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    Ceramic: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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    Anas Azizan
    Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay. Modern ceramics have a wide variety of applications and are divided into categories like structural materials, refractories, whitewares, and technical/engineering ceramics. Traditional ceramic materials include clay and alumina, while advanced ceramics include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Ceramic materials can withstand high temperatures and are very hard but also brittle.

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    Ceramic: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

    Uploaded by

    Anas Azizan
    205 views5 pages
    Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay. Modern ceramics have a wide variety of applications and are divided into categories like structural materials, refractories, whitewares, and technical/engineering ceramics. Traditional ceramic materials include clay and alumina, while advanced ceramics include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Ceramic materials can withstand high temperatures and are very hard but also brittle.

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    Ceramics Internet

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    Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay. Modern ceramics have a wide variety of applications and are divided into categories like structural materials, refractories, whitewares, and technical/engineering ceramics. Traditional ceramic materials include clay and alumina, while advanced ceramics include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Ceramic materials can withstand high temperatures and are very hard but also brittle.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    205 views5 pages

    Ceramic: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

    Uploaded by

    Anas Azizan
    Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay. Modern ceramics have a wide variety of applications and are divided into categories like structural materials, refractories, whitewares, and technical/engineering ceramics. Traditional ceramic materials include clay and alumina, while advanced ceramics include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Ceramic materials can withstand high temperatures and are very hard but also brittle.

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    Ceramic
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    Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be
    challenged and removed. (July 2009)

    Fixed Partial Denture, or "Bridge"

    18th century (Qing dynasty) Chinese porcelain vase

    A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and


    subsequent cooling.[1] Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline
    structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are
    crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials,
    as opposed to the non-crystalline glasses.

    The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, either by itself or mixed with
    other materials. Ceramics now includes domestic, industrial and building products and art
    objects. In the 20th century new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced
    ceramic engineering, for example, in semiconductors.
    The word ceramic comes from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos) meaning pottery,
    which is said to derive from the Indo-European word ker, meaning heat.[2][3] Ceramic may
    be used as an adjective describing a material, product or process; or as a singular noun,
    or, more commonly, as a plural noun, ceramics.[4]

    Contents
    [hide]

    • 1 Types of ceramic products


    o 1.1 Examples of whiteware ceramics
    o 1.2 Classification of technical ceramics
    • 2 Other applications of ceramics
    • 3 Types of ceramic materials
    o 3.1 Crystalline ceramics
    o 3.2 Non-crystalline ceramics
    • 4 See also
    • 5 References

    • 6 External links

    [edit] Types of ceramic products


    For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four sectors, and these are
    shown below with some examples:

    • Structural, including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles


    • Refractories, such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making
    crucibles
    • Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, pottery products, and sanitary ware
    • Technical, is also known as Engineering, Advanced, Special, and in Japan, Fine
    Ceramics. Such items include tiles used in the Space Shuttle program, gas burner
    nozzles, ballistic protection, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, bio-medical
    implants, jet engine turbine blades, and missile nose cones. Frequently the raw
    materials do not include clays.[5]

    [edit] Examples of whiteware ceramics

    • Earthenware, which is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar.


    • Stoneware
    • Porcelain, which are often made from kaolin
    • Bone china

    [edit] Classification of technical ceramics


    Technical ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories:

    • Oxides: Alumina, zirconia


    • Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
    • Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides and non-oxides.

    Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties.

    [edit] Other applications of ceramics


    • Ceramics are used in the manufacture of knives. The blade of a ceramic knife will
    stay sharp for much longer than that of a steel knife, although it is more brittle and
    can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface.

    • Ceramics such as alumina and boron carbide have been used in ballistic armored
    vests to repel large-calibre rifle fire. Such plates are known commonly as small-
    arms protective inserts (SAPI). Similar material is used to protect cockpits of
    some military airplanes, because of the low weight of the material.

    • Ceramic balls can be used to replace steel in ball bearings. Their higher hardness
    means that they are much less susceptible to wear and can offer more than triple
    lifetimes. They also deform less under load meaning they have less contact with
    the bearing retainer walls and can roll faster. In very high speed applications, heat
    from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings; problems
    which are reduced by the use of ceramics. Ceramics are also more chemically
    resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust.
    The two major drawbacks to using ceramics is a significantly higher cost, and
    susceptibility to damage under shock loads. In many cases their electrically
    insulating properties may also be valuable in bearings.

    • In the early 1980s, Toyota researched production of an adiabatic ceramic engine


    which can run at a temperature of over 6000°F (3300°C). Ceramic engines do not
    require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction and therefore
    greater fuel efficiency. Fuel efficiency of the engine is also higher at high
    temperature, as shown by Carnot's theorem. In a conventional metallic engine,
    much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat in
    order to prevent a meltdown of the metallic parts. Despite all of these desirable
    properties, such engines are not in production because the manufacturing of
    ceramic parts in the requisite precision and durability is difficult. Imperfection in
    the ceramic leads to cracks, which can lead to potentially dangerous equipment
    failure. Such engines are possible in laboratory settings, but mass-production is
    not feasible with current technology.[citation needed]

    • Work is being done in developing ceramic parts for gas turbine engines.
    Currently, even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines' hot
    section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures. Turbine
    engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently, giving aircraft greater
    range and payload for a set amount of fuel.

    • Recently, there have been advances in ceramics which include bio-ceramics, such
    as dental implants and synthetic bones. Hydroxyapatite, the natural mineral
    component of bone, has been made synthetically from a number of biological and
    chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials. Orthopedic implants
    made from these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body
    without rejection or inflammatory reactions. Because of this, they are of great
    interest for gene delivery and tissue engineering scaffolds. Most hydroxyapatite
    ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength and are used to coat metal
    orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers. They are
    also used as fillers for orthopedic plastic screws to aid in reducing the
    inflammation and increase absorption of these plastic materials. Work is being
    done to make strong, fully dense nano crystalline hydroxyapatite ceramic
    materials for orthopedic weight bearing devices, replacing foreign metal and
    plastic orthopedic materials with a synthetic, but naturally occurring, bone
    mineral. Ultimately these ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements or
    with the incorporation of protein collagens, synthetic bones.

    • High-tech ceramic is used in watchmaking for producing watch cases. The


    material is valued by watchmakers for its light weight, scratch-resistance,
    durability and smooth touch. IWC is one of the brands that initiated the use of
    ceramic in watchmaking. The case of the IWC 2007 Top Gun edition of the Pilot's
    Watch Double chronograph is crafted in high-tech black ceramic.[6]

    [edit] Types of ceramic materials


    A ceramic material is often understood as restricted to inorganic crystalline oxide
    material. It is solid and inert. Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression,
    weak in shearing and tension. They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in other
    materials subjected to acidic or caustic environment. Ceramics generally can withstand
    very high temperatures such as temperatures that range from 1,000°C to 1,600°C
    (1,800°F to 3,000°F). Exceptions include inorganic materials that do not include oxygen
    such as silicon carbide or silicon nitride. A glass is often not understood as a ceramic
    because of its amorphous (non-crystalline) character. However, glass making involves
    several steps of the ceramic process and its mechanical properties are similar to ceramic
    materials.

    Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as kaolinite, whereas more
    recent materials include aluminium oxide, more commonly known as alumina. The
    modern ceramic materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include silicon
    carbide and tungsten carbide. Both are valued for their abrasion resistance, and hence
    find use in applications such as the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining
    operations. Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine, electrical and electronics
    industries.
    [edit] Crystalline ceramics

    Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing. Methods
    for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories - either make the ceramic in
    the desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by "forming" powders into the desired shape, and
    then sintering to form a solid body. Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand
    (sometimes including a rotation process called "throwing"), slip casting, tape casting
    (used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, etc.), injection moulding, dry pressing,
    and other variations. (See also Ceramic forming techniques. Details of these processes are
    described in the two books listed below.) A few methods use a hybrid between the two
    approaches.

    [edit] Non-crystalline ceramics

    Non-crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts. The glass is
    shaped when either fully molten, by casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by
    methods such as blowing to a mold. If later heat-treatments cause this glass to become
    partly crystalline, the resulting material is known as a glass-ceramic.

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