By Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky Copyright 1 !

"# $ll Rights Reserve% Commentary By Ro&ertino Sol'rion# ()""1

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WORLDS IN COLLISION

In the le+than% pi,ture is Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky at the age o+ -! in 1 -". .he righthan% pi,ture /as pro&a&ly taken in the early 1 0"s.
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Oftentimes, after a long and complex research project such as this work on Hyperborea, The Cosmic Tree, it is beneficial to return to the original source material that engendered the endeavor. t has been exactly !" years since first read #r. $elikovsky%s &O'(#) * CO(( ) O* and began this investigation, without knowing particularly where it would eventually lead me. +lthough &O'(#) * CO(( ) O* captivated me more than #r. $elikovsky%s other books, soon thereafter my attention was riveted on his Historical 'econstruction presented in the +,-) * CH+O) series. .y the late /012s had written a 123page treatise titled 45une /6, 17! .C- 8 + 9athematical +nalysis Of +ncient History4 in which think proved that #r. $elikovsky%s purely historical postulations could be mathematically verified and thoroughly cross3referenced. That treatise was not published, however, until +ugust /00: in an edition of TH- $-( ;O$); +* 5ournal. This historical research

se<uence of the past three decades is discussed elsewhere in these essays, such as in H=>-'.O'-+, TH- * ,HT )?*. *ote above that &O'(#) * CO(( ) O* was first published in /062, half a century after 9iss -. $alentia )traiton published TH- C-(-)T +( )H > O@ TH*O'TH and half a century prior to the completion of my own research. +nd also during that second half3century there also were published such relevant works as H+9(-T%) 9 (( by ,iorgio de )antillana and Hertha von #echend, TH- -+'TH CH'O* C(-) by Aecharia )itchin, and @(= *, )-'>-*T) +*# #'+,O*) by '.+. .oulay, amongst others. )ince all of this prior and seemingly disparate writing spanned the entire century, it would have been 33 and was 33 impossible for me to finaliBe all the conclusions which are presented here under the umbrella3title of THCO)9 C T'--. Transcribed below are several excerpts from &O'(#) * CO(( ) O*. Chapters One and Two of >art Two C-xodusD)antoriniE are transcribed in their entiretyF subse<uent excerpts contain only parts of various succeeding chapters. t is <uite impossible for me to transcribe the entire volume. f you are interested in reading it in its totality, you are advised to locate a complete copy by way of your public library, favorite bookstore or even the nternet. 'egardless of #r. $elikovsky%s personal interpretation of the ultimate cause of these events, when we read it in light of all other material, we are forced to view this 4invading comet4 as the cyclical >lanet *ibiru. These excerpts below thus describe the magnetic, meteorologic, geologic and other phenomena that accompanied the last arrival3se<uence of >lanet *ibiru in /6"1 .C- and ensuing years. Thus, we may safely conclude that, as horrible as these events might seem, humanity did indeed surviveF and we can regard the words of #r. $elikovsky as an ominous preview of what will probably transpire when >lanet *ibiru returns again, in the coming years that surround !2/!. To be forewarned is to be forearmed. n #r. $elikovsky%s material, all footnotes are omitted, unless they contain information significantly peripheral to the text itself, and then they will be bracketed and included following the paragraph to which they refer. f any reader wishes to explore #r. $elikovsky%s source material in greater detail, then recommend that you visit your public library and check out the book itself. This book was translated into numerous foreign languages and has sold millions of copies worldwide, so it might be possible for readers in non3-nglish3speaking countries, particularly in -urope, to locate a local translated copy. +lso, in lieu of italics and bold type, capital letters will be used in this transcription. 'egarding the opening information about the )un%s standing still, you are also referred to my own accompanying essay TH- * ,HT TH- )T+') )TOO# )T ((. =ou will note in Chapter Two the 46!3=ear >eriod4 from the events of the -xodus until the .attle of ,ibeon. The exact chronology of this period has been debated for

centuries and is dealt with in other essays in this collection. +ssuming that it has a certain validity, then the -xodus and the )antorini CataclysmD-xplosion occurred in my scenario in the year /6"1 .C-F and the )un stood still over ,ibeon 6! years later in /6G6 .C-. )ignificantly, #r. $elikovsky also linked this period of 6! years to the 9ayan traditionsF it more than coincidental that the 9ayan astronomical system is partially constructed around the framework of a cycle of 6! years, or : times /G. n his discussion of the relevance of the number /G, however, #r. $elikovsky was undoubtedly not aware that the -*#3T 9- #+T- for the current 9ayan .aktun, i.e., the end date of /G.2.2.2.2, falls on !/ #ecember !2/!, precisely G,722 years after the cosmic cataclysm of -xodusD)antoriniF and G,722 years is the length of one *ibiruan Orbit, that cycle of time after which new 4world ages4 begin, birthed by fearsome cosmic storms of fire, water and wind. 'obertino )olHrion, #allas, Texas, : 5anuary !22/

WORLDS IN COLLISION# 1$R. .WO Chapter 1

TH- 9O)T *C'-# .(- )TO'= The most incredible story of miracles is told about 5oshua ben *un who, when pursuing the Canaanite kings at .eth3horon, implored the sun and the moon to stand still. 4+nd he said to the sight of srael, )un, stand thou still upon ,ibeonF and thou, 9oon, in the valley of +jalon. +nd the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. s not this written in the book of 5asherI )o the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day4 C5oshua /28/!3/GE. This story is beyond the belief of even the most imaginative or the most pious person. &aves of stormy sea may have drowned one host and been merciful to another. The earth could crack asunder and swallow up human beings. The 5ordan could be blocked by a slice of its bank falling into the bed of the river. 5ericho%s walls 33 not by the blast of trumpets, but by an incidental earth<uake 33 could have been breached. .ut that the sun and the moon should halt in their movement across the firmament 33 this could be only the product of fancy, a poetic image, a metaphorF a hideous implausibility when imposed as a subject for beliefF a matter for scorn 33 it manifests even a want of reverence for the )upreme .eing. +ccording to the knowledge of our age 33 not of the age when the .ook of 5oshua or of 5asher was written 33 this could have happened if the earth had ceased for a time to roll along its prescribed path. s such a disturbance conceivableI *o record of the slightest confusion is registered in the present annals of the earth. -ach year consists of G76 days, 6 hours, and :0 minutes.

+ departure of the earth from its regular rotation is thinkable, but only in a very improbable event that our planet should meet another heavenly body of sufficient mass to disrupt the eternal path of our world. t is true that aerolites or meteorites reach our earth continually, sometimes by the thousands and tens of thousands. .ut no dislocation of our precise turning round and round has ever been perceived. This does not mean that a larger body, or a larger number of bodies, could not strike the terrestrial sphere. The large number of asteroids between the orbits of the planets 9ars and 5upiter suggests that at some unknown time another planet revolved thereF now only these meteorites follow approximately the path along which the destroyed planet circled the sun. >ossibly a comet ran into it and shattered it. That a comet may strike our planet is not very probable, but the idea is not absurd. The heavenly mechanism works with almost absolute precisionF but unstable, their way lost, comets by the thousands, by the millions, revolve in the sky, and their interference may disturb the harmony. )ome of these comets belong to our system. >eriodically they return, but not at very exact intervals, owing to the perturbations caused by gravitation toward the larger planets when they fly too close to them. .ut innumerable other comets, often seen only through the telescope, come flying in from immeasurable spaces of the universe at very great speed, and disappear 33 possibly forever. )ome comets are visible only for hours, some for days or weeks or even months. 9ight it happen that our earth, the earth under our feet, would roll toward perilous collision with a huge mass of meteorites, a trail of stones flying at enormous speed around and across our solar systemI This probability was analyBed with fervor during the last century. @rom the time of +ristotle, who asserted that a meteorite, which fell at +egospotami when a comet was glowing in the sky, had been lifted from the ground by the wind and carried in the air and dropped over that place, until the year /"2G when, on +pril !7, a shower of meteorites fell at l%+igle in @rance and was investigated by .iot and the @rench +cademy of )ciences, the scholarly world 33 and in the meantime there lived Copernicus, ,alileo ,alilei, ;epler, *ewton, and Huygens 33 did not believe that such a thing as a stone falling from the sky was possible at all. +nd this despite many occasions when stones fell before the eyes of a crowd, as did the aerolite in the presence of -mperor 9aximilian and his court in -nsisheim, +lsace, on *ovember 1, /:0!. Only shortly before /"2G, the +cademy of )ciences of >aris refused to believe that, on another occasion, stones had fallen from the sky. The fall of meteorites on 5uly !:, /102, in southwest @rance was pronounced 4un phJnomKne physi<uement impossible4. )ince the year /"2G, however, scholars have believed that stones fall from the sky. f a stone can collide with the earth, and occasionally a shower of

stones, too, cannot a full3siBed comet fly into the face of the earthI t was calculated that such a possibility exists but that it is very unlikely to occur. L#.@. +rago computed on some occasion that there is one chance in !"2 million that a comet will hit the earth. *evertheless, a hole one mile in diameter in +riBona is a sign of an actual headlong collision of the earth with a small comet or asteroid. On 5une G2, /02", a calculated forty3thousand3ton mass of iron fell in )iberia at 72M67% north latitude and /2/M61% east longitude. n /0:7 the small ,iacobini3Ainner comet passed within /G/,222 miles of the point where the earth was eight days later. L&hile investigating whether an encounter between the earth and a comet had been the subject of a previous discussion, found that &. &histon, *ewton%s successor at Cambridge and a contemporary of Halley, in his *-& TH-O'= O@ TH- -+'TH Cthe first edition of which appeared in /707E tried to prove that the comet of /7"2, to which he CerroneouslyE ascribed a period of 616.6 years, caused the biblical #eluge on an early encounter. L,. Cuvier, who was unable to offer his own explanation of the causes of great cataclysms, refers to the theory of &histon in the following terms8 4&histon fancied that the earth was created from the atmosphere of one comet, and that it was deluged by the tail of another. The heat which remained from its first origin, in his opinion, excited the whole antediluvian population, men and animals, to sin, for which they were all drowned in the deluge, excepting the fish, whose passions were apparently less violent.4 L . #onnelly, author, reformer, and member of the ?nited )tates House of 'epresentatives, tried in his book '+,*+'O; C/""GE to explain the presence of till and gravel on the rock substratum in +merica and -urope by hypothesiBing an encounter with a comet, which rained till on the terrestrial hemisphere facing it at that moment. He placed the event in an indefinite period, but at a time when man already populated the earth. #onnelly did not show any awareness that &histon was his predecessor. His assumption that there is till only in one half of the earth is arbitrary and wrong.N f the head of a comet should pass very close to our path, so as to effect a distortion in the career of the earth, another phenomenon besides the disturbed movement of the planet would probably occur8 a rain of meteorites would strike the earth and would increase to a torrent. )tones scorched by flying through the atmosphere would be hurled on home and head. n the .ook of 5oshua, two verses before the passage about the sun that was suspended on high for a number of hours without moving to the occident, we find this passage8 4+s they Lthe Canaanite kingsN fled from before srael, and were in the going down to .eth3horon ... the (ord cast down ,'-+T )TO*-) from heaven upon them unto +Bekah, and they died8 they were more which died with hail stones Lstones of .+'+#N than they whom the children of srael slew with the sword.

L5oshua /28//N The author of the .ook of 5oshua was surely ignorant of any connection between the two phenomena. He could not be expected to have had any knowledge about the nature of aerolites, about the forces of attraction between celestial bodies, and the like. +s these phenomena were recorded to have occurred together, it is improbable that the records were invented. The meteorites fell on the earth in a torrent. They must have fallen in very great numbers for they struck down more warriors than the swords of the adversaries. To have killed persons by the hundreds or thousands in the field, a cataract of stones must have fallen. )uch a torrent of great stones would mean that a train of meteorites or a comet had struck our planet. The <uotation in the .ible from the .ook of 5asher is laconic and may give the impression that the phenomenon of the motionless sun and moon was local, seen only in >alestine between the valley of +jalon and ,ibeon. .ut the cosmic character of the prodigy is pictured in a thanksgiving prayer ascribed to 5oshua8 4)un and moon stood still in heaven +nd thou didst stand in Thy wrath against our oppressors. ... 4+ll the princes of the earth stood up, The kings of the nations had gathered themselves together. ... 4Thou didst destroy them in Thy fury, +nd Thou didst ruin them in Thy rage. 4*ations raged from fear of Thee, ;ingdoms tottered because of Thy wrath. ... 4Thou didst pour out Thy fury upon them. ... Thou didst terrify them in Thy wrath. ... 4The earth <uaked and trembled from the noise of Thy thunders. 4Thou didst pursue them in Thy storm, Thou didst consume them in the whirlwind. ... 4Their carcasses were like rubbish.4 L,inBberg, (-,-*#), $, //3/!.N The wide radius over which the heavenly wrath swept is emphasiBed in the prayer8 4+ll the kingdoms tottered. ... 4 + torrent of large stones coming from the sky, an earth<uake, a whirlwind, a disturbance in the movement of the earth 33 these four phenomena belong together. t appears that a large comet must have passed very near to our planet and disrupted its movementF a part of the stones dispersed in the neck and tail of the comet smote the surface of our earth a shattering blow.

+re we entitled, on the basis of the .ook of 5oshua, to assume that at some date in the middle of the second millennium before the present era the earth was interrupted in its regular rotation by a cometI )uch a statement has no many implications that it should not be made thoughtlessly. To this say that though the implications are great and many, the present research in its entirety is an interlinked se<uence of documents and other evidence, all of which in common carry the weight of this and other statements in this book. The problem before us is one of mechanics. >oints on the outer layers of the rotating globe Cespecially near the e<uatorE move at a higher linear velocity than points on the inner layers, but at the same angular velocity. Conse<uently, if the earth were suddenly stopped Cor slowed downE in its rotation, the inner layers might come to rest Cor their rotational velocity might be slowedE while the outer layers would still tend to go on rotating. This would cause friction between the various li<uid or semifluid layers, creating heatF on the outermost periphery the solid layers would be torn apart, causing mountains and even continents to fall or rise. +s shall show later, mountains fell and others rose from level groundF the earth with its oceans and continents became heatedF the sea boiled in many places, and rock li<uefiedF volcanoes ignited and forests burned. &ould not a sudden stop by the earth, rotating at a little over one thousand miles an hour at its e<uator, mean a complete destruction of the worldI )ince the world survived, there must have been a mechanism to cushion the slowing down of terrestrial rotation, if it really occurred, or another escape for the energy of motion besides transformation into heat, or both. Or if rotation persisted undisturbed, the terrestrial axis may have tilted in the presence of a strong magnetic field, so that the sun appeared to lose for hours its diurnal movement. These problems are kept in sight and are faced in the -pilogue of this volume. O* TH- OTH-' ) #- O@ TH- &O'(# The .ook of 5oshua, compiled from the more ancient .ook of 5asher, related the order of events. 45oshua ... went up from ,ilgal all night.4 n the early morning he fell upon his enemies unawares at ,ibeon, and 4chased them along the way that goes up to .eth3horon4. +s they fled, great stones were cast from the sky. That same day C4in the day when the (ord delivered up the +morites4E the sun stood still over ,ibeon and the moon over the valley of +jalon. t has been noted that this description of the position of the luminaries implies that the sun was in the forenoon position. The .ook of 5oshua says that the luminaries stood in the midst of the sky. +llowing for the difference in longitude, it must have been early morning or night in the &estern Hemisphere. &e go to the shelf where stand books with the historical traditions of the aborigines of Central +merica. The sailors of Columbus and Cortes, arriving in +merica, found there literate peoples who had books of their own. 9ost of these books were burned in the sixteenth century

by the #ominican monks. $ery few of the ancient manuscripts survived, and these are preserved in the libraries of >aris, the $atican, the >rado, and #resdenF they are called codici, and their texts have been studied and partly read. However, among the ndians of the days of the con<uest and also of the following century there were literary men who had access to the knowledge written in pictographic script by their forefathers. LThe 9ayan tongue is still spoken by about G22,222 people, but of the 9ayan hieroglyphics only the characters employed in the calendar are known for certain.N n the 9exican +**+() O@ C?+?HT T(+* 33 the history of the empire of Culhuacan and 9exico, written in *ahua3 ndian in the sixteenth century 33 it is related that during a cosmic catastrophe that occurred in the remote past, the night did not end for a long time. The biblical narrative describes the sun as remaining in the sky for an additional day C4about a whole day4E. The 9idrashim, the books of ancient traditions not embodied in the )criptures, relate that the sun and the moon stood still for thirty3six T 9, or eighteen hours, and thus from sunrise to sunset the day lasted about thirty hours. n the 9exican annals it is stated that the world was deprived of light and the sun did not appear for a fourfold night. n a prolonged day or night, time could not be measured by the usual means at the disposal of the ancients. L&ith the exception of the water clock.N )ahagun, the )panish savant who came to +merica a generation after Columbus and gathered the traditions of the aborigines, wrote that at the time of one cosmic catastrophe the sun rose only a little way over the horiBon and remained there without movingF the moon also stood still. am dealing with the &estern Hemisphere first, because the biblical stories were not known to its aborigines when it was discovered. +lso, the tradition preserved by )ahagun bears no trace of having been introduced by the missionaries8 in his version there is nothing to suggest 5oshua ben *un and his war against the Canaanite kingsF and the position of the sun, only a very little above the eastern horiBon, differs from the biblical text, though it does not contradict it. &e could follow a path around the earth and in<uire into the various traditions concerning the prolonged night and prolonged day, with sun and moon absent or tarrying at different points along the Bodiac, while the earth underwent a bombardment of stones in a world ablaBe. .ut we must postpone this journey. There was more than one catastrophe when, according to the memory of mankind, the earth refused to play the chronometer by undisturbed rotation on its axis. @irst, we must differentiate the single occurrences of cosmic catastrophes, some of which took place before the one described here, some after itF some of which were of greater extent, and some of lesser.

Chapter ./o

@ @T=3T&O =-+') -+'( -' The pre3Colombian written traditions of Central +merica tell us that fifty3two years before the catastrophe that closely resembles that of the time of 5oshua, another catastrophe of world dimensions had occurred. t is therefore only natural to go back to the old sraelite traditions, as narrated in the )criptures, to determine whether they contain evidence of a corresponding catastrophe. The time of the &andering in the #esert is given by the )criptures as forty years. Then, for a number of years before the day of the disturbed movement of the earth, the protracted con<uest of >alestine went on. t seems reasonable, therefore, to ask whether a date fifty3two years before this event would coincide with the time of the -xodus. L+ccording to rabbinical sources, the war of con<uest in >alestine lasted fourteen years.N n the work +,-) * CH+O), describe at some length the catastrophe that visited -gypt and +rabia. n that work it is explained that the -xodus took place amid a great natural upheaval that terminated the period of -gyptian history known as the 9iddle ;ingdom. There endeavor to show that contemporary -gyptian documents describe the same disaster accompanied by the 4the plagues of -gypt4, and that the traditions of the +rabian >eninsula relate similar occurrences in this land and on the shores of the 'ed )ea. n that work refer also to .eke%s idea that 9t. )inai was a smoking volcano. However, reveal that 4the scope of the catastrophe must have exceeded by far the measure of the disturbance which could be caused by one active volcano4, and promise to answer the <uestion8 4Of what nature and dimension was this catastrophe, or this series of catastrophes, accompanied by plaguesI4 and to publish an investigation into the nature of great catastrophes of the past. .oth works 33 the reconstruction of history and the reconstruction of natural history 33 were conceived within the short interval of half a yearF the desire to establish a correct historical chronology before fitting the acts of nature into the periods of human history impelled me to complete +,-) * CH+O) first. shall employ some of the historical material from the first chapters of +,-) * CH+O). There use it for the purpose of synchroniBing events in the histories of the countries around the eastern 9editerraneanF here shall use it to show that the same events took place all around the world, and to explain the nature of these events. TH- '-# &O'(# n the middle of the second millennium before the present era, as intend to show, the earth underwent one of the greatest catastrophes in its history. + celestial body that only shortly before had become a member of the solar system 33 a new comet 33 came very close to the earth. The account of this catastrophe can be reconstructed from evidence supplied by a large number of documents.

The comet was on its way from its perihelion and touched all earth first with its gaseous tail. (ater in this book shall show that it was about this comet that )ervius wrote8 4*on igneo sed sanguineo rubore fuisse4 C t was not of a flaming but of a bloody rednessE. One of the first visible signs of this encounter was the reddening of the earth%s surface by a fine dust of rusty pigment. n sea, lake, and river this pigment gave a bloody coloring to the water. .ecause of these particles of ferruginous or other soluble pigment, the world turned red. The 9+*?)C' >T O? CHP of the 9ayas tells that in the &estern Hemisphere, in the days of a great cataclysm, when the earth <uaked and the sun%s motion was interrupted, the water in the rivers turned to blood. puwer, the -gyptian eyewitness of the catastrophe, wrote his lament on papyrus8 4The river is blood,4 and this corresponds with the .ook of -xodus C18!2E8 4+ll the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.4 The author of the papyrus also wrote8 4>lague is throughout the land. .lood is everywhere,4 and this, too, corresponds with the .ook of -xodus C18!/E8 4There was blood throughout all the land of -gypt.4 The presence of the hematoid pigment in the rivers caused the death of fish followed by decomposition and smell. 4+nd the river stank4 C-xodus 18!/E. 4+nd all the -gyptians digged round about the river for water to drinkF for they could not drink of the water of the river4 C-xodus 18!:E. The papyrus relates8 49en shrink from tastingF human beings thirst after water,4 and 4That is our waterQ That is our happinessQ &hat shall we do in respect thereofI +ll is ruin.4 The skin of men and of animals was irritated by the dust, which caused boils, sickness, and the death of cattle 33 4a very grievous murrain4. &ild animals, frightened by the portents in the sky, came close to the villages and cities. The summit of mountainous Thrace received the name 4Haemus4, and +pollodorus related the tradition of the Thracians that the summit was so named because of the 4stream of blood which gushed out on the mountain4 when the heavenly battle was fought between Aeus and Typhon, and Typhon was struck by a thunderbolt. t is said that a city in -gypt received the same name for the same reason. The mythology which personified the forces of the cosmic drama described the world as colored red. n one -gyptian myth the bloody hue of the world is ascribed to the blood of Osiris, the mortally wounded planet godF in another myth it is the blood of )eth or +popiF in the .abylonian myth the world was colored red by the blood of the slain Tiamat, the heavenly monster. The @innish epos of ;+(-$+(+ describes how, in the days of the cosmic upheaval, the world was sprinkled with red milk. The +ltai Tatars tell of a catastrophe when 4blood turns the whole world red4, and a world conflagration follows. The Orphic hymns refer to the time when the heavenly vault, 4mighty Olympus, trembled

fearfully ... and the earth around shrieked fearfully, and the sea was stirred LheapedN, troubled with its purple waves4. +n old subject for debate is8 &hy is the 'ed )ea so namedI f a sea is called .lack or &hite, that may be due to the dark coloring of the water or to the brightness of the ice and snow. The 'ed )ea has a deep blue color. +s no better reason was found, a few coral formations or some red birds on its shores were proposed as explanations of its name. LH.). >almer, ) *+ C/"0!E. >robably at that time the mountainous land of )eir, upon which the sraelites wandered, received the name -dom C'edE, and -rythrea Cerythraios 33 red in ,reekE its nameF -rythrean )ea was in anti<uity the name of the +rabian ,ulf of the ndian Ocean, applied also to the 'ed )ea.N (ike all the water in -gypt, the water on the surface of the )ea of the >assage was of a red tint. t appears that 'aphael was not mistaken when, in painting the scene of the passage, he colored the water red. t was, of course, not this mountain or that river or that sea exclusively that was reddened, thus earning the name 'ed or .loody, as distinguished from other mountains and seas. .ut crowds of men, wherever they were, who witnessed the cosmic upheaval and escaped with their lives, ascribed the name Haemus or 'ed to particular places. The phenomenon of 4blood4 raining from the sky has also been observed in limited areas and on a small scale in more recent times. One of these occasions, according to >liny, was during the consulship of 9anius +cilius and ,aius @orcius. L+nother instance, according to >lutarch, occurred in the reign of 'omulus. C t must be mentioned here that 'omulus and 'emus founded 'ome at the time of the Trojan &ar, that is, around the date of the so3called 4,reat -clipse4 and 4,reat -arth<uake4 of /6 5une 17! .C-, a date which marked the beginning of the departure se<uence of this 4comet4 Hyperborea, as is discussed elsewhere in this series of essays. ')EN .abylonians, too, recorded red dust and rain falling from the skyF instances of 4bloody rain4 have been recorded in divers countries. The red dust, soluble in water, falling from the sky in water drops, does not originate in clouds, but must come from volcanic eruptions or from cosmic spaces. The fall of meteorite dust is a phenomenon generally known to take place mainly after the passage of meteoritesF this dust is found on the snow of mountains and in polar regions. L t is estimated that approximately one ton of meteorite dust falls daily on the globe.N TH- H+ ( O@ )TO*-) @ollowing the red dust, a 4small dust4, like 4ashes of the furnace4, fell 4in all the land of -gypt4 C-xodus 08"E, and then a shower of meteorites flew toward the earth. Our planet entered deeper into the tail of the comet. The dust was a forerunner of the gravel. There fell 4a very grievous hail, such as has not been in -gypt since its foundations4 C-xodus 08/"E. )tones of 4barad4, here translated 4hail4, is, as in most

places where mentioned in the )criptures, the term for meteorites. &e are also informed by 9idrashic and Talmudic sources that the stones which fell on -gypt wee hotF this fits only meteorites, not a hail of ice. L n the .ook of 5oshua it is said that 4great stones4 fell from the sky, and then they are referred to as 4stones of barad4. 4The ancient -gyptian word for %hail%, +', is also applied to a driving shower of sand and stonesF in the contest between Horus and )et, sis is described as sending upon the latter +' * )+, %a hail of sand%.4 +. 9acalister, 4Hail4, in Hastings, # CT O*+'= O@ TH- . .(- C/02/3/02:E.N n the )criptures it is said that these stones fell 4mingled with fire4 C-xodus 08!:E, the meaning of which shall discuss in the following section, and that their fall was accompanied by 4loud noises4 C;O(OTE, rendered as 4thunderings4, a translation which is only figurative, and not literally correct, because the word for 4thunder4 in '++9, which is not used here. The fall of meteorites is accompanied by crashes or explosion3like noises, and in this case they were so 4mighty4, that, according to the )criptural narrative, the people in the palace were terrified as much by the din of the falling stones as by the destruction they caused C-xodus 08!"E. The red dust had frightened the people, and a warning to keep men and cattle under shelter had been issued8 4,ather thy cattle and all that thou hast in the fieldF for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hailstones shall come down upon them, and they shall die4 C-xodus 08/0E. 4+nd he that regarded not the word of the (ord left his servants and his cattle in the field4 C-xodus 08!/E. )imilarly, the -gyptian eyewitness8 4Cattle are left to stray, and there is none to gather them together. -ach man fetches for himself those that are branded with his name.4 @alling stones and fire made the frightened cattle flee. puwer also wrote8 4Trees are destroyed4F 4*o fruits, no herbs are found4F 4,rain has perished on every side4F 4That has perished which yesterday was seen. The land is left to its weariness like the cutting of flax.4 n one day fields were turned to wasteland. n the .ook of -xodus C08!6E it is written8 4+nd the hail Lstones of baradN smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.4 The description of such a catastrophe is found in the $ )?##H 39+,,+, a .uddhist text on the world cycles. 4&hen a world cycle is destroyed by wind ... there arises in the beginning a cycle3destroying great cloud. ... There arises a wind to destroy the world cycle, and first it raises a fine dust, and then coarse dust, and then fine sand, and then coarse sand, and then grit, stones, up to boulders as large ... as mighty trees on the hill tops.4 The wind 4turns the ground upside down4, large areas 4crack and are thrown upwards4, 4all the mansions on earth4 are destroyed in a catastrophe when 4worlds clash with worlds4. L4&orld Cycles4, $ )?##H 39+,,+, in &arren, .?##H )9 * T'+*)(+T O*), p. G!".N

The 9exican +**+() O@ C?+?HT T(+* describe how a cosmic catastrophe was accompanied by a hail of stonesF in the oral tradition of the ndians, too, the motif is repeated time and again8 n some ancient epoch the sky 4rained, not water, but fire and red3hot stones4, which is not different from the Hebrew tradition. *+>HTH+ Crude petroleum is composed of two elements, carbon and hydrogen. The main theories of the origin of petroleum are8 /. The norganic Theory8 Hydrogen and carbon were brought together in the rock formations of the earth under great heat and pressure. !. The Organic Theory8 .oth the hydrogen and carbon which compose petroleum come from the remains of plant and animal life, in the main from microscopic marine and swamp life. The organic theory implies that the process started after life was already abundant, at least at the bottom of the ocean. L-ven before >lutarch the problem of the origin of petroleum was much discussed. )peaking of the visit of +lexander to the petroleum sources of ra<, >lutarch said8 4There has been much discussion about the origin of Cthis naphthaE .4 .ut in the extant text of >lutarch a sentence containing one of two rival views is missing. The remaining text reads8 4 ... or whether rather the li<uid substance that feeds the flame flows out from the soil which is rich and productive of fire.4 >lutarch, ( $-) Ctransl. .. >errin, /0/0E, 4The (ife of +lexander4, xxv.N The tails of comets are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen gases. (acking oxygen, they do not burn in flight, but the inflammable gases, passing through an atmosphere containing oxygen, will be set on fire. f carbon and hydrogen gases, or vapor of a composition of these two elements, enter the atmosphere in huge masses, a part of them will burn, binding all the oxygen available at the momentF the rest will escape combustion, but in swift transition will become li<uid. @alling on the ground, the substance, if li<uid, would sink into the pores of the sand and into clefts between the rocksF falling on water, it would remain floating if the fire in the air is extinguished before new supplies of oxygen arrive from other regions. The descent of a sticky fluid which came earthward and blaBed with heavy smoke is recalled in the oral and written traditions of the inhabitants of both hemispheres. >O>?(3$?H, the sacred book of the 9ayas, narrates8 4 t was ruin and destruction ... the sea was piled up ... it was a great inundation ... people were drowned in a sticky substance raining from the sky. ... The face of the earth grew dark and the gloomy rain endured days and nights. ... +nd then there was a great din of fire above their heads.4 The entire population of the land was annihilated. The 9+*?)C' >T O? CHP perpetuated the picture of the population of 9exico perishing in a downpour of bitumen8 4There descended from the sky a rain of bitumen and of a sticky substance. ... The earth was obscured and it rained day and night. +nd

men ran hither and thither and were as if seiBed by madnessF they tried to climb to the roofs, and the houses crashed downF they tried to climb the trees, and the trees cast them far awayF and when they tried to escape in caves and caverns, these were suddenly closed.4 + similar account is preserved in the +**+() O@ C?+?HT T(+*. The age which ended in the rain of fire was called O? +?H3TO*+T ?H, which means 4the sun of fire3rain4. +nd far away, in the other hemisphere, in )iberia, the $oguls carried down through the centuries and millennia this memory8 4,od sent a sea of fire upon the earth. ... The cause of the fire they call %the fire3water%.4 Half a meridian to the south, in the -ast ndies, the aboriginal tribes relate that in the remote past )-*,(-3#+) or 4water of fire4 rained from the skyF with very few exceptions, all men died. The eighth plague as described in the .ook of -xodus was 4.+'+# LmeteoritesN and fire mingled with the .+'+#, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of -gypt since it became a nation4 C-xodus 08!:E. There were 4thunder Lcorrect8 loud noisesN and .+'+#, and the fire ran along upon the ground4 C-xodus 08!GE. The >apyrus puwer describes this consuming fire8 4,ates, columns, and walls are consumed by fire. The sky is in confusion.4 The papyrus says that this fire almost 4exterminated mankind4. The 9idrashim, in a number of texts, state that naphtha, together with hot stones, poured down upon -gypt. 4The -gyptians refused to let the sraelites go, and He poured out naphtha over them, burning blains LblistersN.4 t was 4a stream of hot naphtha4. *aphtha is petroleum in +ramaic and Hebrew. The population of -gypt was 4pursued with strange rains and hails and showers inexorable, and utterly consumed with fire8 for what was most marvelous of all, in the water which <uencheth all things the fire wrought yet more mightily4, which is the nature of burning petroleumF in the register of the plagues in >salms /26 it is referred to as 4flaming fire4, and in #aniel C18/2E as 4river of fire4 or 4fiery stream4. n the >assover Haggadah it is said that 4mighty men of >ul and (ud L(ydia in +sia 9inorN were destroyed with consuming conflagration on the >assover4. n the valley of the -uphrates the .abylonians often referred to 4the rain of fire4, vivid in their memory. +ll the countries whose traditions of fire3rain have cited actually have deposits of oil8 9exico, the -ast ndies, )iberia, ra<, and -gypt. @or a span of time after the combustive fluid poured down, it may well have floated upon the surface of the seas, soaked the surface of the ground, and caught fire again and again. 4@or seven winters and summers the fire has raged ... it has burnt up the earth,4 narrate the $oguls of )iberia.

The story of the wandering in the desert contains a number of references to fire springing out of the earth. The sraelites traveled three days% journey away from the 9ountain of the (awgiving, and it happened that 4the fire of the (ord burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost part of the camp4 C*umbers //8/E. The sraelites continued on their way. Then came the revolt of ;orah and his confederates. 4+nd the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up. ... +nd all srael that were round about them fled at the cry of them. ... +nd there came out a fire from the (ord, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered incense.4 &hen they kindled the fire of incense, the vapors which rose out of the cleft in the rock caught the flame and exploded. ?naccustomed to handling this oil, rich in volatile derivatives, the sraelite priests fell victims to the fire. The two elder sons of +aron, *adab and +bihu, 4died before the (ord, when they offered strange fire before the (ord, in the wilderness of )inai4. The fire was called strange because it had not been known before and because it was of foreign origin. f oil fell on the desert of +rabia and on the land of -gypt and burned there, vestiges of conflagration must be found in some of the tombs built before the end of the 9iddle ;ingdom, into which the oil or some of its derivatives might have seeped. &e read in the description of the tomb of +ntefoker, viBier of )esostris , a pharaoh of the 9iddle ;ingdom8 4+ problem is set us by a conflagration, clearly deliberate, which has raged in the tomb, as in many another. ... The combustible material must not only have been abundant, but of a light natureF for a fierce fire which speedily spent itself seems alone able to account for the fact that tombs so burnt remain absolutely free from blackening, except in the lowest partsF nor are charred remains found as a rule. The conditions are puBBling.4 4+nd what does natural history tell usI4 asked >hilo in his O* TH- -T-'* T= O@ TH- &O'(#, and answered8 4#estructions of things on earth, destructions not of all at once but of a very large number, are attributed by it to two principal causes, the tremendous onslaughts of fire and water. These two visitations, we are told, descend in turns after very long cycles of years. &hen the agent is the conflagration, the stream of heaven3sent fire pours out from above and spreads over many places and overruns great regions of the inhabited earth.4 The rain of fire3water contributed to the earth%s supply of petroleumF rock oil in the ground appears to be, partly at least, 4star oil4 brought down at the close of world ages, notably the age that came to its end in the middle of the second millennium before the present era. The priests of ran worshiped the fire that came out of the ground. The followers of Aoroastrianism or 9aBdaism are also called fire worshipers. The fire of the Caucasus was held in great esteem by all the inhabitants of the adjacent lands. Connected with the Caucasus and originating there is the legend of >rometheus. He was chained to a

rock for bringing fire to man. The allegorical character of this legend gains meaning when we consider +ugustine%s words that >rometheus was a contemporary of 9oses. Torrents of petroleum poured down upon the Caucasus and were consumed. The smoke of the Caucasus fire was still in the imaginative sight of Ovid, fifteen centuries later, when he described the burning of the world. The continuing fires in )iberia, the Caucasus, in the +rabian desert, and everywhere else were blaBes that followed the great conflagration of the days when the earth was caught in vapors of carbon and hydrogen. n the centuries that followed, petroleum was worshiped, burned in holy placesF it was also used for domestic purposes. Then many ages passed when it was out of use. Only in the middle of the last century did man begin to exploit this oil, partly contributed by the comet of the time of the -xodus. He utiliBed its gifts, and today his highways are crowded with vehicles propelled by oil. nto the heights rose man, and he accomplished the age3old dream of flying like a birdF for this, too, he uses the remnants of the intruding star that poured fire and sticky vapor upon his ancestors. TH- #+';*-)) The earth entered deeper into the tail of the onrushing comet and approached its body. This approach, if one is to believe the sources, was followed by a disturbance in the rotation of the earth. Terrific hurricanes swept the earth because of the change or reversal of the angular velocity of rotation and because of the sweeping gases, dust, and cinders of the comet. *umerous rabbinical sources describe the calamity of darknessF the material is collated as follows8 +n exceedingly strong wind endured seven days. +ll the time the land was shrouded in darkness. 4On the fourth, fifth, and sixth days, the darkness was so dense that they Lthe people of -gyptN could not stir from their place.4 4The darkness was of such a nature that it could not be dispelled by artificial means. The light of the fire was either extinguished by the violence of the storm, or else it was made invisible and swallowed up in the density of the darkness. ... *othing could be discerned. ... *one was able to speak or to hear, nor could anyone venture to take food, but they lay themselves down ... their outward senses in a trance. Thus they remained, overwhelmed by affliction.4 The darkness was of such kind that 4their eyes were blinded by it and their breath choked4F it was 4not of ordinary earthly kind4. The rabbinical tradition, contradicting the spirit of the )criptural narrative, states that during the plague of darkness the vast majority of the sraelites perished and that only a small fraction of the original sraelite population of -gypt was spared to leave -gypt. @orty3nine out of every fifty sraelites are said to have perished in this plague. + shrine of black granite found at el3+rish on the border of -gypt and >alestine bears a long inscription in hieroglyphics. t reads8 4The land was in great affliction. -vil fell on this earth. ... There was a great upheaval in the residence. ... *obody could leave

the palace Lthere was no exit from the palaceN during nine days, and during these nine days of upheaval there was such a tempest that neither men nor gods Lthe royal familyN could see the faces of those beside them.4 This record employs the same description of the darkness as -xodus /28!!8 4+nd there was a thick darkness in all the land of -gypt three days. They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days.4 The difference in the number of the days Cthree and nineE of the darkness is reduced in the rabbinical sources, where the time is given as seven days. The difference between seven and nine days is negligible if one considers the subjectivity of the time estimation under such conditions. +ppraisal of the darkness with respect to its impenetrability is also subjectiveF rabbinical sources say that for part of the time there was a very slight visibility, but for the rest Cthree daysE there was no visibility at all. t should be kept in mind that, as in the case have already discussed, a day and a night of darkness or light can be described as one day or as two days. That both sources, the Hebrew and the -gyptian, refer to the same event can be established by another means also. @ollowing the prolonged darkness and the hurricane, the pharaoh, according to the hieroglyphic text of the shrine, pursued the 4evil3doers4 to 4the place called >i3;hiroti4. The same place is mentioned in -xodus /:808 4.ut the -gyptian pursued after them, all the horses and chariots of >haraoh ... and overtook them encamping by the sea, beside >i3ha3khiroth.4 The inscription on the shrine also narrates the death of the pharaoh during this pursuit under exceptional circumstances8 4*ow when the 9ajesty fought with the evil3doers in this pool, the place of the whirlpool, the evil3doers prevailed not over his 9ajesty. His 9ajesty leapt into the place of the whirlpool.4 This is the same apotheosis described in -xodus /68/08 4@or the horse of >haraoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the (ord brought again the waters of the sea upon them.4 f 4the -gyptian darkness4 was caused by the earth%s stasis or tilting of its axis, and was aggravated by a thin cinder dust from the comet, then the entire globe must have suffered from the effect of these two concurring phenomena8 in either the eastern or the western parts of the world there must have been a very extended, gloomy day. *ations and tribes in many places of the globe, to the south, to the north, and to the west of -gypt, have old traditions about a cosmic catastrophe during which the sun did not shineF but in some parts of the world the traditions maintain that the sun did not set for a period of time e<ual to a few days. Tribes of the )udan to the south of -gypt refer in their tales to a time when the night would not come to an end. ;+(-$+(+, the epos of the @inns, tells of a time when hailstones of iron fell from the sky, and the sun and the moon disappeared Cwere stolen from the skyE and did not appear againF in their stead, after a period of darkness, a new sun and a new moon

were placed in the sky. Caius 5ulius )olinus writes that 4following the deluge which is reported to have occurred in the days of Ogyges, a heavy night spread over the globe4. n the manuscripts of +vila and 9olina, who collected the traditions of the ndians of the *ew &orld, it is related that the sun did not appear for five daysF a cosmic collision of stars preceded the cataclysmF people and animals tried to escape to mountain caves. 4)carcely had they reached there when the sea, breaking out of bounds following a terrifying shock, began to rise on the >acific coast. .ut as the sea rose, filling the valleys and the plains around, the mountain of +ncasmarca rose, too, like a ship on the waves. #uring the five days that this cataclysm lasted, the sun did not show its face and the earth remained in darkness.4 Thus the traditions of the >eruvians describe a time when the sun did not appear for five days. n the upheaval, the earth changed its profile, and the sea fell upon the land. -ast of -gypt, in .abylonia, the eleventh tablet of the -> C O@ , (,+9-)H L,ilgameshN refers to the same events. @rom out the horiBon rose a dark cloud and it rushed against the earthF the land was shriveled by the heat of the flames. 4#esolation ... stretched to heavenF all that was bright was turned into darkness. ... *or could a brother distinguish his brother. ... )ix days ... the hurricane, deluge, and tempest continued sweeping the land ... and all human back to its clay was returned.4 The ranian book +*?, T+ reveals that a threefold day and threefold night concluded a world age, and the book .?*#+H ), in a context that shall <uote later and that shows a close relation to the events of the cataclysm describe here, tells of the world being dark at midday as though it were in deepest night8 it was caused, according to the .?*#+H ), by a war between the stars and the planets. + protracted night, deepened by the onrushing dust sweeping in from interplanetary space, enveloped -urope, +frica, and +merica, the valleys of the -uphrates and the ndus also. f the earth did not stop rotating but slowed down or was tilted, there must have been a longitude where a prolonged day was followed by a prolonged night. ran is so situated that, if one is to believe the ranian tradition, the sun was absent for a threefold day, and then it shone for a threefold day. @arther to the east there must have been a protracted day corresponding to the protracted night in the west. +ccording to 4.ahman =ast4, at the end of a world age in eastern ran or in ndia the sun remained ten days visible in the sky. n China, during the reign of the -mperor =ahou, a great catastrophe brought a world age to a close. @or ten days the sun did not set. The events of the time of the -mperor =ahou deserve close examinationF shall return to the subject shortly. LThe way the -gyptians estimated the time the sun was not in the sky must have been similar to the Chinese method of estimation. t is very probable that these peoples reckoned the disturbance as lasting five days and five nights Cbecause a ninefold or tenfold period elapsed from one sunrise or sunset to the otherE.N -+'THO?+;-

The earth, forced out of its regular motion, reacted to the close approach of the body of the comet8 a major shock convulsed the lithosphere, and the area of the earth<uake was the entire globe. puwer witnessed and survived this earth<uake. 4The towns are destroyed. ?pper -gypt has become waste. ... +ll is ruin.4 4The residence is overturned in a minute.4 Only an earth<uake could have overturned the residence in a minute. The -gyptian word for 4to overturn4 is used in the sense of 4to overthrow a wall4. This was the tenth plague. 4+nd >haraoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the -gyptiansF and there was a great cry in -gyptF for there was not a house where there was not one dead4 C-xodus /!8G2E. Houses fell, smitten by one violent blow. 4LThe angel of the (ordN passed over the houses of the children of srael in -gypt, when he smote the -gyptians, and delivered our houses4 C-xodus /!8!1E. *O,+@, meaning 4smote4, is the word used for a very violent blow, as, for instance, goring by the horns of an ox. The >assover Haggadah says8 4The firstborn of the -gyptians didst Thou crush at midnight.4 The reason why the sraelites were more fortunate in this plague than the -gyptians probably lies in the kind of material of which their dwellings were constructed. Occupying a marshy district and working on clay, the captives must have lived in huts made of clay and reeds, which are more resilient than brick or stone. 4The (ord will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come and smite your houses.4 +n example of the selective action of a natural agent upon various kinds of construction is narrated also in 9exican annals. #uring a catastrophe accompanied by hurricane and earth<uake, only the people who lived in small log cabins remained uninjuredF the larger buildings were swept away. 4They found that those who lived in small houses had escaped, as well as the newly3married couples, whose custom it was to live for a few years in cabins in front of those of their fathers3in3law.4 n +,-) * CH+O) Cmy reconstruction of ancient historyE, shall show that 4first3 born4 C.;HO'E in the text of the plague is a corruption of 4chosen4 C.CHO'E. +ll the flower of -gypt succumbed in the catastrophe. 4@orsooth8 The children of princes are dashed against the walls ... the children of princes are cast out in the streets4F 4the prison is ruined,4 wrote puwer, and this reminds us of princes in palaces and captives in dungeons who were victims in the disaster C-xodus /!8!0E. To confirm my interpretations of the tenth plague as an earth<uake, which should be obvious from the expression, 4to smite the houses4, find a corroborating passage of +rtapanus in which he describes the last night before the -xodus, and which is <uoted by -usebius8 There was 4hail and earth<uake by night, so that those who fled from the earth<uake were killed by the hail, and those who sought shelter from the hail were destroyed by the earth<uake. +nd at that time all the houses fell in, and most of the temples.4

+lso, Hieronymus C)t. 5eromeE wrote in an epistle that 4in the night in which -xodus took place, all the temples of -gypt were destroyed either by an earthshock or by the thunderbolt4. )imilarly in the 9idrashim8 4The seventh plague, the plague of barad LmeteoritesN8 earth<uake, fire, meteorites.4 t is also said that the structures which were erected by the sraelite slaves in >ithom and 'amses collapsed or were swallowed by the earth +n inscription which dates from the beginning of the *ew ;ingdom refers to a temple of the 9iddle ;ingdom that was 4swallowed by the ground4 at the close of the 9iddle ;ingdom. The head of the celestial body approached very close, breaking through the darkness of the gaseous envelope, and according to the 9idrashim, the last night in -gypt was as bright as the noon on the day of the summer solstice. The population fled. 49en flee. ... Tents are what they make like the dwellers of hills,4 wrote puwer. The population of a city destroyed by an earth<uake usually spends the nights in the fields. The .ook of -xodus describes a hurried flight from -gypt on the night of the tenth plagueF a 4mixed multitude4 of non3 sraelites left -gypt together with the sraelites, who spent their first night in )ukkoth ChutsE. 4The lightnings lightened the world8 the earth trembled and shook. ... Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of 9oses and +aron.4 They were brought out of -gypt by a portent which looked like a stretched arm 33 4by a stretched out arm and by great terrors4, or 4with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders4. 4/G4 4+t midnight4 all the houses of -gypt were smittenF 4there was not a house where there was not one dead.4 This happened on the night of the fourteenth of the month +viv C-xodus /!87F /G8:E. This is the night of >assover. t appears that the sraelites originally celebrated >assover on the eve of the fourteenth of +viv. The month +viv is called 4the first month4 C-xodus /!8/"E. Thout was the name of the first month of the -gyptians. &hat, for the sraelites, became a feast, became a day of sadness and fasting for the -gyptians. 4The thirteenth day of the month Thout LisN a very bad day. Thou shalt not do anything on this day. t is the day of the combat which Horus waged with )eth.4 The Hebrews counted Cand still countE the beginning of the day from sunsetF the -gyptians reckoned from sunrise. +s the catastrophe took place at midnight, for the sraelites it was the fourteenth day of the CfirstE monthF for the -gyptians it was the thirteenth day. +n earth<uake caused by contact or collision with a comet must be felt simultaneously all around the world. +n earth<uake is a phenomenon that occurs from time to timeF but an earth<uake accompanying an impact in the cosmos would stand out and be recalled as a memorable date by survivors.

n the calendar of the &estern Hemisphere, on the thirteenth day of the month, called O( *, 4motion4 or 4earth<uake4, a new sun is said to have initiated another world age. The +Btecs, like the -gyptians, reckoned the day from sunrise. Here we have, en passant, the answer to the open <uestion concerning the origin of the superstition which regards the number /G, and especially the thirteenth day, as unlucky and inauspicious. t is still the belief of many superstitious persons, unchanged through thousands of years and even expressed in the same terms8 4The thirteenth day is a very bad day. =ou shall not do anything on this day.4 do not think that any record of this belief can be found dating from before the time of the -xodus. The sraelites did not share this superstition of the evil3working number thirteen Cor fourteenE.

Chapter .hree 234,erpts5

6CO773N.8 To read Chapter Three in its entirety, C( C; H-'-. ')N TH- .+TT(- * TH- );= +t the same time that the seas were heaped up in immense tides, a pageant went on in the sky which presented itself to the horrified onlookers on earth as a gigantic battle. .ecause this battle was seen from almost all parts of the world, and because it impressed itself very strongly upon the imagination of the peoples, it can be reconstructed in some detail. &hen the earth passed through the gases, dust, and meteorites of the tail of the comet, disturbed in rotation, it proceeded on a distorted orbit. -merging from the darkness, the -astern Hemisphere faced the head of the comet. This head only shortly before had passed close to the sun and was in a state of candescence. The night the great earth<uake shook the globe was, according to rabbinical literature, as bright as the day of the summer solstice. .ecause of the proximity of the earth, the comet left its own orbit and for a while followed the orbit of the earth. The great ball of the comet retreated, then again approached the earth, shrouded in a dark column of gases which looked like a pillar of smoke during the day and of fire at night, and the earth once more passed through the atmosphere of the comet, this time at its neck. This stage was accompanied by violent and incessant electrical discharges between the atmosphere of the tail and the terrestrial atmosphere. There was an interval of about six days between these two close approaches. -merging from the gases of the comet, the earth seems to have changed the direction of its rotation, and the pillar of smoke moved to the opposite horiBon. The column looked like a gigantic moving serpent. &hen the tidal waves rose to their highest point, and the seas were torn apart, a tremendous spark flew between the earth and the globe of the comet, which instantly pushed down the miles3high billows. 9eanwhile, the tail of the comet and its head, having become entangled with each other by their close contact with the earth, exchanged violent discharges of electricity. t looked like a battle between the brilliant globe and the dark column of smoke. n the exchange of electrical potentials, the tail

and head were attracted one to the other and repelled one from the other. @rom the serpentlike tail extensions grew, and it lost the form of a column. t looked now like a furious animal with legs and with many heads. The discharges tore the column to pieces, a process that was accompanied by a rain of meteorites upon the earth. t appeared as though the monster were defeated by the brilliant globe and buried in the sea, or wherever the meteorites fell. The gases of the tail subse<uently enveloped the earth. The globe of the comet, which lost a large portion of its atmosphere as well as much of its electrical potential, withdrew from the earth but did not break away from its attraction. +pparently, after a six3week interval, the distance between the earth and the globe of the comet again diminished. This new approach of the globe could not be readily observed because the earth was shrouded in the clouds of dust left by the comet on its former approach as well as by dust ejected by the volcanoes. +fter renewed discharges, the comet and the earth parted. This behavior of the comet is of great importance in problems of celestial mechanics. That a comet, encountering a planet, can become entangled and drawn away from its own path, forced into a new course, and finally liberated from the influence of the planet is proved by the case of (exell%s comet, which in /171 was captured by 5upiter and its moons. *ot until /110 did it free itself from this entanglement. + phenomenon that has not been observed in modern times is an electrical discharge between a planet and a comet and also between the head of a comet and its trailing part. The events in the sky were viewed by the peoples of the world as a fight between an evil monster in the form of a serpent and the light3god who engaged the monster in battle and thus saved the world. The tail of the comet, leaping back and forth under the discharges of the flaming globe, was regarded as a separate body, inimical to the globe of the comet. + full survey of the religious and folklore motifs which mirror this event would re<uire more space than is at my disposal hereF it is difficult to find a people or tribe on the earth that does not have the same motif at the very focus of its religious beliefs. 6CO773N.8 intend to handle a portion of this material in an essay on The #ragon. CTo my knowledge, #r. $elikovsky never wrote this dragon essay before his death in *ovember /010. f can locate it, shall of course transcribe it at a future date. (et me add something here 8 to one who has studied the possibility, indeed the reality, of The Cosmic Tree as the 4docked4 and 4tethered4 >lanet *ibiru at a position of Hyperborea 33 .eyond The *orth 33 the above description by #r. $elikovsky regarding the serpent tail, or tree trunk, battling the fiery globe, or the >lanet *ibiru, suggests the early se<uence of events that commence this docking process, when the serpentine electromagnetic 4tethering beam4 is lashing out at the -arth in an effort to connect with the *-& *orth >ole. ')EN )ince the descriptions of the battle between 9arduk and Tiamat, the dragon, or sis and )eth, or $ishnu and the serpent, or ;rishna and the serpent, or OrmuBd and

+hriman follow an almost identical pattern and have many details in common with the battle of Aeus and Typhon, shall give here +pollodorus% description of this battle. Typhon 4out3topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars. One of his hands reached out to the west and the other to the east, and from them projected a hundred dragons% heads. @rom the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers which ... emitted a long hissing. ... His body was all winged ... and fire flashed from his eyes. )uch and so great was Typhon when, hurling kindled rocks, he made for the very heaven with hissing and shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth.4 To the sky of -gypt Aeus pursued Typhon 4rushing at heaven4. 4Aeus pelted Typhon at a distance with thunderbolts, and at close <uarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle, and as he fled pursued him closely as far as 9ount Casius, which overhangs )yria. There, seeing the monster sore wounded, he grappled with him. .ut Typhon twined about him and gripped him in his coils. ... 4 4Having recovered his strength Aeus suddenly from heaven riding in a chariot of winged horses, pelted Typhon with thunderbolts. ... )o being again pursued he LTyphonN came to Thrace and in fighting at 9ount Haemus he heaved whole mountains ... a stream of blood gushed out on the mountain, and they say that from that circumstance the mountain was Haemus LbloodyN. +nd when he started to flee through the )icilian sea, Aeus cast 9ount -tna in )icily upon him. That is a huge mountain, from which down to this day they say that blasts of fire issue from the thunderbolts that were thrown.4 The struggle left deep marks on the entire ancient world. )ome districts were especially associated with the events of this cosmic fight. The -gyptian shore of the 'ed )ea was called Typhonia. )trabo narrates also that the +rimi C+ramaeans or )yriansE were terrified witnesses of the battle of Aeus with Typhon. +nd Typhon, 4who, they add, was a dragon, when struck by the bolts of lightning, fled in search of a descent underground4, and not only did he cut furrows into the earth and form the beds of the rivers, but descending underground, he made fountains break forth. )imilar descriptions come from various places of the ancient world, in which the nations relate the experience of their ancestors who witnessed the great catastrophe of the middle of the second millennium. +t that time the sraelites had not yet arrived at a clear monotheistic concept and, like other peoples, they saw in the great struggle a conflict between good and evil. The author of the .ook of -xodus, suppressing this conception of the ancient sraelites, presented the portent of fire and smoke moving in a column as an angel or messenger of the (ord. However, many passages in other books of the )criptures preserved the picture as it impressed itself upon eyewitnesses. '+H+. is the Hebrew name for the contester with the 9ost High. 4O (ord ,od of hosts, who is a strong (ord like unto theeI ... Thou hast broken 'ahab in pieces. ... The heavens are thine, the earth also is thine8 as for the world and the fullness thereof, thou hast founded them. The north and the south thou hast created them.4 #eutero3 saiah prayed8 4+wake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the (ordF awake as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. +rt thou not it that hath cut 'ahab, and wounded the dragonI +rt thou not it which

hath dried the sea, the waters of the great deepF that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass overI4 @rom these passages it is clear that the battle of the (ord with 'ahab was not a primeval battle before Creation, as some scholars think. saiah prophesied for the future8 4 n that day the (ord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpentF and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.4 L saiah !18/.N The 4crooked serpent4 is shown in many ancient pictures from China to ndia, to >ersia, to +ssyria, to -gypt, to 9exico. &ith the rise of the monotheistic concept, the sraelites regarded this crooked serpent, the contester with the 9ost High, as the (ord%s own creation. 4He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. ... The pillars of heaven tremble. ... He divideth the sea with his power ... his hand hath formed the crooked serpent.4 The >salmist also says8 4,od is my ;ing of old. ... Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength. ... Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces. ... Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood8 Thou driedst up mighty rivers.4 L5ob !7813/GF >salms 1:8/!3/6.N The sea was cleft, the earth was cut with furrows, great rivers disappeared, others appeared. The earth rumbled for many years, and the peoples thought that the fiery dragon that had been struck down had descended underground and was groaning there. TH- )>+'; + phenomenon of great significance took place. The head of the comet did not crash into the earth, but exchanged major electrical discharges with it. + tremendous spark sprang forth at the moment of the nearest approach of the comet, when the waters were heaped at their highest above the surface of the earth and before they fell down, followed by a rain of debris torn from the very body and tail of the comet. 4+nd the +ngel of ,od, which went before the camp of srael, removed and went behind themF and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them ... and it was a cloud and darkness but it gave light by night.4 +n exceedingly strong wind and lightnings rent the cloud. n the morning the waters rose as a wall and moved away. 4+nd the children of srael went into the midst of the sea upon the dry groundF and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. +nd the -gyptians pursued. ... +nd it came to pass, that in the morning watch the (ord looked unto the host of the -gyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the -gyptians, and took off their chariot wheels ... and the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of

>haraoh that came into the sea after themF there remained not so much as one of them.4 The immense tides were caused by the presence of a celestial body close byF they fell when a discharge occurred between the earth and the other body. +rtapanus, the author of the no longer extant #- 5?#+- ), apparently knew that the words, 4The (ord looked unto the host of the -gyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud4, refer to a great lightning. -usebius <uotes +rtapanus8 4.ut when the -gyptians ... were pursuing them, a fire, it is said, shone out upon them from the front, and the sea overflowed the path again, and the -gyptians were all destroyed by the fire and the flood.4 The great discharges of interplanetary force are commemorated in the traditions, legends, and mythology of all the peoples of the world. The god 33 Aeus of the ,reeks, Odin of the celanders, ?kko of the @inns, >erun of the 'ussian pagans, &otan C&odenE of the ,ermans, 9aBda of the >ersians, 9arduk of the .abylonians, )hiva of the Hindus 33 is pictured with lightning in his hand and described as the god who threw his thunderbolt at the world overwhelmed with water and fire. )imilarly, many psalms of the )criptures commemorate the great discharges. 4Then the earth shook and trembledF the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken. ... He bowed the heavens also, and came down ... he did fly upon the wings of the wind. ... +t the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed, hail stones and coals of fire. The (ord also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voiceF hail stones and coals of fire ... and he shot out lightnings. ... Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world were discovered.4 4The voice of the (ord is powerful. ... The voice of the (ord breaketh the cedars. ... The voice of the (ord divideth the flames of fire. The voice of the (ord shaketh the wildernessF the (ord shaketh the wilderness of ;adesh.4 4The kingdoms were movedF he uttered his voice, the earth melted.4 4The waters saw theeF they were afraid8 the depths also were troubled ... the skies sent out a sound8 thine arrows also went abroad. The voice of thy thunder was in the heavenF the lightnings lightened the universe8 the earth trembled and shook.4 4Clouds and darkness are round about. ... His lightnings enlightened the world8 the earth saw, and trembled.4 *othing is easier than to add to the number of such <uotations from other parts of the )criptures 33 5ob, the )ong of #eborah, the >rophets. &ith the fall of the double wall of water, the -gyptian host was swept away. The force of the impact threw the pharaoh%s army into the air. 4Come and see the works of ,od8 he is terrible in his doing toward the children of men. He turned the sea into dry land8 they went through the flood on foot. ... Thou hast caused men to ride over our headsF we went through fire and through water.4 The tossing of the -gyptian host into the air by an avalanche of water is referred to also in the -gyptian source <uoted beforeF on the shrine found in el3+rish the story is told of a hurricane and of a prolonged darkness when nobody could leave the palace,

and of the pursuit by the pharaoh Taoui3Thom of the fleeing slaves whom he followed to >i3khiroti, which is the biblical >i3ha3khiroth. 4His 9ajesty leapt into the place of the whirlpool.4 Then it is said that he was 4lifted by a great force4. +lthough the larger part of the sraelite fugitives were already out of the reach of the falling tidal waves, a great number of them perished in this disaster, as in the previous ones of fire and hurricane of cinders. That sraelites perished at the )ea of >assage is implied in >salm 7" where mention is made of 4my people4 that remained in 4the depths of the sea4. These tidal waves also overwhelmed entire tribes who inhabited Tehama, the thousand3mile3long coastal region of the 'ed )ea. 4,od sent against the #jorhomites swift clouds, ants, and other signs of his rage, and many of them perished. ... n the land of #johainah an impetuous torrent carried off all of them in a night. The scene of this catastrophe is known by the name of dam CfuryE.4 The author of this passage, 9asudi, an +rab author of the tenth century, <uotes an earlier author, Omeyah, son of +bu3)alt8 4 n days of yore the #jorhomites settled in Tehama, and a violent flood carried all of them away.4 (ikewise the tradition related in ;itab +laghani is familiar with the plague of insects Cants of the smallest varietyE that forced the tribe to migrate from HedjaB to their native land, where they were destroyed by 4Toufan4 33 a deluge. n my reconstruction of ancient history, endeavor to establish the synchronism of these events and the -xodus. TH- CO((+>)-# );= The rain of meteorites and fire from the sky, the clouds of dust of exogenous origin that drifted low, and the displacement of the world <uarters created the impression that the sky had collapsed. The ancient peoples of 9exico referred to a world age that came to its end when the sky collapsed and darkness enshrouded the world. )trabo relates, in the name of >tolemaeus, the son of (agus, a general of +lexander and founder of the -gyptian dynasty called by his name, that the Celti who lived on the shores of the +driatic were asked by +lexander what it was they most feared, to which they replied that they feared no one, but only that the sky might collapse. The Chinese refer to the collapse of the sky which took place when the mountains fell. .ecause mountains fell or were leveled at the same time when the sky was displaced, ancient peoples, not only the Chinese, thought that mountains support the sky. 4The earth trembled, and the heavens dropped ... the mountains melted,4 says the )ong of #eborah. 4The earth shook, the heavens also dropped at the presence of ,od8 even )inai itself was moved,4 says the psalmist. L>salms 7"8". On periodic collapses of the firmament see also 'ashi%s commentary on ,enesis //8/, referred to in the )ection, 4&orld +ges4. C@or additional related

information, see TH- &+=&+'# )?* which also appeared in TH$-( ;O$); +* 5ournal. +fter a lengthy discussion on cosmic catastrophes, those writers conclude by asking 4.ut why did the sky fallI4 +lso, let me add here that this idea of mountains supporting the sky might indeed refer to 4The Cosmic 9ountain4, 4The *orth 9ountain4, 4The @oundation Of The &orld4 33 that is to say, the electromagnetically tethered >lanet *ibiru 33 The Cosmic Tree. ')EN The tribes of )amoa in their legends refer to a catastrophe when 4in days of old the heavens fell down4. The heavens or the clouds were so low that the people could not stand erect without touching them. The @inns tell in their ;+(-$+(+ that the support of the sky gave way and then a spark of fire kindled a new sun and a new moon. The (apps make offerings accompanied by the prayer that the sky should not lose its support and fall down. The -skimos of ,reenland are afraid that the support of the sky may fail and the sky fall down and kill all human beingsF a darkening of the sun and the moon will precede such a catastrophe. 6CO773N.8 *OT+ .-*- that these three cultures are located at the northernmost latitudes of this planet. Those peoples would have had the best overall view of The Cosmic Tree Hyperborea and would have been more concerned about its stability perhaps than other peoples at more southern latitudes. =ou are referred to THH=>-'.O'-+ );= # +,'+9) for more information. ')N The primitives of +frica, in eastern as well as western provinces of the continent, tell about the collapse of the sky in the past. The Ovaherero tribesmen say that many years ago 4the ,reat of the sky4 C-yuruE let the sky fall on the earthF almost all the people were killed, only a few remained alive. The tribes of ;anga and (oanga also have a tradition of the collapse of the sky which annihilated the human race. The &anyoro in ?nyoro likewise relate that the sky fell on the earth and killed everybody8 the god ;agra threw the firmament upon the earth to destroy mankind. The traditions of the Cashinaua, the aborigines of western .raBil, is narrated as follows8 4The lightnings flashed and the thunders roared terribly and all were afraid. Then the heaven burst and the fragments fell down and killed everything and everybody. Heaven and earth changed places. *othing that had life was left upon the earth.4 n this tradition are included the same elements8 the lightnings and thunderings, 4the bursting of heaven4, the fall of meteorites. +bout the change of places between heaven and earth there is more to say, and shall not postpone the subject for long.

Chapter 9ive
-+)T +*# &-)T Our planet rotates from west to east. Has it always done soI n this rotation from west to east, the sun is seen to rise in the east and set in the west. &as the east the primeval and only place of the sunriseI

There is testimony from all parts of the world that the side which is now turned toward the evening once faced the morning. n the second book of his history, Herodotus relates his conversations with -gyptian priests on his visit to -gypt some time during the second half of the fifth century before the present era. Concluding the history of their people, the priests told him that the period following their first king covered three hundred and forty3one generations, and Herodotus calculated that, three generations being e<ual to a century, the whole period was over eleven thousand years. The priests asserted that within historical ages and since -gypt became a kingdom, 4four times in this period Cso they told meE the run rose contrary to his wontF twice he rose where he now sets, and twice he set where he now rises.4 This passage has been the subject of exhaustive commentaries, the authors of which tried to invent every possible explanation of the phenomenon, but failed to consider the meaning which was plainly stated by the priests of -gypt, and their efforts through the centuries have remained fruitless. 6CO773N.8 This mystery can now be solved. Herodotus wrote in the :22s .C-. +dd to that eleven thousand years, and you arrive at a date of approximately //,:62 .C-. f the arrival of the >lanet *ibiru consistently results in a shift of the >olar +xis, as it did in /6"1 .C- Cmore accurately, as has been shown by the .ook of 5oshua, in /6G6 .C-, or 6! years laterE, then previous >olar +xis )hifts would have occurred in approximately 6/"1 .C-, "1"1 .C- and /!,G"1 .C-, the last date of which is less than a thousand years previous to //,:62 .C-. Thus, these priests must have been referring to the four times prior to Herodotus% visit that there had been arrivals of the >lanet *ibiru. ')N The famous chronologist of the sixteenth century, 5oseph )caliger, weighed the <uestion whether the )othis period, or time reckoning by years of G76 days which, when compared with the 5ulian calendar, accumulated an error of a full year in /,:7/ years, was hinted at by this passage in Herodotus, and remarked8 4)ed hoc non fuerit occasum et orientem mutare4 C*o reversal of sunrise and sunset takes place in a )othis periodE. 6CO773N.8 @or a complete mathematical analysis of the -gyptian )othis >eriod, please see my accompanying essay +* *T'O#?CT O* TO ,+(+CT C 9+TH-9+T C). ')N #id the words of the priests to Herodotus refer to the slow change in the direction of the terrestrial axis during a period of approximately !6,"22 years, which is brought about by its spinning or by the slow movement of the e<uinoctial points of terrestrial orbit Cprecession of the e<uinoxesEI )o thought +lexander von Humboldt of 4the famous passage of the second book of Herodotus which so strained the sagacity of the commentators4. .ut this is also a violation of the meaning of the words of the priests, for during the period of spinning, orient and occident do not exchange places.

One may doubt the trustworthiness of the priests% statements, or of -gyptian tradition in general, or attack Herodotus for ignorance of the natural sciences, but there is no way to reconcile the passage with present3day natural science. t remains4a very remarkable passage of Herodotus, that has become the despair of commentators4. >omponius 9ela, a (atin author of the first century, wrote8 4The -gyptians pride themselves on being the most ancient people in the world. n their authentic annals ... one may read that since they have been in existence, the course of the stars has changed directions four times, and that the sun has set twice in that part of the sky where it rises today.4 t should not be deduced that 9ela%s only source for this statement was Herodotus. 9ela refers explicitly to -gyptian written sources. He mentions the reversal in the movement of the stars as well as of the sunF if he had copied Herodotus, he would probably not have mentioned the reversal in the movement of the stars CsideraE. +t a time when the movement of the sun, planets, and stars was not yet regarded as the result of the movement of the earth, the change in the direction of the sun was not necessarily connected in 9ela%s mind with a similar change in the movement of all heavenly bodies. f, in 9ela%s time, there were -gyptian historical records which referred to the rising of the sun in the west, we ought to investigate the old -gyptian literary sources extant today. The 9agical >apyrus Harris speaks of a cosmic upheaval of fire and water when 4the south becomes north, and the -arth turns over4. n the >apyrus puwer it is similarly stated that 4the land turns round LoverN as does a potter%s wheel4 and the 4-arth turned upside down4. This papyrus bewails the terrible devastation wrought by the upheaval of nature. n the -rmitage >apyrus C(eningrad, ///7b rectoE also, reference is made to a catastrophe that turned the 4land upside downF happens that which never CyetE had happened4. t is assumed that at that time 33 in the second millennium 33 people were not aware of the daily rotation of the earth, and believed that the firmament with its luminaries turned around the earthF therefore, the expression, 4the earth turned over4, does not refer to the daily rotation of the globe. *or do these descriptions in the papyri of (eiden and (eningrad leave room for a figurative explanation of the sentence, especially if we consider the text of the >apyrus Harris 33 the turning over of the earth is accompanied by the interchange of the south and north poles. Harakhte is the -gyptian name for the western sun. +s there is but one sun in the sky, it is supposed that Harakhte means the sun at its setting. .ut why should the sun at its setting be regarded as a deity different from the morning sunI The identity of the rising and setting sun is seen by everyone. The inscriptions do not leave any room for misunderstanding8 4Harakhte, he riseth in the west.4

The texts found in the pyramids say that the luminary 4ceased to live in the occident, and shines, a new one, in the orient4. +fter the reversal of direction, whenever it may have occurred, the words 4west4 and 4sunrise4 were no longer synonyms, and it was necessary to clarify references by adding8 4the west which is at the sun3setting4. t was not mere tautology, as the translator of this text thought. nasmuch as the hieroglyphics were deciphered in the nineteenth century, it would be only reasonable to expect that since then the commentaries on Herodotus and 9ela would have been written after consulting the -gyptian texts. n the tomb of )enmut, the architect of Oueen Hatshepsut, a panel on the ceiling shows the celestial sphere with the signs of the Bodiac and other constellations in 4a reversed orientation4 of the southern sky. The end of the 9iddle ;ingdom antedated the time of Oueen Hatshepsut by several centuries. The astronomical ceiling presenting a reversed orientation must have been a venerated chart, made obsolete a number of centuries earlier. 4+ characteristic feature of the )enmut ceiling is the astronomically objectionable orientation of the southern panel.4 The center of this panel is occupied by the Orion3 )irius group, in which Orion appears west of )irius instead of east. 4The orientation of the southern panel is such that the person in the tomb looking at it has to lift his head and face north, not south.4 4&ith the reversed orientation of the south panel, Orion, the most conspicuous constellation of southern sky, appeared to be moving eastward, i.e., in the wrong direction.4 The real meaning of 4the irrational orientation of the southern panel4 and the 4reversed position of Orion4 appears to be this8 the southern panel shows the sky of -gypt as it was before the celestial sphere interchanged north and south, east and west. The northern panel shows the sky of -gypt as it was on some night of the year in the time of )enmut. &as there no autochthonous tradition in ,reece about the reversals of the revolution of the sun and starsI >lato wrote in his dialogue, 4The )tatesman4 C>O( T C?)E8 4 mean the change in the rising and setting of the sun and the other heavenly bodies, how in those times they used to set in the <uarter where they now rise, and used to rise where they now set ... the god at the time of the <uarrel, you recall, changed all that to the present system as a testimony in favor of +treus.4 Then he proceeded8 4+t certain periods the universe has its present circular motion, and at other periods it revolves in the reverse direction. ... Of all the changes which take place in the heavens, this reversal is the greatest and most complete.4 >lato continued his dialogue, using the above passage as the introduction to a fantastic philosophical essay on the reversal of time. This minimiBes the value of the <uoted passage despite the categorical form of his statement.

The reversal of the movement of the sun in the sky was not a peaceful eventF it was an act of wrath and destruction. >lato wrote in >O( T C?)8 4There is at that time great destruction of animals in general, and only a small part of the human race survives.4 The reversal of the movement of the sun was referred to by many ,reek authors before and after >lato. +ccording to a short fragment of a historical drama by )ophocles C+T'-?)E, the sun rises in the east only since its course was reversed. 4Aeus ... changed the course of the sun, causing it to rise in the east and not in the west.4 -uripides wrote in -(-CT'+8 4Then in his anger arose Aeus, turning the stars% feet back on the fire3fretted wayF yea, and the sun%s car splendour3burning, and the misty eyes of the morning grey. +nd the flash of his chariot3wheels back3flying flushed crimson the face of the fading day. ... The sun ... turned backward ... with the scourge of his wrath in affliction repaying mortals.4 9any authors in later centuries realiBed that the story of +treus described some event in nature. .ut it could not have been an eclipse. )trabo was mistaken when he tried to rationaliBe the story by saying that +treus was an early astronomer who 4discovered that the sun revolves in a direction opposite to the movement of the heavens4. #uring the night the stars move from east to west two minutes faster than the sun which moves in the same direction during the day. L-very night stars rise four minutes earlier8 the earth rotates G77.!6 times in a year in relation to the stars, but G76.!6 times in relation to the sun.N -ven in poetical language such a phenomenon would not have been described as follows8 4+nd the sun3car%s winged speed from the ghastly strife turned back, changing his westering track through the heavens unto where blush3burning dawn rose,4 as -uripides wrote in another work of his. LO'-)T-), . /22/ff.N )eneca knew more than his older contemporary )trabo. n his drama TH=-)T-), he gave a powerful description of what happened when the sun turned backward in the morning sky, which reveals much profound knowledge of natural phenomena. &hen the sun reversed its course and blotted out the day in mid3Olympus CnoonE, and the sinking sun beheld +urora, the people, smitten with fear, asked8 4Have we of all mankind been deemed deserving that heaven, its poles uptorn, should overwhelm usI n our time has the last day comeI4 6CO773N.8 The above <uote from )eneca contains a hidden meaning. f 4mid3 Olympus4 refers to the noontime position of the )un directly overhead, then 4Olympus4 must have meant 4the sky4 as well as a mythical mountain of the gods. f 9ount Olympus is merely a ,reek designation for The Cosmic Tree Hyperborea, then 49ount Olympus4 would indicate a 4sky mountain4 of some sort, such as the legendary 49ount Of The *orth >ole4. ')N

The early ,reek philosophers, and especially >ythagoras, would have known about the reversal of the revolution of the sky, if it actually occurred, but as >ythagoras and his school kept their knowledge secret, we must depend upon the authors who wrote about the >ythagoreans. +ristotle says that the >ythagoreans differed between the right3 and left3hand motion of the sky C4the side from which the stars rise4 is heaven%s right, 4and where they set ... its left4E, and in >lato we find8 4+ direction from left to right 33 and that will be from west to east.4 The present sun moves in the opposite direction. n the language of a symbolic and philosophical astronomy, probably of >ythagorean origin, >lato describes in T 9+-?) the effects of a collision of the earth 4overtaken by a tempest of winds4 with 4alien fire from without, or a solid lump of earth4, or waters of 4the immense flood which foamed in and streamed out48 the terrestrial globe engages in all motions, 4forwards and backwards, and again to right and to left, and upwards and downwards, wandering every way in all the six directions4. 6CO773N.8 ) R # '-CT O*)Q )ix *orth3)outh >olar +lignment >ossibilities, along the >olar >ivotal .elts. )ee also the accompanying essay on TH- >O(+' > $OT+( +R ). ')N +s the result of such a collision, described in a not easily understandable text which represents the earth as possessing a soul, there was a 4violent shaking of the revolutions of the )oul4, 4a total blocking of the course of the same4, 4shaking of the course of the other4, which 4produced all manner of twistings, and caused in their circles fractures and disruptures of every possible kind, with the result that, as they Lthe earth and the %perpetually flowing stream%IN barely held together one with another, they moved indeed but more irrationally, being at one time reversed, at another obli<ue, and again upside down4. n >lato%s terminology, 4revolution of the same4 is from east to west, and 4revolution of the other4 is from west to east. n TH)T+T-)9+*, >lato put this symbolic language into very simple terms, speaking of the reversal of the <uarters in which the sun rises and sets. 6CO773N.8 These are the sorts of choice nuggets of information that fire the mind. @or those who are familiar with #ario )alas% 4+rchon =4, that +rchon who made the 4bad deal4 with 9oses at the time of the -xodus, and thus 33 automaticallyQ 33 was a 4player4 in the events surrounding /6"1 .C-, here we find >lato discussing the 4)oul4 of the -arthF and #ario )alas said that 4+rchon =4 attacked the 4other +rchon4 who was already in charge of the 4)oul4 of the -arth, in the very heart of the planet, the 4entity4 who had outgrown the capabilities of a mere human brain and needed a 4planetary brain4 and thus reincarnated in our -arth. +rchon = fought this resident +rchon to a tie, so to speak, the classic battle of -vil against ,ood. *ow they supposedly jointly inhabit, control, incarnate within our >lanetF hence, all the conflicts and wars and injustices that have bedeviled )apiens for almost four millennia can be explained as a result of this on3going battle for con<uest of -arth%s )oul. #r. $elikovsky, who was certainly not familiar with #ario )alas because #r. $elikovsky died before #ario )alas wrote any books, can be excused for saying that this passage

from >lato was 4a not easily understandable text which represents the earth as possessing a soul4. This idea is not exclusive to either >lato or #ario )alas, however. That +rchon = Cwho is undoubtedly =+H&-H, the 5ewishDChristian ,od of 4-vil4, the *ibiruan Crown3>rince -nlilE battled the resident +rchon Cwhose identity is not specified by #ario )alasE is reminiscent of the earlier passage above that 4The (ord4 of the 5ews battled 4'ahab4, the 4invader4 or 4usurper4 at the moment in time when all of the other celestial events and catastrophes were occurring. L+()O, what exactly would be the 4right4 and 4left4 sides of the skyI @rom the above we are told that west is the left side and east, the right. f one were standing and looking due3north at >olarisDHyperborea, west would be to one%s left and east would be to one%s rightF but if one%s back were to Hyperborea CHeavenE, as if one were looking down from 4up there4, then west would be to the right and east, to the left. +nd note this sentence above 8 n >lato%s terminology, 4revolution of the same4 is from east to west, and 4revolution of the other4 is from west to east. f 4same4 refers to the regular )un that we see today, and if OTH-' refers to the tethered >lanet *ibiru, The *ight )un, The #emon )un, then it could be inferred that although our planet rotates from west to east Cleft to rightE, *ibiru might rotate from east to west Cright to leftEQ The ancient peoples could have simply noted its direction one way or the other by looking at it in the northern sky and watching it turn on its axis, in a motion opposite to the one here at ground3level, regardless of which >olar +xis this planet might be rotating around during any particular 4world age4. ')N shall return later to some other ,reek references to the sun setting in the east. Caius 5ulius )olinus, a (atin author of the third century of the present era, wrote of the people living on the southern borders of -gypt8 4The inhabitants of this country say that they have it from their ancestors that the sun now sets where it formerly rose.4 The traditions of peoples agree in synchroniBing the changes in the movement of the sun with great catastrophes which terminated world ages. The changes in the movement of the sun in each successive age make the use by many peoples of the term 4sun4 for 4age4 understandable. 4The Chinese say that it is only since a new order of things has come about that the stars move from east to west.4 4The signs of the Chinese Bodiac have the strange peculiarity of proceeding in a retrograde direction, that is, against the course of the sun.4 n the )yrian city ?garit C'as )hamraE was found a poem dedicated to the planet3 goddess +nat, who 4massacred the population of the (evant4 and who 4exchanged the two dawns and the position of the stars4. The hieroglyphics of the 9exicans describe four movements of the sun, *+H? O(( * TO*+T ?H. 4The ndian authors translate O(( * by %motions of the sun%. &hen they find the number *+H? added, they render *+H? O(( * by the words %sun CtonatiuhE in his four motions%.4 These 4four motions4 refer 4to four prehistoric suns4 or 4world ages4, with shifting cardinal points.

6CO773N.8 *ote the similarity here between the early 9exicans and the ancient -gyptians, as mentioned above, who told Herodotus that 4four times4 the )un had changed its motion in their recorded history since the founding of -gypt. ')N The sun that moves toward the east, contrary to the present sun, is called by the ndians Teotl (ixco. The people of 9exico symboliBed the changing direction of the sun%s movement as a heavenly ball game, accompanied by upheavals and earth<uakes on the earth. The reversal of east and west, if combined with the reversal of north and south, would turn the constellations of the north into constellations of the south, and show them in reversed order, as in the chart of the southern sky on the ceiling of )enmut%s tomb. The stars of the north would become stars of the southF this is what seems to be described by the 9exicans as the 4driving away of the four hundred southern stars4. The -skimos of ,reenland told missionaries that in an ancient time the earth turned over and the people who lived then became antipodes. Hebrew sources on the present problem are numerous. n Tractate )anhedrin of the Talmud it is said8 4)even days before the deluge, the Holy One changed the primeval order and the sun rose in the west and set in the east.4 6CO773N.8 n the event of a >olar +xis )hift along the >olar >ivotal .elts, with each shift to 4the six directions4, the former froBen >oles would melt as the new >oles were freeBing over. f all >olar ce were to melt, all land up to an altitude of !62 feet Cabout "2 metersE would be flooded. Thus, after seven days in the heat of a non3polar environment, it is <uite conceivable that by that point the former >oles would have melted significantly enough to cause enormous coastal deluges, or periodic 4destructions by water4. ')N T-$-( is the Hebrew name for the world in which the sun rose in the west. +'+.OT is the name of the sky where the rising point was in the west. Hai ,aon, the rabbinical authority who flourished between 0G0 and /2G", in his '-)>O*)-) refers to the cosmic changes in which the sun rose in the west and set in the east. The ;oran speaks of the (ord 4of two easts and of two wests4, a sentence which presented much difficulty to the exegetes. +verrhoes, the +rab philosopher of the twelfth century, wrote about the eastward and westward movements of the sun. 'eferences to the reversal of the movement of the sun that have been gathered here do not refer to one and the same time8 the #eluge, the end of the 9iddle ;ingdom, the days of the +rgive tyrants, were separated by many centuries. The tradition heard by Herodotus in -gypt speaks of four reversals. (ater in this book and again in the book that will deal with earlier catastrophes, shall return to this subject. +t this point, leave historical and literary evidence on the reversal of earth%s cardinal points for the testimony of the natural sciences on the reversal of the magnetic poles of the earth.

6CO773N.8 ?nfortunately, #r. $elikovsky died before he was able to publish this much anticipated material. .its and pieces of it filtered out during the late /012s in the ;'O*O) 5ournal. +fter his death in /010, many of his unpublished notes eventually appeared in ;'O*O), but they were never collected together in any organiBed format. &hen #r. $elikovsky died, he was tormented by the fact that he had not as yet totally completed the +,-) * CH+O) series, which lacked the promised middle volume Cof fiveE on +))=' +* CO*O?-)T. 9y 49athematical +nalysis Of +ncient History4 subse<uently published in TH- $-( ;O$); +* 5ournal was an attempt to 4assist4 #r. $elikovsky by demonstrating that his stubborn adherence of a second cosmic cataclysm year of 1:1 was inaccurate, that it should have been moved backwards to 17!. He received a xerox copy of my treatise a couple of months prior to his death. f he read it, and never heard from him about it, then he must have realiBed that , at least, had figured it out 33 mathematically. +t any rate, one of the ideas left unpublished by #r. $elikovsky was his postulation of The *ight )un, anchored or tethered above our *orth >ole. +nd he was aware of the book H+9(-T%) 9 (( by ,iorgio de )antillana and Hertha von #echend. The fact is that he was simply old, "6 when he died, and did not have the time to complete and publish all of his enormous research. have tried to take up where he left off. ')N TH- '-$-')-# >O(+' T= O@ TH- -+'TH + thunderbolt, on striking a magnet, reverses the poles of the magnet. The terrestrial globe is a huge magnet. + short circuit between it and another celestial body could result in the north and south magnetic poles of the earth exchanging places. t is possible to detect in the geological records of the earth the orientation of the terrestrial magnetic field in past ages. 4&hen lava cools and freeBes following a volcanic outburst, it takes up a permanent magnetiBation dependent upon the orientation of the -arth%s magnetic field at the time. This, because of small capacity for magnetiBation in the -arth%s magnetic field after freeBing, may remain practically constant. f this assumption be correct, the direction of the originally ac<uired permanent magnetiBation can be determined by tests in the laboratory, provided that every detail of the orientation of the mass tested is carefully noted and marked when it is removed.4 L5.+. @leming, 4The -arth%s 9agnetism and 9agnetic )urveys4 in T-''-)T' +( 9+,*-T )9 +*# -(-CT' C T=, ed. by 5.+. @leming C/0G0E, p. G!.N &e would expect to find a full reversal of magnetic direction. +lthough repeated heating of lava and rocks can change the picture, there must have remained rocks with inverted polarity. +nother author writes8 4-xamination of magnetiBation of some igneous rocks reveals that they are polariBed oppositely from the prevailing present direction of the local magnetic field and many of the older rocks are less strongly magnetiBed than more recent ones. On the assumption that the magnetiBation of the rocks occurred when the magma cooled and

that the rocks have held their present positions since that time, this would indicate that the polarity of the -arth has been completely reversed within recent geological times.4 L+. 9c*ish, 4On Causes of the -arth%s 9agnetism and ts Changes4 in T-''-)T' +( 9+,*-T )9 +*# -(-CT' C T=, ed. by @leming, p. G!7.N .ecause the physical facts seemed entirely inconsistent with every cosmological theory, the author of the above passage was cautious not to draw further conclusions from them. The reversed polarity of lava indicates that in recent geological times the magnetic poles of the globe were reversedF when they had a very different orientation, abundant flows of lava took place. +dditional problems, and of a large scope, are8 whether the position of the magnetic poles has anything to do with the direction of rotation of the globe, and whether there is an interdependence in the direction of the magnetic poles of the sun and of the planets. TH- O?+'T-') O@ TH- &O'(# # )>(+C-# The traditions gathered in the section before last refer to various epochsF actually, Herodotus and 9ela say that according to -gyptian annals, the reversal of the west and east recurred8 the sun rose in the west, then in the east, once more in the west, and again in the east. &as the cosmic catastrophe that terminated a world age in the days of the fall of the 9iddle ;ingdom and of the -xodus one of these occasions, and did the earth change the direction of its rotation at that timeI f we cannot assert this much, we can at least maintain that the earth did not remain on the same orbit, nor did its poles stay in their places, nor was the direction of the axis the same as before. The position of the globe and its course were not settled when the earth first came into contact with the onrushing cometF in >lato%s terms, already partly <uoted, the motion of the earth was changed by 4blocking of the course4 and went through 4shaking of the revolutions4 with 4disruptures of every possible kind4, so that the position of the earth became 4at one time reversed, at another obli<ue, and again upside down4, and it wandered 4every way in all six directions4. The Talmud and other ancient rabbinical sources tell of great disturbances in the solar movement at the time of the -xodus and the >assage of the )ea and the (awgiving. n old 9idrashim it is repeatedly narrated that four times the sun was forced out of its course in the few weeks between the day of the -xodus and the day of the (awgiving. The prolonged darkness Cand prolonged day in the @ar -astE and the earthshock Ci.e., the ninth and the tenth plaguesE and the world conflagration were the result of one of these disturbances in the motion of the earth. + few days later, if we follow the biblical narration, immediately before the hurricane changed its direction, 4the pillar of cloud went from before their faces and stood behind them4F this means that the column of fire and smoke turned about and appeared from the opposite direction.

9ountainous tides uncovered the bottom of the seaF a spark sprang between two celestial bodiesF and 4at the turning of the morning4, the tides fell in a cataclysmic avalanche. The 9idrashim speak of a disturbance in the solar movement on the day of the >assage8 the sun did not proceed on its course. On that day, according to the >salms C128"E, 4the earth feared and was still4. t is possible that +mos C"8"30E is reviving the memory of this event when he mentions the 4flood of -gypt4, at the time 4the earth was cast out of the sea, and dry land was swallowed by the sea4, and 4the sun was brought down at noon4, although, as show later on, +mos might have referred to a cosmic catastrophe of a more recent date. 6CO773N.8 This 4more recent date4, of course, encompasses the events that occurred between the years 17!37"1 .C- when there was a second series of cosmic catastrophes. This second period of time historically describes the departure se<uence of the Hyperborea >lanet *ibiru after 022 years during which it was tethered to our *orth >ole as The *orth 9ountain, The Celestial )hip Of The *orth, The Cosmic Tree. f you would wish to read about this departure event, you are urged to get a copy of &O'(#) * CO(( ) O*. *one of this next section of #r. $elikovsky%s book will be transcribed at present, since personally am more fascinated at the moment by *ibiru%s impending return than its future departure 022 years following !2/!. Once the 4chaos4 of !2/! passes into oblivion, we shall have ample time to contemplate *ibiru%s next departure for 4#eep )pace4, to either the Oort Cloud or the )irius )ystem. ')N +lso, the day of the (awgiving, when the worlds collided again, was, according to numerous rabbinical sources, a day of unusual length8 the motion of the sun was disturbed. On this occasion, and generally in the days and months following the >assage, the gloom, the heavy and charged clouds, the lightning, and the hurricanes, aside from the devastation by earth<uake and flood, made observation very difficult, if not impossible. 4They walk on in darkness8 all the foundations of the earth are out of course4 C>salms "!86E is a metaphor used by the >salmist. The >apyrus puwer, which says that 4the earth turned over like a potter%s wheel4 and 4the earth is upside down4, was written by an eyewitness of the plagues and the -xodus. The change is described also in the words of another papyrus CHarrisE which have <uoted once before8 4The south becomes north, and the earth turns over.4 &hether there was a complete reversal of the cardinal points as a result of the cosmic catastrophe of the days of the -xodus, or only a substantial shift, is a problem not solved here. The answer was not apparent even to contemporaries, at least for a number of decades. n the gloom that endured for a generation, observations were impossible, and very difficult when the light began to break through.

The ;+(-$+(+ relates that 4dreaded shades4 enveloped the earth, and 4the sun occasionally steps from his accustomed path4. Then ?kko35upiter struck fire from the sun to light a new sun and a new moon, and a new world age began. n $S(?)>+ C>oetic -ddaE of the celanders we read8 4*o knowledge she Lthe sunN had where her home should be, the moon knew not what was his. The stars knew not where their stations were.4 Then the gods set order among the heavenly bodies. The +Btecs related8 4There had been no sun in existence for many years. ... LThe chiefsN began to peer through the gloom in all directions for the expected light, and to make bets as to what part of heaven he Lthe sunN should first appear in. )ome said %Here%, and some said %There%F but when the sun rose, they were all proved wrong, for not one of them had fixed upon the east4. )imilarly, the 9ayan legend tells that 4it was not known from where the new sun would appear4. 4They looked in all directions, but they were unable to say where the sun would rise. )ome thought it would take place in the north and their glances were turned in that direction. Others thought it would be in the south. +ctually, their guesses included all directions because the dawn shone all around. )ome, however, fixed their attention on the orient, and maintained that the sun would come from there. t was their opinion that proved to be correct.4 +ccording to the CO9>-*# ?9 of &ong3shi3)hing C/6!73/602E, it was in the 4age after the chaos, when heaven and earth had just separated, that is, when the great mass of cloud just lifted from the earth4, that the heaven showed its face. n the 9idrashim it is said that during the wandering in the desert the sraelites did not see the face of the sun because of the clouds. They were also unable to orient themselves on their march. The expression repeatedly used in the .ooks of *umbers and 5oshua, 4the east, to the sunrising4, is not tautology, but a definition, which, by the way, testifies to the ancient origin of the literary materials that served as sources for these booksF it is an expression that has its counterpart in the -gyptian 4the west which is at the sun3 setting4. The cosmological allegory of the ,reeks has Aeus, rushing on his way to engage Typhon in combat, steal -uropa C-rev, the evening landE and carry her to the west. +rabia Calso -revE kept its name, 4the evening land4, though it lies to the east of the centers of civiliBation 33 -gypt, >alestine, ,reece. -usebius, one of the @athers of the Church, assigned the Aeus3-uropa episode to the time of 9oses and the #eucalion @lood, and +ugustine wrote that -uropa was carried by the king of Crete to his island in the west, 4betwixt the departure of srael out of -gypt and the death of 5oshua4. The ,reeks, like other peoples, spoke of the reversal of the <uarters of the earth and not merely in allegories but in literal terms.

The reversal of the earth%s rotation, referred to in the written and oral sources of many peoples, suggests the relation of one of these events to the cataclysm of the day of the -xodus. (ike the <uoted passage from $ )?##H 39+,,+, the .uddhist text, and the cited tradition of the Cashinaua tribe in western .raBil, the versions of the tribes and peoples of all five continents include the same elements, familiar to us from the .ook of -xodus8 lightning and 4the bursting of heaven4, which caused the earth to be turned 4upside down4, or 4heaven and earth to change places4. On the +ndaman slands the natives are afraid that a natural catastrophe will cause the world to turn over. n ,reenland also the -skimos fear that the earth will turn over. Curiously enough, the cause of such perturbation is revealed in beliefs like that of the people of @landers in .elgium. Thus we read8 4 n 9enin C@landersE the peasants say, on seeing a comet8 %The sky is going to fallF the earth is turning overQ%4 6CO773N.8 Compare the old -uropean 4fable4, transported by emigrant settlers to +merica, of Chicken (ittle who warned that 4the sky is falling, the sky is fallingQ4 ')N CH+*,-) * TH- T 9-) +*# TH- )-+)O*) 9any agents collaborated to change the climate. nsolation was impaired by heavy clouds of dust, and the radiation of heat from the earth was e<ually hindered. Heat was generated by the earth%s contact with another celestial bodyF the earth was removed to an orbit farther from the sunF the polar regions were displacedF oceans and seas evaporated and the vapors precipitated as snow on new polar regions and in the higher latitudes in a long @imbul3winter and formed new ice sheetsF the axis on which the earth rotated pointed in a different direction, and the order of the seasons was disturbed. )pring follows winter and fall follows summer because the earth rotates on an axis inclined toward the plane of its revolution around the sun. )hould this axis become perpendicular to that plane, there would be no seasons on the earth. )hould it change its direction, the seasons would change their intensity and their order. The -gyptian papyrus known as >apyrus +nastasi $ contains a complaint about gloom and the absence of solar lightF it says also8 4The winter is come as Cinstead ofE summer, the months are reversed the the hours are disordered.4 4The breath of heaven is out of harmony. ... The four seasons do not observe their proper times,4 we read in the T-RT) O@ T+O )9. n the historical memoirs of )e39a Ta%ien, as in the annals of the )hu ;ing which we have already <uoted, it is said that -mperor =ahou sent astronomers to the $alley of Obscurity and to the )ombre 'esidence to observe the new movements of the sun and of the moon and the syBygies or the orbital points of the conjunctions, also 4to investigate and to inform the people of the order of the seasons4. t is also said that =ahou introduced a calendar reform8 he brought the seasons into accord with the observationsF he did the same with the monthsF and he 4corrected the days4.

>lutarch gives the following description of a derangement of seasons8 4The thickened air concealed the heaven from view, and the stars were confused with a disorderly huddle of fire and moisture and violent fluxions of winds. The sun was not fixed to an unwandering and certain course, so as to distinguish orient and occident, nor did he bring back the seasons in order.4 n another work of his, >lutarch ascribes these changes to Typhon, 4the destructive, diseased and disorderly4, who caused 4abnormal seasons and temperatures4. t is characteristic that in the written traditions of the peoples of anti<uity the disorder of the seasons is directly connected with the derangement in the motion of the heavenly bodies. The oral traditions of primitive peoples in various parts of the world also retain memories of this change in the movement of the heavenly bodies, the seasons, the flow of time, during a period when darkness enveloped the world. +s an example <uote the tradition of the Oraibi in +riBona. They say that the firmament hung low and the world was dark, and no sun, no moon, nor stars were seen. 4The people murmured because of the darkness and the cold.4 Then the planet god 9achito 4appointed times, and seasons, and ways for the heavenly bodies4. 6CO773N.8 The 4planet god4 9achito and the following ?ira3cocha both obviously refer to the newly re3tethered Hyperborea >lanet *ibiru. ')N +mong the ncas the 4guiding power in regulating the seasons and the courses of the heavenly bodies4 was ?ira3cocha. 4The sun, the moon, the day, the night, spring, winter, are not ordained in vain by thee, O ?ira3cocha.4 The +merican sources, which speak of a world colored red, of a rain of fire, of world conflagration, of new rising mountains, of frightening portents in the sky, of a twenty3 five3year gloom, imply also that 4the order of the seasons was altered at that epoch4. 4The astronomers and geologists whose concern is all this ... should judge of the causes which could effect the derangement of the day and could cover the earth with tenebrosity,4 wrote a clergyman who spent many years in 9exico and in the libraries of the Old &orld which store ancient manuscripts of the 9ayas and works of early ndian and )panish authors about them. t did not occur to him that the biblical narrative of the time of the -xodus contains the same elements. &ith the end of the 9iddle ;ingdom in -gypt, when the sraelites left that country, the old order of seasons came to an end and a new world age began. The @ourth .ook of -Bra, which borrows from some earlier sources, refers to the 4end of the seasons4 in these words8 4 sent him L9osesN and led my people out of -gypt, and brought them to 9ount )inai, and held him by me for many days. told him many wondrous things, showed him the secrets of the times, declared to him the end of the seasons.4 .ecause of various simultaneous changes in the movement of the earth and the moon, and because observation of the sky was hindered when it was hidden in smoke and clouds, the calendar could not be correctly computedF the changed lengths of the year,

the month, and the day re<uired prolonged, unobstructed observation. The words of the 9idrashim, that 9oses was unable to understand the new calendar, refer to this situationF 4the secrets of the calendar4 Csod ha3avourE, or more precisely, 4the secret of the transition4 from one time3reckoning to another, was revealed to 9oses, but he had difficulty in comprehending it. 9oreover, it is said in rabbinical sources that in the time of 9oses the course of the heavenly bodies became confounded. The month of the -xodus, which occurred in the spring, became the first month of the year8 4This month shall be unto you the beginning of months8 it shall be the first month of the year to you.4 Thus, the strange situation was created in the 5ewish calendar that the *ew =ear is observed in the seventh month of the year8 the beginning of the calendar year was moved to a point about half a year away from the *ew =ear in the autumn. 6CO773N.8 The ancient +byssinian tradition, still practiced today and originally based upon the old 5ewish method of time3keeping, still retains this *ew =ear in the early autumn of the year. ')N &ith the fall of the 9iddle ;ingdom and the -xodus, one of the great world ages came to its end. The four <uarters of the world were displaced, and neither the orbit nor the poles nor, probably, the direction of rotation remained the same. The calendar had to be adjusted anew. The astronomical values of the year and the day could not be the same before and after an upheaval in which, as the <uoted >apyrus +nastasi $ says, the months were reversed and 4the hours disordered4. The length of the year during the 9iddle ;ingdom is not known from any contemporaneous document. .ecause in the >yramid texts dating from the Old ;ingdom there is mention of 4five days4, it was erroneously concluded that in that period a year of G76 days was already known. .ut no inscription of the Old or 9iddle ;ingdom has been found in which mention is made of a year of G76 days or even G72 days. *either is any reference to a year of G76 days or to 4five days4 found in the very numerous inscriptions of the *ew ;ingdom prior to the dynasties of the seventh century. Thus, the inference that 4the five days4 of the >yramid Texts of the Old ;ingdom signify the five days over G72 is not well founded. There exists a direct statement found as a gloss on a manuscript of T 9+-?) that a calendar of a solar year of three hundred and sixty days was introduced by the Hyksos after the fall of the 9iddle ;ingdomF the calendar of the 9iddle ;ingdom apparently had fewer days. The fact hope to be able to establish is that from the fifteenth century to the eighth century before the present era the astronomical year was e<ual to G72 daysF neither before the fifteenth century, nor after the eighth century was the year of this length. n a later chapter of this work extensive material will be presented to demonstrate this point. The number of days in a year during the 9iddle ;ingdom was less than G72F the earth then revolved on an orbit somewhat closer to the present orbit of $enus. +n

investigation into the length of the astronomical year during the periods of the Old and 9iddle ;ingdoms is reserved for that part of this work which will deal with the cosmic catastrophes that occurred before the beginning of the 9iddle ;ingdom of -gypt. 6CO773N.8 +s mentioned earlier, #r. $elikovsky died before being able to complete these portions of his theory that related to earlier cosmic catastrophes. ')N Here give space to an old 9idrashic source which, taking issue with a contradiction in the scriptural texts, referring to the length of time the sraelites sojourned in -gypt, maintains that 4,od hastened the course of the planets during srael%s stay in -gypt4, so that the sun completed :22 revolutions during the space of !/2 regular years. These figures must not be taken as correct, since the intention was to reconcile two biblical texts, but the reference to the different motion of the planets in the period of the sraelites% stay in -gypt during the 9iddle ;ingdom is worth mentioning. n 9idrash 'abba, it is said on the authority of 'abbi )imon that a new world order came into being with the end of the sixth world age at the revelation on 9ount )inai. 4There was a weakening CmetashE of the creation. Hitherto world time was counted, but henceforth we count it by a different reckoning.4 9idrash 'abba refers also to 4the greater length of time taken by some planets4.

Commentary
+s can be concluded from the foregoing material, this arrival se<uence of the >lanet *ibiru Hyperborea does not happen overnight. +lthough the process seems to have started rather suddenly and caught everybody by surprise, once begun, it continued for a number of decades. Hopefully, these days, this time around, we%ll have a bit of advance warning via the Hubble )pace Telescope, but that advance warning will not stop the event itself. ;ingdoms will fall, as the ancient writer reported. *evertheless, throughout this entire period of devastation, remnants of humanity continued to survive, indicating that in some regions of the world there were ade<uate supplies of fresh food and potable water. How much of humanity was destroyedI &e can only estimate. #r. $elikovsky reported that even before the >assage through the 'ed )ea, :0 out of every 62 sraelites had already perishedF and that of those who remained alive, even some of them were buried by tidal waves along with the pursuing -gyptians. This non3survival rate could thus be extended to, perhaps for example, 00 out of every /22 people. >ut another way, out of every /,222 people, only /2 will survive. Out of every /,222,222 people, only /2,222 will survive. Out of a current worldwide population of almost 7,622,222,222 people, under such circumstances, only 76,222,222 C76 millionE would survive. This is probably a pessimistic extrapolation, but certainly it would be entirely possible for a survival population of only 76 million to carry on the human race in all its diversity.

The ?nited )tates of +merica%s current !222 official census count of !"2,222,222 people would be reduced to only !,"22,222 people, the same number of people that live today in the single city of Chicago, llinois. Considering the polluted condition of our vastly overpopulated >lanet, we are reminded of that passage from the Hindu 9ahabharata 8 4The time for the purification of the worlds has now arrived. The period dreadful for the ?niverse, moving and fixed, has come.4 Once this event gets underway, only the very youngest amongst us will survive the several decades until the -arth again stabiliBes, and life can continue with a return of normalcy. Those of us who are older will be able to witness only the initial years of destruction and madness. +s #r. $elikovsky indicates, this period will last for about 6236! years. The sraelites celebrated a 4623=ear 5ubilee4 in commemoration of its finality, and the 9ayas of Central +merica fashioned their complex calendar around a cycle of 6! years. Thus, if this arrival se<uence were to begin exactly on !/ #ecember !2/!, it would not be complete until at least !27: C- by which time 4the dust will have settled4 and The Cosmic Tree Hyperborea will gleam like a fiery jewel in the northern heavens, anchored to -arth by its magnificent 'ainbow .ridge. The ,olden +ge will commence, the +ge of the ,ods, the )aurian )pace3;ings from the >lanet *ibiru. n the following conclusion of this condensed version of #r. $elikovsky%s &O'(#) * CO(( ) O*, am going to take the liberty of substituting the word * . '? for the word $-*?) in the text. #r. $elikovsky erroneously concluded that the cause of this cosmic catastrophe was a one3time event marking TH- . 'TH O@ $-*?), when 5upiter ejected a large 4comet4 that after swinging by the -arth several times, eventually stabiliBed as the new >lanet $enus. This 4outrageous4 theory that $enus formed at a very recent time, not in connection with the formation of the )olar )ystem as a whole, is what led astronomers and other scientists like the late Carl )agan of Cornell ?niversity to attack #r. $elikovsky so vociferously in what became known as 4The $elikovsky +ffair4. ?ltimately, Carl )agan and his supporters may have been right about the origin of the >lanet $enus, but not a single one of them ever put forth any alternative explanation to account for all of the evidence that #r. $elikovsky had amassed. To them, all these ancient reports were fictional fables not worthy of scientific consideration. That was Carl )agan%s dismal failure, and that is the dismal failure of the entire scientific establishment. 'ob )olHrion, 7 5anuary !22/ Copyright !22/, +ll 'ights 'eserved

Chapter 3ight 234,erpts5

TH- . 'TH O@ 4* . '?4

+ planet turns and revolves on a <uite circular orbit around a greater body, the sunF it makes contact with another body, a comet, that travels on a stretched out ellipse. The planet slips from its axis, runs in disorder off its orbit, wanders rather erratically, and in the end is freed from the embrace of the comet. The body on the long ellipse experiences similar disturbances. #rawn off its path, it glides to some new orbitF its long train of gaseous substances and stones is torn away by the sun or by the planet, or runs away and revolves as a smaller comet along its own ellipseF a part of the tail is retained by the parent comet on its new orbit. +ncient 9exican records give the order of the occurrences. The sun was attacked by OuetBal3cohuatlF after the disappearance of this serpent3shaped heavenly body, the sun refused to shine, and during four days the world was deprived of its lightF a great many people died at that time. Thereafter, the snakelike body transformed itself into a great star. The star retained the name of OuetBal3cohuatl LOuetBal3coatlN. This great and brilliant star appeared for the first time in the east. OuetBal3cohuatl is the well3 known name of the >lanet *ibiru. Thus we read that 4the sun refused to show itself and during four days the world was deprived of light. Then a great star ... appearedF it was given the name OuetBal3cohuatl ... the sky, to show its anger ... caused to perish a great number of people who died of famine and pestilence.4 The se<uence of seasons and the duration of days and nights became disarranged. 4 t was then ... that the people Lof 9exicoN regulated anew the reckoning of days, nights, and hours, according to the difference in time.4 4 t is a remarkable thing, moreover, that time is measured from the moment of its L9orning )tar%sN appearance. ... TlahuiBcalpanteuctli or the 9orning )tar appeared for the first time following the convulsions of the earth overwhelmed by a deluge.4 t looked like a monstrous serpent. 4This serpent is adorned with feathers8 that is why it is called OuetBal3cohuatl, ,ukumatB or ;ukulcan. 5ust as the world is about to emerge from the chaos of the great catastrophe, it is seen to appear.4 The feather arrangement of OuetBalcohuatl 4represented flames of fire4. +gain, the old texts speak 4of the change that took place, at the moment of the great catastrophe of the deluge, in the condition of many constellations, principal among them being precisely TlahuiBcalpanteuctli or the )tar of *ibiru.4 The cataclysm, accompanied by a prolonged darkness, appears to have been that of the days of the -xodus, when a tempest of cinders darkened the world disturbed in its rotation. )ome of the references may allude to the subse<uent catastrophe of the time of the con<uest by 5oshua, when the sun remained for more than a day in the sky of the old world. )ince it was the same comet that on both occasions made contact with the earth, and at each of the contacts the comet changed its own orbit, the relevant <uestion is not, 4On which occasion did the comet change its orbitI4 but first of all, 4&hich comet changed to a planetI4 or 4&hich planet was a comet in historical timesI4 The transformation of the comet into a planet began on contact with the earth

in the middle of the second millennium before the present era and was carried a step further one jubilee period later. +fter the dramatic events of the time of -xodus, the earth was shrouded in dense clouds for decades, and observation of stars was not possibleF after the second contact, *ibiru, the new and splendid member or the solar family, was seen moving along its orbit. t was in the days of 5oshua, a time designation meaningful to the reader of the sixth book of the )cripturesF but for the ancients it was 4the time of +gog4. +s explained above, he was the king by whose name the cataclysm Cthe #eluge of OgygesE was known, and who, according to ,reek tradition, laid the foundations of Thebes in -gypt. n TH- C T= O@ ,O# by +ugustine it is written8 4@rom the book of 9arcus $arro, entitled O@ TH- '+C- O@ TH- 'O9+* >-O>(-, cite word for word the following instance8 %There occurred a remarkable celestial portentF for Castor records that in the brilliant star *ibiru, called $esperugo by >lautus, and the lovely Hesperus by Homer, there occurred so strange a prodigy, that it changed its color, siBe, form, course, which never happened before nor since. +drastus of CyBicus, and #ion of *aples, famous mathematicians, said that this occurred in the reign of Ogyges%.4 6CO773N.8 *ot coincidentally, as was reported by 9iss -. $alentia )traiton in TH- C-(-)T +( )H > O@ TH- *O'TH, one of the names for this stationary northern 4cosmic object4 was The ,arden Of The Hesperides. t is <uite unfortunate in retrospect that #r. $elikovsky apparently was unaware of the momentous significance of The Cosmic Tree, as it would have changed entirely his perspective on these various cosmic catastrophes. ')N The @athers of the Church considered Ogyges a contemporary of 9oses. +gog, mentioned in the blessing of .alaam, was the king Ogyges. The upheaval that took place in the days of 5oshua and +gog, the deluge that occurred in the days of Ogyges, the metamorphosis of *ibiru in the days of Ogyges, the star *ibiru which appeared in the sky of 9exico after a protracted night and a great catastrophe 33 all these occurrences are related. +ugustine went on the make a curious comment on the transformation of *ibiru8 4Certainly that phenomenon disturbed the canons of the astronomers ... so as to take upon them to affirm that this which happened to the 9orning )tar C*ibiruE never happened before nor since. .ut we read in the divine books that even the sun itself stood still when a holy man, 5oshua the son of *un, had begged this from ,od.4 +ugustine had no inkling that Castor, as <uoted by $arro, and the .ook of 5asher, as <uoted in the .ook of 5oshua, refer to the same occurrence. +re Hebrew sources silent on the birth of a new star in the days of 5oshuaI They are not. t is written in a )amaritan chronicle that during the invasion of >alestine by the

sraelites under 5oshua, a new star was born in the east8 4+ star arose out of the east against which all magic is vain.4 Chinese chronicles record that 4a brilliant star appeared in the days of =ahu L=ahouN4. TH- .(+A *, )T+' >lato, citing the -gyptian priest, said that the world conflagration associated with >haTthon was caused by a shifting of bodies in the sky which move around the earth. +s we have reason to assume that it was the comet *ibiru that, after two contacts with the earth, eventually became a planet, we shall do well to in<uire8 #id >haTthon turn into the 9orning )tarI >haTthon, which means 4the blaBing star4, became the 9orning )tar. The earliest writer who refers to the transformation of >haTthon into a planet is Hesiod. This transformation is related by Hyginus in his +)T'O*O9=, where he tells how >haTthon, that caused the conflagration of the world, was struck by a thunderbolt of 5upiter and was placed by the sun among the stars CplanetsE. t was the general belief that >haTthon changed into the 9orning )tar. On the island of Crete, +tymnios was the name of the unlucky driver of the sun%s chariotF he was worshiped as the -vening )tar, which is the same as the 9orning )tar. The birth of the 9orning )tar, or the transformation of a legendary person C shtar, >haTthon, OuetBal3cohuatlE into the 9orning )tar was a widespread motif in the folklore of the oriental and occidental peoples. The Tahitian tradition of the birth of the 9orning )tar is narrated on the )ociety sland in the >acificF the 9angaian legend says that with the birth of a new star, the earth was battered by countless fragments. The .uriats, ;irghiB, and =akuts of )iberia and the -skimos of *orth +merica also tell of the birth of the planet *ibiru. 6CO773N.8 4.irth4 is not <uite the word for this event 33 4rebirth4 or 4re3 appearance4 would be a more explicit term. One wonders in passing throughout this current discussion whether, in fact, 49orning )tar4 and 4-vening )tar4 are the proper translations of this stellar concept from these various other languages. t would be interesting to investigate and determine if these words or phrases actually refer to a 4*orthern )tar4. +lso note in the above paragraph, once again, there are cited legends of peoples who live along the northernmost latitudes of the planet, where they were re3located following the last >olar +xis )hift. ')N + blaBing star disrupted the visible movement of the sun, caused a world conflagration, and became the 9orning3-vening )tar. This may be found not only in the legends and traditions, but also in the astronomical books of the ancient peoples of both hemispheres. O*- O@ TH- >(+*-T) ) + CO9-T #emocritus Ccirca 3:72 to circa 3G12E, a contemporary of >lato and one of the great scholars of anti<uity, is accused by the moderns of not having understood the planetary character of *ibiru. >lutarch <uotes him as speaking of *ibiru as if it were

not one of the planets. .ut apparently the author of the treatises on geometry, optics, and astronomy, no longer extant, knew more about *ibiru than his critics think. @rom <uotations which have survived in other authors, we know that #emocritus built a theory of the creation and destruction of worlds which sounds like the modern planetesimal theory without its shortcomings. He wrote8 4The worlds are une<ually distributed in spaceF here there are more, there fewerF some are waxing, some are in their prime, some waning8 coming into being in one part of the universe, ceasing in another part. The cause of their perishing is collision with one another.4 He knew that 4the planets are at une<ual distances from us4 and that there are more planets than we are able to discover with our eyes. +ristotle <uoted the opinion of #emocritus8 4)tars have been seen when comets dissolve.4 +mong the early ,reek scholars, >ythagoras of the sixth century is generally credited with having had access to some secret science. His pupils, and their pupils, the so3 called >ythagoreans, were cautious not to disclose their science to anyone who did not belong to their circle. +ristotle wrote of their interpretation of the nature of comets8 4)ome of the talians called >ythagoreans say that the comet is one of the planets, but that it appears at great intervals of time and only rises a little above the horiBon. This is the case with 9ercury, tooF because it only rises a little above the horiBon it often fails to be seen and conse<uently appears at great intervals of time.4 6CO773N.8 This remark by +ristotle is specious, because 9ercury is certainly visible as a 9orning or -vening )tar at regular3enough intervals of time so as not to be considered 4great4 intervals. &e must keep in mind that when all of these ancient scientists and philosophers were recording their impressions of natural phenomena, there was no longer a Cosmic TreeF >lanet *ibiru had departed several centuries before their time, and they were merely relying on 33 from their standpoint 33 what would have seemed like their own ancient 4fables4 and 4myths4. Thus, it is not surprising that this information about a 4long3lost4 comet3planet would have become garbled as time passed by. ')N This is a confused presentation of a theoryF but it is possible to trace the truth in the >ythagorean teaching, which was not understood by +ristotle. + comet is a planet which returns at long intervals. One of the planets, which rises only a little above the horiBon, was still regarded by the >ythagoreans of the fourth century as a comet. &ith the knowledge obtained from other sources, it is easy to guess that by 4one of the planets4 is meant *ibiru Cthat is, $enusEF only 9ercury and $enus rise a little above the horiBon. +ristotle disagreed with the >ythagorean scholars who considered one of the five planets to be a comet. 4These views involve impossibilities. ... This is the case, first, with those who say that the comet is one of the planets ... more comets than one have often appeared simultaneously ... as a matter of fact, no planet has been observed besides the five. +nd all of them are often visible above the horiBon together at the same time. @urther,

comets are often found to appear, as well when all the planets are visible as when some are not.4 &ith these words, +ristotle, who did not learn the secrets of the >ythagoreans directly, tried to refute their teaching by arguing that all five planets are in their places when a comet appears, as if the >ythagoreans thought that all comets were one and the same planet leaving its usual path at certain times. .ut the >ythagoreans did not think that one planet represents all comets. +ccording to >lutarch, they taught that each of the comets has its own orbit and period of revolution. Hence the >ythagoreans apparently knew that the comet which is 4one of the planets4 is *ibiru. TH- CO9-T 4* . '?4 #uring the centuries when $enus was a comet, it had a tail. 6CO773N.8 This is a surprisingly odd statement to find here and read again. t has always been my impression that the $elikovskian )chool agreed that the principal reason that this 4comet3planet4 was considered to be $enus and that it had been ejected from 5upiter not long before this cosmic catastrophe, was that it had been actually observed to have left 5upiter, that is, that this explosion at 5upiter was part and parcel of the rest of this interpretation of ancient legends and events. #r. $elikovsky seems to be contradicting himself here by saying that this 4birth of $enus4 occurred 4centuries4 before the second millennium .C-. ')N The early traditions of the peoples of 9exico, written down in pre3Colombian days, relate that *ibiru smoked. 4The star that smoked, %la estrella <ue humeava%, was )itlae choloha, which the )paniards call $enus.4 4*ow, ask,4 says +lexander von Humboldt, 4what optical illusion could give $enus the appearance of a star throwing out smokeI4 )ahagun, the sixteenth century )panish authority on 9exico, wrote that the 9exicans called a comet 4a star that smoked4. t may thus be concluded that since the 9exicans called $enus 4a star that smoked4, they considered it a comet. 6CO773N.8 +ll of these writings occurred, of course, centuries after the actual last visit here by the >lanet *ibiru. These 9exican legends could only be explained as referring to $enus or whatever else, because the )paniards, +lexander von Humboldt and others would have had absolutely no frame of reference to interpret them as something like *ibiru that was unknown and not visible in their time. ')N t is also said in the $-#+) that the star *ibiru looks like fire with smoke. +pparently, the star had a tail, dark in the daytime and luminous at night. n very concrete form this luminous tail, which *ibiru had in earlier centuries, is mentioned in the Talmud, in the Tractate )habbat8 4@ire is hanging down from the planet *ibiru.4 This phenomenon was described by the Chaldeans. The planet *ibiru 4was said to have a beard4. This same technical expression C4beard4E is used in modern astronomy in the description of comets.

These parallels in observations made in the valley of the ,anges, on the shores of the -uphrates, and on the coast of the 9exican ,ulf prove their objectivity. The <uestion must then be put, not in the form, &hat was the illusion of the ancient Toltecs and 9ayasI but, &hat was the phenomenon and what was its causeI + train, large enough to be visible from the earth and giving the impression of smoke and fire, hung from the planet *ibiru. *ibiru, with its glowing train, was a very brilliant bodyF it is therefore not strange that the Chaldeans described it as a 4bright torch of heaven4, also as a 4diamond that illuminates like the sun4, and compared its light with the light of the rising sun. +t present, the light of $enus is less than one millionth of the light of the sun. 4+ stupendous prodigy in the sky,4 the Chaldeans called it. 6CO773N.8 n other words, when skies are clear and *ibiru, The Cosmic Tree, would be visible in the nighttime sky, it would brighten the world in much the same way that our current dawn and twilight doF thus, there would never be any total darkness, as we know it today at the time of the *ew 9oon. On overcast nights, *ibiru would probably add a warm glow to the clouds, also dispelling some of the darkness. Conversely, such a bright sky, as dim a glow as it would be, would nevertheless obscure our view of the stars, at least in the immediate vicinity of the *orth >olar region of the sky. The farther south one would travel in the world, the brighter the stars would become, until below the )outhern Tropic (atitude, *ibiru%s brightness would have no effect at all upon the nighttime view, since Hyperborea 33 (and .eyond The *orth 33 would be hidden by the world%s southern hemisphere. -ven as bright as $enus can get today, and sometimes it is bright enough to be visible during daylight hours, if it were rising as a 9orning )tar high in the sky, it would never add enough brightness to the horiBon to compare it to the dawn sky. Thus, $enus is not this 4comet3planet4F *ibiru is. L+()O, if must be noted that the electromagnetic tether or 4tree trunk4 connecting *ibiru to -arth is said to be darkish, or smoky, in appearance during the daylight hours but glow like fire at night. n short, for those who live long enough to witness this, it will be a magnificent thing to behold. ')N The Hebrews similarly described the planet8 4The brilliant light of *ibiru blaBes from one end of the cosmos to the other end.4 The Chinese astronomical text from )oochow refers to the past when 4*ibiru was visible in full daylight and, while moving across the sky, rivaled the sun in brightness4. +s late as the seventh century, +shurbanipal wrote about *ibiru C shtarE 4who is clothed with fire and bears aloft a crown of awful splendor4. The -gyptians under )eti thus described *ibiru C)ekhmetE8 4+ circling star which scatters its flame in fire ... a flame of fire in her tempest.4 6CO773N.8 ;ing +shurbanipal of +ssyria ascended the throne in 777 .C-. He was the son of ;ing -sarhaddon, who began to reign in 710 after the death of his

father ;ing )ennacherib, who ruled during 7063710. )ennacherib was the ;ing of +ssyria in 7"1 .C- when his army was destroyed at >elusium, )inai, on its march to attack -gypt. This army was destroyed by 4unknown cosmic forces4 which #r. $elikovsky describes in great detail in &O'(#) * CO(( ) O*. n -gypt, according to the Historical 'econstruction of the +,-) * CH+O) series, the *ineteenth #ynasty began in the year 71/ with the accession of 'amses . Then )eti ruled from 760F 'amses , from 7G7. Thus, the *ineteenth #ynasty in -gypt was contemporaneous with -sarhaddon and +shurbanipal in +ssyria. This point in time occurred just after the >lanet *ibiru had completed a 163year period of undocking, detethering and departing, swinging past the -arth five times in /63year intervals from 17! through 7"1. )ome of these rulers mentioned above undoubtedly had seen *ibiru complete its departure se<uence and recalled its fiery splendor. L+()O, here is a convenient place to mention something else. +s stated above, no transcription will be made of #r. $elikovsky%s discussion of the catastrophes during 17!37"1, >art Three of his bookF however, %ll add that what he describes is rather the 4reverse4 of what happened when *ibiru arrived. +fter 022 years, people had become so accustomed to its presence, that when it began to depart, people felt that the sky was disintegrating, that the very foundation of the world and the universe was being ripped apartF and they feared for the future and for their very own lives. @ortunately for them, the departure se<uence was not nearly so cataclysmic as the arrival se<uenceF there was no >olar +xis )hift, for instance. n the 9editerranean region, however, people did begin to date the beginning of their 4modern history4 from the time of The Trojan &ar, which occurred simultaneously with this departure se<uence. Then 'ome was founded. The ,reeks Olympiads began. The new -ra of *abonassar was proclaimed at .abylon. .ut ... by now once again, the centuries have passed, and 9ankind has forgotten his 4gods4 that lived in their 4Hyperborea >aradise Tree4. +ll that remains today are spooky myths and legends, dusty forgotten memories from long ago. .ut as &illiam )hakespeare wrote 8 4&hat is past is prologue.4 ')N >ossessing a tail and moving on a not yet circular orbit, *ibiru was more of a comet than a planet, and was called a 4smoking star4 or a comet by the 9exicans. They also called it by the name of TBontemoc<ue, or 4the mane4. The +rabs called shtar C*ibiruE by the name of Aebbaj or 4one with hair4, as did the .abylonians. 6CO773N.8 This 4#emon )tar4 has also been compared to the legendary ,reek she3monster, The 9edusa, whose hair was a tangle of snakes and whom Odysseus encountered on his return voyage from Troy after the war. This legend has also been linked to Constellations like Cassiopeia that encircle our *orth >olar )tar. This 4hair4 most likely refers to the 41! .ranches Of The Cosmic Tree4 which are its 4host4 of planetoids and moons, 1! in all, that, like the -arth, may be tethered, but more closely than -arth, to this 9other >lanet, and swarm around it like a 4tangle of snakes4 on top of 4 shtar%s4 head. &hat elseI ')N 4)ometimes there are hairs attached to the planets,4 wrote >linyF an old description of *ibiru must have served as a basis for his assertion. .ut hair or 4coma4 is a

characteristic of comets, and in fact 4comet4 is derived from the ,reek word for 4hair4. The >eruvian name 4Chaska4 Cwavy3hairedE is still the name for $enus, though at present the 9orning )tar is definitely a planet and has no tail attached to it. The coma of *ibiru changed its form with the position of the planet. &hen the planet $enus approaches the earth now, it is only partly illuminated, a portion of the disc being in shadowF it has phases like the moon. +t this time, being closer to the earth, it is most brilliant. &hen *ibiru had a coma, the horns of its crescent must have been extended by the illuminated portions of the coma. t thus had two long appendages and looked like a bull%s head. )anchoniathon says that +starte C*ibiruE had a bull%s head. The planet was even called +shteroth3;arnaim, or +starte of the Horns, a name given to a city in Canaan in honor of this deity. The golden calf worshiped by +aron and the people at the foot of )inai was the image of the star. 'abbinical authorities say that 4the devotion of srael to this worship of the bull is in part explained by the circumstance that, while passing through the 'ed )ea, they beheld the celestial Throne, and most distinctly of the four creatures about the Throne, they saw the ox4. The likeness of a calf was placed by 5eroboam in #an, the great temple of the *orthern ;ingdom. Tishtrya of the A-*#3+$-)T+, the star that attacks the planets, 4the bright and glorious Tistrya mingles his shape with light moving in the shape of a golden3horned bull4. The -gyptians similarly pictured the planet and worshiped it in the effigy of a bull. The cult of a bull sprang up also in 9ycenaean ,reece. + golden cow head with a star on its brow was found in 9ycenae, on the ,reek mainland. The people of faraway )amoa, primitive tribes that depend on oral tradition as they have no art of writing, repeat to this day8 4The planet *ibiru became wild and horns grew out of her head.4 -xamples and references could be multiplied ad libitum. The astronomical texts of the .abylonians describe the horns of the planet 4$enus4D*ibiru. )ometimes one of the two horns became more prominent. .ecause the astronomical works of anti<uity have so much to say about the horns of $enus, modern scholars have asked themselves whether the .abylonians could have seen the phases of $enus, which cannot now be distinguished with the naked eyeF ,alileo saw them for the first time in modern history when he used his telescope. The long horns of *ibiru could have been seen without the aid of a telescopic lens. The horns were the illuminated portions of the coma of *ibiru, which stretched toward the earth. These horns could also have extended toward the sun as *ibiru approached the solar orb, since comets were repeatedly observed with projections in the direction of the sun, while the tails of the comets are regularly directed away from the sun.

&hen $enus approached close to one of the planets, its horns grew longer8 this is the phenomenon the astrologers of .abylon observed and described when $enus neared 9ars. 6CO773N.8 That last sentence, transcribed as it is, is most peculiar. >robably it is a futile attempt by #r. $elikovsky to link $enus with 9ars, as a duo, since the second series of catastrophes during 17!37"1 he attributed to erratic movements of 9ars. )uffice it to say that since #r. $elikovsky was confused overall about the >lanet *ibiru, such a statement is to be expected occasionally. ')N

Chapter Nine 234,erpts5

n the .abylonian psalms shtar says8 .y causing the heavens to tremble and the earth to <uake, .y the gleam which lightens in the sky, .y the blaBing fire which rains upon the hostile land, am shtar. shtar, the <ueen of heaven, am by the light that arises in heaven. am shtarF on high journey ... The heavens cause to <uake, the earth cause to shake, That is my fame. ... )he that lightens in the horiBon of heaven, &hose name is honored in the habitations of men, That is my fame. 4Oueen of the heaven above and beneath4, let be spoken, That is my fame. The mountains overwhelm altogether, That is my fame. The &ichita, an ndian tribe of Oklahoma, tell the following story of 4The #eluge and the 'epeopling of the -arth48 4There came to the people some signs, which showed that there was something in the north that looked like cloudsF and the fowl of the air came, and the animals of the plains and woods were seen. +ll of this indicated that something was to happen. The clouds that were seen in the north were a deluge. The deluge was all over the face of the earth.4 The water monsters succumbed. Only four giants remained, but they fell, too, each on his face. 4The one in the south as he was falling said that the direction he fell should be called south.4 The other giant said that 4the direction in which he was falling should be called west 33 &here3the3sun3goes4. The third fell and named the direction of his fall northF the last called his direction 4east 33 &here3the3sunrises4. Only a few men survived. The wind also survived on the face of the earthF everything else was destroyed. + child was born to a woman Cfrom the windE, a #ream3girl. The girl grew rapidly. + boy child was born to her. 4He told his people that he would go in the direction of the east, and he was to become the 9orning )tar.4

This tale sounds like an incoherent story, but let us note its various elements8 4something in the north that looked like clouds4 which made people and animals huddle together in apprehension of an approaching catastropheF wild beasts emerging from the forests and coming to human abodesF an engulfing tide that destroyed everything, even the monster animalsF the determination of the new four <uarters of the horiBonF a generation later the birth of the 9orning )tar. This combination of elements cannot be accidentalF all these events, and in the same se<uence, were found to have occurred in the middle of the second millennium before the present era. The ndians of the Chewkee tribe on the ,ulf Coast tell8 4 t was too hot. The sun was put %a handbreadth% higher in the air, but it was still too hot. )even times the sun was lifted higher and higher under the sky arch, until it became cooler.4 n eastern +frica we can trace the same tradition. 4 n very old times the sky was very close to the earth.4 The ;aska tribe in the interior of .ritish Columbia relate8 4Once a long time ago the sky was very close to the earth.4 The sky was pushed up and the weather changed. The sun, after being stopped on its way across the firmament, 4became small, and small it has remained since then4. Here is a story, told to )helton by the )nohomish tribe on >uget )ound, about the origin of the exclamation 4=ahu4, to which have already referred briefly. 4+ long time ago, when all the animals were still human beings, the sky was very low. t was so low that the people could not stand erect. ... They called a meeting together and discussed how they could raise the sky. .ut they were at a loss to know how to do so. *o one was strong enough to lift the sky. @inally the idea occurred to them that possibly the sky might be moved by the combined efforts of the people, if all of them pushed against it at the same time. .ut then the <uestion arose of how it would be possible to make all the people exert their efforts at exactly the same moment. @or the different peoples would be far away from one another, some would be in this part of the world, others in another part. &hat signal could be given that all people would lift at precisely the same timeI @inally, the word %=ahuQ% was invented for this purpose. t was decided that all the people should shout %=ahuQ% together, and then exert their whole strength in lifting the sky. n accordance with this, the people e<uipped themselves with poles, braced them against the sky, and then all shouted %=ahuQ% in unison. ?nder their combined efforts the sky rose a little. +gain the people shouted %=ahuQ% and lifted the heavy weight. They repeated this until the sky was sufficiently high.4 )helton says that the word 4=ahu4 is used today when some heavy object like a large canoe is being lifted. 6CO773N.8 +nd then there was Chinese -mperor =ahou. +nd now today, of course, we have http8DDwww.yahoo.comD f only #r. $elikovsky could see thisQ H+H+Q ')N

t is easy to recogniBe the origin of this legend. Clouds of dust and gases enveloped the earth for a long timeF it seemed that the sky had descended low. The earth groaned repeatedly because of the severe twisting and dislocation it had experienced. Only slowly and gradually did the clouds lift themselves from the ground. The clouds that had enveloped the sraelites in the desert, the trumpet like sounds that they heard at 9ount )inai, and the gradual lifting of the clouds in the years of the )hadow of #eath are the same elements that we find in this ndian legend. .ecause the same elements can be recogniBed in very different settings, we can affirm that there was no borrowing from one people by another. + common experience created the stories, so dissimilar at first, and so much alike on second thought. The story of the end of the world, as related by the >awnee ndians has an important content. t was written down from the mouth of an old ndian8 4&e are told by the old people that the 9orning )tar ruled over all the the minor gods in the heavens. ... The old people told us that the 9orning )tar said that when the time came for the world to end, the 9oon would turn red ... that when the 9oon should turn red, the people would know that the world was coming to an end. 4The 9orning )tar said further that in the beginning of all things they placed the *orth )tar in the north, so that it should not move. ... The 9orning )tar also said that in the beginning of all things they gave power to the )outh )tar for it to move up close, once in a while, to look at the *orth )tar to see if it were still standing in the north. f it were still standing there, it was to move back to its place. ... &hen the time approached for the world to end, the )outh )tar would come higher. ... The *orth )tar would then disappear and move away and the )outh )tar would take possession of the earth and of the people. ... The old people knew also that when the world was to come to an end, there were to be many signs. +mong the stars would be many signs. 9eteors would fly through the sky. The 9oon would change its color once in a while. The )un would also show different colors. 49y grandchild, some of the signs have come to pass. The stars have fallen among the people, but the 9orning )tar is still good to us, for we continue to live. ... The command for the ending of all things will be given by the *orth )tar, and the )outh )tar will carry out the command. ... &hen the time comes for the ending of the world, the stars will again fall to the earth.4 The >awnee ndians are not versed in astronomy. @or one hundred and twenty generations father has transmitted to son and grandfather to grandchild the story of the past and the signs of future destruction. 6CO773N.8 The 4)outh )tar4 33 The #emon )tar 33 arrives from the southern Constellation of )agittarius, from the 4#ark 'ift4 of the 9ilky &ay, The .lack 'oad. t travels northwards and 33 when docked, anchored and tethered 33 causes the 4*orth )tar4 to disappear CoccultE behind it. ')N

O shtar, <ueen of all peoples ... Thou art the light of heaven and earth. ... +t the thought of thy name the heaven and the earth <uake ... +nd the spirits of the earth falter. 9ankind payeth homage unto thy mighty name, @or thou art great, and thou are exalted. +ll 9ankind, the whole human race, .oweth down before thy power. ... How long wilt thou tarry, O lady of heaven and earth ... I How long wilt thou tarry, O lady of all fights and of the battleI O thou glorious one, that art raised on high, that art firmly established, O valiant shtar, great in thy mightQ .right torch of heaven and earth, light of all dwellings, Terrible in the fight, one who cannot be opposed, strong in the battleQ O whirlwind, that roarest against the foe and cuttest off the mightyQ O furious shtar, summoner of armiesQ &e sacrifice to Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, @or whom long flocks and herds and men, (ooking forward for him and deceived in their hope8 &hen shall we see him rise up, the bright and glorious star TistryaI f men would worship me with a sacrifice n which were invoked by my own name ... Then should come to the faithful at the appointed time. The next ten nights, O )pitama AarathustraQ The bright and glorious Tistrya mingles his shape with light, 9oving in the shape of a golden3horned bull. &e sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, &ho from the shining east moved along his long winding course, +long the path made by the ,ods. ... &e sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, &hose rising is watched by the chiefs of deep understanding.

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