What is advertising, define advertising, and state its objectives?

Meaning of Advertising - Advertising is an activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media. Advertising is a paid form of a non-personal message communicated through the various media by industry, business firms, nonprofit organisations, or individuals. Advertising is persuasive and informational and is designed to influence the purchasing behaviour and/or thought patterns of the audience. Advertising is a marketing tool and may be used in combination with other marketing tools, such as sales promotions, personal selling tactics, or publicity. Definition of Advertising - Advertising is defined differently by different people, some of the definitions are as follows: According to Richard Buskirk, "Advertising is a paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor." According to Wheeler, "Advertising is any form of paid non-personal presentation of ideas, goods or services for the purpose of inducting people to buy." According to William J. Stanton, "Advertising consists of all the activities involves in presenting to a group, a non-personal, oral or visual, openly sponsored message regarding disseminated through one or more media and is paid for by an identified sponsor." Objectives of Advertising - The real objective of advertising is effective communication between producers and consumers with the purpose to sell a product, service, or idea. The main objectives of advertising are as follows: Informative Objective of advertising is to inform its targeted audience/customers about introduction of new product, update or changes in existing products or product related changes, information regarding new offers and schemes. Informative advertising seeks to develop initial demand for a product. The promotion of any new market entry tends to pursue this objective because marketing success at this stage often depends simply on announcing product availability. Thus, informative advertising is common in the introductory stage of the product life cycle. Persuasive Objective of advertising is to increase demand for existing product by persuading new customer for first time purchase and existing customers for repurchases. Persuasive advertising attempts to increase demand for an existing product. Persuasive advertising is a competitive type of promotion suited to the growth stage and the early part of the maturity stage of the product life cycle. Reminder: The objective of advertising is to remind customers about existence of product, and ongoing promotional activities. Reminder advertising strives to reinforce previous promotional
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activity by keeping the name of a product before the public. It is common in the latter part of the maturity stage and throughout the decline stage of the product life cycle. Mathews, Buzzell, Levitt and Frank have listed some specific objectives of advertising.

To make an immediate sale. To build primary demand. To introduce a price deal. To build brand recognition or brand insistence. To help salesman by building an awareness of a product among retailers. To create a reputation for service, reliability or research strength. To increase market share.

1.What is advertising? Explain in detail the functions and classifications of advertising.

Meaning of Advertising - Advertising is an activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media. Advertising is the promotion of a companys products and services though different mediums to incr ease the sales of the product and services. It works by making the customer aware of the product and by focusing on customers need to buy the product. Globally, advertising has become an essential part of the corporate world. Therefore, companies allot a huge part of their revenues to the advertising budget. Advertising also serves to build a brand of the product which goes a long way to make effective sales. Functions of Advertising - Following are the basic functions of advertising: 1. To distinguish product from competitors' products There are so many products of same category in the market and they competes with each other, advertising performs the function of distinguishing advertiser's product from competitors. 2. To communicate product information Product related information required to be communicated to the targeted customers, and advertisement performs this function. 3. To urge product use Effective advertisement can create the urge within audience for a product. 4. To expand product distribution When the market demand of a particular product increases, the number of retailer and distributor involved in sale of that product also increases, hence product distribution get expanded. 5. To increase brand preference There are various products of different bands are available, the brand which is effectively and frequently advertised is preferred most. 6. To reduce overall sale cost Advertising increases the primary demand in the market. When demand is there and the product is available, automatically the overall cost will decrease, simultaneously the cost of sales like distribution cost, promotional cost also get decreased. Classification of Advertising - Advertising can be classified on the basis of Function, Region, Target Market, Company demand, Desired response, and Media.
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A) Classification on the basis of function

Advertisement informs the customers about a product Advertisement persuades the consumers to buy a products Advertisement reminds existing customers about the presence of the product in the market

Let us discuss some important types of advertising based on the functional aspect of advertising. Informative advertising: This type of advertising informs the customers about the products, services, or ideas of the firm or organization. Persuasive advertising: This type of advertising persuades or motivates the prospective buyers to take quick actions to buy the products or services of the firm. Example: Buy one, get one free. Reminder advertising: This genre of advertising reminds the existing customers to become medium or heavy users of the products or services of the firm that have been purchased by them at least once. This type of advertising exercise helps in keeping the brand name and uses of the products in the minds of the existing customers. B) Classification on the basis of region Advertisements can also be classified on the basis of the region, say: Global advertising: It is executed by a firm in its global market niches. Reputed global magazines like Time, Far Eastern Economic Review, Span, Fortune, Futurist, Popular Science. Cable TV channels are also used to advertise the products through out world. Supermodels and cinema stars are used to promote high-end products Examples: Sony, Philips, Pepsi, Coca Cola, etc. National advertising: It is executed by a firm at the national level. It is done to increase the demand of its products and services throughout the country. Examples: BPL (Believe in the best). Whirlpool Refrigerator (Fast Forward Ice Simple) etc. Regional advertising: If the manufacturer confines his advertising to a single region of the country, its promotional exercise is called Regional Advertising. This can be done by the manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of the firm. Examples: Advertisements of regional newspapers covering those states or districts where these newspapers are circulated. Eg. The Assam Tribune (only for the NE region) etc. Local advertising: When advertising is done only for one area or city, it is called Local Advertising. Some professionals also call it Retail Advertising. It is sometime done by the retailer to persuade the customer to come to his store regularly and not for any particular brand. Examples: Advertisements of Ooo la la, Gupshup (Local FM channels) etc. C) Classification on the basis of target market Depending upon the types of people who would receive the messages of advertisements, we can classify advertising into four subcategories: Consumer product advertising: This is done to impress the ultimate consumer. An ultimate consumer is a person who buys the product or service for his personal use. This type of advertising is done by the manufacturer or dealer of the product or service. Examples: Advertisements of Intel, Kuttons (shirt), Lakme (cosmetics) etc. Industrial product advertising: This is also called Business-to-Business Advertising. This is done by the industrial manufacturer or his distributor and is so designed that it increases the demand of industrial product or services manufactured by the manufacturer. It is directed towards the industrial customer.
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Trade advertising: This is done by the manufacturer to persuade wholesalers and retailers to sell his goods. Different media are chosen by each manufacturer according to his product type, nature of distribution channel, and resources at his command. Hence, it is designed for those wholesalers and retailers who can promote and sell the product. Professional advertising: This is executed by manufacturers and distributors to influence the professionals of a particular trade or business stream. These professionals recommend or prescribe the products of these manufacturers to the ultimate buyer. Manufacturers of these products try to reach these professionals under well-prepared programmes. Doctors, engineers, teachers, purchase professionals, civil contractors architects are the prime targets of such manufacturers. Financial advertising: Banks, financial institutions, and corporate firms issue advertisements to collect funds from markets. They publish prospectuses and application forms and place them at those points where the prospective investors can easily spot them. D) Classification on the basis of desired responses An ad can either elicit an immediate response from the target customer, or create a favourable image in the mind of that customer. The objectives, in both cases, are different. Thus, we have two types of advertising under this classification. Direct action advertising: This is done to get immediate responses from customers. Examples: Season's sale, purchase coupons in a magazine. Indirect action advertising: This type of advertising exercise is carried out to make a positive effect on the mind of the reader or viewer. After getting the advertisement he does not rush to buy the product but he develops a favourable image of the brand in his mind. Surrogate advertising: This is a new category of advertising. In this type of promotional effort, the marketer promotes a different product. For example: the promotion of Bagpiper soda. The firm is promoting Bagpiper Whisky, but intentionally shows soda. They know that the audience is quite well aware about the product and they know this fact when the actor states, "Khoob Jamega Rang Jab Mil Baithenge Teen Yaar ... Aap ... Main, Aur Bagpiper"). E) Classification on the basis of the media used in advertisement The broad classification based on media is as follows: Audio advertising: It is done through radio, P A systems, auto-rickshaw promotions, and four-wheeler promotions etc. Visual advertising: It is done through PoP displays, without text catalogues, leaflets, cloth banners, brochures, electronic hoardings, simple hoardings, running hoardings etc. Audio-visual: It is done through cinema slides, movies, video clips, TV advertisements, cable TV advertisements etc. Written advertising: It is done through letters, fax messages, leaflets with text, brochures, articles and documents, space marketing features in newspapers etc. Internet advertising: The world wide web is used extensively to promote products and services of all genres. For example Bharat Matrimony, www.teleshop.com, www.asianskyshop.com etc. Verbal advertising: Verbal tools are used to advertise thoughts, products, and services during conferences, seminars, and group discussion sessions. Kinesics also plays an important role in this context.
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2.What is Advertising Agency? Describe functions of advertising agency.

Definition of Advertising Agency According to American marketing Association, "An Advertising agency is an independent business organisation composed of creative and business people who develop, prepare and place advertising in advertising media for sellers seeking to find customers for their goods and services." Advertising Agency is an independent business organisation specialised in advertising related work which undertakes the work of planning, preparing, and executing advertising campaign for its clients. Advertising Agency is a body of experts specialised in advertising. Advertising Agency performs following activities for its clients: Planning: Advertising agency studies the product or services of clients to identify the inherent qualities in relation to competitor's product or services, analyses competition and marketing environment to formulate advertising plan. 1. Preparing: After the study of product, competition, and marketing environment the experts of agency has to write, design, and produce the advertisement, it is also called formulation of ad-copy. 2. Executing: Now, media is selected for time or space, ad is delivered to media, checked, verified, and released in media. After ad release payment is done to media and client is billed for the services provided. Functions of Advertising Agency Advertising agency performs following functions: 1. Contacting Clients: Advertising agency first of all identify and contact firms which are desirous of advertising their product or services. Ad-agency selects those firms which are financially sound, makes quality products or services, and have efficient management. 2. Planning Advertisement: Advertising agency's next function is to plan ad for its client. For ad planning following tasks are required to be performed by ad-agency: o Study of clients product to identify its inherent qualities in relation to competitors product. o Analysis of present and potential market for the product. o Study of trade and economic conditions in the market. o Study of seasonal demand of the product o Study of competition, and competitors spending on advertising. o Knowledge of channels of distribution, their sales, operations, etc. o Finally, formulation of advertising plan 3. Creative Function: Creative people like - the copywriters, artists, art-directors, graphic-specialists have to perform the creative function which is most important part of all advertising function. 4. Developing Ad-Copy: Ad-agency with the help of their writers, artists, designers, animators, graphic-designers, and film-directors prepares and develops Ad-copy. 5. Approval of Client: Ad-copy is shown to the client for his approval 6. Media Selection and scheduling: It is very important function of ad-agency to select appropriate media for its clients. Ad-agency has to consider various factors like- media cost, media coverage, adbudget, nature of product, client's needs, targeted customer, and etc while selecting media. 7. Ad-Execution: After approval, verification, and required changes, the ad-copy is handed to the media for ad-execution. 8. Evaluation Function: After execution, it is the responsibility of ad-agency to evaluate the effectiveness of ad to know how beneficial the ad is for its client. 9. Marketing Function: The advertising agency also performs various marketing function like- selecting target audience, designing products, designing packages, determining prices, study of channel of distribution, market research, sales promotion, publicity, etc.

10. Research Function: Ad-agency performs various research functions like- research of different media, media cost, media reach, circulation, entry of new media, information regarding ratings, and TRP's of TV programmes, serials. 11. Accounting Function: Accounting function of ad-agency includes checking bills, making payments, cash discounts allowed by media, collection of dues from clients, payment to staff, payment to outside professionals like- writers, producers, models, etc. Conclusion After the above explanation we can conclude that ad-agency has to perform all the advertising functions for their clients.

3.What are the different aspects an advertiser should consider while selecting an advertising agency?

The Advertiser looks for an advertising agency whose services and expertise meets his requirements. Following factors should be considered while selecting an advertising agency:Services offered by Ad-agency - There are different agencies provides different services, some provides all the services, some provide selected services, some provides only media services. It depends on the requirement of advertiser whether he need a fulls service agency, creative boutique, media buying service agency, or a sweet shop. Experience of Agency - An experienced agency performs better then a new agency because it is familiar with different components of marketing environment like- competitors' policies, taste of consumer, income of consumer, consumer responses, fashions and trends, reputation of different media etc. Location - A major factor to be considered while selecting ad-agency is location of office of agency. A considerable amount of communication is required at different level of ad planning, creation and execution. So, a local or near by ad-agency should be preferred which is easily accessible. Size of Agency - There are both large size agencies and small size agencies, both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Large agencies serves big clients, provides wide variety of services, and charges higher but, cannot give personal attention because of having large number of clients, also cannot give much attention to small clients because of having large number of big clients. Competitors' Agency - Agency which is working for competitors must be avoided otherwise agency will not prepare ads which help the advertiser to take an edge over competition. Image of Agency - While selecting ad-agency the advertiser should enquire the image, integrity, ethical standards, and relations of agency with its clients. Creativity and other skills - Ad-agency must be creative enough to generate new ideas to gain the attention of target audience. Rates Charged by Agency - The rates of agency must suit the pocket of client. Advertiser should select agency whose rates are reasonable and within the ad-budget. Financial Strength of Agency - A financially strong ad-agency have better turnover and better contacts with media owner, and afford better infrastructure, well-equipped-ad labs, and quality staff. Past Records of Agency - It is necessary to know who were the past clients of agency, how long were they with agency, why they left the agency, brand image of products of clients, etc.
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4.Why is ethics and social responsibilities are important in advertising? Introduction In today's world of cut throat competition every organisation is investing heavily in advertising. Advertising is necessary to make a new product popular in the market and to increase the sales of existing brands. Advertising plays an important role in brand building and informing public about available products so that they can make informed choice among different products or brands. Advertising is a powerful medium of mass communication. As advertising is a form of mass communication and thus just like other popular forms it too have some social responsibilities associated with it. However, the question is whether advertising fulfil its social responsibilities or not. Advertisements are meant for the masses and people relate themselves with this medium. Thus, for understanding its responsibilities towards the public, its positive and the negative aspects needs to understood. Positive and Negative Aspects of Advertising As like any other medium of mass communication, advertising also have positive as well as negative aspects. Advertising increases sales, advertising makes the product popular, advertising helps in brand formation, advertising makes the public aware with the available brands or products. Advertising is the largest financial source for mass media. Advertising is sometimes subjected to wide criticism. Many of the advertisements are criticised as deceptive or manipulative. Other criticism focus on the social or environmental impact of advertising, the effect of advertising on our value system, commercial clutter, stereotypes, and offensiveness.

Ethics in Advertising Ethics means a set of moral principles which govern a person's behaviour or activities. Ethics in advertising means a set of well defined principles which govern the ways of communication taking place between the seller and buyer Advertising benefits advertisers in many ways, similarly it makes the public aware with the available brands so that they can make informed choice among the available products or brands. But, some of the advertisement doesn't match the ethical norms of advertising, such ads causes political, cultural, or moral harm to society. Ethical ad is one which is in the limit of decency, make no false claims, and doesn't lie. Nowadays advertisements are highly exaggerated and a lot of puffing is used. It seams like the main area of interest for advertisers is to increase their sales, gain maximum market share, prove their product best in the market by presenting a well decorated, colourful, and puffed advertisement. Ethical and Moral principles of Advertising Advertisers must have sufficient knowledge of ethical norms and principles, so that they can understand and decide what is correct and what is wrong. We can identify several ethical and moral principles that are particularly relevant to advertising. We are speaking briefly of three as follows:1. Truthfulness in advertising; 2. The dignity of the human person; and 3. Social responsibility.

Truthfulness in Advertising: Truth in advertising promotes a highly efficient, functioning economy by:

Discouraging deceptive business practices; Encouraging the provision of accurate and truthful information; Enhancing competition by ensuring a level playing field; and Enabling informed consumer choice.

The Dignity of the Human Person

The dignity of human beings should be respected; advertisements should not insult the dignity of human beings; Different cultures and ethnic groups should be presented in advertising as equal with the majority of the population; Special care should be given to weak and vulnerable groups like - children, poor people, or elderly people.

Advertising and Social Responsibility Advertising has a strong social responsibility, independent of its known commercial responsibility. Advertisers should have a deeper sense of social responsibility and should develop their own set of ethical and social norms taking into consideration the values of their society. Conclusion Nowadays it seems like many of the advertisers lack knowledge of ethical norms and principles. They doesn't understand what is right or wrong, and that's by number of misleading and unethical ad is increasing. But, on the other side some advertisers are giving importance to ethical norms and principles. When the ethical norms and principles are followed, it makes the organisation answerable for all its activities, reduces the chances of getting pointed out by critics or any regulatory body, and helps in gaining confidence of the customer and makes them trust organisation and its products.

Types of modern Advertising Agency 5. Explain advertising agency, and what are the different types of advertising agencies?
According to American marketing Association, "An Advertising agency is an independent business organisation composed of creative and business people who develop, prepare and place advertising in advertising media for sellers seeking to find customers for their goods and services." Advertising Agency is an independent business organisation specialised in advertising related work which undertakes the work of planning, preparing, and executing advertising campaign for its clients. Advertising Agency is a body of experts specialised in advertising. Types of Advertising Agency - Following are the different types of advertising agencies: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Full Service Agency In house Agency A Creative boutique Media Buying Service La Carte Agency Special Service Agency Sweet Shops

Full Service Agency - Such Advertising Agencies offers its clients a full range of marketing, communication,and promotion services including research, planning, creating, producing the ad, and
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selecting media. Full service agency also offers other services like- strategic market planning, sales promotion, direct marketing, package design, public relation, and publicity. In House Agency - In house Agency is the advertising department of the firm which is responsible for planning and preparation of advertising materials. Big organisations like- Gap, Calvin Klein, Revlon, and etc can manage in house advertising department and can take the advantage of proper coordination and greater control in all phase of advertising and promotion process. Creative Boutique - Creative boutiques are known for their creative concept development, and artistic services to their clients. Any advertiser wants to infuse greater creativity into the message theme or individual advertisement can approach a creative boutique. Such agency provides only creative services. Media Buying Services - They are independent companies specialised in media buying. Media Buying service agencies particularly deals in buying radio time and television time. La Carte Agency - Some advertisers prefer to order a la carte rather than using all the services of an agency. A la carte can be purchased from a full service agency or from an individual firm deals in creative work, media, production, and or research. Special service agency - Some agencies focuses on some selected areas, and gains specilisation or expertise in those areas, such agencies collectively are called special service groups. Sweet shops - Such agencies are small agencies operates only in one city. Small clients who want advertisement in local media like- local cable, banners, posters, pamphelets etc, approaches such agencies.

MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS 6. What is Media? What are Media Characteristics?

The word media comes from the Latin word middle. Media carry messages to or from a targeted audience and can add meaning to these messages.

Media Terminology
Media Planning - Media Planning is the process of designing a strategic course of action that shows how advertising space and time can be used to present the message in order to achieve the advertisers goal. Media Objectives - Media objectives are goals to be attained by the media strategy and program. Media Strategy - Decisions on how the media objectives can be achieved. Media - The Various category of delivery systems including broadcast and print media. Broadcast Media - T.V., or Radio network or local radio station broadcast. Print Media - Publications like Newspaper, Magazine, Direct Mail, etc. Media Vehicle - The Specific Message Carrier, it can be a specific Television Show, or a Specific News Paper. Coverage - Refers to the potential audience that might receive the message through the media vehicle.
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Reach - Reach refers to the number of people that will be exposed to a media vehicle at least once during a given period of time. Frequency - Frequency refers to the average number of times an individual within target audience is exposed to a media vehicle during a given period of time.

Media Characteristics
There are two types of media for communication - mass media and interpersonal media. Interpersonal media is an expensive medium but highly useful for focused reach. On the other hand mass media like television, or radio, or newspaper are cost efficient and characterised by wide reach. Now, let's examine the characteristics of each of the mass medium. 1. Television: Following are the specific characteristics of television:

It is more impact-full as it is the combination of sound, sight, and motion, It has broad reach and mass coverage, It is highly intrusive medium, It has high absolute cost but cost per thousand is moderate. Television Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Mass Coverage Low selectivity High Reach High absolute cost Impact of sight, sound, and Short message life motion High production cost High prestige Clutter Moderate cost per thousand exposure

2. Radio: Following are the specific characteristics of radio:

It can reach out to remote audiences, It is most cost efficient among all mass media, Radio can reach mobile population, Radio has local market identification. Radio Characteristics

Advantages Local coverage Low cost High frequency Low production cost Well segmented audience

Disadvantages Audio only Clutter Fleeting message

3. Newspaper: Following are the specific characteristics of newspaper:

Newspaper is a better option to provide detailed information,

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A publication have different editions for different areas, so there is a geographic flexibility in newspaper, Newspaper have different sections, so there is opportunity of targeting special interest groups, Newspaper are vehicle for coupon delivery. Newspaper Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages High coverage Short life Low cost Only visual Short lead time for placing Clutter ads Poor reproduction quality Ads can be placed in interest Selective reader exposure sections Low attention getting Timely or current ads capability Can be used for coupons

4. Magazine: Following are the specific characteristics of magazine:

There are magazines for sports, corporate, business, women. children, etc., so we can say magazines have specific audience selectivity, as they are specialised, Magazines have longer life, Magazines provide them opportunity for message scrutiny, and geographic and demographic flexibility. Magazines Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Segmentation potential Only visual High information content Long lead time for ad Longer life placement Compatible editorial Lack of flexibility environment Multiple readers Quality reproduction

5. Outdoor Following are specific characteristics of outdoor media:

Outdoor media is easily noticeable, and it provides 24 hours coverage, Outdoor is location specific media, it has local market presence, Outdoor media is Cost efficient medium, It can be good reminder media. Outdoor Characteristics

Advantages 24 hour coverage Location specific High resolution Easily noticed Cost efficient medium

Disadvantages Short exposure time requires short ads Poor image Local restrictions

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MEDIA PLANNING PROCESS ?

Define media planning, also explain steps in development of media plan. The word Media came from the Latin word "Middle". Media carry message to or from a targeted audience and can add meaning to the message. Media Planning, in advertising, is a series of decisions involving the delivery of message to the targeted audience. Media Plan, is the plan that details the usage of media in an advertising campaign including costs, running dates, markets, reach, frequency, rationales, and strategies.

Steps in Development of Media Plan

1. Market Analysis Every media plan begins with the market analysis or environmental analysis.Complete review of internal and external factors is required to be done. At this stage media planner try to identify answers of the following questions:

Who is the target audience? What internal and external factors may influence the media plan? Where and when to focus the advertising efforts?

The target audience can be classified in terms of age, sex, income, occupation, and other variables. The classification of target audience helps media planner to understand the media consumption habit, and accordingly choose the most appropriate media or media mix. 2. Establishing Media Objective Media objectives describes what you want the media plan to accomplish. There are five key media objectives that a advertiser or media planner has to consider - reach, frequency, continuity, cost, and weight. 1. Reach - Reach refers to the number of people that will be exposed to to a media vehicle at least once during a given period of time. 2. Frequency - Frequency refers to the average number of times an individual within target audience is exposed to a media vehicle during a given period of time. 3. Continuity - It refers to the pattern of advertisements in a media schedule. Continuity alternatives are as follows: o Continuous: Strategy of running campaign evenly over a period of time. o Pulsing: Strategy of running campaign steadily over a period of time with intermittent increase in advertising at certain intervals, as during festivals or special occasions like Olympics or World-Cup. o Discontinuous: Strategy of advertising heavily only at certain intervals, and no advertising in the interim period, as in case of seasonal products. 4. Cost - It refers to the cost of different media 5. Weight - Weight refers to total advertising required during a particular period. 3. Determining Media Strategies Media strategy is determined considering the following: 1. Media Mix - From the wide variety of media vehicles, the advertiser can employ one vehicle or a mix suitable vehicles. 2. Target Market 3. Scheduling - It shows the number of advertisements, size of advertisements, and time on which advertisements to appear.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Seasonal Pulse: Seasonal products like cold creams follows this scheduling. Steady Pulse: According to this scheduling one ad is shown over a period of time, say one ad per week or one ad per month. o Periodic Pulse: A regular pattern is followed in such scheduling, as in case of consumer durable, and non durable. o Erratic Pulse: No regular pattern is followed in such scheduling. o Start-up Pulse: Such scheduling is followed during a new campaign or a launch of a new product. o Promotional Pulse: It is for short time, only for a promotional period. Reach and frequency Creative Aspects - Creativity in ad campaigns decides the success of the product, but to implement this creativity firm must employ a media that supports such a strategy. Flexibility - An effective media strategy requires a degree of flexibility. Budget Considerations - In determining media strategy cost must be estimated and budget must be considered. Media Selection - It covers two broad decisions - selection of media class, and selection of media vehicle within media class.

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4. Implementation of Media Plan The implementation of media plan requires media buying. Media Buying refers to buying time and space in the selected media. Following are the steps in media buying:

Collection of information: Media buying requires sufficient information regarding nature of target audience, nature of target market, etc. Selection of Media/Media Mix: Considering the collected information and ad-budget, media or media mix is selected which suits the requirements of both - target audience and advertiser. Negotiation: Price of media is negotiated to procure media at the lowest possible price. Issuing Ad - copy to media: Ad-copy is issued to the media for broadcast or telecast Monitoring performance of Media: Advertiser has to monitor whether the telecast or broadcast of ad is done properly as decided. Payment - Finally, it is the responsibility of advertiser to make payment of media bills on time.

5. Evaluation and Follow-up Evaluation is essential to assess the performance of any activity. Two factors are important in evaluation of media plan:

How successful were the strategies in achieving media objectives? Was the media plan successful in accomplishing advertising objective?

Successful strategies help build confidence and serve as reference for developing media strategies in future, and failure is thoroughly analysed to avoid mistakes in future.

ADVERTISEMENT EVALUATION TECHNIQUES.

Write a note on advertisement evaluation techniques. Explain Post Testing.

Pre-Testing, Concurrent Testing, and

In today's advertising world, every firm invests heavily on advertisement for making their products or services known to the target audience and to arouse the interest of target audience in firm's products or services. Advertising is done with some predefined objectives- to generate awareness about product, to
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arouse interest in product, to change the attitude of audience towards product, to stimulate desire for product, or to make them buy the product. Advertising is of no use if the defined objectives of communication is not achieved. So, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of advertisement at different level, starting from creation of ad-copy to running of ad on media, and also after execution of ad to know to what extent the objectives are achieved. Types of Test Following are the types of test applied in advertisement evaluation:

Pre-Testing Concurrent Testing Post Testing

1. Pre-Testing Pre-Testing follows the universal law "Prevention is better than cure". Advertising can be pretested at several points in the creative development process. Pre-Testing helps the advertiser to make a final go or no go decision about finished or nearly finished advertisement. Pre-Testing method refer to testing the potentiality of a communication message or ad-copy before printing, broadcasting, or telecasting. Following are the types of pre-testing methods: A. Qualitative Methods of Pre-Testing

Focus Group: Focus group involve exposing the ad to a group of 8 to 12 respondents. Focus groups are used with surprising frequency for making final go or no go decision. A moderator facilitates the discussion and walk s the group through a series of issues that are outlined in discussion guide. In-depth Interview: In-depth interview involve one on one discussion with respondents. Interviews are very effective when a researcher has a good idea of critical issues but does not have a sense of the kind of responses one will get. This method can be effectively used to generate new ad concepts and ideas. Projective Techniques: In this technique the respondent is instructed to project himself into the situation and verbalise the thoughts. projective technique can be very effective for evaluating ad concepts and for generating new ad concepts. But, it cannot be used for making final decisions.

B. Quantitative Methods of Pre-Testing

Checklist Method: Checklist method is used to test the effectiveness of ad-copy. The purpose of this method is to ensure that all elements of the ad-copy are included with due importance in the advertisement. As it is a pre-test method any omitted element of ad can be included in the copy before release of the advertisement. Consumer Jury Method: This method involves the exposure of alternative advertisements to a sample of jury or prospects. This test is designed to learn from a typical group of prospective customers. Advertisements which are unpublished are presented before the consumer jury either in personal interviews or group interviews and their reactions are observed and responses are recorded. Sales Area Test: Under this method advertising campaign is run in the markets selected for testing purposes. The impact of the campaign is evaluated by actual sales in the selected markets. The market with high sales is considered the best market for effective sales campaign. In other markets suitable changes are made in the advertising campaign.
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Questionnaire Method: It is a list of questions related to an experiment. The draft of an advertisement along with some relevant questions is to be sent to a group of target consumers or advertising experts. Their opinions are collected and analyzed to find out whether the proposed advertisement is satisfactory or not. Recall Test: Under this method, advertising copies are shown to a group of prospects. After few minutes they are asked to recall and reproduce them. This method is used to find out how far the advertisements are impressive. Reaction Test: The potential effect of an advertisement is judged with the help of certain instruments, which measure heartbeats, blood pressure, pupil dilution etc. Their reactions reveal the psychological or nervous effects of advertising. Readability Test: All the listeners of advertisements cannot read it equally. So respondents are drawn from different socio economic and geographical backgrounds. This method is used to find out the level of effectiveness when and advertisement is read. Eye Movement Test: The movements of eyes of the respondents are recorded by using eye observation camera when advertisements are shown to them in a screen. This helps to find out the attention value of advertisement.

2. Concurrent Testing Concurrent testing is evaluated throughout the whole advertisement execution process. Tests are conducted while audience is exposed to different type of media. Following are the types of concurrent testing methods:

Consumer Diaries: Diaries are provided to a selected customers. They are also informed to record the details of advertisements they watch, listen or read. The diaries are collected periodically. The result obtained from such a survey reveals the effectiveness of advertisement. Co-incidental Surveys: This method is also called as co-incidental telephone method. Under this method, samples of customers are selected and calls are made at the time of broadcast of the advertisement programme. The data obtained and analyzed will give a picture about the effectiveness of an advertisement. Electronic Devices: Now days electronic devices are widely used to measure the effectiveness of an advertisement. They are mainly used in broadcast media. These are auto meters, track electronic units etc.

3. Post Testing Post testing is done to know- to what extent the advertising objectives are achieved. Following are the types of post testing methods:

Recognition Test: Recognition test involves the ability of viewers to correctly identify ad, brand, or message they previously exposed to. The types of recognition test are: o Starch Test - The Starch test is applied only to print ads that have already run. The interviewer shows each respondent a magazine or newspaper containing the ads being tested. For each ad the interviewer asks the respondents to reply to ad related questions. o Bruzzone Test - The Bruzzone test is conducted through mail surveys. Questionnaires containing frames and audio scripts from television commercials are sent to respondents and respondents are asked whether they recognise the ad and brand.
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Recall or Impact Test: The recall test is designed to measure the impression of readers or viewers of the advertisement. If a reader has a favorable impression of the advertisement, he will certainly retain something of the advertisement. The measures of interest would be obtained by interviewing the readers or viewers or listeners, days after the advertisement or commercial is appeared in the newspaper, or on T.V. Interviewer asks the readers or viewers to answer some ad related questions, and in response to the question asked, the reader reveals the accuracy and depth of his impression.

ADVERTISING BUDGET DECISIONS ?

What is Advertising Budget? Discuss approaches and procedure for determining the size of advertising budget. Introduction In this advertising world, everyday we see many advertisement of different products or brands. Organisations invests heavily in advertising to make their product popular and to increase sales. But, here the question is - how the organisations decide - how much to advertise? How much to invest in advertisement? What should be the size of advertising budget? Definition of Advertising Budget "Advertising budget is an estimated amount an organisation decides to invest in its promotional expenditures over a period of time. An advertising budget is the money a company set aside to accomplish its marketing objectives." It is difficult to measure the effect of advertising on business sales. Advertising is just one of the variables that affects sales in a period of time. As a percentage of sales, advertising expenditure varies from business to business. Because of such complications it is very difficult for business organisations to decide the size of advertising budget. There are various approaches that can be used to set advertising budget. Approaches to Develop Advertising Budget 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Percentage of Sales Budget Competitive Parity Approach Objective and Task Approach All Organisation can Afford Approach Market Share Approach All Available Fund Approach Managerial Judgement Approach

Percentage of Sales Budget According to this approach the business organisation have to set their advertising spending at a fixed percentage of either past or anticipated sales. This Approach can be followed by organisations operating in markets with stable and predictable sales pattern. As it is simple in application, it is most commonly used by small business organisations. This approach has some disadvantages, as sales is not directly related to advertising, it get affected by different variables too. Competitive Parity Approach This approach is followed by organisations whose product is well established and operating in market with
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predictable sales pattern. Organisations following this approach compare their advertising spending with that of its competitors. As the organisation is aware of how much its competitors are spending in advertising, it can logically decide its advertising budget either equal, more, or less to that of the competitors. Here considering competitors advertising budget organisation should consider its objectives too, as the competitors objectives may not be similar or comparable. Objectives and Task Approach This approach is followed by big organisations having well defined marketing objectives, and business goals. Following this approach advertiser can correlate its advertising spending to marketing objectives. In long term this correlation is important to keep organisational spending focused on business goals. All organisation can afford approach It is difficult for small business organisations to invest heavily in advertising. Small business organisation's advertising spending depends more on their affordability. According to this approach advertisers base their advertising budget on what they can afford. Market Share Approach Similar to competitive parity approach, the market share approach bases its advertising spending on external market trends. With this method a business equates its market share with its advertising expenditures. All Available Fund Approach According to this approach all available profit is used in advertising spending. It can be too risky for any size of organisation as the all available fund is used in advertising and no fund is allocated to help business grow in other ways like- technology up-gradation, or work force development. This approach is useful for new business organisations trying to develop its brand. Managerial Judgement Approach In long run managers gain expertise in their field of operation. Similarly, some of the marketing managers working over the years develops a feel for the market that permits them to arrive at appropriate decisions. According to this approach the organisations advertising spending depends on the judgement of experienced managers. ADVERTISING BUDGET AND CONTROL What do you mean by advertising budget and control? Definition of Advertising Budget "Advertising budget is an estimated amount an organisation decides to invest in its promotional expenditures over a period of time. An advertising budget is the money a company set aside to accomplish its marketing objectives." Budget Administration and Control Budgetary control is the use of the comprehensive system of budgeting to aid management in carrying out its functions like planning, coordination and control.

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Advertising budget is directly related to advertising objectives. The advertising budget determines the perimeter of advertising activities of an organisation. Allocation of advertising budget is not enough to achieve advertising objectives. Budget control is equally important. Budget control is periodic comparison of actual level of performance against budgets, and reporting the variances with proper analysis to provide basis for future course of action. REGULATION OF ADVERTISING What do you mean by advertising regulation? Also write a note on advertising self-regulation. Introduction to Advertising Regulation In today's world of cut throat competition, advertisement plays an important role in brand building and informing public about available products so that they can make informed choice among different products or brands. On one side advertising carries several responsibilities, but on the other side advertising is accused of encouraging materialism and consumption, of stereotyping, of causing us to purchase unnecessary, of using sex to sell, of taking advantage of children, of manipulating our behaviour; contributing to downfall of our value system. In order to protect consumer interest and to monitor and control advertising a number of different regulatory bodies are established. Many countries have an Advertising Standard Authority to ensure advertising claims are truthful, not exaggerated or misleading; or to protect particular groups like children. Meaning of Advertising Regulation Advertising regulation refers to the laws and rules defining the ways in which products can be advertised in a particular region. Rules can define a wide number of different aspects such as ad placement, timing and content. Advertising Regulations in different countries

United States - False advertising and health related ads are regulated most. Sweden and Norway - Domestic ads that target children are prohibited. Some European Countries don't allow sponsorship of children programs, no ads are targeted to children under the age of twelve. United Kingdom - Tobacco ads on television, bill boards, or at sporting events is banned. India - Alcohol and Tobacco ads are banned.

Self Regulation The word 'Self' refers to the actor. Here the actor can be a company or a group of companies acting collectively. 'Regulation' refers to what the actor is doing. Regulation has three components:1. Legislation - to define appropriate rules, 2. Enforcement - igniting actions against violators,
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3. Adjudication - decision on violation and and imposing an appropriate sanction. The term 'Self Regulation' means the company or the industry rather than the government is doing regulation. In self regulation it is not necessary that government involvement lacks entirely. One or two components of regulation are taken over by the industry other remains with the government. RECOGNITION, RECALL, AND PERSUASION Recognition and Recall are the terms that are heavily used by advertisers in advertising measurement, more specifically in copy testing techniques. Both recognition and recall are techniques that dredge a consumer's memory for traces of awareness of an advertisement or brand. Recognition is an emotional task, and recall is a logical task. Recognition makes use of the right hemisphere of the human brain concerned with emotional matters, and recall makes use of the left hemisphere, concerned with logical thoughts. Print ads tends to be logical and stimulates the left hemisphere. Television ads tends to be emotional and stimulates right hemisphere. Therefore recognition is the correct method to use for television, and recall is to correct measure for print. Further development in advertising measurement introduced the term 'Persuasion' measure. Persuasion was based on asking consumer about their brand preferences before and after exposure to a commercial. If a shift in preference occurred, this means that the advertisement had persuaded the customer of the merits of the brand.

DAGMAR Model
What is DAGMAR Model? Explain communication process in DAGMAR approach. DAGMAR stands for Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results. DAGMAR Model was developed by Russell Colley in 1961 for setting advertising objectives and measuring advertising results. According to DAGMAR Model the ultimate objective of advertising involves a communication task, intended to create awareness, impart information, develop attitude and induce action. Advertising objective is to carry a consumer through four levels of understanding :1. From unawareness to awareness consumer must be aware of product or company, 2. Comprehension - what the product is and its benefits, 3. Conviction - mental conviction to buy the product, and 4. Action - finally buy the product.

Communication Process in DAGMAR Approach

1. Awareness Before the purchase behaviour is expected from target audience it is necessary to make the audience aware with the product or company.The initial communication task of the advertising activity is to increase the consumer awareness of the product or offer.
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2. Comprehension Only Awareness is not be sufficient to stimulate a purchase, sufficient knowledge and information about product or organisation is necessary. This step involves the target audience to learn something about product, organisation, or offer. Here communication task of advertising activity is to make consumer learn about product - product characteristics, benefits, or uses. 3. Attitude or Conviction At this step a sense of conviction is established. By creating interest and preference, buyers are moved to a position where they are convinced that a particular product in the class should be tried at the next opportunity. At this step communication task of advertising activity is to mould the audiences beliefs about the product and this is often done through messages that demonstrate the products superiority over a rival or by talking about the rewards as a result of using the product. 4. Action Finally, communication must encourage buyer to engage in purchase activity.

AIDA Concept ?
Discuss the AIDA Concept? How it is related to promotional mix? AIDA Model is a selling concept presented by Elmo Lewis to explain how personal selling works. AIDA Model outlines the processes for achieving promotional goals in terms of stages of consumer involvement with the message. The Stages are Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. Attention In this media filled world, advertisers need to be quick and direct to grab audience attention. Ads are required to be eye catchy which can make audience stop and read or watch what advertiser have to say next. Powerful words and pictures are used in ads to make them attractive. Interest After getting attention of a chunk of the targeted audience, it is required to keep them engaged with the ad to make them understand the message in more detail. Gaining the reader's or audience interest is more difficult process than grabbing their attention. To gain audience interest the advertisers must stay focused on audience needs. Desire The Interest and Desire parts of AIDA goes hand-in-hand. As advertiser builds the audience interest, he also need to help them understand how what he is offering can help them in a real way. The way of doing this is by appealing to their personal needs and wants. A good way of building the reader's desire for advertiser offering is to link features and benefits. Hopefully, the significant features of the offering have been designed to give a specific benefit to members of the target market. Action Finally, advertiser need to be very clear about what action he want the audience to take- trial, purchase, repurchase, or other.

AIDA and the Promotional Mix

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Advertising Public Relations Sales Promotion Personal Selling

Attention Very Effective Very Effective Somewhat Effective Somewhat Effective

Interest Very Effective Very Effective Somewhat Effective Very Effective

Desire Somewhat Effective Very Effective Very Effective Very Effective

Action Not Effective Not Effective Somewhat Effective Very Effective

ADVERTISING APPEALS ?
What is Advertising Appeal? Describe different types of advertising appeal. Advertising Appeal is an igniting force which stimulates the customer mindset towards the product or services. It not the only factor in the marketing mix which initiates a consumer for buying the product but it is certainly one of the advertisers' most important creative strategy decisions involves the choice of an appropriate appeal. Advertising appeals are designed in a way so as to create a positive image of the individuals who use certain products. Advertising agencies and companies use different types of advertising appeals to influence the purchasing decisions of people. There are three types of appeals: 1. Rational or Informational Appeal 2. Emotional Appeal 3. Moral Appeal Rational or Informational Appeals This is generally product oriented appeal, highlights the functional benefits like- quality, economy, value, or performance of a product. Following are different types of rational appeals:

Feature Appeal - Advertisements based on such appeal are highly informative, provides information of product attributes or features that can be used as the basis for rational purchase decision. Technical and high involvement product often uses this appeal. Competitive Advantage Appeal - Such appeal is used to compare the product with the competitor's product directly or indirectly and advertiser try to present his product superior then competitor's product on one or more attributes. Favourable Price Appeal - Here price offer is considered as the dominant point of the message. News Appeal - Some type of news or announcements about product or company dominates the advertisement. Product Popularity Appeal - Product popularity is considered as the dominant point of advertisement by highlighting the increasing number of users of brand or the number who have switched to it. High Quality - Some products are preferred for their quality not merely because of their taste or style, such products are advertised by highlighting the quality attribute in advertisement . Low price - Many people prefer low priced goods. To target such audience products are advertised by highlighting the low price tag of the product.
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Long Life - Many consumers want product of durable nature that can be used for a long period, in advertisement of such product durability is the dominant point of the message. Performance - Many advertisements exhibit good performance of product. Economy - Many customers consider savings in operation and use of product, for example in case of automobile the mileage is considered while selecting the brand or model. Scarcity - Another appeal that is occasionally used is scarcity. When there is a limited supply of a product, the value of that product increases. Scarcity appeals urge consumers to buy a particular product because of a limitation. Other Rational Appeals - Other rational appeals include purity, more profits, time saving, multifunction, more production, regular supply and availability of parts, limited space required, artistic form, etc. that can make advertising effective.

Emotional Appeals An emotional appeal is related to an individuals psychological and social needs for purchasing certain products and services. Emotions affects all type of purchase decisions. Types of emotional appeals are as follows:

Positive Emotional Appeal - Positive emotions like- humour, love, care, pride, or joy are shown in advertisements to appeal audience to buy that product. For example- Jonson and Jonson baby products. Negative Emotional Appeal - This includes fear, guilt, and shame to get people to do things they should or stop. Fear - Fear is an emotional response to a threat that expresses some sort of danger. Ads sometimes use fear appeals to evoke this emotional response and arouse consumers to take steps to remove the threat. For example- Life Insurance Anxiety - Most people try to avoid feeling anxious. To relieve anxiety, consumers might buy mouthwash, deodorant, a safer car, get retirement pension plan. Humour - Humour causes consumer to watch advertisement, laugh on it, and most important is to remember advertisement and also the product connected with humour. For example- Happydent, and Mentos.

Moral Appeals Moral appeals are directed to the consumes sense of what is right and proper. These are often used to exhort people to support social and ethical causes. Types of Moral Appeal are as follows:

Social awakening and justice Cleaner and safe environment Equal rights for women Prohibition of drugs and intoxication Adult literacy Anti-smuggling and hoarding Protection of consumer rights and awakening

Other Type of Appeals

Reminder Appeal - Advertising using reminder appeal has the objective of building brand awareness. For example- IPO Teaser Advertising - Advertisers introducing a new product often use this appeal. It is designed to build curiosity, interest and excitement about a product or brand. For example- Ponds ad of Saif & Priyanka Musical Appeals - Music is an extremely important component in advertising. It captures the attention of listeners. For example- Docomo, Airtel
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Transformational Appeal - The idea behind this appeal is that it can actually make the consumption experience better. For example- Ambay products Comparison Appeal - In this appeal a brands ability to satisfy consumers is demonstrated by comparing its features to those of competitive brands. For example- Tide & Surf Direct Appeals - Direct appeals clearly communicate with the consumers about a given need. These extol the advertised brand as a product which satisfies that need. Indirect Appeals - Indirect appeals do not emphasise a human need, but allude to a need.

BUILDING ADVERTISING PROGRAM ?

What is advertising creation stage in building of advertising program? Ad-creation stage consists of three stages: 1. Idea Generation 2. Copy-writing 3. Layout 1. Idea generation stage 1. Orientation: First of all in the process of idea generation it is necessary to identify the purpose or objective of communication then only a proper creative idea can be decided. 2. Preparation: Relevant and sufficient information is required to be gathered. 3. Analysis: Once the information is collected is required to be properly organised under different heads like- technical information, consumer behaviour information, competitors' information etc. 4. Ideation: Ideation is the generation of actual ideas by trying different combinations of facts and information available. 5. Incubation: Once ideas are generated, they are kept aside to incubate, i.e., to let the subconscious mind work on them for sometime. 6. Synthesis: When the team arrives at this step, it is equipped with a number of ideas. In this stage, the emphasis is on combining these ideas and evolving something substantial from it. 7. Evaluation: The various ideas generated in the previous steps are evaluated here. The criteria used for evaluation are described here. The idea should be: i) Relevant to the communication objectives. ii) Original and capable of catching the attention of the viewer. iii) Flexible so that they can be modified or extended to other advertisements in the future. 2. Copy Writing The word 'Copy' has a specific meaning in the world of advertising. Advertisement Copy is the soul of advertisement. An Advertisement Copy is the written and spoken matter expressed in words, sentences, and figures designed to convey the desired message to the target audience. In print media the elements of an adcopy are head line, sub-headlines, illustrations, slogans, and brand name. Approaches to Copy Writing A copy-writer has to answer the following questions to prepare an effective advertising copy:

What am I advertising? To whom am I advertising? How can I convey best the advertising message to my readers? Where and how the product is being sold? When the product is purchased and used?
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What legal implications are involved?

3. Layout A layout is a miniature sketch of the proposed advertisement. A rough layout is first prepared in which the headline and subheads are lettered in artwork and photographs are drawn or provided, and the position various elements of ad-copy is indicated. The rough layout is tested and modified to prepare the final layout. The final layout is appended with many explanations and mechanical designs to give a comprehensive view. It refers to specifications for estimating costs, guidance for engravers and blueprints for advertisers. Layout means two things; in one sense, it means the total appearance of the advertisement its design and the composition of its elements; in another sense, it means physical rendering of the design for the advertisement its blueprint for production purposes. Functions of the Layout

It Organises all the Elements It Brings Together Copy Writer and Art Director It Enables the Advertiser to Visualize his Future Advertisement. It Acts as a Guide to the Copy Specialists.

Copy Testing Copy testing is a means of measuring the communication value of advertising. As a diagnostic tool rather than an evaluative tool, copy testing can be instrumental to the creative development process. There are two key objectives in a copy testing framework. One objective is to determine whether the advertising can cut through the clutter and make people stop and notice the ad. The second is to assess whether the ad communicates the intended message. ADVERTISING LITERAL MEANING OF ADVERTISING:

ng of the term advertising is to give public notice or to announce publicly. Definition of Advertising: -personal presentation and promotion of goods, services or ideas by an identified sponsor. Elaboration of the above definition:

-personal that means it is directed towards a mass audience not directed towards any individual as it is in the case of personal selling. discloses or identifies the source of opinions and ideas, it presents. Objectives of Advertising: There are two types of Advertising Objectives, I. General Objectives. II. Specific Objectives.
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I. General Objective a) Stimulating Demand It can be done in two ways, first the present users of the product may be persuaded to increase the present rate for product consumption. Second way is to attract the new users into the market by telling them the qualities of the product. b) Increased profits. II. Specific Objectives of Advertising a) Preparing ground for new product. b) Facing competition. c) Informing the changes to the consumers. d) Barring new entrants. e) Creating or enhancing goodwill. f) To assist salesmen. g) Expanding the market to new buyers. h) Reminding customers.

Elements to Be Considered In Setting an Objective: 1. Sales as an Objective. ket share.

2. Operational Objectives. rests of the customers have to be studied. It will be done by analyzing the communication and decision process that is affecting the desired behavior. 3. Behavioral Dynamics. he customer. Increase in sales can occur basically from three sources or market condition the first one is the new customers attracted for the first time, second by increasing the loyalty of the existing customers and by inducing the existing customers to use the product more. 4. Using Intervening and Behavioral Variables.

ultimate behavioral response of the customers. Such response measures are called intervening variables. 5. Specifying the Target Segment.

specify the target audience and how those audiences are to be influenced by advertising.

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Setting Advertisement Objectives Traditional - RIP acronym = Remind - Inform Persuade 1. Informative advertising:

correct false impressions about the organization.

2. Persuasive advertising: r the organizations services.

perceptions. 3. Reminder advertising:

should book or reserve the organizations services.

Addition to Advertising Objectives 4. Comparison Advertising:

g customers. 5. Reinforcement Advertising:

satisfied customers enjoying special features of their new car Difference between Consumer and Trade Advertising

being promoted.

decisions.
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Importance of Advertising: 1. To make an immediate sale. 2. To build primary demand. 3. To introduce a price deal. 4. To inform about a products availability. 5. To build brand recognition or brand insistence. 6. To help salesmen by building an awareness of a product among retailers. 7. To create a reputation for services, reliability or research strength. 8. To increase market share. 9. To modify existing products availability or features or price. 10. To increase the frequency of use of a product. 11. To build over-all company image. 12. To reach new areas or new segments of population within existing areas. 13. To develop overseas market.

Role of Advertising: 1. Communicating with customers. rtising is a major way of establishing communication between manufactures and other organizations providing services or trying to put across ideas and concepts, on the one hand, and customers, buyers and potential acceptors, on the other. 2. Persuasion.

cream. 3. Contribution to Economic Growth. by helping to develop new market segments. 4. Catalyst for Change.

perception of a prospect.

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DEVELOPING AN ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Advertising Campaign - The design of a series of advertisements and their placement in various advertising media in order to communicate with a particular target audience.

General Steps in Developing and Implementing an Advertising Campaign

2. Define Advertising Objectives

campaign?

measurable.

increased product or brand awareness

3. Create Advertising Platform

the advertising campaign

that are important to customers 4. Determine Advertising Appropriation 1. Identify and Analyze Target Audience 5. Develop Media Plan 6. Create Advertising Message advertisements are aimed 7. Execute Campaign 8. Evaluate Advertising Effectiveness

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CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF ADVERTISING 1. Product Related Advertising A. Pioneering Advertising B. Competitive Advertising C. Retentive Advertising 2. Public Service Advertising 3. Functional Classification A. Advertising Based on Demand Influence Level. A. Primary Demand (Stimulation) B. Selective Demand (Stimulation) B. Institutional Advertising C. Product Advertising A. Informative Product Advertising B. Persuasive Product Advertising C. Reminder-Oriented Product Advertising 4. Advertising based on Product Life Cycle A. Consumer Advertising B. Industrial Advertising 5. Trade Advertising A. Retail Advertising B. Wholesale Advertising 6. Advertising Based on Area of operation A. National advertising B. Local advertising C. Regional advertising 7. Advertising According to Medium Utilized

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Advertising Industry: The advertising industry consists of three principal groups: (a) Sponsors; (b) Media ; and (c) Advertising agencies or advertising departments. Advertising agencies are of two basic types, viz., Independent; and House. An independent agency is a business that is free to compete for and select its clients. A house agency is owned by its major client. A house agency is not completely free to serve other clients. The advertising department an integral part of the organization it serves.

The advertising agency provides for the client a minimum of: (i) Media information, such as the availability of time and space ; (ii) Creative skills, such as campaign planning and appeal planning and What is an Advertising Agency? An advertising agency is an independent organization set up to render specialized services in advertising in particular and in marketing in general. Advertising agencies started as space brokers for the handling of the advertisements placed in newspapers. Over the years, the function of the agencies has changed. Their main job today is not to aid media but to serve advertisers. SELECTING AN AGENCY: While selecting an advertising agency, the importance of compatibility should be borne in mind. An agency takes a long time to grasp the problems and accumulate the facts that are necessary for the smooth functioning of a client. Though this investment period is long, it pays rich dividends. Therefore, an agency should not be frequently changed. Here are some points that can help the advertiser to: (i) Choose an agency ; and (ii) Get the best out of an agency. (i) Choosing an Agency (iii) Research capabilities, such as providing brand preference data.

The agency should be able to think independently on various problems, and not solve them by pre-conceived notions which it is unwilling to change. The agency should have experience in selling goods and ideas. It should be able to bring in more results than anticipated. The company should be financially sound and should be able to cover both local and national advertising campaigns. The size of the agency should not be seriously taken into account. A big agency is not necessarily a better than a small agency. The agency should not be one that hesitates to correct the advertiser if it feels that he is wrong. The agency should be able to use both research and brains to solve problems. An agency that plans to make a profit on an account should be chosen, rather than one that maintains that it will work on a no-profit-no-loss basis.
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