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THE SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE OF CONVEYOR STRINGERS

INTRODUCTION
The design of the stringers on a conveyor is often left to the draughtsman and the experienced draughtsman will give the sizing of the stringers very little thought, other than to ensure that they will fit. While, on the face of it, there is nothing wrong with that, little thought is given to the actual loading on and the behaviour of the stringer. This paper will look at developing a method for estimating the selection of a stringer with respect to the number of idlers and the deflection of the structure. The selection of the stringer with respect to the potential system capacity will be explored.

STRINGER SELECTION
n order to simplify the estimation of conveyor stringers for both surface conveyors and underground mining operations, the relationship between the allowable deflection of the stringer member, the number of idlers per span and the system estimated capacity is explored. !y manipulating standard structural formulae, a simple set of rules for the selection of stringers is postulated. !ased on the deflection formulae as published in the Steel Designer's Manual 4th "dition, #$%& the deflection of a simply supported member with #, & ' and ( e)ually spaced loads respectively is determined. The basic allowable deflection of the stringer at mid*span is

specified variously as and the middle*f the road value of is utilised as a norm, in accordance with good structural practice and generally accepted deflection limits in industry. The deflection of the loaded beam may be written as follows+

SINGLE PITCH AT MID-SPAN

The stringer deflection at mid*span is given by

m, as noted earlier.

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The basic deflection is given as m and the load since the load is assumed to be carried e)ually on each stringer. ,ere the belt mass is written as ! kg-m, while . kg-m is

defined as the linear loading of the conveyor burden. The value of

kg-m, where / is the

system capacity 01h2 and S is the belt speed, 0m-s2. Then

from which and if the actual value of the deflection is written as # +'#', which is a little more stringent than the normal allowable deflection, then the length of the stringer may be given as

032 Example: 4 system has a capacity of (35 1h, a belt speed of &,6 m-s and belting having a mass ! 7 #3,3 kg-m.

value of

kg-m. !ased on tubular stringers 8%6x',3 mm wall to S49S 63%-#, the 75.3(&$ x #5*6m(. :rom this, the maximum stringer length would be determined as

Since the system has a single idler at mid*span, the maximum stringer length would be determined by practical considerations.

TWO EQUALLY SPACED PITCHES

The basic deflection at mid*span is given by

m, as noted earlier.

n this case,

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Then

then

(#$,

Then

which is the same expression 0e)uation 32 as for the single load at the centre of the span. Thus, for the same example as above, the maximum stringer length would be ',$' m and we could possibly get away with (,5 m. That implies a maximum idler pitch of &,5 m and again, practical considerations would apply.

THREE EQUALLY SPACED PITCHES

The basic deflection at mid*span is given by

m, as noted earlier.

n this case,

as before and

m from the handbook. f

which is now becoming familiar. :or the same example as above, the maximum stringer length would again be ',$' m and we could possibly get away with (,5 m. That implies a maximum idler pitch of #,'' m and we would probably have to reconsider

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the stringer section, if the idler pitch is re)uired to be greater than this, since an idler pitch greater than #,'' m could imply a longer stringer.

FOUR EQUALLY SPACED PITCHES

The basic deflection at mid*span is given by

m from the handbook

which is again the familiar e)uation 032 as determined in the other cases. 4gain, for the same example as above, the maximum stringer length would be ',$' m and we could possibly get away with (,5 m. That implies a maximum idler pitch of #,5 m and economic considerations may apply, depending on the re)uired idler pitch. We would probably have to reconsider the stringer section, if the idler pitch is re)uired to be greater than #,5 m. :rom this, it can be seen that, if the length of the stringer is limited, the deflection will become more stringent as the number of idler pitches increases. 4lternatively, the idler pitch would decrease for the same stringer section, as the number of idler pitches is increased. :or conveyor stringers, the deflection of the stringers at mid*span is accepted as about #-'55 for a stringer with a single idler mounted at centre span as noted before. This, of course, implies that the stringer length would not be greater than an idler pitch and is therefore not likely to be much longer than about #,6 m for underground structures, with a maximum probably about &,5 m, as we noticed in our example earlier. ndeed, at pitches greater than about &,5 m. it would probably be more appropriate to mount the individual idlers on separate line*stands, since the steelwork re)uired between each idler would really serve no purpose, other than a rather expensive sheeting support. n this case, of course, with line stands the stringers fall away and the argument is closed then and there. <n the basis of a deflection limit of #-'55, the maximum allowable deflection for a stringer with a single idler

mounted at centre span and &,5 m long would be determined as m when the total load of material, idlers and belting is considered. 4s the number of idlers is increased per stringer span, the total load on the stringer will increase, for the same belt capacity and speed. :or this reason, the deflection limits must become more stringent and the length of the stringer will become limiting. Thus, for a common approach, the maximum length of a stringer, with up to ( e)ually spaced idlers, may be

expressed as &#5 x #5> ?a @oment of nertia of section m(

as determined above in e)uation 3, where " 7 =oung>s modulus 7 7 . 7

@aterial and belt linear load kg-m ! 7 !elt mass kg-m

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:or the general case, the mass of the belting is not always known. ,owever, as an average, the mass of the belting can be estimated at about #6,%A of the linear mass of material 0which is a very useful coincidenceB2. ,owever, the proportion of the mass of the belting could be much greater than #%A and where this is known, e)uation 6 above will be used. When the belting mass is unknown, then ! 7 05,#6% . .2 kg-m and .> 7 0. C

!2 7 #,#6% . . kg-m. f this is substituted into e)uation 6, this becomes 062 1sing this e)uation, it is therefore possible to estimate the maximum safe capacity of a system on the basis of

the stringer size, support and arrangement. @anipulating e)uation 6,

m when the

stringer length is not specified and the material and belting linear loading can be simply estimated by

when the stringer length is specified.

TUBULAR STRINGERS
Stringers for underground operations are commonly specified with tubular section, particularly when link suspended idlers and fixed*form suspended idlers are used. Tubular stringers are also sometimes used on surface overland conveyors, though this is relatively uncommon in South 4frica. n addition to the tubular sections, standard rolled steel sections are used, particularly in surface, overland and in*plant operations. The stringers analysed are based on 8%6 x ',6 wall tube and 8#5& x ',6 wall tube to S49S 66%-#, because these appear to be very common in South 4frican coal mines. The stringer lengths considered were from ',5 m up to 6,5 m long in 5,6 m increments. Since the developed formula holds for any combination of idler pitch, the idler pitches were not figured in this analysis. The values of for the tubes are determined from the standard formula,

:rom e)uation 6 above,

and the values are substituted as appropriate.

The value of " is accepted as &#5 G?a

Ta le !+ Dalue of .> and /> for Tubular Stringers

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Since the capacity is related to the linear loading by

kg-m as defined earlier and we have

already estimated the mass of the belting as ! 7 05,#6%. .2 kg-m, it follows again that the specific capacity of a system, at the base speed of #,5 m-s can be estimated as tons per hour per meter per second of belt speed. Thus /> 7 0',6 . .>.S2 t-h and S is set at #,5 m-s. 4s is to be expected, the specific capacity of the system is rather limited at #,5 m-s. ,owever, the relationship between the speed and the capacity is direct. Therefore, any speed can be estimated by dividing the re)uired capacity by the specific capacity as determined. :or example, for a (,5 m stringer length with 8#5&x',3 tubing stringers, if the re)uired capacity is 0say2 #&55 Dh with ( idlers per stringer, then the belt speed must be not

less than m-s and the stringer deflection would be within the normal limits. . 4ny capacity beyond that limit will result in a greater deflection of the stringers, with the possibility of failure.

CHANNEL STRINGERS
The formulae hold true for channel stringers as well and the following sections have been considered+ #55x35E #(5x65, #65x63, #%Fx3(, and #F5x%5 since these are relatively common. n the case of channel stringers, the values of #55-35 #(5-65 #65-63 #%F-3( #F5-%5 7 7 7 7 7 may be summarised as

&,53' x #5*6 m( 6,5(F x #5*6 m( $,&(% x #5*6 m( F,3$% x #5*6 m( and the availability of this 0traditional2 section must be verified. #',3(x #5.6 m(

!ased on the values of and the stringer length, the maximum value for the linear loading of the belt and burden may be obtained.

Ta le "+ Dalue of .> for /hannel Stringers

Ta le #+ Dalue of /> for /hannel Stringers The capacities obtained are independent of the belt width, since they relate to a linear loading only. The capacities may be compared to the theoretical capacity of various widths of conveyor, to assess the reality of the values obtained.

Since the linear loading of a conveyor is derived from kg-m and we have set S 7 #,5 m-s for the specific capacity, it follows that / 7 ',6>S>. t-h per m-s and these values are reflected in the tables above. n addition, the capacity of the conveyor is a function of the cross*sectional area of the material on the belt, for the various belt widths, idler configurations and surcharge angles. The area at #55A loading is based on the freeboard as derived from the standard S< method. The cross*sectional area for various belt parameters are shown in table ' below. The range reflects that as commonly found on many mines in South 4frica.

BELT LOADING AND SPECIFIC CAPACITY

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Ta le $+ !elt cross*sectional area

The capacity of the conveyor is then based on the following relationship+ /dc 7 '655 . 4#55 . S . G 1h, * 032 where the material bulk density is represented by G Um3. n the case of coal, the bulk density of H<@ coal may be estimated at 5,$ Um3 and the maximum capacity of the conveyor will be as shown in the appropriate column of table '. These values can then be compared to the values obtained from the stringer tables.

COMPARISONS
:rom the comparison, we can see that the linear loading for :6 mm tubing is reasonably limited, with the specific capacity limited accordingly. The maximum specific capacity for the :6 tubing would be practically restricted to stringers with a ',5 m length and would be limited to #&55 mm wide belting, running in 35 idlers. 4ny width greater than #&55 mm would have a potential capacity in excess of the stringer capability. <f course, since the stringer capability is a cube function of the span, the carrying capability of the stringers will be drastically reduced for the (,3 m span, as shown in the tables.

Stringers of 8#5& tube have a higher capacity potential and the capacity limitation with the ',5 m span would allow belting up to and including #F55 mm wide belting. The stringer span at (,3 m with the 8#5& tube would be restricted to a specific capacity of only (55,(3 1h-m-s, which, again, is limited to a #535 mm wide belt.

:rom the analysis, it would appear that tubular stringers should be limited to a span of ',5 m only, whether the section is 8%6 mm or 8#5& mm tube.

4 selection of a heavier wall tube could be considered. /onse)uently, the effect of increasing the wall thickness of the 8%6 mm tube from ',3 to (,5 mm was investigated. n the case of the ',5 m span, this resulted in an increase in the carrying capacity of #&A and this must be compared to the increase in mass of about #'A. :or this reason, this option was not pursued any further, since it is unlikely to result in any economic benefit. The analysis of channel stringers shows a greatly increased capacity, as a result of the much larger moment of inertia of the sections. /omparing the capacity values from table & to the maximum values in table ', we can see that the #55 x 35 channel stringer, at a span of ',5 m will be capable of supporting belt loads for the whole range of belt widths, for both '3I and (3I idler forms.

The same section at (,3 m span will be limited to belting #'35 mm wide running in '3I idlers. t must be repeated that the capacities shown are specific capacities, at #,5 mis, as shown in the example above.

COMPARISON WITH INSTALLATION TOLERANCES

idlers and for stringers with link suspended idlers. ,ere, W represents the belt width. n addition, the maximum vertical displacement of any adJacent idlers is limited to #,5 mm. :rom, this, it can be seen that the deflection limits of the stringer sections as proposed are far more stringent than the installation tolerances.

CONCLUSION
4 simplified approach to the selection of conveyor stringers is presented. The selection is based on an increasingly stringent deflection allowance as the number of idlers supported on each stringer increases. !y manipulation, estimates of capacities for existing structures can be made.

AUTHOR%S CV

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Graham Shortt has recently retired from 4nglo 4merican after &3 years service in the materials handling section of Specialized "ngineering. ,owever, he still endeavours to remain active in the field of materials handling, especially belt conveyors. @r Shortt obtained a @aster of "ngineering ?ractice 0!ulk Solids ,andling2 from Tunra in 4ustralia and is also a :ellow of the South 4frican nstitute of @aterials ,andling.

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