voluntary codes of principles designed to promote industrial peace based on social
justice or to align labor movement relations with established priorities in economic and
social development. In calling such conference, the Secretary of Labor and Employment
may consult with accredited representatives of workers and employers. (As amended by
Art. 276. Government employees. The terms and conditions of employment of all government
employees, including employees of government-owned and controlled corporations, shall be
governed by the Civil Service Law, rules and regulations. Their salaries shall be standardized by
the National Assembly as provided for in the New Constitution. However, there shall be no
reduction of existing wages, benefits and other terms and conditions of employment being
enjoyed by them at the time of the adoption of this Code.
Art. 277. Miscellaneous provisions.
a. All unions are authorized to collect reasonable membership fees, union dues, assessments
and fines and other contributions for labor education and research, mutual death and
hospitalization benefits, welfare fund, strike fund and credit and cooperative
undertakings. (As amended by Section 33, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
b. Subject to the constitutional right of workers to security of tenure and their right to be
protected against dismissal except for a just and authorized cause and without prejudice
to the requirement of notice under Article 283 of this Code, the employer shall furnish the
worker whose employment is sought to be terminated a written notice containing a
statement of the causes for termination and shall afford the latter ample opportunity to be
heard and to defend himself with the assistance of his representative if he so desires in
accordance with company rules and regulations promulgated pursuant to guidelines set
by the Department of Labor and Employment. Any decision taken by the employer shall
be without prejudice to the right of the worker to contest the validity or legality of his
dismissal by filing a complaint with the regional branch of the National Labor Relations
Commission. The burden of proving that the termination was for a valid or authorized
cause shall rest on the employer. The Secretary of the Department of Labor and
Employment may suspend the effects of the termination pending resolution of the dispute
in the event of a prima facie finding by the appropriate official of the Department of
Labor and Employment before whom such dispute is pending that the termination may
cause a serious labor dispute or is in implementation of a mass lay-off. (As amended by
c. Any employee, whether employed for a definite period or not, shall, beginning on his
first day of service, be considered as an employee for purposes of membership in any
labor union. (As amended by Section 33, Republic Act No. 6715)
d. No docket fee shall be assessed in labor standards disputes. In all other disputes, docket
fees may be assessed against the filing party, provided that in bargaining deadlock, such
fees shall be shared equally by the negotiating parties.
e. The Minister of Labor and Employment and the Minister of the Budget shall cause to be
created or reclassified in accordance with law such positions as may be necessary to carry
out the objectives of this Code and cause the upgrading of the salaries of the personnel
involved in the Labor Relations System of the Ministry. Funds needed for this purpose
shall be provided out of the Special Activities Fund appropriated by Batas Pambansa Blg.
80 and from annual appropriations thereafter. (Incorporated by Batas Pambansa Bilang
130, August 21, 1981)
f. A special Voluntary Arbitration Fund is hereby established in the Board to subsidize the
cost of voluntary arbitration in cases involving the interpretation and implementation of
the Collective Bargaining Agreement, including the Arbitrators fees, and for such other
related purposes to promote and develop voluntary arbitration. The Board shall
administer the Special Voluntary Arbitration Fund in accordance with the guidelines it
may adopt upon the recommendation of the Council, which guidelines shall be subject to
the approval of the Secretary of Labor and Employment. Continuing funds needed for
this purpose in the initial yearly amount of fifteen million pesos (P15,000,000.00) shall
be provided in the 1989 annual general appropriations acts.
The amount of subsidy in appropriate cases shall be determined by the Board in

accordance with established guidelines issued by it upon the recommendation of the
Council.
The Fund shall also be utilized for the operation of the Council, the training and
education of Voluntary Arbitrators, and the Voluntary Arbitration Program. (As amended
g. The Ministry shall help promote and gradually develop, with the agreement of labor
organizations and employers, labor-management cooperation programs at appropriate
levels of the enterprise based on the shared responsibility and mutual respect in order to
ensure industrial peace and improvement in productivity, working conditions and the
quality of working life. (Incorporated by Batas Pambansa Bilang 130, August 21, 1981)
h. In establishments where no legitimate labor organization exists, labor-management

committees may be formed voluntarily by workers and employers for the purpose of
promoting industrial peace. The Department of Labor and Employment shall endeavor to
enlighten and educate the workers and employers on their rights and responsibilities
through labor education with emphasis on the policy thrusts of this Code. (As amended
i. To ensure speedy labor justice, the periods provided in this Code within which decisions
or resolutions of labor relations cases or matters should be rendered shall be mandatory.
For this purpose, a case or matter shall be deemed submitted for decision or resolution
upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum required by the rules of the
Commission or by the Commission itself, or the Labor Arbiter, or the Director of the
Bureau of Labor Relations or Med-Arbiter, or the Regional Director.
Upon expiration of the corresponding period, a certification stating why a decision or

resolution has not been rendered within the said period shall be issued forthwith by the
Chairman of the Commission, the Executive Labor Arbiter, or the Director of the Bureau
of Labor Relations or Med-Arbiter, or the Regional Director, as the case may be, and a
copy thereof served upon the parties.
Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the aforesaid officials shall,
without prejudice to any liability which may have been incurred as a consequence
thereof, see to it that the case or matter shall be decided or resolved without any further
delay. (Incorporated by Section 33, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989)
FAQs - NLRC Proceedings
NLRC Proceedings: What is an appeal in compulsory arbitration?
When an aggrieved party is not satisfied with the decision, order or award of the Labor Arbiter,
POEA Administrator or DOLE Regional Director or his duly authorized hearing officer, the
decision, award or order may be elevated to the Commission Proper upon grounds provided by
law.
NLRC Proceedings: When to submit position papers/ memorandum
If, during the conferences, the parties fail to agree upon an amicable settlement, either in whole
or in part, the Labor Arbiter shall issue an order directing the parties to simultaneously file their
respective verified position papers, with the supporting documents and affidavits within fifteen
(15) calendar days from the date of the last conference, with proof of having furnished each other
with the copies thereof.
The verified position papers shall cover only those claims and causes of action raised in the
complaint excluding those that may have been amicably settled.
The Labor Arbiter determines the necessity of a hearing
As soon as the parties have submitted their position papers/memorandum, the Labor Arbiter
shall, motu propio, determine whether there is a need for a formal trial or hearing. The Labor
Arbiter may, at his discretion, ask clarificatory questions to further elicit facts or information,
including but not limited to the subpoena of relevant documentary evidence from any party or
witness.
NLRC Proceedings: How many copies of the appeal must be submitted and where does one
file an appeal?
The appeal, in five (5) legibly typewritten copies, may be filed with the respective Regional
Arbitration Branch, the DOLE Regional Office or the POEA, where the case was heard and
decided.
NLRC Proceedings: When will the Labor Arbiter render decision?
The Arbiter shall render his decision within thirty (30) calendar days, without extension, after the
submission of the case by the parties for resolution, even in the absence of stenographic notes,
provided however that cases involving Overseas Filipino Workers shall be decided within ninety
(90) calendar days after the filing of the complaint which shall be deemed perfected upon
acquisition by the labor arbiter of jurisdiction over the respondent/s. (Sec. 5, Rule 5, NLRC
Rules as Amended)
NLRC Proceedings: May the Labor Arbiter conciliate disputes?
Yes. At any stage of the proceedings in all cases, the Arbiter shall exert all efforts and take
positive steps toward resolving the dispute through conciliation.
NLRC Proceedings: Conference
The Labor Arbiter shall summon the parties to a conference within two days from receipt of an
assigned case.The purpose of the conference is either to:
amicably settle the dispute;

determine the real parties in interest;
define and simplify the issues of the case;
enter into admissions and/or stipulations of facts; and
thresh out preliminary matters. (Sec. 2, Rule 5, NLRC Rules as Amended)
NLRC Proceedings: When is a hearing necessary or not?
If there is a need for a hearing, the Labor Arbiter shall issue an order setting the date or dates for
said hearing which shall be terminated within ninety (90) days from initial hearing. However, if
he finds no necessity for further hearing after the parties have submitted their position papers and
supporting documents, he shall issue an Order to that effect and inform the parties. The Arbiter
shall render his decision in the case within ninety (90) days.
NLRC Proceedings: What is the period of appeal?
Within ten (10) calendar days from receipt of such decisions, awards or orders of the Labor
Arbiter or of the POEA Administrator. In case of a decision of the Regional Director or his duly
authorized hearing officer, the appeal may be filed within five (5) calendar days from receipt of
such decisions, awards or orders.
NLRC Proceedings: What are certified labor disputes?
Certified labor disputes are cases certified to the Commission for compulsory arbitration by the
Secretary of Labor and Employment if in his opinion, there exists a labor dispute causing or
likely to cause a strike or lockout in an industry indispensable to the national interest. (Sec. 2,
Rule 9, NLRC Rules as Amended)
What are the effects of certification?
Upon certification, the intended or impending strike or lockout is automatically prohibited even
if there is a motion for reconsideration of the certification order in the Office of the Secretary.
If a work stoppage has already taken place at the time of the Certification, all striking or locked-
out employees are to immediately return to work and the employer shall immediately resume
operations and readmit all workers under the same terms existing before the strike or lockout.
(Sec. 5, Rule 9, NLRC Rules as Amended)
When will the Commission resolve a certified case?

The Commission, sitting in the appropriate Division shall decide or resolve the certified dispute
within thirty (30) calendar days from the date of submission of the dispute for resolution. (Sec. 4,
Rule 9, NLRC Rules as Amended)
NLRC Proceedings: Number of conferences allowed
The number of conferences shall not exceed three (3) settings and shall be terminated within
thirty (30) calendar days from the date of the first conference.
No motion for postponement shall be entertained. Non-appearance of the complainant/s during

the scheduled hearings for mediation/conciliation conference shall be a ground for the dismissal
of the case without prejudice.
In case of non-appearance of the respondent/s during the first conference, a second conference
shall proceed. Non-appearance of the respondent/s during the second conference shall
immediately terminate the mandatory conciliation/mediation conference. The complainant/s shall
thereupon be allowed to file his position paper as well as submit evidence in support of his cause
or causes of action after which, the labor arbiter shall render his decision on the basis of the
evidence on record. (Sec. 2, Rule 5, NLRC Rules as Amended)
NLRC Proceedings: What are the other requisites for the perfection of an appeal?
The appeal should be under oath.

Proof of payment of appeal fee.
Proof of posting of a cash or surety bond.
Must be accompanied by a memorandum of appeal which shall state the grounds relied
upon and the supporting arguments.
A statement of the date when the appellant received the appealed decision or award.
Proof of service on the other party of such appeal.
NLRC Proceedings: How much is the appeal fee?
An appeal fee of one hundred and ten (P110.00) pesos must be paid by the appellant to the
Regional Arbitration Branch, DOLE Regional Office or the POEA.
NLRC Proceedings: When is a bond required in an appeal?

In case the decision of the Labor Arbiter, POEA Administrator and DOLE Regional Director or
his duly authorized hearing officer involves monetary award.
NLRC Proceedings: Can an appeal for decisions involving monetary award be perfected
without posting a bond?
An appeal by the employer shall be perfected only upon posting of a cash or surety bond issued
by a reputable bonding company duly accredited by the Commission or the Supreme Court in an
amount equivalent to the monetary award.
NLRC Proceedings: What is the period to resolve the appeal?
The appeal from the decision, order or reward of the Labor Arbiter and POEA Administrator
shall be resolved by the Commission within 20 calendar days from receipt of the answer of the
appellee or upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum.
In case of an appeal from the decision of the DOLE Regional Director or his duly authorized
hearing officer, it shall be resolved within 10 calendar days.
Labor Management Relations
Article XIII Sec. 3 of the Philippine Constitution on Labor-Management Relations, at a Glance:
a) Full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized;
b) Full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all;
c) Right of all workers to:
self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations;
engage in peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with
law;
security of tenure, humane conditions of work and a living wage; and
participate in policy and decision making processes affecting their rights and benefits as
may to provided by law;
d) Promotion of the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers;
e) Preferential use of voluntary modes in setting disputes, including conciliation.
f) Recognition of the right of labor to its just share in fruits of production; and
g) Right of enterprises to reasonable return of investment and to expansion and growth.
Article 211 of the Labor Code, as amended by R.A. 6715, on the State Policy on Labor
Relations:
a) To promote and emphasize the primacy of free collective bargaining and negotiations,
including voluntary arbitration, mediation and conciliation, as modes of settling labor or
industrial disputes;
b) To promote free trade unionism as an instrument for the enhancement of democracy and the
promotion of social justice and development;
c) To foster the free and voluntary organization of a strong and united labor movement;
d) To promote the enlightenment of workers concerning their rights and obligations as union
members and as employees;
e) To provide an adequate administrative machinery for the expeditious settlement of labor or

industrial disputes;
f) To ensure a stable but dynamic and just industrial peace; and
g) To ensure the participation of workers in decision and policy-making processes affecting

their rights, duties and welfare.
Right to Self Organization

1.What is Right to self organization?
It is the right of workers and employees to form, join or assist unions, organizations or
associations for purposes of collective bargaining and negotiation and for mutual aid and
protection. It also refers to the right to engage in peaceful concerted activities or to participate in
policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits.
2.What is Workers' Association?

A workers association means any group of workers, including ambulant, intermittent, self-
employed, rural workers and those without definite employers, organized for mutual aid and
protection of its members or for any legitimate purpose other than collective bargaining.
3.Who may join a labor organization or workers' association?
The following may join a labor organization:
a) all employees employed in commercial, industrial and agricultural enterprises and in

religious, charitable, medical or educational institutions whether operating for profit or
not;
b) government employees in the civil service;
c) supervisory personnel;
d) security personnel; and,
e) aliens with valid working permit provided there are nationals of a country which
grants the same or similar rights to Filipino workers as certified by the Department of
Foreign Affairs (DFA).
4. Is there a required number of workers in an establishment for a union to be formed?
None, provided that the required 20% membership of the bargaining unit is complied with.
5.How do labor organizations and workers' associations become legitimate?
Federation, national union or industry or trade union center or an independent union and workers'
associations become legitimate upon issuance of the certificate of registration by the Department
of Labor and Employment (DOLE).
6.What are the rights of legitimate labor organizations?
A legitimate labor organization shall have the following rights:
to act as a representative of its members for collective bargaining;

to be certified as the exclusive representative of all the employees in an appropriate
collective bargaining unit for collective bargaining;
to be furnished by the employer, upon written request, with annual audited financial
statements within 30 calendar days from date of receipt of the request, or within 60
calendar days before the expiration of the existing CBA, or during the collective
bargaining negotiation;
to own property, real of personal, for the use and benefit of the labor organization and
its members; and
to sue and be sued in its registered name; and (6) to undertake all other activities to
benefit the organization and its members, and other projects not contrary to law.
7.How are locals\chapters of federation or workers association created?
a duly registered federation or national union may directly create a local\chapter by issuing a
charter certificate indicating the establishment of the local\chapter. a duly registered workers'
association may also charter any of its braches upon filing of the documents prescribed in
chartering and creation of a local\chapter.
8.When does a local\chapter acquire legal personality?
The local\chapter shall acquire legal personality only for purposes of filing a petition for
certification election from the date the duly registered federation or national union issued a
charter certificate.
The local\chapter shall be entitled to all other rights and privileges of a legitimate labor
organization upon the submission of the following:
charter certificate
the names of the local\chapter's officers, their addresses, and the principal office of the
local\chapter; and
the chapter constitution and by-laws is the same as that of the federation, this fact shall
be indicated accordingly.
The Genuineness and appropriate execution of the supporting requirement shall be certified
under oath by the secretary or treasurer of the local\chapter and attested to by its president.
9.When may the Regional or BLR Director Inquire into the financial activities of a legitimate
labor organization?
The regional or BLR Director may inquire into the financial activities of any legitimate labor
organization and examine their books of accounts and other records to determine whether they
are complying with the law and the organization's constitution and by-laws upon the filing of a
request or complaint for the conduct of an accounts examination by any member of the labor
organization, supported by the written consent of at least twenty (20%) percent of its total
membership ( Art. 274 of the Labor Code, as amended).
10.What are the grounds for the cancellation of union registration?
The grounds for the cancellation of union registration are:
a) misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the adoption or ratification of

the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto, the minutes of ratification, and the list of
members who took part in the ratification;
b) misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the election of officers,

minutes of election of officers, and the list of voters; and
c) voluntary dissolution of the members. However, at least 2/3 of its general membership
should vote to dissolve the organization in a meeting called for that purpose and that the
application to cancel the registration is submitted by the board of the organization. It shall be
attested to by the president.
11.Who may file an intra/inter union complaint or petition?
Any legitimate labor organization or its concerned member(s) may file a complaint or petition
involving intra/inter-union disputes or issues. When the issue involves the entire membership of
the labor organization, the complaint or petition shall be supported by at least thirty percent
(30%) of its members.
Certification Election
1. What is Certification Election?
Certification election is a process of determining through secret ballot the sole and exclusive
bargaining agent (SEBA) of all the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit for the purpose
of collective bargaining.
2. Where does a union file a petition for certification election (PCE)?
A PCE is filed at the Regional Office which issued the certificate of petitioning unions
certificate of registration/certificate of creation of chartered local.
3. What are the requirements in filing a PCE?
Among the important requirements are the following:
a) A statement indicating any of the following:
That the bargaining unit is unorganized or that there is no registered CBA covering the
employees in the bargaining unit;
If there exists a duly registered CBA, that the petition is filed within the sixty-day freedom
period of such agreement;
If another union had been previously recognized voluntarily or certified in a valid certification,
consent or run-off election, that the petition is filed outside the one-year period from entry of
voluntary recognition or conduct of certification or run-off election and no appeal is pending
thereon.
b) In an organized establishment, the signature of at least twenty-five (25%) percent of all

employees in the appropriate bargaining unit shall be attached to the petition at the time of its
filing (Section 4, Rule VIII, of the Department Order No. 40-03).
4. What happens after receipt of the PCE?
The petition will be raffled to the Med-Arbiter for preliminary conference to determine, among
others, the bargaining unit to be represented, the contending unions, and the possibility of
consent election.
5. What happens upon approval of the conduct of certification election by the Mediator-
Arbiter?
The PCE will be endorsed to an election officer for the conduct of pre-election conference
wherein the date, time and place of election will be identified, the list of challenged and eligible
voters will be made, as well as the number and location of polling places.
6. May a PCE be denied?
Yes, a PCE may be denied if:
a) it was filed before or after the freedom period of a registered CBA;
b) the petitioner union is not listed in the DOLE Registry of legitimate labor organization; or
c) the legal personality of the petitioner-union has been revoked or cancelled with finality.
7. Who will conduct the CE?
The DOLE Regional Office through the election officer conducts the certification election.
8. How is the SEBA determined?
The union that garners majority of the valid votes cast in a valid certification election shall be
certified as the SEBA.
9. May election protest be entertained?
Yes, but protest should have been first recorded in the minutes of the election proceedings.
10. What happens if the petitioner union fails to garner the majority of the valid votes cast?
There will be no SEBA, but another PCE may be filed one year thereafter.
11. What are the requisites for certification election in organized establishments?
Certification election in organized establishments requires that:
a) a petition questioning the majority status of the incumbent bargaining agent is filed before
the DOLE within the 60-day freedom period;
b) such petition is verified; and
c) the petition is supported by the written consent of at least twenty-five percent (25%) of all
employees in the bargaining unit.
12. What is the requirement for certification election in unorganized establishments?
Certification election in unorganized establishments shall automatically be conducted upon the

filing of a petition for certification election by an independent union or a federation in behalf of
the chartered local or the local/chapter itself.
13. May an employer file a PCE?
Yes, the employer may file a PCE if it is requested to bargain collectively.
14. May an employer extend voluntary recognition to a legitimate labor organization

without filing a PCE?
Yes, management may voluntarily recognize a union if there is no other union in the company
and if other requirements are complied with (Sec. 2, Rule 7 of D.O. 40-03).
15. What is the role of employer in certification election?
The employer shall not be considered a party to a petition for certification election, whether it is
filed by an employer or a legitimate labor organization, and shall have no right to oppose it. Its
participation shall be limited only to being notified or informed of petition for certification
election and submitting the certified list of employees or where necessary, the payrolls
(Employer as Bystander Rule).
CBA and Collective Bargaining
1. What is Collective Bargaining?
It is a process where the parties agree to fix and administer terms and conditions of employment
which must not be below the minimum standards fixed by law, and set a mechanism for
resolving their grievances.
2.What is Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)?
It is a contract executed upon request of either the employer or the exclusive bargaining
representative of the employees incorporating the agreement reached after negotiations with
respect to wages, hours of work and all other terms and conditions of employment, including
proposals for adjusting any grievances or questions under such agreement.
3.Is the ratification of the CBA by the majority of all the workers in the bargaining unit
mandatory?
Yes. The agreement negotiated by the employees bargaining agent should be ratified or
approved by the majority of all the workers in the bargaining unit.
4. Is there any exception to the requirement of mandatory ratification by the majority of all
the workers in the bargaining unit?
Yes. Ratification of the CBA by the employees in the bargaining unit is not needed when the
CBA is a product of an arbitral award by appropriate government authority or by a voluntary
arbitrator.
5.What constitutes CBA registration?
It is a process of determining whether the application for registration of a Collective Bargaining

Agreement complies with the Rules on CBA registration specifically Rule XVII of the
Department Order No. 40-03 or the Rules amending the Implementing Rules of Book V of the
Labor Code of the Philippines.
6.What is the effect of the CBA registration?
The registration of the CBA will bar a certification election except within the last sixty days
(freedom period) before the expiration of the five-year CBA.
7.What is the lifetime of a CBA?
With respect to representation aspect, the CBA lasts for 5 years. However, not later than 3 years
after the execution of the CBA, the economic provisions shall be renegotiated.
8. What is the freedom period?
It refers to the last sixty days immediately preceding the expiration of the five-year CBA. A
petition for certification election may be filed during the freedom period.
9.Where to file the application for CBA registration?
The application for CBA registration shall be filed at the Regional Office that issued the
certificate of registration or certificate of creation of chartered local of the labor union-party to
the agreement.
10. When to file the application for CBA registration?
The application for registration of the CBA shall be filed within thirty (30) days from the
execution of such CBA.
11.What are the requirements for CBA registration?
The following are the requirements for CBA registration (original and two (2) duplicate copies
which must be certified under oath by the representative of the employer and labor union
concerned):
a) The Collective Bargaining Agreement;
b) A statement that the Collective Bargaining Agreement was posted in at least two (2)
conspicuous places in the establishment concerned for at least five (5) days before its ratification;
and
c) A statement that the Collective Bargaining Agreement was ratified by the majority of the
employees in the bargaining unit of the employer concerned.
12.Is registration fee required?
Yes. The certificate of CBA registration shall be issued by the DOLE Regional Office only upon
payment of the prescribed registration fee.
13.How long will it take to process the CBA registration?
The application for CBA registration shall be processed within one day from receipt thereof.
14.What is the ground for denial of the CBA registration?
Failure of the applicant to complete the requirements for CBA registration but such denial is
without prejudice for the filing of another application for registration.
Strikes and Lockout
1. What is alternative dispute resolution (ADR)?
Alternative Dispute Resolution means any process or procedure used to resolve a labor dispute
through conciliation, mediation, voluntary arbitration, or plant-level bipartite mechanisms, such
as labor-management cooperation (LMC) and grievance machinery.
2. What is conciliation-mediation?
Conciliation-mediation is a non-litigious, non-adversarial, less expensive and expeditious

mechanism in assisting the parties towards voluntarily reaching their own mutually acceptable
settlement to the labor dispute. Under this informal set-up, the parties arrive at an amicable
settlement without going through legal procedures.
3. Who can avail of conciliation and mediation services?
Any party to a labor dispute, whether an individual, union or management, can avail of the
conciliation mediation services at the National Conciliation and Mediation Board (NCMB) and
its Regional Branches thru a request for assistance, notice of preventive mediation or notice of
strike/lockout.
4. What are the issues that may be the subject of preventive mediation?
A preventive mediation may be filed by an individual, union or management on any issue arising
from violation of the right to self-organization, including issues for notice of strike or lockout, to
avoid the occurrence of actual labor disputes.
5. Suppose the issue on preventive mediation is not settled, what action may be taken?
The individual, union or management may file a notice of strike/lockout.
6. Who can file a notice of strike?
Unions that are certified as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent (SEBA) may file a notice of
strike at the NCMB Regional Branch. In the absence of a SEBA, a legitimate labor organization
may file but only on grounds of ULPs.
7. What are the valid issues/grounds that may be the subject of a notice of strike/lockout?
A notice of strike or lockout may be filed on grounds of unfair labor practice (ULP) or deadlock
in collective bargaining (CB).
8. May the union or management bring the case to voluntary arbitration?
Yes. Upon agreement, the parties may bring the matter for resolution before an accredited
voluntary arbitrator of their own choice, in which case the Notice is deemed automatically
withdrawn and dropped from the dockets.
9. What happens in case no settlement is reached?
The union/management may go on strike/lockout provided the following are complied with:
a) A request to the concerned NCMB regional branch to observe the conduct of the
strike/lockout vote;
b) Actual conduct of strike/lockout vote must be approved through secret ballot by the majority
of the union members/board of directors of the corporation or association or of the partners in a
partnership;
c) The result of the strike or lockout VOTE shall be submitted to the concerned NCMB-Regional
Branch;
d) The union must wait for the lapse of the 7-day mandatory strike ban period from the
submission of the strike/lockout vote results to give NCMB last ditch effort to effect settlement.
10. What are the periods to be observed before going on strike?
If the ground of the notice of strike is CB deadlock, the cooling-off period is 30 days. If ULP, 15
days. During these periods, the NCMB shall exert all efforts at the mediation and conciliation to
effect voluntary settlement. If Union Busting, the cooling-off period is dispensed with but the
mandatory 7-day Strike Ban period must be complied with.
11. When may a strike or lockout be declared illegal?
A strike or lockout may be declared illegal if any of the requirements for a valid strike or lockout
is not complied with. It may also be declared illegal if it is based on non-strikeable issues or if
the issues involved are already the subject of arbitration. During a strike or lockout, when either
of the parties commits prohibited acts or practices, the strike or lockout may be declared illegal.
12. Who has jurisdiction to determine the legality of strike or lockout?
In general, the Labor Arbiter in the appropriate Arbitration Branch of the NLRC has the power to
determine questions involving the legality or illegality of a strike or lockout upon the filing of a
proper complaint and after due hearing.
Where the matter of legality or illegality of a strike is raised in the dispute over which the
Secretary assumed jurisdiction or in compulsory arbitration, the same may be resolved by the
Secretary or the Commission, respectively. (IPI vs. Sec. of Labor and Associated Labor Unions,
G.R. No. 92981-83, January 9, 1992.)
13. Is conciliation-mediation still possible during actual strike or actual lockout?
Yes. Conciliation-mediation can still continue even during an actual strike or lockout to exhaust
all possible remedies and explore solutions mutually acceptable to both parties in resolving the
labor dispute.
14. What may the union do if the ground for notice of strike is ULP that involves dismissal of
union officers?
In case of dismissal of union officers, the 15-day cooling-off period shall not apply and the union
may declare a strike after observing the 7-day mandatory strike ban period which starts after
submission of the strike vote results.
15. What may happen if the dispute is considered to be imbued with national interest?
The Secretary of Labor and Employment may assume jurisdiction over the dispute or certify it to
the NLRC for compulsory arbitration.
16. Is conciliation-mediation still possible even if the dispute has already been assumed or
certified?
Yes. The duty to bargain collectively continues until all issues involved in the dispute have been
resolved and at any point during the pendency of the case at the Office of the Secretary or at the
NLRC, the parties can still submit the dispute to voluntary arbitration.
17. What is the effect of assumption of jurisdiction or certification for compulsory

arbitration?
The strike is enjoined and the striking workers after due notice are ordered to return to work and
the management to accept them while the Secretary of Labor or the NLRC resolves the dispute.
18. What is the effect if the strikers refuse to obey the assumption/certification order?
The strike becomes a prohibited activity and the strike becomes illegal. The union officers or
members will be deemed dismissed from employment.
19. Can the employer file a petition to declare the strike illegal?
Yes. An employer may file a petition to declare the strike illegal at the NLRC-RAB where the
employer is located.
20. What is the consequence of an illegal strike?
When the strike is held illegal, only the union officers who knowingly participated will be
considered to have lost their employment status. The union members who knowingly
participated in the commission of illegal acts during the strike may be held liable.
21. What is a grievance?
A grievance is any question by either the employer or the union regarding the interpretation or
implementation of the collective bargaining agreement or interpretation or implementation of
company personnel policies or interpretation or implementation of the productivity incentive
programs or wage distortion issues or any claim by either party that the other party is in violation
of any provision of the CBA or company personnel policies.
22. What are the sources of a grievance?
a. Contract (Collective Bargaining Agreement)
b. Company Personnel Policies and Company Rules and Regulations
c. Company Productivity Incentive Programs
d. Law
e. Past practice
23. What are the types of grievances?
a. Rights disputes pertain to any violations arising from rights established under collective
agreements, laws, rules and regulations and customary practices.
b. Interests disputes are often referred to as bargaining deadlock issues which may also be
submitted to voluntary arbitration upon agreement of the parties.
c. Discipline cases refer to violators of the usual norms or personnel conduct or behaviour of
employees.
24. What are the grounds for a grievance to exist?
a. There is a violation of the CBA provisions. (It arises out of interpretation or implementation of
CBA)
b. A worker has been treated unfairly by some decision or policy of the company. (It involves a
disciplinary action of management)
c. There is violation of law or health and safety regulation.
d. There is violation of a past practice.
e. There is a violation of employer responsibility.
f. Wage distortion issues.
g. Issues arising from the interpretation or implementation of the productivity incentive

programs.
25. Who can file/initiate a Grievance?
a. Aggrieved (individual) employee
b. Group of employees
c. The Union
d. Management or Employer
26. How is a grievance resolved?
The grievance is resolved through the grievance machinery or committee as provided for in the
CBA. The procedure may vary from CBA to CBA, but the ideal procedure shall be as follows:
a) An employee shall present the grievance or complaint orally or in writing to the shop steward;
b) If the grievance is valid, the shop steward shall immediately bring the complaint to the
employees immediate supervisor;
c) If no settlement is reached, the grievance shall be referred to the grievance committee which
shall have ten (10) days to decide the case. (Rule 19, Sec. 2. D.O. 40-03)
27. What happens if a grievance is not resolved?
The unresolved issue/s in the grievance shall be submitted to voluntary arbitration.
28. What is Voluntary Arbitration?
Voluntary Arbitration is a mode of settling labor-management dispute by which the parties select
a competent, trained and impartial person who decides on the merits of the case and whose
decision is final, executory and binding. It is the terminal step after the parties have exhausted
their grievance machineries.
29. Who is a voluntary arbitrator?
Any person who has been accredited by the Board as such, or any person named or designated in
the collective bargaining agreement by the parties as their voluntary arbitrator, or one chosen by
the parties with or without the assistance of the Board, pursuant to a selection procedure agreed
upon in the CBA or one appointed by the Board in case either of the parties to the CBA refuses
to submit to voluntary arbitration. The term includes panel of voluntary arbitrators.
30. What are the kinds of a voluntary arbitrator?
a. Permanent Arbitrator the voluntary arbitrator specifically named or designated in the

collective bargaining agreement by the parties as their voluntary arbitrator.
b. Ad-hoc-arbitrator the voluntary arbitrator chosen by the parties in accordance with the
established procedures in the CBA or the one appointed by the Board in case there is failure in
the selection or in case either of the parties to the CBA refuses to submit to voluntary arbitration.
31. What are the disputes/issues that may be submitted to voluntary arbitration?
a. All unresolved grievances arising from the interpretation or implementation of the collective
bargaining agreement. (Art. 261, Labor Code)
b. All unresolved grievances arising from the implementation or enforcement of company

personnel policies. (Art. 261, LC)
c. All wage distortion issues arising from the application of any wage orders in organized
establishments. (Art. 124, LC)
d. All unresolved grievances arising from the interpretation and implementation of the
productivity incentive programs RA 6971.
e. All other labor disputes including unfair labor practices. (Art. 262, LC)
f. Bargaining deadlocks (Art. 262,LC)
g. Assumed or certified national interest cases before or any stage of the compulsory
arbitration process (Art. 263[h], LC)
h. Illegal dismissal cases under Policy Instruction No. 56 dated April 6, 1993.
32. How does a voluntary Arbitrator or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators acquire jurisdiction
over a case?
Pursuant to DO 40-03 and Revised Procedural Guidelines on VA, a Voluntary Arbitrator or

panel of Voluntary Arbitrators acquire jurisdiction over a specific dispute upon receipt of the
following:
a. submission agreement signed by the parties;
b. notice to arbitrate signed by a party to a CBA with an agreement to arbitrate; or
c. appointment/designation as VA by the National Conciliation and Mediation Board (NCMB) in

either of the following circumstances:
In the event the parties fail to select an arbitrator; or
In the event that: a) a NTA is served; b) the CBA does not name in advance an
arbitrator; and c) the other party upon whom the notice is served does not reply
favorably within seven (7) days from receipt of such notice.
33. What is a Submission Agreement?
It is written agreement by the parties submitting their case for arbitration containing the issues,
the chosen arbitrator and stipulation to abide by and comply with the resolution, including the
cost of arbitration.
34. What is the remedy of a party who wants to submit to a Voluntary Arbitration despite the
refusal of the other party after exhaustion of grievance procedure but the grievance remains
unresolved?
Submit the case through a procedure called the Notice to Arbitrate.

35. What is a Notice to Arbitrate?
It is a formal demand made by one party to the other for the arbitration of a particular dispute in
case of refusal of one party to a CBA to submit to arbitration.
36. What is the procedure to a Notice to Arbitrate?
1. The Notice is served upon the unwilling party, copy furnished the permanent arbitrator and the
NCMB Regional Branch having jurisdiction over the workplace;
2. Upon receipt of a notice to arbitrate after the lapse of the seventh-day period within which to
respond, the permanent arbitrator/s shall immediately commence arbitration proceedings.
3. In the absence of a permanent arbitrator in the CBA, the Board/Branch appoints a voluntary
arbitrator who shall immediately commence arbitration proceedings upon receipt of such
appointment.
37. What is the period required of a voluntary arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators to
render an award or decision?
Unless the parties agree otherwise, a Voluntary Arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators are
mandated to render an award or decision within 20 calendar days from date of submission for
decision.
38. May the parties to a case enter into an amicable settlement of their dispute pending
resolution by the arbitrator?
Yes. In the event that the parties finally settle their dispute during the pendency of the arbitration
proceedings, the terms of settlement shall be reduced into writing and shall be adopted as the
DECISION of the arbitrator.
39. What are the advantages of resorting to voluntary arbitration in the resolution of a
dispute?
a. Speedy
b. Fair
c. Finality of decisions
d. Economical for both in terms of time, money and resources
e. Alternative to Industrial Action
f. Non-litigious, non-adversarial, non-technical
g. Arbitrable issues are not strikeable as mandated by law

40. What is labor-management cooperation?
Labor-management cooperation is a state of relations where labor and management work hand in
hand to accomplish certain goals using mutually acceptable means. It provides schemes of
workers' participation in decision making process through information sharing, discussion,
consultation and negotiations.
41. Is there a need for labor-management cooperation?
Yes, because labor and management are social partners sharing a common interest in the success
and growth of the enterprise and the economy to promote workers' participation in decision-
making processes, create a labor relations climate conducive to productivity improvement,
improve the quality of working life and achieve and sustain economic growth.
42. What are the mechanisms to promote labor-management cooperation?
The following are the mechanisms:
a. direct participation mechanisms through small group activities like quality control circles or
productivity improvement circles;
b. indirect participation mechanisms through joint consultative bodies like labor-management

councils or committees;
combination of direct and indirect participation mechanisms like joint bodies and small group
activities.
Unfair Labor Practice
1. What is unfair labor practice (ULP)?
ULPs are offenses committed by the employer or labor organization which violate the
constitutional right of workers and employees to self-organization. ULP acts are inimical to the
legitimate interests of both labor and management, disrupt industrial peace and hinder the
promotion of healthy and stable labor-management relations. (Art. 248 of the Labor Code, as
amended)
2. What is the nature of ULP?
ULP is not only a violation of the civil rights of both labor and management, but also a criminal
offense against the State. Criminal ULP cases may be filed with the regular courts. No criminal
prosecution may be instituted, however, without a final judgment from the NLRC that an unfair
labor practice was committed.
3. What are some of the ULPs committed by an employer?
ULP by management are as follows:
a) Requiring as a condition of employment that a person or an employee shall not join a labor
organization or shall withdraw from one to which he belongs;
b) Contracting out services or functions being performed by union members when such will
interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization;
c) Discrimination as regards to wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of
employment in order to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization; and
d) Dismissal, discharge, prejudice or discrimination against an employee for having given or

being about to give testimony under the Labor Code. (Art. 248, 249 of the Labor Code, as
amended)
4. What are some ULPs committed by labor organizations?
A labor organization commits ULP by any of the following violations:
a) Restraint or coercion of employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization: However,

the labor organization shall have the right to prescribe its own rules with respect to the
acquisition or retention of membership; and
b) Causing or attempting to cause an employer to discriminate against an employee, including

discrimination against an employee with respect to whom membership in such organization has
been denied or terminating an employee on any ground other than the usual terms and conditions
under which membership or continuation of membership is made available to other members.
5. What are ULPs committed by both employers and labor organizations?
ULPs by both management and labor organizations are as follows:
a) Interference, restraint, or coercion of employees in the exercise of their right to self-

organization;
b) Violation of a collective bargaining agreement, when circumstances warrant;

c) Initiating, dominating, assisting or otherwise interfering with the formation or administration
of any labor organization, including the giving of financial or other support to it or its organizers
or supporters;
d) Violation of the duty to bargain collectively; and
e) Payment by employer of negotiation or attorneys fees and acceptance by the union or its
officers or agents as part of the settlement of any issue in collective bargaining or any other
dispute (Art. 248, 249 of the Labor Code, as amended).
Termination of Employment
1. What is the right to security of tenure?
The right to security of tenure means that a regular employee shall remain employed unless his
or her services are terminated for just or authorized cause and after observance of procedural due
process.
2. May an employer dismiss an employee? What are the grounds?
Yes. An employer may dismiss an employee on the following just causes:
a) serious misconduct;
b) willful disobedience;
c) gross and habitual neglect of duty;
d) fraud or breach of trust;
e) commission of a crime or offense against the employer, his family or representative;
f) other similar causes.
3. Are there other grounds for terminating an employment? What are they?
Yes. The other grounds are authorized causes:
a) installation of labor-saving devices;

b) redundancy;
c) retrenchment to prevent losses;
d) closure and cessation of business; and
e) disease / illness.
4. Before terminating the services of an employee, what procedure should the employer
observe?
An employer shall observe procedural due process before terminating ones employment.
5. What are the components of procedural due process?
A. In a termination for just cause, due process involves the two-notice rule:
a) A notice of intent to dismiss specifying the ground for termination, and giving said employee
reasonable opportunity within which to explain his or her side;
b) A hearing or conference where the employee is given opportunity to respond to the charge,
present evidence or rebut the evidence presented against him or her;
c) A notice of dismissal indicating that upon due consideration of all the circumstances, grounds
have been established to justify termination.
B. In a termination for an authorized cause, due process means a written notice of dismissal to
the employee specifying the grounds at least 30 days before the date of termination. A copy of
the notice shall also be furnished the Regional Office of the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) where the employer is located.
6. What is the sanction if the employer failed to observe procedural due process in cases of
legal and authorized termination?
In cases of termination for just causes, the employee is entitled to payment of indemnity or
nominal damages in a sum of not more than 30,000 pesos (Agabon vs. NLRC, 442 SCRA 573);
in case of termination for authorized causes, 50,000 pesos (Jaka Food Processing vs. Darwin
Pacot, 454 SCRA 119).
7. May an employee question the legality of his or her dismissal?
Yes. The legality of a dismissal may be questioned before the Labor Arbiter of a Regional
Arbitration Branch of the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC), through a complaint
for illegal dismissal. In establishments with a collective bargaining agreement (CBA), the
dismissal may be questioned through the grievance machinery established under the CBA. If the
complaint is not resolved at this level, it may be submitted to voluntary arbitration.
8. In cases of illegal dismissal, who has the duty of proving that the dismissal is valid?
The employer.
9. Suppose the employer denies dismissing the employee, who has the duty to prove that the
dismissal is without valid cause?
The employee must elaborate, support or substantiate his or her complaint that he or she was
dismissed without valid cause (Ledesma, Jr. vs. NLRC, 537 SCRA 358, October 19, 2007).
10. On what grounds may an employee question his or her dismissal?
An employee may question his or her dismissal based on substantive or procedural grounds.
The substantive aspect pertains to the absence of a just or authorized cause supporting the
dismissal.
The procedural aspect refers to the failure of the employer to give the employee the opportunity
to explain his or her side.
11. What are the rights afforded to an unjustly dismissed employee?
An employee who is dismissed without just cause is entitled to any or all of the following:
a) reinstatement without loss of seniority rights;
b) in lieu of reinstatement, an employee may be given separation pay of one month pay for every
year of service (Golden Ace Builders, et. al vs. Jose Talde, May 5, 2010, GR No. 187200);
c) full backwages, inclusive of allowances and other benefits or their monetary equivalent from
the time compensation was withheld up to the time of reinstatement;
d) damages if the dismissal was done in bad faith (Aurora Land Project Corp. vs NLRC, 266
SCRA 48).
12. What is reinstatement?
Reinstatement means restoration of the employee to the position from which he or she has been
unjustly removed.
Reinstatement without loss of seniority rights means that the employee, upon reinstatement,
should be treated in matter involving seniority and continuity of employment as though he or she
had not been dismissed from work.
When a Labor Arbiter rules for an illegal dismissal, reinstatement is immediately executory even
pending appeal by the employer (Article 223 of the Labor Code, as amended).
13. In what forms may reinstatement pending appeal be effected?
Reinstatement pending appeal may be actual or by payroll, at the option of the employer.
14. What is meant by full backwages?
Full backwages refer to all compensations, including allowances and other benefits with
monetary equivalent that should have been earned by the employee but was not collected by him
or her because of unjust dismissal. It includes all the amounts he or she could have earned
starting from the date of dismissal up to the time of reinstatement.
15. What is separation pay?
In termination for authorized causes, separation pay is the amount given to an employee
terminated due to installation of labor-saving devices, redundancy, retrenchment, closure or
cessation of business or incurable disease.
Separation pay may also be granted to an illegally dismissed employee in lieu of reinstatement.
16. How much is the separation pay?
In cases of installation of labor-saving devices or redundancy, the employee is entitled to receive

the equivalent of one month pay or one month for every year of service, whichever is higher.
In cases of retrenchment, closure or cessation of business or incurable disease, the employee is

entitled to receive the equivalent of one month pay or one-half month pay for every year of
service, whichever is higher.
In case of separation pay in lieu of reinstatement, the employee is entitled to receive the
equivalent of one month pay for every year of service.
17. Is proof of financial losses necessary to justify retrenchment?
Yes. Proof of actual or imminent financial losses that are substantive in character must be proven
by the employer to justify retrenchment (Lopez Sugar Central vs. NLRC, 189 SCRA 179).
18. Are there other conditions before an employee may be dismissed on the ground of
redundancy?
Yes. It must be shown that there is:
a) Good faith in abolishing redundant position; and
b) Fair and reasonable criteria in selecting employees to be dismissed, such as but not limited to
less preferred status (e.g. temporary employee), efficiency and seniority (Asian Alcohol Corp.
vs. NLRC, 305 SCRA 416);
c) A one-month prior notice is given to the employee and DOLE Regional Office as prescribed
by law.
19. May the services of an employee be terminated due to disease?
Yes. The employer may terminate employment on ground of disease only upon the issuance of a
certification by a competent public health authority that the disease is of such nature or at such
stage that it cannot be cured within a period of six months even with proper medical treatment.
20. What is constructive dismissal?
Constructive dismissal refers to an involuntary resignation resorted to when continued

employment becomes impossible, unreasonable or unlikely; when there is a demotion in rank or
a diminution in pay; or when a clear discrimination, insensibility or disdain by an employer
becomes unbearable to an employee or an unwarranted transfer or demotion of a employee, or
other unjustified action prejudicial to the employee. The employer has to prove that such
managerial actions do not constitute constructive dismissal (Blue Dairy Corp. vs. NLRC, 314
SCRA 401)
21. May an employee be placed on floating status?
Yes, provided it is permitted under circumstances for a period of not more than six (6) months.
Beyond this period, floating status becomes constructive dismissal which entitles the employee
to separation pay (Phil. Industrial Security Agency Corp. vs. Virgilio Dapiton and NLRC, 320
SCRA 124)
22. When an employee resigned voluntarily, is he or she entitled to separation pay?
No. An employee is not entitled to separation pay when he or she resigns voluntarily, unless it is
a company practice or provided in the CBA (Hanford Philippines Inc. vs. Shirley Joseph, 454
SCRA 786, March 31, 2005).
23. Are quitclaims valid?
Yes, provided that these are voluntarily signed and the consideration is reasonable and is not
against the law or public policy. (More Maritime Agencies vs. NLRC, 307 SCRA 189)
Quitclaims entered into by union officers and some members do not bind those who did not sign
it (Lianas Supermarket vs. NLRC, 257 SCRA 186).
Remedies
1. What is the Single Entry Approach (SEnA)?
Single Entry Approach is an administrative approach to provide a speedy, impartial, inexpensive

and accessible settlement procedure for all issues/complaints arising from employer-employee
relations to prevent them from ripening into full blown disputes. Under this approach, all labor
and employment disputes shall undergo a 30-day mandatory conciliation-mediation process to
effect settlement among the contending parties.
2. What are the issues subject to SEnA?
All issues arising from labor and employment which may include the following:
a) Termination or suspension of employment issues;
b) Claims for any sum of money, regardless of amount;
c) Intra-union and inter-union issues except petition for certification election, after exhaustion of
administrative remedies;
d) Unfair labor practices;
e) Closures, retrenchments, redundancies, temporary lay-offs;
f) OFW cases;
g) Occupational safety and health standards issues except those involving imminent danger
situation;
h) Issues arising from other labor and related issuances (OLRI)
i) Any other claims arising from employer-employee relationship; and
j) Cases falling under the administrative and quasi-judicial jurisdiction of all DOLE offices and
attached agencies, including NLRC.
3. What issues are not covered by SEnA?
The following issues are not covered by SEnA:
a) Notices of strikes or lockouts, or preventive mediation cases which shall remain with the
National Conciliation and Mediation Board (NCMB);
b) Issues arising from the interpretation or implementation of the collective bargaining

agreement and those arising from interpretation or enforcement of company personnel policies
which should be processed through the Grievance Machinery and voluntary arbitration; and
c) Issues involving violations of the following permits, licenses or registrations: (Alien
Employment Permit (AEP), PRPA authority or license, Working child permit (WCP) and
violations of Republic Act No.9231 (Anti-Child Labor Law), Registration under Department
Order No. 18-02, POEA issued licenses under the Migrant Workers Act, as amended,
Professional license issued by the PRC, TESDA accreditations; and Other similar permits,
licenses or registrations issued by the DOLE or its attached agencies).
4. Who may file a case under the SEnA?
Any aggrieved worker, union, group of workers or the employer may file a request for
assistance.
5. Where to file or request for SEnA?
Request for SEnA can be filed at the Single Entry Assistance Desk (SEAD) in the region where
the employer principally operates. In case of a union or federation representing a local chapter,
the request shall be made at the regional/provincial/ district office where the union or local
chapter is registered.
6. Where to file labor relations disputes?
Labor relations disputes, particularly illegal dismissals with or without claim for reinstatement,
unfair labor practices, strikes and lockouts and claims for damages, shall be filed with the Labor
Arbiter of the NLRC-Regional Arbitration Branch.
7. Does the action to question ones dismissal prescribe?
Yes. The action prescribes after 4 years from the date of termination.
8. What is the period of prescription for ULP acts?
One year from the time the cause of action accrued.
9. Where to file union representation disputes?
Union representation disputes shall be filed at the DOLE Regional Office.
10. Where to file inter/intra-union disputes and cancellation of union registration?
Inter-union and intra-union disputes shall be filed at the DOLE Regional Office or Bureau of
Labor Relations.
11. Where to file disputes involving interpretation and implementation of CBA or company
personnel policies?
Disputes involving interpretation and implementation of CBA or company personnel policies

that are not resolved by the Grievance Machinery shall be filed at the NCMB Regional Branches.
12. Who has the jurisdiction to determine the legality or illegality of strike/lockout?
The Labor Arbiter at the NLRC-Regional Arbitration Branch determines questions involving the
legality or illegality of a strike/lockout upon the filing of a proper complaint and after due
hearing.
When the issue is of national interest, the Secretary of Labor and Employment may assume
jurisdiction or certify the dispute to the NLRC for compulsory arbitration (International
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. vs. Secretary of Labor, and Associated Labor Union, 205 SCRA 59,
January 9, 1992).
13. May a voluntary arbitrator determine the legality of a strike?
Yes. If the issue is voluntarily and jointly submitted by the parties to voluntary arbitration, the
question may be resolved by the voluntary arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators.

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Book V - Labor Relations

Art. 211. Declaration of Policy.

A. It is the policy of the State:

a. To promote and emphasize the primacy of free collective bargaining and

b. To promote free trade unionism as an instrument for the enhancement of

d. To promote the enlightenment of workers concerning their rights and obligations

e. To provide an adequate administrative machinery for the expeditious settlement

f. To ensure a stable but dynamic and just industrial peace; and

g. To ensure the participation of workers in decision and policy-making processes

B. To encourage a truly democratic method of regulating the relations between the

e. "Employer" includes any person acting in the interest of an employer, directly or

i. "Company union" means any labor organization whose formation, function or

j. "Bargaining representative" means a legitimate labor organization whether or not

p. "Lockout" means any temporary refusal of an employer to furnish work as a result of an

Art. 217. Jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiters and the Commission.

1. Unfair labor practice cases;

6. Except claims for Employees Compensation, Social Security, Medicare and

c. Cases arising from the interpretation or implementation of collective bargaining

c. To conduct investigation for the determination of a question, matter or controversy within

e. To enjoin or restrain any actual or threatened commission of any or all prohibited or

2. That substantial and irreparable injury to complainants property will follow;

4. That complainant has no adequate remedy at law; and

The undertaking herein mentioned shall be understood to constitute an agreement entered

Art. 222. Appearances and Fees.

1. If they represent themselves; or

2. If they represent their organization or members thereof.

c. If made purely on questions of law; and

Art. 224. Execution of decisions, orders or awards.

[ Art. 228. Indorsement of cases to Labor Arbiters.

Art. 233. Privileged communication. Information and statements made at conciliation

a. Fifty pesos (P50.00) registration fee;

[ Art. 238. Conditions for registration of federations or national unions. No federation or

a. Misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the adoption or ratification

c. Misrepresentation, false statements or fraud in connection with the election of officers,

e. Acting as a labor contractor or engaging in the "cabo" system, or otherwise engaging in

g. Asking for or accepting attorneys fees or negotiation fees from employers;

j. Failure to comply with requirements under Articles 237 and 238.

a. No arbitrary or excessive initiation fees shall be required of the members of a legitimate

e. No labor organization shall knowingly admit as members or continue in membership any

h. Every payment of fees, dues or other contributions by a member shall be evidenced by a

2. At such other times as may be required by a resolution of the majority of the

3. Upon vacating his office.

b. To be certified as the exclusive representative of all the employees in an appropriate

e. To sue and be sued in its registered name; and

b. To require as a condition of employment that a person or an employee shall not join a

d. To initiate, dominate, assist or otherwise interfere with the formation or administration of

f. To dismiss, discharge or otherwise prejudice or discriminate against an employee for

g. To violate the duty to bargain collectively as prescribed by this Code;

i. To violate a collective bargaining agreement.

a. To restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization.

b. To cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an employee, including

f. To violate a collective bargaining agreement.

Art. 253-A. Terms of a collective bargaining agreement. Any Collective Bargaining

Art. 254. Injunction prohibited. No temporary or permanent injunction or restraining order in

Art. 256. Representation issue in organized establishments. In organized establishments,

Art. 257. Petitions in unorganized establishments. In any establishment where there is no

Art. 261. Jurisdiction of Voluntary Arbitrators or panel of Voluntary Arbitrators. The

a. Nature of the case;

b. Time consumed in hearing the case;