Ocb CSN

CHAPTER – I
CSN MANAGEMENT
1.0 FAULT MANAGEMENT
1.1 Introduction
Handling OM faults is a centralized function which can be broken down into three
main activities:
- edition after faults have been filtered.
- attribution of penalties in functional components and statistical calculation
so as to identify these components.
1.2 Basic principles of faults
Taken in isolation, a fault does not mean that the component is not function
properly. A fault is indicated by a spontaneous message emitted by a component
on behalf of the OM.
It is a result of the detection of a fault by this component, either in its own

operations (equipment fault, detected by the equipment), or in the performance or
components with which it communicates.
Message editing
FAULT
BM entry
MESSAGES PROCESSING
memorization
OF
Component diagnosis
FAULTS
SUPERVISION listing
Period 2 min filtering
inhibition
BASIC PRINCIPLE
1
1.3 Structure of fault messages
All fault editing is broken down as follows:
- a general heading common to all fault edits.

- a specific edit based on fault characteristics. Several standard numbered
edit formats have been defined by group of faults with the same
characteristics.
Zero parameters are not edited.
TYPE FUNCTION DATE NAME OF FAULT

FORMAT EXCHANGE NAME TIME
* F0612 / T11 F14 / NCEN = TTC / 06–01–25 / 14 H 39 / NOM = ODCAB /
GRAVITY
SUB GROUP
NO. OF FAULT PROG.

GROUP
N=2028 / NIV = 2 / ENS = 06 / SENS = 05 – 000 – 000/ P=’0203’H /
EMITTING UNIT
CN NUMBER
CN =00 / EM : AFUR = URAD - 2
From the fault dictionary (2 –4 –1) the information obtained is :
2
(1) Sending context : one or more subscribers can no longer telephone.
(2) Source : CSE – CSN
For the CSN :

ENS = 1 UCX + Time distribution in UCN
S/ENS 1 Processor subsystem number
ENS = 2 Internal PCM TTRS
S/ENS 1 number of LRI in CN
S/ENS 2 TTRS ICNE number
ENS = 3 ICNE side TTRS
S/ENS 1 TTRS number
S/ENS 2 processor subsystem number
S/ENS 3 TRCX number
ENS = 4 One side TTRS
S/ENS 1 number of LRI in CN
S/ENS 2 THLR number
ENS = 5 CN connection PCM TTRS
S/ENS 1 TTRS number
S/ENS 2 processor subsystem number
S/ENS 3 TRCX number
ENS = 6&7 S/ENS 1 TABA UT number (1 < UT No. < 16 )
NOCN CN number
PAR equipment number
ENS = 8 GTA
S/ENS 1 TFILM or TRF8 number
(3) Probable cause :

Hardware fault (subscriber line interface circuit failure or failure of a UT
connecting one or more subscribers).
The fault message is the subject of a diagnostic sent and output on the terminal
assigned to this purpose.
(4) Action required:
Analysis of the diagnostic output on the dedicated terminal and repair. Reception
of this message at the OMC initiates an alarm.
3
1.4 Some Typical CSN fault messages:
Given below are some of the examples of fault messages related to the CSN.
1.4.1 T11 – F10 ONOBA : NO CHANGEOVER

(1) Sending context : changeover on fault impossible for any reason (K0
reserved logic, changeover inhibited etc.)
(2) Source : CSE – CSN.
(3) Probable cause : standby subsystem not operational, excluding “changeover
inhibited”.
(4) Action required : repair standby subsystem on basis of diagnostic output to
terminal assigned to PFAC file.
1.4.2 T11 – F12 ODORA : AUXILIARY UNIT FAILURE
(1) Sending context : traffic handling is not disrupted and all subscribers
can still telephone
ENS >
S/ENS > are used to send the diagnostic
P >
(3) Probable cause : UR hardware fault . The fault message is the subject
of a diagnostic sent and output on the terminal assigned to this
purpose.
(4) Action required : Analysis of the diagnostic output on the dedicated
terminal and repair. Receipt of this message at the OMC initiates an
alarm.
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1.4.3 T11 – F13 ODDQS : QUALITY OF SERVICE FAILURE
(1) Sending context : CSN : Standby equipment failure or degraded quality of

service in switching.
CSE : Traffic handling is disrupted but all subscribers can still telephone.
(3) Probable cause : UR hardware fault . The fault message is the subject of a
diagnostic sent and output on the terminal assigned to this purpose.
terminal and repair. Receipt of this message at the OMC initiates an alarm.
1.4.4 T11 – F15 ODCOR : UNIT COMPLETE FAILURE
(1) Sending context : Unit has failed completely.

(3) Probable cause : UR hardware fault . The fault message is the subject of a
diagnostic sent and output on the terminal assigned to this purpose.
terminal and repair. Receipt of this message at the OMC initiates an alarm.
1.5 ALARMS MANAGEMENT
1.5.1 Basic principle of alarms
An alarm is characterized in terms of :

- alarm type (switching, power, fire, charging …)
- a category of alarm which defines its intervention type :
- immediate intervention : IM or !!!

- deferred intervention : ID or !!
- no intervention : SI or !
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The action to be taken are specific to each alarm.
An alarm is dealt with by capturing the alarm, analyzing it and taking
specific action,
Message editing
(disk recording)
PROCESSING
event Storage
OF
Identification component
Start, end ALARMS
continue Display on PGS
Remote control activation
Tele-maintenance network
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1.5.2 OVERVIEW OF ALARM PROCESSING
MIC
CNE ICNE TS 16
``````````````` UCN LR
SMX
LR1
Infrastructure CNL
COC
LR
SMT
TS 16
C C
CSND S M C
COC A A
S
L S A
Infrastructure L
TS 16
LR
CSED CMAS
SMA
Infrastructure C C
M
S A
M A S
MAS
A L
L
SMC CMAS
C MLMQ
S
A
L
CMIS
C
Infrastructure S
A MIS
L
C C SMM
S S CMIS
A A
Remote Control L L EL
LCC IAS
SSE
N
NAT TRAIT M
ALA
C LCT T
S EL
AC
A Q
L TRAIT
MLOC
ACTUJ
NMC
TI-PGS CV or TY
7
1.5.3 Description of Alarm message
EDIT FORMAT NO.

DATE INTERNAL NO. CATEGORY
CAT NIDAL TIME ALARM TYPE
! * A0628 / 287 / 06–01–25 / 14 H 39 / N = 6057 / TYP = COM / CAT = SI/
EXCHANGE NAME GEOGRAPHICAL ADDRESS
EVENT FUNCT. ADD. OF UR
EVENT = MAL / NCEN = TTC / AFUR = URAL – 1 / AGEO = S1-TR01 -B03 /
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ALARM TEXT
TEXAL = POOR EFFICIENCY / COMFL.INF : /
THRESHOLD
EFFICIENCY
EFF .= 000 % THRESHOLD = 25%
NB: - the DAL message is sent when the alarm is detected.

- the MAL message is sent periodically every 6 min (period of MTA reset
to “0”).
o - the FAL message is sent when alarm disappears.
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1.5.4 Some CSN related Alarm messages.
Examples of some of the CSN related Alarm messages are given below. The
same be consulted by seeing the Fault and Alarm Dictionary (2-4-1) .
1.5.5 * A 202 - Simplex conv -
Meaning : No voltage at the converter output

Action required :
- If there is no NIDAL – 203 alarm : it is a converter fault.
- If there is a NIDAL- 203 alarm : the fault is due to a board which is
supplied by the converter. Try to find the faulty board by successive
removals.
The power supply station is no longer supplied.
Object in alarm state : SM
1.5.6 * A 005 - Ex % TS – LR
Meaning : Excessive rate of TS - LR out of service in a UR.
Action required :
(1) Make sure that there is no LOCAVAR test in progress.
(2) Initiate TELIN with AFUR, AFLR and AFVT.
(3) Try to put these TS – LR into service by means of TELEMO.
(4) If this attempt fails, run LOCAVAR for the relevant PCM module
(CSED).
Object in alarm state : UR
9
1.5.7 * A 005 - Ex % TS – LRI
Meaning : Excessive rate of TS - LRI out of service in a CN.

Action required :
(1) Initiate TELIN on the LRIs, and try to put TS – LRIs back into service by
means of TELEMO.
(2) CNL : carry out a CSN logic unit switchover to see if the alarm persists; if
it does, run LOCAVAR for the LRIs involved, for detecting the faulty
THLRs.
(3) CNE : check for PCM alarms : if there are non, repair as required,
otherwise run LOCAVAR for boards TTRS.
Object in alarm state : CN

1.6 Operator positioning commands
1.6.1 Interrogating the status of an Exchange Equipment
The ESMIN command is used to check the status of a station depending on a

criterion given as a parameter.
The parameters of this command are :
- AM : Material address of the station (SMM, SMC, SMX, SMT, SMA)
- AF : Functional address of one or more logic unit. (MR, TR, TX, GX,
GS, PC, ETA, PUPE, URM), etc.
- STTUS : Used to poll stations with a particular status. (INDL, BLOM,

TEST, ES)
Table : SM states
State Meaning Context

BLOM Blocked by the The SM has been set to the BLOM state by
operator operator command, it is under operator
control and will only process positioning
requests and LOCAVAR tests.
The SM – FAILURE WITH DIAG :alarm
may be present if a failure has been located.
The alarm gives the latest diagnostics
supplied by the LOCAVAR tests.
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The “SM HS” alarm is indicated.
BLOS Blocked by the system The SM is under system control and will
handle only positioning messages. This state
is transitional and precedes SM initialization
or execution of the LOCAVAR test.
ES In service The SM is operational.
INDL Unavailable free The SM has been set to the INDL state by
operator command and is not currently
processing. The SM is under operator control
.The “SM HS” alarm is indicated.
INDO Unavailable busy An INDL state positioning request has been
made by operator command. The SM alarm
is indicated.
INIT Initializing An INDL state positioning request has been
made by operator command. The initializing
procedure (loading data then initializing) with
progress. The initializing phase is controlled
by the system
NEQ Not equipped The “SM ” not implemented..
TEST Being tested LOCAVAR tests, triggered automatically or
by operator command are currently running.
Table : ETU states
State Meaning Context

BLOM Blocked by the The ETU has been set to the BLOM state
operator by operator command. It is under operator
control and will process only setting
requests and LOCAVAR tests.
ES In service ETU is operational
1.6.2 Modifying the status of the Exchange Equipment
The command used for modifying the SM Status is ESMMO .The parameters of
this command are :
- AM : Material Address of the Station
- STTUS : required Status
Taking a station out of operation
When turning off a station the operator must make sure not to disturb the routines
in progress.
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1.6.2.1 Transition from ES to INDL
The logical machines carried by the station align their operating mode on this
new status. They see that they are INDO, free themselves of the routines in
progress and inform the MLSM. When all the MLs have gone to INDL, the
station itself becomes INDL and informs the SMM.
Comment : If this positioning involves the disappearance of the PC function or of
an MLPUPE without backup the command is refused by the SMM.
If this positioning involves the disappearance of another function, an alert

message is edited.
In the INDL state, the station maintains all its previously loaded functions.
1.6.2.2 Transition from INDL to BLOM
The station is blocked, the operator after seeing the editing of the positioning
report can act on the equipment and carry out a test if required.
Putting a station back is operation.
1.6.2.3 Transition from BLOM or BLOS to INDL
This transition form necessarily involves initializing the station and hence testing
it by a LOCAVAR launched by the system.
1.6.2.4 Transition from INDL to ES
The SMM sends out a message for ES positioning to the station.

Comment : The transition from BLOM or BLOS to ES is not recommended since
as soon as an ML is reinitialized, it acknowledges traffic although the station is
not fully initialized. This is only true if the SM concerned is not a reserve one.
On the SMA ETA, one should not go via INDL as the time will not be updated.
1.7 Interrogating the status of a connection unit
The TELIN command is used to check the status of a CSN depending on a

criterion given as the parameter. The parameters of this command are “
- AFUR : Functional Address of UR (1 < 223)
- AFLR : UR – LR
(1 < 223) – (0 < 15)
- AFLRI : Function address of Network line at CSN level.
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UR – CN – LRI
(1 < 223 ) – (0 < 20) – (0 < 3)
The possible output status can be ES, INDL,BLOS,
BLOM,BLOF, TEST, INIT, NAC, NEQ
1.7.1 Interrogating the status of the pilot and reserve logic
The TELINB command is used to check the status of the logic depending upon
what criterion is given as a parameter.
The parameters of this command are:
- AFPIL : Functional Address of Pilot logic (1< 63)
- AFRES : Functional Address of the reserve logic
1.8 Switching the Exchange Equipment status
The TELBSC command is used to modify telephone equipment status and switch
the Signaling Links. The parameters for this command are
- AFPIL : Functional Address of Pilot logic (1< 63)
- AFRES : Duplicate standby logic Functional Address
- STTUS : The desired status
- BASC : The desired logic( B0 , B1)
1.9 Modifying the Exchange Equipment status
The TELEMO command is used to change the state of the Connection Unit . The
various possible parameters for this command are
- AFUR : Functional Address of UR (1 < 223)
- AFLR :UR – LR
(1 < 223) – (0 < 15)
- AFLRI : Function address of Network line at CSN level.

UR – CN – LRI
(1 < 223 ) – (0 < 20) – (0 < 3)
- AFVT : Functional Address of time division channel
UR - MIC - VTEMP
- STTUS : The possible output status can be ES, INDL, BLOM, etc
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1.10 LOCAVAR
1.10.1 Introduction
LOCAVAR is a software that is loaded and run by a station for the purpose of
locating malfunctioning boards. No LOCAVAR is resident at the station level
except for the CSN case.
The diagnostics can be initiated by man machine command or
automatically by system .The auto diagnostic reports are output on a terminal
assigned to logical file OPMN . This programme takes care of hardware faults
only .If there is a hard fault then this unit is positioned to BLOS status. In the
diagnostic result PCBs are accused . For SM stations the PCB accused is replaced
by a good one and a diagnostic is run by man machine command to check
whether ‘ NO DIAGNOSTIC ‘ result comes .
Normally locavar is not run by man machine command as a routine
maintenance procedure. But if there is a diagnostic found by automatic reaction
then only manual locavar is run to repair the same.
In case of a CSN LOCAVR can be run on
- the standby control logic
- a sub – assembly of the electronic access unit such as:
- A PCM Module
- Subscriber Terminal Units
- Ancillary equipment : test equipment ,etc.
1.10.2 Testing Control Logic sub – system
For the testing of CSN each logic has to be tested separately. LOCAVAR can be
run only on the standby logic but it has to be made out of service first . The
command used is TELBSC with status of the reserve unit as BLOM . Next give
the testing command URTL with parameter as :
- AFUR : Functional Address of UR
- TYM : Type of module (CSN )
- ENS : Sub – assembly subject to faulty tracing

(CDE : Control logic test )
- LIST : Listing of module being tested (yes , no )
The output will give NO DIAGNOSTIC if no fault is there .Make the sub-system
in service condition .However for a faulty hardware an output will be given ,
stating the diagnostic code , diagnostic number ,CN number and the slot number.
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1.10.3 Testing of PCM Interface
First set the LR link concerned to INDL and then to BLOM using the TELEMO
command . Next run the LOCAVAR on the PCM interface by giving URTL with
parameters as :
- AFUR : Functional Address of UR

(MICj : PCM Module test : j=0<15 )
If no diagnostic is there make the PCM in service . If fault is indicated , change

the card and run the test again .
1.10.4 Testing of all card of the concentrator of a CSN
With the same URTL command all the cards of a particular CONCENTRATOR
(CN) can be tested . The parameters are :
- AFCN : Functional Address of the concentrator (UR - CN)

(1<63) – (0<20)

(CN : concentrator )
1.10.5 Test on a single or a list of cards in the concentrator
With URTL command individual Terminal units can also be tested .The
parameters to be given are :
- AFUR : Functional Address of the connection unit

(UT k : Test on a single card where 0 < k < 16 )
(UT k , Nbi : Test on a unit where 0 < k < 16 & 1 <I< 17 )
15
1.10.6 Confirming the repair of UR , CN or UT
Depending on the component to which the diagnostic report applies , prior setting
may be required . Run the LOCAVAR test to confirm the repair using the URTR
command with parameters as :
- AFUR : Functional Address of the connection unit
- DG : Name of LOCAVAR diagnostic indicated by repair command
- N : Diagnostic number of repair command
- LIST : Option for printout program module ( no , yes )
Analyze the result of the LOCAVAR Test as per the conditions stated below :
IF THEN
(i) Repair OK. For a CSN or CN the diagnostic report is
deleted.
(ii) Diagnostic maintained is The fault remains .
outputted.
(iii) A new diagnostic report A new fault has occurred . The diagnostic
is outputted. Report indicates which new board may be at
the root of the fault.
(iv) An error message is The message indicates why the test has failed.
outputted.
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CHAPTER – 2
VRLA BATTERIES
2.0 MAINTENANCE – FREE SECONDARY CELLS (VRLA)
Maintenance free, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries ensure a

reliable, effective and user friendly source of power. It is spill proof, leak proof
and explosion resistant and there is no need to add water or to clean terminals. It
has low self-discharge rate which eliminates the need for equalising charges. The
container is made of polypropylene. Each plate is individually wrapped by a
highly absorbant, microporous glass separate developed specially for VRLA
batteries. The chemically inert glass ensures life long service. The absorbed
electrolyte ensures that there is no spillage even in the unlikely event of puncture
of the cell. Gas evolution under float conditions is negligible. The water loss
throughout life due to gassing is roughly 0.1% of the total electrolyte present in
the cell. This will in no way affect performance and also eliminate the need for
specially ventilated battery room and acid resisting flooring. As the batteries can
be installed in stacks, there will be considerable space saving also.
Various capacities of Batteries are 120 AH, 200 AH, 400 AH, 600 AH,
1000 AH, 1500 AH, 2000 AH, 2500 AH, 3000 AH, 4000 AH and 5000 AH.
2.1 VRLA Technology – A brief review of Chemical Reaction

The electrode reactions in all lead acid batteries including VRLA battery
is basically identical. As the battery is discharged, the lead dioxide positive active
material and the spongy lead negative active material react with the sulphuric acid
electrolyte to form lead sulphate and water. During charge, this process is
reversed. The Coulombic efficiency of the charging process is less than 100% on
reaching final stage of charging or under over charge conditions, the charging
energy is consumed for electrolytic decomposition of water and the positive plates
generate oxygen gas and the negative plates generate hydrogen gas.
Under typical charging conditions, oxygen at the positive plate occurs
before hydrogen evolution at the negative. This feature is utilized in the design of
VRLA batteries. In flooded cells, the oxygen gas evolved at the positive plate
bubbles upwards through the electrolyte and is released through the vents. In MF-
VRLA batteries the oxygen gas evolved, at the positive plate, instead of bubbling
upwards is transported in the gas phase through the separator medium to the
negative plate. The separator is a highly absorbent glass matrix type with very
high porosity, designed to have pore volume in excess of the electrolyte volume
(starved electrolyte design), due to which the oxygen gas finds an unimpeded path
17
to the negative plate. The oxygen gas gets reduced by reaction with the spongy
lead at the negative plate, turning a part of it into a partially discharged condition,
thereby effectively suppressing the hydrogen gas evolution at the negative plate.
This is what is known as the oxygen recombination principle. The part of negative
plate which was partially discharged is then reverted to the original spongy lead
by subsequent charging. Thus, a negative plate keeps equilibrium between the
amount which turns into spongy lead by charging and the amount of spongy lead
which turns into lead sulphate by absorbing the oxygen gas generated at the
positive plate. The oxygen recombination principle can be shown by the following
reaction :
1. Reaction at positive plate :
H2O = ½ O2 + 2e– … (1)
2. Reaction at negative plate :

Pb + 1/2O2 = PbO … (2)
PbO+H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O … (3)
To reaction (1)
PbSO4 + 2H+ + 2e– = Pb + H2SO4 … (4)
To reaction (3)
To reaction (2)
3. The total reaction at negative plate
½O2 +2H+ = H2O
Thus, the recombination technology makes the battery virtually Maintenance Fee.
2.2 Technical Specification of 1000 AH Battery

1. Capacity of the Battery @ 10 : 1000 AH
Hr. rate discharge to 1.75 ECV
2. Nominal Voltage per cell of : 2.0 V
fully charged battery at 27oC
3. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) : 2.15 V
of fully charged battery at
27oC
4. Recommended Float Voltage
Condition
(i) Terminal Voltage of : 2.25 V/Cell
Charger
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(ii) Float charging current at : Maximum current to be limited to 20% of the
2.25 V/cell rated AH
5. Recommended Boost charging : 2.30 V/Cell
condition for quick charging at
27oC
6. Internal resistance of the cell : 0.257 milli ohms
7. Life Expectancy of the Battery : 4000 Cycles at 20% Depth of Discharge or
20 years under Float condition
8. Containers :
(i) Material : Polypropylene (Spl. Grade)
(ii) Thickness of wall : 2.3 mm (Approx.)
Container and cover - Polypropylene Co-polymer housed in a steel
tray
Separator - Spun glass microporous matrix
Safety valve - Explosion proof, pressure-regulating and
self-resealing type
Positive plate - Patented MFX alloy
Negative plate - Lead Calcium allow
Terminal - Integral lead terminal with solid copper core
Self discharge - Less than 0.5% per week
Charging - Current limited, constant potential
Float charge - 2.25 VPC at 27oC with a max. current limit
of 20% of
rated capacity in amperes
Boost charge - 2.30 VPC at 27oC with a max. current limit
of 20%
of rated capacity in amperes
Connectors - Heavy-duty, lead plated copper connectors
Life expectancy - Float service at 27oC – upto 20 years
- Cycle duty at 27oC – 80% DOD – 1200
Cycles
- Cycle duty at 27oC – 20% DOD – 4000
Cycles
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Fig. Power Stack Cell – Cut Section
2.3 Freshening Charge
General
Batteries lose some charge during as well as during the period prior to installation.
A battery should be installed and given a freshening charge after receipt as soon
as possible. Battery positive (+) terminal should be connected to charge positive
(+) terminal and battery negative (-) terminal to charger negative (-) terminal.
Constant Voltage Method

Constant voltage is the only charging method recommended. Most modern
chargers are of the constant voltage type.
Determine the maximum voltage that may be applied to the system
equipment. This voltage, divided by the number of cells connected in series, will
establish the maximum volts per cell (VPC) that may be used.
Table B lists recommended voltages and charge times for the freshening
charge. Select the highest voltage the system allows but not exceeding 2.37 volts
per cell to perform the freshening charge in the shortest time period. The charging
current should be limited to a maximum of 20% of the rated capacity in Amps.
20
Table – B
Cell Volts Time
2.25 30 hrs
2.30 12 hrs
Note : Time periods listed in Table B are for temperatures from 15oC to 40oC. For
temperatures below 15oC double the number of hours.
Raise the voltage to the maximum value not exceeding 2.37 volts per cell
permitted by the system equipment. When charging current has tapered and
stabilized (no further reduction for three hours), charge for the hours shown in the
above table or until the lowest cell voltage ceases to rise. Correct charge time for
the temperature at the time of stabilization. To determine lowest cell, monitoring
should be performed during the final 10% of the charge time.
2.4 Operation
2.4.1 General
All POWER STACK batteries are rated to an end cell voltage of 1.75 VPC
at all rates of discharge.
2.4.2 Floating Charge Method

In this type of operation, the battery is connected in parallel with a
constant voltage charger and the critical load circuits. The charger should be
capable of maintaining the required constant voltage at battery terminals and also
supply normal connected load where applicable. This sustains the battery in a
fully charged condition and also makes it available to resume the emergency
power requirements in the event of an AC power interruption or charger failure.
2.4.3 Float and Boost Voltages

Given below are the float and boost voltage recommended for the
POWER STACK battery system. The average “Volts per cell” (VPC) value of the
series string should be set to the recommended voltage under Float and Boost
conditions.
RECOMMENDED FLOAT VOLTAGE 2.25 VPC AT 27oC
RECOMMENDED BOOST VOLTAGE 2.30 VPC AT 27oC
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Modern constant voltage output charging equipment is recommended for
the floating charger method of operation of batteries. This type of charger,
properly adjusted to the recommended float voltage and following recommended
surveillance procedures, will assist in obtaining consistent serviceability and
optimum life. The charging current for the battery should be limited to 20% of its
nominal AH capacity.
After the battery has been given its freshening charge (refer to section 4),
the charger should be adjusted to provide the recommended float voltage at the
battery terminals.
Do not use float voltage lower or higher than those recommended. This
will result in reduced capacity and/or reduced battery life.
Check and record battery terminal voltage monthly. See Section 8,
RECORDS Item B. If normal battery float voltage is above or below the
recommended value adjust charger to provide proper voltage as measured at the
battery terminals.
2.4.4 Voltmeter Calibration

Panel and portable voltmeters used to indicate battery voltage should be
accurate at the operating voltage value. The same holds true for portable meters
used to read individual cell voltages. These meters should be checked against a
standard every six months and calibrated when necessary.
2.4.5 Recharge
All batteries should be recharged as soon as possible following a discharge
with constant voltage chargers.
2.4.6 Determining State-of-Charge

The approximate state of charge of the battery, to some extent can be
determined by the amount of charging current going to the battery. While
charging the current shown by the charger ammeter will start to decrease and will
finally stabilize when the battery becomes fully charged, if the normal connected
load is constant (no emergency load connected). The state when the current level
remains constant, after it has started decreasing, for three consecutive hours
would indicate full state of charge condition and the battery will be ready for
normal use.
If the normal connected load is variable (e.g. Telecom application) the
state when the voltage across the battery terminals is stable for six consecutive
hours would indicate full state of charge condition and the battery is ready for
normal use.
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2.4.7 Temperature of the Cell
The temperature of the POWER STACK cells cannot be measured during
operation. However, cell temperatures are normally within +5oC of the ambient.
All performance characteristics are measured at ambient temperature and
corrected to 27oC.
2.5 Equalizing Charge
2.5.1 General
Under normal operating conditions an equalizing charge is not required.
An equalizing charge is a special charge given to a battery when non-uniformity
in voltage has developed between cells. It is given to restore all cells to a fully
charged condition. Use a charging voltage higher than the normal float voltage
and for a specified number of hours, as determined by the voltage used.
Non-uniformity of cells may result from low float voltage due to improper
adjustment of the charger or a panel voltmeter which reads an incorrect (higher)
output voltage. Also, variations in cell temperatures greater than 3oC in the string
at a given time due to environmental conditions or module arrangement, can
cause low cells.
2.5.2 Equalizing Frequency

An equalizing charge should be given when the following conditions exist.
(A) The float voltage of the pilot cell (as per section 7) is atleast 0.05V blow
the average float voltage per cell in the blank.
(B) A recharge of battery is required in a minimum time period following an
emergency discharge.
(C) Accurate periodic records (see section 8) of individual cell voltages show
an increase in spread since the previous readings.
2.5.3 Equalizing Charge Method

Constant Voltage charging is the method for giving an equalizing charge.
Determine the maximum voltage that may be applied to the system. This voltage,
divided by the number of cells connected in series, will establish the maximum
volts per cell that may be used to perform the equalizing charge in the shortest
period of time. Refer to Table-C for voltage and recommended time periods.
Table-C
Cell Volts Time
2.25 30 hrs
2.30 12 hrs
23
Note : Time periods listed in Table C are for ambient temperatures from 15oC to 40oC.
For temperatures less than 15oC double the number of hours.
Raise the voltage to the maximum value permitted by the system
equipment or recommended equalising charge voltage whichever is lower. When
charging current has tapered and stabilized (no further reduction for three hours).
Continue charging for the hours shown in Table C until the lowest cell voltage
ceases to rise. Monitoring of cell voltages should be started during the final 10%
of the applicable time period to determine lowest cell voltage in the battery
system.
2.6 Pilot Cell

A pilot cell is selected in the series string to reflect the general condition
of all cells in the battery. The cell selected should be the lowest cell voltage in the
series string following the initial charge. See section 4 FRESHENING CHARGE.
Reading and recording pilot cell voltage monthly serves as an indicator of battery
condition between scheduled overall individual cell readings.
2.7 Records
A complete recorded history of the battery operation is most desirable and
helpful in obtaining satisfactory performance. Good records will also show when
corrective action may be required to eliminate possible charging, maintenance or
environmental problems.
The following surveillance data must be read and permanently recorded
for review by supervisory personnel so that any necessary remedial action is
taken.
(A) Upon completion of the freshening charge and with the battery on float
charge at the proper voltage for one week, read and record the following :
(1) Individual cell voltage
(2) Battery terminal voltage
(3) Ambient temperature
(B) Every 3 months, a complete set of readings as specified in paragraph A
above must be recorded.
(C) Whenever the battery is given an equalizing charge, an additional set of
readings should be taken and recorded as specified in paragraph A above.
The suggested frequency of record taking is the absolute minimum to
protect warranty. For system protection and to suit local conditions or
requirements, more frequent readings may be desirable.
24
2.8 Temporary Non-use
As installed battery that is expected to stand idle for over 6 months should
be treated as follows.
Give the battery an equalizing charge as per section 6. Following the
equalizing charge, open connections at the battery terminals to remove charge and
load from the battery.
Every six months, temporarily connect battery to charger and give it an
equalizing charge.
To return the battery to normal service, re-connect the battery to the
charger and load, give an equalizing charge and return the battery to float
operation.
2.9 Unit Cleaning

Periodically clean cell covers with a dry 55 mm paintbrush to remove
accumulated dust. If any cell parts appear to be damp with electrolyte or show
signs of corrosion, contact your local representative of the manufacturer.
CAUTION
Do not clean plastic parts with solvents, detergents, oils,
mineral spirits or spray-type cleaners as these may cause
crazing or cracking of the plastic materials.
2.10 Checking Connections

Battery terminals and intercell connections should be corrosion free and
tight for trouble free operation. Periodically these connections should be
inspected.
If corrosion is present, disconnect the connector from the terminal.

Gently clean the affected area using a brush or scouring pad. Apply a thin
coating of petroleum jelly to the cleaned contact surfaces, reinstall connectors and
retorque connections.
ALL TERMINALS AND INTERCELL CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE RETORQUED ATLEAST ONCE

EVERY YEAR.
2.11 Determination of State of Charge of VRLA Batteries

Sealed Maintenance Free Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries represent
the state of the art in Lead Acid technology.
The maintenance-free feature of these batteries often raises a practical
problem in the field. How can the battery bank be monitored ? In conventional
25
flooded batteries, the specific gravity of the electrolyte gives a fairly good
indication of the state of charge of the battery. However, in a VRLA battery, it is
not possible to measure the specific gravity of the electrolyte since it is
completely absorbed in the spun glass microporous separator.
The terminal voltage of the battery is directly related to the concentration
of the electrolyte. Therefore, if one were to measure the open circuit voltage of
the battery, the state of charge can be determined. The Open Circuit Voltage
(OCV) readings should be taken 24 hrs. after charging is discontinued. The OCV
value is co-related to the state of charge of VRLA batteries as per the table
enclosed.
Sometimes, it may not possible to disconnect the batteries from service for
24 hrs. and then check the OCVs. Then the pattern of charging current delivered
by a temperature compensated voltage – regulated charger after a discharge
provides the alternate method for determining the full state of charge. The
temperature compensation factor is –3 mV per cell oC rise from ambient
temperature of 27oC.
Under normal conditions the batteries are floated at around 2.25 volts per
cell, i.e. in a DOT System 24 cells are floated at 53.5 volts. During charging as
the cells approach full charge, the battery voltage rises to approach the charger
output voltage, i.e. 53.5 volts and the charging current decreases to the float
current value of around 50 mA/100 AH for VRLA batteries. So, when the
charging current has stabilised at the float current for three consecutive hours or
the voltage across the battery bank terminals is constant for six consecutive hours,
then the battery bank can be considered as having reached full state of charge.
If the charging voltage has been set at a value higher (but equal to or less
than 2.30 VPC) than normal float voltage (so as to reduce charging time), it is
normal practice to reduce the charging voltage to the float value of 2.25V after 12
hrs. Then the float current will soon stabilize and the above methods can be
adopted for determining the state of charge.
Table
% State of Charge Open Circuit Voltage
100 2.15
90 2.13
80 2.11
70 2.09
60 2.07
50 2.05
40 2.03
30 2.01
20 1.97
0 1.95
26
2.12 Different Methods of Working a Battery
The secondary batteries can be utilised in any of the following ways :
2.12.1 The charge discharge system :
Fig. Charge Discharge System of Batteries
In this system the electrical energy derived from the supply mains is first
converted into chemical energy and stored in the battery. Subsequently the
chemical energy is reconverted into electrical energy when the battery discharges
into the exchange load. In the charge discharge system the entire DC supply for
the equipment is taken from the battery.
2.12.2 Standby battery system :
In this system, the DC electrical energy for the operation of the equipment
is drawn directly from the public AC power supply system through mains
conversion equipment and the standby battery is kept fully charged and idle, i.e.
not connected to the load. Whenever there is mains failure the equipment load is
immediately transferred from the mains conversion equipment to the standby
battery.
27
Fig. Standby Battery System
2.12.3 Float System :

It is a variation of the standby battery scheme as in this system also, the
battery supplies only the emergency reserve requirements of the equipment during
mains failure. Unlike the standby battery scheme, the battery is always kept
connected across the load in the float system in a fully charged state. But the
operating conditions are so maintained that the floated battery does not discharge
into the load as long as the mains power supply is available. The main distinction
between the floating battery scheme and the standby battery scheme is that in the
float scheme, there is absolutely no break in the DC power supply when the mains
supply fails as the emergency battery takes over the load instantaneously. It is not
the case for the standby scheme.
2.12.3.1 Operating Procedure for Batteries Worked on Float Schemes

The operating procedure for floating batteries depends to a great extent of the
floating voltage.
The floating voltage cannot be higher than 2.34 volts per cell since beyond this
limit overcharging and vigorous gassing of the battery occurs. The lower limit for the
floating voltage of a lead acid cell is 2 volts since below this voltage, the battery will
discharge. Within the permissible range of floating voltage from 2.02 to 2.30 volts per
cell, three distinct types of full float scheme have been evolved.
They are as follow :
28
Fig. Batteries worked on Float
(i) Divided battery float system – Batteries floated between 2.02 to 2.07 volts
per cell.
(ii) Parallel battery float system – Batteries floated between 2.15 to 2.20 volts
per cell.
(iii) End cell switching system – Batteries floated between 2.24 to 2.30 volt per
cell.
2.12.3.2 Details of Float Scheme :

In automatic telephone exchanges the permissible range of voltage is from
46 to 52V. Instead of referring these float schemes by the floating voltage per cell,
they are often named after the total number of cells in each set of floated battery.
From this standpoint, these float schemes are usually referred as the 25 cell, 24
cell and 23 cell scheme.
(i) The 25 cell scheme (battery floated at 2.02 to 2.07 volts per cell) or
divided battery float scheme.
In this scheme the battery is maintained at a low floating voltage of 2.02 to
2.07 volts per cell (50.5 to 51.75V) across discharge busbar of a 25 cell battery.
The batteries are provided in two sets each of which is floated alternately at
weekly intervals. The losses in one battery incurred during the previous week’s
floating are made up during the following week by trickle charging (charging by
small current). In addition, periodical refresher charges (once in three months)
and yearly reconditioning cycle are required to maintain the battery in a healthy
condition. Till recently this float scheme was used in all automatic exchanges in
our country, but has now been superseded by the parallel battery float schemes.
29
(ii) The 24 cell scheme (battery floated at 2.15 to 2.20 volts per cell) or
parallel battery float scheme.
The 24 cell float scheme or parallel battery float scheme has now been
prescribed as the standard method of supplying power to telephone exchanges. It
is also adopted for 60V plus and minus supply in Telegraph Offices and Telex
Exchanges. In this scheme the battery voltage is maintained within very close
limits (51.5+0.5). The required battery capacity (ordinarily for 6 to 8 busy hours)
is provided equally in two sets of batteries (of 24 cell each for 50 volt exchange)
to facilitate maintenance attention to any one battery set. Both the battery sets are
floated in parallel simultaneously.
As the floating voltage 2.15 per cell is within the trickle charging range, a
steady trickle change current flows and recoups all capacity losses due to local
action, partial discharge on peak loads etc. incurred during the floating periods.
Thus the floated battery is maintained at its full capacity which is available as
reserve for mains failure conditions. Refresher charges at three monthly intervals
and yearly reconditioning cycle are given to the battery to ensure that two battery
is kept in a healthy condition under mains failure conditions. The battery voltage
drops down to 48 volts for 24 cells and the lower operating voltage of exchanges
is limited to 46 volts thus the end point for the discharge of the cells has to be
limited to 1.92 volt per cell. Thus, only about 52% of the rated capacity of the cell
is available for use. Therefore, higher capacity batteries are required.
Alternatively, an end cell switching capacity scheme whereby three cells are
switched in series with the battery when it discharges under mains failure
conditions can also be adopted. It is also adopted for 60V plus and minus supply
in Telegraph offices and Telex Exchanges.
30
(iii) The 23 cells scheme (battery floated at 2.24 to 2.30 volts per cell) or end
cell switching
The system is commonly called end cell system. In this a battery of 23
cells is floated at 2.24V per cell. The floating voltage is high enough to ensure
that the battery is always kept in a fully charged state. Batteries worked on this
float system do not require any refresher charges or yearly reconditioning cycles.
Under mains failure conditions, the battery voltage drops down to 48 volts as with
23 cells. As the limit of operating voltage is reached, the capacity of the battery
cannot be utilised, so three additional cells known as end cells are necessary to be
brought in series with the battery to bring up the voltage. A separate trickle charge
is required to keep the end cells in a fully charged state.
2.12.3.3 Assisted discharge system

In this system the battery is worked on a charge/discharge basis, but since
the busy hour load is beyond the capacity of battery, motor generator sets or
rectifiers with suitable smoothing filter arrangements are switched in parallel with
the battery during the busy hour.
2.12.3.4 Simultaneous charge discharge system

This system is used in telegraph offices which employ universal battery
working. The common positive and negative telegraph signalling batteries are
wired in series with the mid point earthed and arranged in sections of 20 cells.
31
Each section can be separately connected to the battery charger without being
disconnected from the main battery.
Fig. Assisted Discharge System
Fig. Simultaneous Charge Discharge System of Batteries
2.13 INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF “VRLA” BATTERY
2.13.1 General
All POWER STACK batteries are rated to an end cell voltage of 1.75 VPC at all
rates of discharge.
2.13.2 Floating Charge Method

In this type of operation, the battery is connected in parallel with a
constant voltage charger and the critical load circuits. The charger should be
capable of maintaining the required constant voltage at battery terminals and also
32
supply normal connected load where applicable. This sustains the battery in a
fully charged condition and also makes it available to resume the emergency
power requirements in the event of an AC power interruption or charger failure.
2.13.3 Float and Boost Voltages
Given below are the float and boost voltage recommended for the POWER
STACK battery system. The average “Volts per cell” (VPC) value of the series
string should be set to the recommended voltage under Float and Boost
conditions.
o
RECOMMENDED FLOAT VOLTAGE 2.25 VPC AT 27 C
o
RECOMMENDED BOOST VOLTAGE 2.30 VPC AT 27 C
Modern constant voltage output charging equipment is recommended for
the floating charger method of operation of batteries. This type of charger,
properly adjusted to the recommended float voltage and following recommended
surveillance procedures, will assist in obtaining consistent serviceability and
optimum life. The charging current for the battery should be limited to 20% of its
nominal AH capacity.
After the battery has been given its freshening charge (refer to section 4),
the charger should be adjusted to provide the recommended float voltage at the
battery terminals.
Do not use float voltage lower or higher than those recommended. This
will result in reduced capacity and/or reduced battery life.
Check and record battery terminal voltage monthly. See Section 8,
RECORDS Item B. If normal battery float voltage is above or below the
recommended value adjust charger to provide proper voltage as measured at the
battery terminals.
2.13.4 Voltmeter Calibration

Panel and portable voltmeters used to indicate battery voltage should be
accurate at the operating voltage value. The same holds true for portable meters
used to read individual cell voltages. These meters should be checked against a
standard every six months and calibrated when necessary.
2.13.5 Recharge
All batteries should be recharged as soon as possible following a discharge
with constant voltage chargers.
2.13.6 Determining State-of-Charge

The approximate state of charge of the battery, to some extent can be
determined by the amount of charging current going to the battery. While
charging the current shown by the charger ammeter will start to decrease and will
33
finally stabilize when the battery becomes fully charged, if the normal connected
load is constant (no emergency load connected). The state when the current level
remains constant, after it has started decreasing, for three consecutive hours
would indicate full state of charge condition and the battery will be ready for
normal use.
If the normal connected load is variable (e.g. Telecom application) the
state when the voltage across the battery terminals is stable for six consecutive
hours would indicate full state of charge condition and the battery is ready for
normal use.
2.13.7 Temperature of the Cell

The temperature of the POWER STACK cells cannot be measured during
o
operation. However, cell temperatures are normally within +5 C of the ambient.
All performance characteristics are measured at ambient temperature and
o
corrected to 27 C.
2.13.8 Equalizing Charge
2.13.8.1 General
Under normal operating conditions an equalizing charge is not required.
An equalizing charge is a special charge given to a battery when non-uniformity
in voltage has developed between cells. It is given to restore all cells to a fully
charged condition. Use a charging voltage higher than the normal float voltage
and for a specified number of hours, as determined by the voltage used.
Non-uniformity of cells may result from low float voltage due to improper
adjustment of the charger or a panel voltmeter which reads an incorrect (higher)
o
output voltage. Also, variations in cell temperatures greater than 3 C in the string
at a given time due to environmental conditions or module arrangement, can
cause low cells.
2.13.8.2 Equalizing Frequency

An equalizing charge should be given when the following conditions exist.
(A) The float voltage of the pilot cell (as per section 7) is at least 0.05V below the
average float voltage per cell in the bank.
(B) A recharge of battery is required in a minimum time period following an
emergency discharge.
(C) Accurate periodic records (see section 8) of individual cell voltages show an
increase in spread since the previous readings.
34
2.13.8.3 Equalizing Charge Method
Constant Voltage charging is the method for giving an equalizing charge.
Determine the maximum voltage that may be applied to the system. This voltage,
divided by the number of cells connected in series, will establish the maximum
volts per cell that may be used to perform the equalizing charge in the shortest
period of time. Refer to Table-C for voltage and recommended time periods.
Table-C
Temp Cell volts Time
<15° C 2.30 30 hrs
15-32° C 2.30 20 hrs
>32° C 2.30 12 hrs
Raise the voltage to the maximum value permitted by the system
equipment or recommended equalizing charge voltage whichever is lower. When
charging current has tapered and stabilized (no further reduction for three hours).
Continue charging for the hours shown in Table C until the lowest cell voltage
ceases to rise. Monitoring of cell voltages should be started during the final 10%
of the applicable time period to determine lowest cell voltage in the battery
system.
2.14 Pilot Cell

A pilot cell is selected in the series string to reflect the general condition
of all cells in the battery. The cell selected should be the lowest cell voltage in the
series string following the initial charge. See section 4 FRESHENING CHARGE.
Reading and recording pilot cell voltage monthly serves as an indicator of battery
condition between scheduled overall individual cell readings.
2.15 Records
A complete recorded history of the battery operation is most desirable and
helpful in obtaining satisfactory performance. Good records will also show when
corrective action may be required to eliminate possible charging, maintenance or
environmental problems.
The following surveillance data must be read and permanently recorded
for review by supervisory personnel for any necessary remedial action .
(A) Upon completion of the freshening charge and with the battery on float
charge at the proper voltage for one week, read and record the following :
(1) Individual cell voltage
35
(2) Battery terminal voltage
(3) Ambient temperature
(B) Every 3 months, a complete set of readings as specified in paragraph A above
must be recorded.
(C) Whenever the battery is given an equalizing charge, an additional set of
readings should be taken and recorded as specified in paragraph A above.
The suggested frequency of record taking is the absolute minimum to protect

warranty. For system protection and to suit local conditions or requirements, more
frequent readings may be desirable.
2.16 Temporary Non-use

As installed battery that is expected to stand idle for over 6 months should be
treated as follows.
Give the battery an equalizing charge as per section 6. Following the equalizing
charge, open connections at the battery terminals to remove charge and load from
the battery.
Every six months, temporarily connect battery to charger and give it an equalizing
charge.
To return the battery to normal service, re-connect the battery to the charger and
load, give an equalizing charge and return the battery to float operation.
2.17 Unit Cleaning

Periodically clean cell covers with a dry 55 mm paintbrush to remove
accumulated dust. If any cell parts appear to be damp with electrolyte or show
signs of corrosion, contact your local representative of the manufacturer.
CAUTION
Do not clean plastic parts with solvents, detergents, oils, mineral spirits or spray-
type cleaners as these may cause crazing or cracking of the plastic materials.
2.18 Checking Connections

Battery terminals and intercell connections should be corrosion free and
tight for trouble free operation. Periodically these connections should be
inspected.
If corrosion is present, disconnect the connector from the terminal.
Gently clean the affected area using a brush or scouring pad. Apply a thin
coating of petroleum jelly to the cleaned contact surfaces, reinstall connectors and
retorque connections.
ALL TERMINALS AND INTERCELL CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE
RETORQUED ATLEAST ONCE EVERY YEAR.
36
Chapter – 3
SMPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SMPS POWER PLANT
3.1 What is SMPS ?

SMPS means Switch Mode Power Supply. This is used for D.C to D.C
conversion. This works on the principle of switching regulation. The
SMPS system is highly reliable, efficient, noiseless and compact because
the switching is done at very high rate in the order of several KHz to MHz.
Necessity
The SMPS regulators are used in B.S.N.L at various locations like CDOT,
E10B Transmission systems etc.
3.2 Principle of Switching Regulator

A pulse train drives the base of ‘switching or pass transistor’. When the
voltage to the base is high, the transistor saturates, when the voltage is low, the
transistor turns off. Here the transistor functions as a switch. When the transistor
is ON, load current is drawn through the transistor and choke L. When the
transistor is OFF the load current is maintained by the energy stored in the choke
L. The current flows through earth, Diode D, choke, load and earth. Hence this
diode is called ‘Retrieval Diode’.
Duty cycle of the Transistor = On Time = D

On Time + Off Time
(one cycle time)
The output voltage = Input voltage x D
37
For example
If I/P voltage is 200 volts and D=0.25
O/P voltage = 200 x 0.25 = 50V.
Regulation is achieved by modifying the Duty cycle. Duty cycle depends on
onetime of transistor, which in turn depends on the width of the pulse
applied to the base of the transistor, which is controlled by ‘Pulse width
modulation’ by regulator circuit.
3.3 Principle of Regulation
The relaxation oscillator produces a square wave. The square wave is

integrated to get a triangular wave, which drives the non-inverting input of a
triangular to pulse converter. The pulse train out of this circuit then drives the
Pass Transistor. The output is sampled by a voltage divider and fed to a
comparator. The feed back voltage is compared with a reference voltage. The
output of the comparator then drives the input of the triangular to pulse converter.
If the output voltage tries to increase the comparator produces a higher output
voltage which raises the reference voltage of the triangular- to pulse
converter. This makes the pulse that drives the base of the switching
transistor narrower. That means duty cycle is reduced. Since the duty
cycle is lower the output becomes less which tries to cancel almost all the
original increase in output voltage.
Conversely, if the regulated output voltage tries to decrease, the output of
the comparator decreases the reference voltage of the triangular -to pulse
converter .This makes the pulse wider and the transistor conducts for larger time
and more voltage comes out of the L.C.filter. This cancels out the original
decrease in output voltage.
38
For maximum efficiency the duty cycle should be less than 0.5. As long as
the triangular voltage exceeds the reference voltage, the output is high. Since Vref
is adjustable, we can vary the width of the output pulse and hence the duty cycle.
Switching regulators are more efficient than conventional regulators as the power
loss in the switching element is reduced to minimum as it conducts only for a
fraction of a cycle.
Now a days SMPS technology is extended to power plants also. Power plants upto
2000A capacity have been developed using SMPS principle.
3.4 Specification of SMPS Power Plant

1) Input Voltage 320 V to 480 V
Frequency 45 Hz TO 65 Hz
2) Output Voltage
in Float Mode -54.0 ± 0.5 V. adj range -48 V to -56V
in charge mode : -55.2 V ± 0.5V
3) Input power factor >0.95 Lag with 25% to 100% load at nominal input.
3.5 50V – 2000A POWER PLANT (Multi Rack Type) Suitable for VRLA Batteries with 100A SMPS
Rectifier
3.5.1 Modules Introduction The power system is intended primarily to provide

uninterrupted DC power to Telecom equipments and current for charging the
batteries in the presence of AC Mains. The system works from commercial AC
mains which is rectified and regulated to –50V DC and is fed to the equipment
(exchange). The system has provision to connect three sets of VRLA batteries and
facility to charge them simultaneously to ensure that uninterrupted DC power
supply is always available to the exchange. The power system –50V, 2000A has
the following features : (a) Multi-rack configuration. (b) Facility to parallel a
maximum of 21 nos. (or 22 nos.) of 100A (5600W) Rectifier modules operation
from three phase, 400V, 50Hz AC input. (c) Termination for three sets of VRLA
batteries and exchange. (d) System input : Three phase, 4-wire, 50 Hz supply. The
power system as a single DC bus called auto float/charge bus. Depending upon
the status of the batteries, the output DC voltage is maintained at 54.0 + 0.5 V
under auto float condition. During auto charge the maximum DC voltage reached
across the bus is 55.2 volts. The exchange battery and rectifier modules are
39
connected in parallel. The system employ natural convection cooling and has AC
input distribution, DC output distribution, protection and alarm circuitry for
rectifiers, battery and equipment.
Technical Specification For Module
Input Voltage : (a) 320V to 480V r m s three phase (Nominal Voltage – 400V).
(b) Frequency : 45 Hz …. 65 Hz.
Output Voltage : Float mode : Nominal voltage : -54.0 + 0.5V, Adjustment
range : -48.0 to –56.0 V Charge mode Voltage : -55.2 + 0.5 V
Rated current : 100 Amps.
Psophometric noise :
Less than 4 mV without battery floated.
Less than 2 mV with battery floated.
Input power factor :

Greater than 0.95 lag with 25% to 100% load at nominal input.
Efficiency :
Greater than 90% at full Load and nominal input.
Protection :
(a) Short circuit protection.
(b) Input over/under voltage protection.
(c) Output over voltage protection.
(d) Constant current features settable from 80 Amps. To 110 Amps. In auto
float/charge mode.
Alarms and indicating lamps :

(a) FR/BC on Auto Float/Charge : Green LED
(b) Rectifier module over voltage : Red LED
(c) DC output fail/Under voltage : Red LED
(d) FR/BC Over Load (Voltage Drop): Amber/Yellow LED
(e) Mains Available : Green LED
3.5.2 For System
Input Voltage :
(a) 3 Phase, 4 Wire, 50 Hz (Range – 320V to 480V RMS)
(b) Frequency : 45 Hz …. 65 Hz.
Output Voltage :
Float mode Voltage : -54.0 + 0.5V
Charge mode Voltage : -55.2 + 0.5V
Rated Current :
40
Equipment : 1100 Amps.
Batteries : 300 Amps. Each
Protection
(a) Short circuit/Over load protection.
(b) Input over/under voltage protection.
(c) Battery/Equipment over voltage protection.
Alarms and indicating lamps :

(a) Load Voltage High - Red LED
(b) Load Voltage Low - Red LED
(c) Fuse Fail - Red LED
(d) FR/BC Fail - Red LED
(FR/BC No Output MCB Trip)
(e) Mains available - Green LED
(f) Mains out of range - Red LED
(g) Mains Fail - Red LED
(h) System (Exchange) Overload - Red LED
(i) FR/BC Float/Charge Mode - Green LED
(j) Mains “ON”/Battery Discharge - Red LED
3.6 Functional description of power system

This Power System is of multi rack type and consists of the following :
(a) Eight racks – One main, one auxiliary and six extension racks.
(b) AC Distribution module in each rack.
(c) Rectifier modules (A maximum of three modules in extension rack and two
each in main rack and auxiliary rack).
(d) DC distribution module in each rack.
(e) Metering in each rack.
(f) Power system controller in main rack.
3.6.1 Rack :
The rack is made of mild steel profiles with hinged front door. The door
accommodates display and alarm enunciator. The rack is convection cooled and
has ventilator slots in the front and sides. The rear panel is screw type and can
be dismantled. The cabinet accommodates 19” subsystems. Air baffles are
provided for better heat transfer. Depending upon the load requirement
(Equipment and Batteries), additional modules can be added. The bottom and
top also have ventilator features. The DC power termination and distribution is
done at the top. The AC power termination and distribution is done at the bottom.
41
3.6.2 AC Distribution Panel :
The AC input to the rack is terminated at the bottom of the rack on screw
type terminals. Individual AC circuit breakers are provided for each module. The
line, neutral and earthing cabinet are terminated on moulded plug which is fixed
to the respective sockets on the rectifier module. To monitor AC input current, 3
nos. of single phase AC current transformers are mounted on the panel of main
rack. A small signal transformer is mounted on the PSC panel to provide AC
input to power system controller card.
3.6.3 Rectifier module : The SMPS rectifier module – 50V, 5600 watts works on
400V AC input and provides – 50V DC for system. The input is through 9 pin AC
socket and the DC output is through terminals. The module has front panel to
indicate status and faults in the module. The control signal is taken through 8 pin
telephone jack and is terminated on to the power system controller card. The
rectifier modules are convection cooled and can be jacked in and out of the cabinet
easily. The DC output from each module is terminated on the respective DC bus
bar mounted on the DC distribution panel.
3.6.4 DC Distribution Panel : This panel is mounted at the top of the cabinet. The
panel incorporates the following : (1) Input from individual rectifier modules
terminated on cabinet. (2) DC shunts to monitor current in various paths. (3)
Termination of battery 1, 2 and 3. (4) Termination of equipment positive and
negative. (5) Fuses for battery 1, 2 and 3.
3.6.5 Metering : The front panel of main rack consists of two AC meters to monitor
individual line to line voltage and current. The selector switch selects the
relevant phases. The DC meters monitor both voltage and current of batteries
and exchange.
3.6.6 Power system controller : The Power system controller card consists of an
electronic circuit which monitors the state of each rectifier module and display
their status. It also controls the operation of the module so as to make it work in
auto float or auto charge mode. The current signals are monitored continuously to
ensure equal sharing of current. In case of faults, the same is displayed and for
faults like input voltage beyond limits, DC output over voltage, over load etc. it
shuts off the module.
The various alarms as per following details are displayed on the front panel with
audible alarm.
(1) Mains out of range : Red
(2) Load voltage high (above 57V) : Red
(3) Load Voltage low (below 42V) : Red
(4) Mains fail : Red
(5) System overload : Red
(6) Mains available : Green
(7) System over load : Red
(8) Mains on battery discharge : Red
(9) FR/BC in Float-charge mode : Green
42
(10) FR/BC Fail : Red
3.7 Functional Description of Rectifier

The SMPS 50V-5600W rectifier is a state-of-the-art switch-mode power
conversion equipment. The unit consists of two cascaded power converters
performing power factor correction and DC/DC conversion. The power stages are
synchronized and working with constant switching frequency of 100 kHz.
The rectified AC mains voltage is processed first in the power factor

corrector circuit which is based on a boost topology. The boost converter has the
inherent advantage of continuous input current waveform which relaxes the input
filter requirements. The performance of the basic boost cell is improved by a
proprietary snubber circuit which reduces the switching losses of the power
semiconductors due to non-zero switching times. Furthermore, the snubber
circuit also decreases the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated primarily
during the turn-off process of the boost diode. The output of the boost converter
is a stabilized 400V DC voltage.
Further conversion of the stabilized high voltage output of the power

factor corrector circuit is necessary to generate the isolated low voltage output
and to provide the required protection functions for telecommunication
application. These tasks are achieved in the DC/DC converter circuit which is
based on a full-bridge topology. The full-bridge circuit is operated by phase-shift
pulse with modulation with current mode control. This control method provides
zero voltage switching condition for all primary side power semiconductors
effectively reducing switching losses and electromagnetic interference. An
advanced solution reduces the stresses of the output rectifier diodes.
Proper operation of the power converters is managed by individual

controller circuits and supervised by the housekeeping electronics. Remote
commanding and monitoring of the modules are possible through a power
system controller housed in the system.
3.8 Functional Description of Power System Controller

Power system controller is designed to control the modes of operation of
rectifiers, acknowledge and displays the status of rectifiers and system and
controls parameters of rectifiers.
The controller accepts signal from individual rectifiers through 8 pin

telephone jack and controls the operation of each individual rectifiers.
The mode of operation of rectifier modules depends on the coded signal

M1 and M2 from the controller. Depending on the state of batteries, the ATM
43
circuit either gives a signal for float or charge. These signals are encoded by an
encoder to obtain suitable coded signals M1 and M2.
Depending upon the mode of operation of Rectifier modules, they

acknowledge coded signals S1 and S2. These signals are decoded to display
whether the modules are in auto float/charge or fail condition. The total battery
current can be suitably programmed to limit the current supplied from the
modules through current programming pin in modules.
3.9 SMPS 48V – 5600W : Introduction
The SMPS 48V-5600W is a three-phase, unity power factor power supply

with a wide input voltage range of 3 X 185 V to 275 V (with neutral wire) and
ac ac
with a useful output power of 5600W delivered to the load. This unit has been
developed for cost effective but highly intelligent modular telecommunication
power systems. It fulfills the specification of
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CENTRE (DOT) for the S.M.P.S.

BASED POWER PLANT GENERIC REQUIREMENT (No G7SMP/-01/01 JULY 04)
Primary application of the rectifiers SMPS 48V-5600W are in the supply

o
of Telecom equipment. The convection cooled unit may be operated up to 60 C
ambient air temperature.
The rectifier operates from a nominal 3 X 230 V rms (with neutral wire)
ac
source. The mains frequency may vary from 45 Hz to 65 Hz. Total harmonic
distortion (THD) of the input current wave form is below 5%.
The output of the rectifier conforms to the generic requirements of

telecommunication power supplies in terms of noise, voltage programmability, as
well as over voltage, overload and short-circuit protection. The rectifier SMPS
48V-5600W can be set in the 3 modes ‘auto float’, ‘auto charge’ and ‘manual
boost’ by the power system controller.
44
3.10 General description of operation
The SMPS 48V-5600W rectifier is a state-of-the-art switch-mode power
supply. It is composed of 3 identical single-phase sub-modules (R, S and T) as
shown in the block diagram .The sub-modules are connected between neutral
and one of the phases (R, S or T) on the input, and in parallel on the output. All ‘-‘
wires are protected by circuit breakers, which are mechanically coupled.
The interface card IFC 52 provides :

1. all reference voltages and protections to the sub-modules.
45
2. Signalization and manual interface (adjustment potentiometers and test jacks)
for the whole unit, and
3. Communication with power system controller ‘ITI’.
Each of the sub-modules consists of two cascaded power converters

performing over factor correction and dc/dc conversion. The power stages are
synchronized and working with constant switching frequency of ~100 kHz. The
rectified ac mains voltage is processed first in the power factor corrector circuit
which is based on a boost topology. The boost converter has the inherent
advantage of continuous input current wave form which relaxes the input filter
requirements. The performance of the basic boost cell is improved by a
proprietary snubber circuit which reduces the switching losses of the power
semiconductors due to non-zero switching times. Furthermore, the snubber
circuit also decreases the electromagnetic interference generated primarily
during the turn-off process of the boost diode. The output of boost converter is a
stabilized 400 V (DC).

application. These tasks are achieved in the dc/dc converter circuit which is
pulse-width modulation with current-mode control. This control method provides
zero voltage switching conditions for all primary side power semiconductors
advanced solution reduces the stresses on the output rectifier diodes. Proper
operation of the power converters is managed by individual control circuits and
supervised by the housekeeping electronics.
Remote commanding and monitoring of the modules are possible through

a power system controller.
3.11 Block diagram of a single sub-module R, S or T

This chapter gives more detailed information about the technical merit of
single sub-module based on the functional blocks shown in the diagram below
(R, S and T).
46
3.11.1 Input Section
Block 1 of the drawing presented above is the input EMI filter of the
rectifier. The fixed frequency, synchronized operation of the different circuits
allowed to optimize the filter’s performance. It has only one differential and one
common mode filter stage.
Block 2 represents the Inrush Current Limiter circuit which consists of

series combination of surge rated power resistors and fuse. The circuit limits the
input current of the rectifier during the initial charging of the energy storage
capacitors connected to the output of the boost power factor corrector circuit. In
normal operation the current limiting components are by-passed through relay
which is controlled by the housekeeping electronics. The output of boost
converter is a stabilized 400 V voltage.
dc

application. These tasks are achieved in the dc/dc converter circuit which is
pulse-width modulation with current-mode control. This control method provides
zero voltage switching conditions for all primary side power semiconductors
advanced solution reduces the stresses on the output rectifier diodes.
Proper operation of the power converters is managed by individual control

circuits and supervised by the housekeeping electronics.
Remote commanding and monitoring of the modules are possible through

a power system controller.
47
A general purpose full-wave Bridge Rectifier circuit forms Block 3. It is
directly mounted on the heat sink. Power factor corrector The power stage of
the Power Factor Corrector is a boost converter represented by Block 4. The
circuit operates with 100 kHz constant frequency in continuous inductor current
mode. Because of the relatively high switching frequency a loss-less snubber has
been added to the basic boost converter to reduce switching losses and
semiconductor stresses. When the boost transistor conducts the energy being
stored in the boost inductor increases. During the off-state of the transistor energy
is transferred from the inductor to the output capacitor through the boost diode.
The inductor current is measured with a sense resistor and it is forced to follow
the input voltage wave form. The technical literature refers to this technique as the
resistor emulation mode which is the most preferred load by the utility
companies.
The output Capacitor of the boost converter is marked by number 5 in
the block diagram. This capacitor is used for low-frequency energy storage as
well. Due to the nature of ac sources the energy absorbed at the input of the unit
varies according to the mains cycle. In order to deliver constant power at the
output energy must be stored inside the unit. Therefore, high voltage 450V
electrolytic capacitors are used at the output of the boost converter to provide cost
and volume effective energy storage. Block 12 is the controller of the Power
Factor Corrector. It uses the UC3854B integrated circuit which had been
developed to control boost converters in power factor corrector applications.
This integrated solution takes care about all sensing, controlling and
protection functions which are necessary to achieve proper input current wave
form and to stabilize the output voltage of the power factor corrector circuit. The
control principle implemented in the UC3854B is average current mode control.
DC/DC Converter The heart of the module is the dc/dc Converter shown in
Blocks 6-9.
Block 6 shows the primary arrangement of the full-bridge power
converter employing a safety isolated high-frequency transformer. Because of its
important role in providing safety isolation between the input and the output of
the module, the transformer coupling is emphasized in Block 7.
The secondary side of the dc/dc stage provides rectification (Block 8) and
filtering (Block 9) functions which are realized using current-doubler topology.
Particularity of the implemented solution is integration of two inductors on a
common ferrite core. The full-bridge converter takes energy from its input when
two diagonally located switches are turned on at the same time. This energy is
transferred to the output through the transformer immediately. The energy will be
stored in the output filter inductor showed in Block 9 and transferred to the output
capacitor of the dc/dc converter during the passive interval when energy is not
absorbed from the source. This sequence can be achieved by different ways
depending on the implemented control strategy.
The dc/dc Controller, shown in Block 13, is using the phase-shift pulse
width modulation technique which provides loss-less, zero voltage turn-on
condition for the primary side semiconductors. Further benefit is the greatly
48
reduced electromagnetic interference generated by the converter. The control
principle is peak current mode control.
Like the power stage, the controller circuit of the dc/dc converter is also
divided between the primary and the secondary side of the rectifier.
Communication between the separated parts are realized using optical isolators
marked by number 14.
Major part of the dc/dc controller is referred to as Secondary Controller in

Block 15. The secondary side controller is responsible for output voltage and
current regulation functions.
3.11.2 Output Section
Block 10 forms the physical Output Section of the sub-module. It is a

shielded, common-mode, low-pass filter stage to reduce conducted
electromagnetic interferences to the required level.
3.11.3 Housekeeping
The name Housekeeping refers to the auxiliary power supply and to all
internal primary side supervisory functions necessary for the operation of the
unit. Besides the auxiliary power converter (current-mode controlled fly-back
converter), Block 11 also includes the master clock, under- and over-voltage
lock-out, and start-up sequence generator.
3.11.4 Output Characteristics
The power system controller can set the rectifier into the 3 modes of
operation, i.e. ‘auto float’, ‘auto charge’ and ‘manual boost’.
The output characteristic is different for these 3 modes as shown below :
49
50
51
3.12 INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF SMPS
3.12.1 Installation & Commissioning
The power system installation is simple please do the following step by step.
• Unpack all the boxes. Check for physical damages. Compare the contents with the
packing list.
• Put the main rack at the desired place then, the auxiliary rack in the left side of the
main rack. And then grow the extension racks in the extreme left.
• Connect the joining bus bars to link the main and the Auxiliary racks.
• Put the 5600W rectifiers in their respective slots in each rack. Any rectifier
modules can be put in any slot.
• Connect each ac input cable (White cable with nine pin male connector) to the
respective female socket provided in the right side in each module.
• Connect each pair of DC output cable (Red & blue cable) in the respective terminal
block provided in the left side in each module.
PLEASE ENSURE THAT THE RED CABLE IS CONNECTED TO THE

TERMINAL MARKED AS ‘+’ ( RED TERMINAL BLOCK) AND BLUE
CABLE TO THE TERMINAL AS ‘-‘ ( BLUE TERMINAL BLOCK).
• 02 nos. of eight pin flat cable connectors are provided for each rectifier module
(except the last module, where only one connector is provided). Connect these on
the sockets provided on each module so that control bus is connected in daisy
chain. Finally check that the common system bus is extended to the connector JP3
of the PSC card. Ensure that there is no break in the daisy chaining of control bus.
• Connect three phase four wire input to each rack at TB1. Input points are
marked as R, Y, B, N just below the terminal block TB1. Also the terminal blocks
are provided with red, yellow and blue markers.
PLEASE ENSURE THAT THE NEUTRAL IS CONNECTED TO THE
TERMINAL MARKED AS “N” (HAVING NO MARKER).
• Ensure that all the AC side MCBs (mounted on AC distribution panel) as well
DC side MCBs, (mounted on DC distribution panel) are in OFF condition.
• Switch on the AC input. Check the availability of AC voltage on the front panel
of the power plant for each phase. If the AC I / P is within the range (320-480
volt) switch on the MCCBs in the sequence given in the Table-1 and do the NO
load test for each module.
3.12.2 NO LOAD TEST

No Load test: First ensure that all AC side MCBs (mounted on AC distribution
panel), as well as DC side MCCBs are in OFF condition . Switch ON the
AC input. Check the availability of AC voltage on the front panel of the
power plant for each phase. If the AC I/P is with in the range(320-480)
switch on the MCBs in the following sequence.
52
TABLE -1
MCB MCB MODULE DC VM/AM DC output Remarks
AC DC ENERGISED SEL POSN. In all the 6
SIDE SIDE Position of
DC VM/AM
SEL
CB1 CBM1 M1 Posn. 1 – Eqpt 54.0 ± 0.5 v If every thing is OK isolate
Posn. 2 – BTY1 the module M1 by
Posn. 3 – BTY2 switching off the breakers
Posn. 4 – BTY3 CB1 & CBM1.
Posn. 5 – BTY4
Posn6 SYSTEM
CB2 CBM2 M2 -do- -do- If every thing is OK isolate
the module M2 by
switching off the breakers
CB2 & CBM2.
CB3 CBM3 M3 -do- -do- If every thing is OK isolate
the module M3 by
switching off the breakers
CB3 & CBM3.
After each module has been energized separately at no load, switch ON all
the MCBs and check that DC out put remains within 54.0±0.5V in all the five
positions of DC VM SEL.
Load Test:- Load Test of the unit has to be done with suitably rated resistive loads as per
Table-2.
LOAD TEST TABLE-2 MCB AC SIDE MCB DC SIDE Module Energy- sed DC
VM/AM SEL POSN. DC output In all the 6 Posn of VM SEL Resistive load in different
paths Remarks CB1 CBM1 M1 Posn. 1 – Eqpt Posn. 2 – BTY1 Posn. 3 – BTY2 Posn. 4
– BTY3 Posn. 5 – BTY4 Posn. 6 SYSTEM Auto float voltage – 54.0 ± 0.5 v Auto float
voltage – 54.0 ± 0.5 v Auto charge voltage – 55.2 ± 0.5 v Eqpt. Path-increase the current
slowly from 0 to 105 A. The voltage droop phenomena will start at the factory set current
limit(somewhere between 100 to 105 A) BTY1- No load BTY2- No load BTY3- No load
BTY4- No load Eqpt. Path no load. BTY1- No load BTY2- No load BTY4- No load
BTY3 –increase the BTY3 path current slowly from 0 to 100 A. The unit will go to Auto
charge mode when current exceeds factory at limit ( 1% of total AH capacity of both the
batteries) for ex. In case of 4x2500 AH battery banks these limit shall be 1000 A. Check
that Auto float voltage and auto charge voltage are within the limits. If every thing is OK
isolate the module M1 by switching off the breakers CB1 & CBM1. CB2 CBM2 M2 -do-
-do- -do- If every thing is OK isolate the module M2 by switching off the circuit breakers
CB2 & CBM2. CB3 CBM3 M3 -do- -do- -do- If every thing is OK isolate the module
M3 by switching off the circuit breakers CB3 & CBM3.
53
After each module has been checked on full load of 100 Ampere, switch ON all
MCBs, and load 300 Ampere in equipment path, 100 Amp. In each battery
path, and see that the rack voltage remains at 55.2 ± 0.5 volt for 600 A
system.
3.13 BATTERY PATH CURRENT LIMIT PROGRAMMING:
Pot R86 in the PSC card is used to set the current limit in the battery path.
For the 2200Amp power system there is a provision of 4x2500AH batteries and
for these batteries, the factory set values of the current limit is 10000A (i.e., 10%
of the total AH capacity of the batteries). However if the user wants to change this
value then the POT R86 needs to be varied carefully to set the current limit at the
desired value. For example, suppose initially the installed capacity is 3x2500 AH
and accordingly the battery path current limit may be set at 750 A. For these when
the battery path draws more then 750 A, vary the pot slowly in one direction and
stop when the bus voltage droops and battery path current becomes 750 A. In
these case, overload lamp ( yellow LED ) shall be lighted on all the modules. If
the voltage does not droop even when the pot has reached it’s extreme end, then
vary the pot in other direction and stop as soon as the bus voltage droops and
battery path current becomes 750 A. In these case, overload lamp ( yellow LED )
shall be lighted on all the modules.
3.13.1 SURGE ARRESTER ASSEMBLY
Four numbers of surge arrestors has been installed directly across A.C.
input terminals in the main rack of the system to protect the rectifier modules
(contained in all the racks) in the system from high energy content surges caused
by lightning or sudden switching OFF, off heavy inductive loads. The surge
arrestors contains two parts- plug and socket. In case of surge arrestors going
faulty, there shall be an indication on the front of the plug. In such case the plug
need to be replaced.
After each module has been checked on full load of 100 Ampere, switch
ON all MCBs, and load 300 Ampere in equipment path, 100 Amp. In each battery
path, and see that the rack voltage remains at 55.2 ± 0.5 volt for 600 A system.
3.13.2 SURGE ARRESTER ASSEMBLY

Four numbers of surge arrestors has been installed directly across A.C.
input terminals in the main rack of the system to protect the rectifier modules
(contained in all the racks) in the system from high energy content surges caused
by lightning or sudden switching OFF, off heavy inductive loads. The surge
arrestors contains two parts- plug and socket. In case of surge arrestors going
faulty, there shall be an indication on the front of the plug. In such case the plug
need to be replaced.
54
3.14 TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART
Sr. Nature of Fault Probable causes Remedy
No
.
FR/FC fail LED -Any one or more rectifier Check each rectifier module front
1. is lighted on the modules has failed. panel to find out which rectifier has
front panel of Following may be reasons failed.
the main rack of failure: Switch ON the input MCB or
(i) Input MCB or AC connect AC input connector.
input connector open, Switch ON the Output MCB or
(ii) Output MCB or output connect AC output connector.
connector open, Check that the 8-pin flat cable is
(iii) Improper load sharing connected properly in each module
between the modules, and there is no break in daisy
(iv) Internal failure of the chaining of the above cable.
rectifier module. Isolate the module by switching off
its i/p & o/p MCBs & replace
- If none of the rectifier faulty modules.
module shows the alarms Check for the faulty flat cable and
LED then the problem replace it.
may be in one of the 8-pin Replace the faulty PSC card.
flat cable connected in
daisy chain between the
modules or in the cable
connected from PSC card
to the first module.
- The PSC card may be
faulty.
‘Battery Isolated -Any one or more of the Close the knife switch properly.
2. ‘ LED is lighted Bty path knife switches Replace the faulty PSC card
on the front are open.
panel of Main -The PSC card may be
rack. faulty.
‘Load Voltage -DC output voltage of the Press the ‘Load Voltage High’
3. High’ LED is system is higher than 57V Reset push button provided on the
lighted on the because of some fault in front panel. All the modules will be
front panel of any one of the module. again ‘ON’ if the fault was of a
main rack. - The PSC card may be temporary nature otherwise all the
faulty. modules will be again “OFF”
simultaneously lighting the ‘Load
voltage High’ LED on the front
panel.
Replace the faulty PSC card
55
‘Load Voltage -This may happen when Urgent action to restore the AC
4. Low’ LED is the system is working on input supply is required as the
lighted on the the batteries for a long batteries need to be manually
front panel of time and the output disconnected for the safety of
the main rack. voltage of the system has batteries.
become lower than 44V
Dimensioning of the bus-bars/cables for load & battery path with respect to
the ultimate capacity of SMPS power plants
(As per the specifications of TEC, the following calculations may be followed)
The basis for calculation ;
1, The Ultimate Load : x
2. Redundancy : 10% of Ultimate load (0.1 *x).
3. Battery-back-up : 6 hours
4. Battery capacity : 6 hour back-up up to 80% DOD (near available capacity)
5. Safety factor : 25% of the load.
6. Power plant Ultimate capacity : C
Calculations :
Load ; x
Redundancy : O.l x
Battery capacity : 6x/0.8 = 7.5x
Battery Charging Current @ Cio = 7.5x /10 = 0.75x
Power plant Ultimate Capacity : C= (x + 0.1x + 0.75x) = 1.85x
Therefore x = C/1.85
Safety factor for bus-bar/cable : 1.25
The bus-bar/cable shall be rated = 1.25*x = 1.25* (C / 1.85) = 0.68*C
So the bus bar / cable chosen for load path shall be capable to handle the
70%of the ultimate capacity of the power plant.
As there may be an eventuality when only one battery is connected to the
load, the size of bus-bar in each battery path shall also be the same.
The size of the bus-bar/cable for load & each battery path shall be higher
than 70% of the power plant ultimate capacity. However the common bus-
bar/cable used for connecting the FR/FCs to the input of the distribution unit shall
be the rating for the ultimate system capacity.
3.15 MAINTENANCE SPARES FOR POWER PLANT

As the power plant plays an important role in any telecom system, it has to
be maintained in fault free condition when any unit goes fault, it is to be attended
on topmost priority to restore the power system. Hence it is necessary to keep
Fuses, PCBs etc as spare. These are called
“Maintenance spares of power plant and are to be supplied along with
power plant by the manufacturer.
As per TEC specification No. TP 120-M-91/TP-130-F-93/G PPL-01/03
FEB 93, the list of spares to be supplied by the manufacturer is given in Table I
and II.
56
TABLE-I
List of spares to be supplied along with each unit of power plant (general)
I. Fuses
AC Input fuses 100%
DC output fuses 100%
Semiconductor device fuses 100%
Smoothing condenser fuses 100%
Auxiliary circuit fuses 100% (each type)
Alarm type fuses 100% (each type)
II. Fuse mounting assembly 1 No. Each type.
II1.Semiconductor devices
Diode 50%
Thyristor 50%
Transistors 50%
IV. Surge suppression elements:

Resistors 2 nos.
Capacitors 2 nos.
MOVs 2 nos
V. Smoothing condenser 2 nos
VI. Auxiliary transformer 1 no. Each type
VII Glass epoxy PCB assembly complete
with component with card extender. 1 no. Each type
VIII. Control circuit components
Diodes 2 nos each type

SCRs -do-
ICs -do-
Transistors -do-
Zener diodes -do-
UJTS -do-
Pulse transformer -do-
Lamp/LEDs/mains ind lamps -do-
57
TABLE-2
List of spares to be supplied along with each set.
Description Qty Rating
100A 200A 400A 600A
Fuses
AC Input fuses 3 TIA20 TIS36 VSB63 VSB100
DC Output fuses 1 VSB125 VSF200 VSK400 VST630
Semiconductor device fuses 6 GSA75 GS450/150 GS450/400 GS450/500
Smoothing condenser fuses 2 TIA25 TIA25 TIS63 TIS63
Auxiliary Circuit fuses 2 NS4 NS4 NS4 NS4

Alarm type fuses 7 3.0A 3.0A 3.0A 3.0A
Fuse mounting 1 20 A 20 A 20 A 20 A
Semiconductor device thyristor 3 71RIA40 155RK40 600PE40 600PE40
Surge Suppression elements

Resistors 2 10 Ω 1 Watt
Capacitors 2 0.22 mfd 250V
Smoothing condenser 2 10,000 mfd 100V
Auxiliary transformer 1 0.415V/0.22, 0.22V
Glass epoxy PCB assembly complete 1 3 phase angle control card (30-3-0712/R1)
with component with card extender
1 Power supply +Amplifier card(30-3-0672/R2

1 SCR Trigger card(30-3-0672/R2)
1 Supervisory card (12-92-01)
1 Sequential switching card (12-92-05)
1 Current sharing card (12-92-04)
Control circuit components
Diode 2 IN 4007
SCR 2 SN 104 BO
ICs 2 741
2 4050
2 555
2 7812
2 7912
Transistors 2 CL 100
2 2N 3501
2 2N 2222
Zener Diodes 2 5.6V
58
2 13.0V
Pulse Transformer 2 4503
LEDs 2 5mm Red
Main Indicting LEDs 2 10mm Red
2 10mm Yellow
2 10mm Green
SAFETY NOTICE
Before applying power to the system , please ensure that the body of the
cabinet is properly earthed if the earthing is not proper , the surge protection
set installed in the system /at the site may not work & the consequential
damage to the SMPS modules because of this shall not be governed by the
warranty clause .
Before taking the insulation test of the rack , isolate the SMPS modules &
remove the surge arrestor plug from it’s base.
59
WARNING
• Hazardous voltages of 415 V rms will be present when a AC input power is
energized .
Qualified personnel must use extreme caution when operating & maintaining the
system.
• Initial battery connection & exchange connection shall be done without energizing
the system. When the system is under operation adequate precaution has to be
taken while installing & removing SMPS modules since high voltages (400V AC)
are available on the front panel.
• Please ensure that there is no ceiling fan over the power system racks , as this
disturbs the natural convention cooling of the racks.
MAINTENANCE ROUTINES
OCB-283 system is designed with a good central defense which will take care of
almost all types of situations arising from units becoming faulty. Operating staff are
intimated about the unusual events taking place in the system by messages output on
various peripheral devices. Faulty units are diagnosed by the system and appropriate
action to restore the services are taken by the system. But in the case of a fault which
needs human intervention if the messages are ignored the accumulated faults may cause
to crash the total system. Hence the maintenance routines are devised to keep the
operating staff abreast with the status of the various functions of the system and to correct
faulty units.
Maintenance routines are to :-
1. Identify the faulty functions.
2. Evaluate the system performance.
3. Billing management.
4. Backup.
5. Preventive maintenance.
The maintenance routines may be classified by function as :-
1. Management
2. Operation
3. Preventive maintenance
The routines may have different frequencies viz. daily, weekly etc.
-60-
The events and faults should be recorded in appropriate log books.
MANAGEMENT
1. Human actions with out proper understanding of their consequences or deliberate
misuse may result in affecting functions of the system or revenue loss. The
actions must be classified and restricted to various levels of staff. Proper
classification of commands must be done according to the directives from
directorate. The availability of the classes must be restricted by protection by
passwords.
2. System outputs are through logical files. Appropriate files should be assigned to
terminals. While assigning the files the volume of the output expected through
each file may be considered and number of files assigned to one terminal may be
according to the suggestions by the manufacturer of system. The files to be
assigned are PFAU, PFIM, PFID, YJDB, DGNC, OPTR, OPEC, PTAX, OPMN,
PSAD, ECSY, ELSY, PSAM, YSYS etc.
3. Install TIPGS
4. Install WAM
5. Keep enough Mag tapes
6. Manage activities by calendar
7. Verify calendar executions
8. Entry log books for all diagnostics
9. Preserve all printouts.
Management operations
Period-
Purpose Operations Precautions
Ref.
icity doc.
Check alarm conditions in PGS Check alarms in PGS
Monitoring alarms Daily
by colour. Consult the messages. HOLD user
Find the faulty unit manu
al
Create an EXEC file in Intelligent NIL Opera
Check operational
Terminal (TI). The file is to ting
status of units,
contain the commands. Run the Sheet
Check UR status,
-61-
EXEC file and note the results. s
Check logic status, Daily
Check signaling ESMIN;
channel status, TELIN : AFUR = (Range of
Check peripheral and URs)
SMM status.
TELINB : AFPIL= (Range of
URs)
AFRES=(Range of
URs)
FSMIN : TYR=RL
OPERATION
1. Transfer subscribers meter reading to magnetic tapes.
2. Transfer detailed billing on magnetic tapes.
3. Transfer observations and faults on magnetic tapes.
4. Load and traffic measurement.
-62-
Purpose Periodicity Operations Precautions Ref. doc
Save the subs meter reading Fortnightly Prepare GTLC tape Prepare two Charging and
on magnetic tapes for as per the operating copies magnetic tape
processing at billing centre documentation. management
(TAXIL:
OPT=TAMP
followed by
OPT=SV)
Save the detailed billing Fortnightly Prepare GTDT tape Prepare 2 Charging and
data on magnetic tape for as per operating copies. One magnetic tape
processing at billing centre. documentation day before management
(FDTIL: weekend is
OPT=SV) recommended
to avoid
chance of
overflow.
Save alarms, faults, Fortnightly Prepare OPFA tape Prepare before Alarm and
observations and logbook on as per operating overflow of magnetic tap
magnetic tape. documentation buffer occurs. management
(OFAIL:
OPT=SV)
Load and traffic Daily Record NSSIN Fixed time
measurement readout in register Busy hour
Use OCHLA
Check for PGS TYR=RN; Check for

Check for alarms INFIN: : DV= PGS
Check filter status (Peripheral Check for
Check last 15 faults including BMs): alarms
Check LRI status DV=STA; Check filter
Check LR status ABFASE; status
Check alarm ring ALAIL; Check last 15
Check token ring FEMIL: NIV=2+3; faults
Check log ANOIL; Check LRI
Check circuits ETTIL: status
AFLRI=(Range of Check LR
LRIs); status
GLRCT: AFGRX= Check alarm
(Range of GRX); ring
CVAIN: CAV=1<4; Check token
AMXIL, DBG=H ring
‘2’; Check log
SRFIL, DBG=H‘1’: Check circuits
DD= , DF= ;
CTETIL: NFSC= ,
ED=YES,
STTUS=HS+DFAU
-63-
General information of Daily Using OCHLA At busy
traffic efficiency command manually hour
or in calendar
Check spare PCBs Monthly Check the PCB in Use
on appropriate unit antistatic
in actual traffic equipment
conditions.
To test all circuits Daily Assign ECSY file Execution Circuit test and
periodically Insert command of the calendar
CIRACT in calendar command management
Check the results to take
from the printout in place at
ECSY file. Recheck night
the circuits reported
faulty using
CIRDEM and
APDLA commands.
To identify fault telephone Daily Assign ELSY file Command Subs test and
lines Insert the command ESSY to calendar
ESSY in calendar. be Management
Recheck the lines executed
reported faulty by during
ESAB command. night hours
Purpose Periodicity Operations Precautions Ref. doc

Make a backup of exchange Weekly Follow operating Make a Archive backup
data on magnetic tape, in instructions. backup and restore.
order to restore the disk in before and
case of total disk failure, after the
after loading streamers. mass
creations
To make a backup of the Monthly Follow operating Use WAM System dump on
system and data on the instructions. in on-line line
streamer, to restore disk in mode for
case of total disk failure. backup.
To verify TVDR cards on Half Yearly Verify visually the
CSN which could have been colour of VDRs.
damaged due to any high
voltage on the subs line.
-64-
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
1. Systematic tests of circuits.
2. Exchange data backup.
3. System and data backup.
4. Verification of TVDR.
5. Preventive maintenance of the tape streamer.
6. Preventive maintenance of the tap drive.
7. Rectifier maintenance.
8. Power supply maintenance.
9. Battery maintenance.
10. Air-conditioner maintenance.
11. Fire detection maintenance.
FORMATS OF RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED

1. DAILY TASKS
DATE:
-65-
TASKS NAME OF THE HOUR RESULTS,
OFFICER ACTION
TAKEN,
REMARKS
Visual inspection of PGS
Functional state of exchange (using
EXEC file)
Analysis of faults and alarms
Observation of traffic efficiency
(OCHLA)
Systematic test of circuits (Results
and follow-up-actions)
Systematic test of subscribers
(Results and follow-up-actions)
Verification of temperature of
Exchange room
Load and traffic measurements
2 WEEKLY / FORTNIGHTLY / MONTHLY / HALF YEARLY / ANNUALY

FROM : ........................................................ TO : ........................................
-66-
TASKS NAME OF THE HOUR RESULTS, ACTION
OFFICER TAKEN, REMARKS
Transfer of subscribers meter reading
on mag-tape
Transfer of detailed billing data to
magnetic tape
Transfer of alarm, faults, observations
on magtapes
Exchange data backup
System data backup
Maintenance of magtape drives
Verification of spare PCBs
Preventive maintenance of streamers
Verification of TVDR
3 SMM LOG
Date and Nature of Message Message Action Date and Remarks
Time of Fault on WAM on YSYS time of
Fault restoration
4. PERIPHERAL LOG BOOKS (One for each terminal)
Date Type of maintenance Fault cleared and how Remarks
5. Magtape list and register (Serial Number, Volume Name)
6. Magtape movement log ( Serial number, Type of data, Data, Docket, Date of
return, Remarks)
7. Exchange operation log book (Event wise)
-67-
Date and Time of Fault Source Fault Action PCB Down NSSIN
message, Alarm or taken changed time
Routine test)
8. EQUIPMENT HISTORY SHEET (Equipment-wise)
Date and Time Observation Action Components Date and Do Remarks

taken replaced time of wn
repair tim
e
9. ND – NE REGISTER
10. JUNCTION REGISTER
Junction No. AFCT PCM reference Distant switch

reference
11 JUNCTION FAULT REGISTER

Date NFSC AFCT Din Fault Source Particulars Date Signature
and No. of case and
time No. MUX time
fault
cleared
12 AFFIC MANAGEMENT RESULTS REGISTER

Results of OCHLA, NSSIN, OCIN etc. to be maintained by highlighting any
specific observation which could be detrimental to the grade of service
13 P B MOVEMENT REGISTER
OCB Serial No. FRD No. Nature of Date sent Date Repaired or
Name fault received replaces
after repair
-68-
14 PRINTOUTS TO BE PRESERVED
The following printouts are to be preserved
FSCIL, ACHIN, INFIL, INDIN (TRAD 1 to 4), FSMIN, LDIL, ASMIN, TELIN
(for AFGRX), FSCIN (for each NFSC), CTIN (for every PCM), NLIBR (FOR NE and
ND).
The maintenance routines are only guide lines and are to be adapted according to
circumstances. Detailed billing archiving frequency depends on the type of traffic in the
exchange. Frequency of the subscriber line routine testing depends on the existing
external line plant. If more faults are observed the frequency is to be increased.
CHAPTER - 5
SUBSCRIBER LINE MANAGEMENT
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The subscriber and user line management function incorporates all the tasks for
ensuring that subscribers can:
make and receive telephone calls when they want,
use the facilities and features offered to them as and when they require,
have permanent access to a line with good quality of service.
5.1 Purpose of the subscriber line management function

Subscriber line management involves:
keeping track of the subscriber line access points at the exchange,
assigning each subscriber a line type appropriate for the transmission technique
on the exchange link (analog or digital),
keeping track of and assigning directory numbers,
assigning supplementary services to subscribers as requested,
checking that all the subscriber lines connected to the exchange are working
properly, identifying and repairing defective subscriber lines.
OCB-283 exchange’s CSN equipment can provide connections for following

types of subscribers
Analog Subscriber
Digital Subscriber
ANALOG SUBSCRIBERS: Analog Subscriber can be
-69-
• Ordinary Analog or
• Analog Subscriber with home metering.
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBERS:Digital Subscriber’s can be of following type ;
(I) Basic rate access( 2B+D access).

It has 2 B channels carrying Voice/data & 1 D or signaling channel
(II) Primary rate access ( 30 B+D access)

It allows 30 B channels & 1 D channel of 64 kbps & it makes one standard
2.048 Mbps PCM link.
-70-
ISDN SUBSCRIBER PRIMARY & BASIC ACCESS
PRIMARY ACCESS
SO BUS
PCM
30 B +D ISDN STATIONS
DIGITAL
EPABX
NT2 ANALOG EXTENSIONS
2 B +D
& NT1
OCB-283
SUBSCRIBER PREMISES
DIGITAL
2 B +D
NT1
ISDN STATIONS
BASIC ACCESS
S BUS
Analog lines and digital lines
There are two ways of carrying subscriber speech signals:

- the first consists in transmitting analog electrical
signals, hence the term "analog subscriber line",
- the second consists in encoding these electrical signals

in the telephone set in the form of bits and transmitting
these bits over the line, hence the term "digital
subscriber line".
5.2 Subscriber line designation
Single line
A line that is identified by an equipment number (NE) and a designation
number (ND).
Directly called line

A line whose designation number (ND) is a directory number.
Not directly called line

A line whose designation number (ND) cannot be called. These lines can be
dedicated outgoing lines or they can belong to a group.
-71-
Principal group
A principal group is a group of single lines, or a set of subscriber lines on

PCM link, that are associated to the same "NDG" designation number (group
designation no).
Priority group
A priority group is made up of lines from an existing principal group that are
associated to a priority group designation number (NDP). There can be
several priority groups in a principal group.
Line belonging to a CENTREX function

For a company, the CENTREX function is made up of a number of subscriber
lines in a public exchange that are grouped together via software technique
only and that are liable to call each other, using two, three or four-digit
numbers, as the company does not have a PABX. The users are the
company's special subscribers.
At the external level, a company is identified by its name, in coded form with
a maximum of eight characters, the first being an alphabetical character.
A company that is distributed over several exchanges is also called a "trans
group".
SUBSCRIBER LINE DESIGNATION
ND = 22220001
22220001
NDG = 22220002 22220002
2222A001
ND = 22220003 22220003
NDG = 22220004
22220004
2222A002
NDP = 22220005 22220005
2222A003
2222A004
-72-
5.3 Subscriber characteristics
5.3.1 Presentation
A subscriber is defined by the association of a ND designation number and a

NE equipment number.
The TAX charge meters are connected to the equipment number.
The discriminations can correspond to :
• a TY type : connected to the equipment no.,
• a CAT category : connected to the designation no.,
• a MAR mark : activated by an observation or the use of a service.
ND NE/NR
TAX
TAX
CAT TY
MAR
MAR
Example :
@ABOIN,CEN=1:
CEN=1/94-02-03/15 H 49 MN 36/CONSULTATION OF SUBSCRIBER
CHARACTERISTICS
@ND=22220257;
PROCESSING TGLAIN ACC
ND=2222O257 NE =001-02-001
TAX = 00000289 + 00003854 + 00008327 + 00000028
TY= KLA
CAT= RVT
MAR=ART
NAR=22220032
PROCESSING TGLAIN EXC
-73-
5.3.2 Designation number
ND : The designation number can be :

• either a directory number, also called NA, of the form
(N1)(N2)(N3)(N4)(N5) MCDU. (Example : ND = 22227273),
• or a number containing a letter in position 1000, of the form
(N1)(N2)(N3)(N4)(N5) XCDU, (X is a character : A,J, S, C for
FRANCE and A, B, C, D for other countries.
Example : ND = 2222A273). These numbers that contain a letter in
position 1000 can be attributed to outgoing only lines or to lines that
belong to a group and that, taken individually, are not directly called
lines. Opening a letter in position 1000 makes it possible to have
extra numbers (see the country numbering scheme).
5.3.3. Equipment number
The equipment number can be either : NE or NR or AFCT
NE is an equipment number that corresponds to the physical address on the

subscriber distribution frame.
Its form is : NE = UR - REG - BRO. (Example : NE = 1 - 2 - 17).
UR : CSN or CSE subscriber connection unit number (0 to 223).
REG : terminal strip number (the number of terminal strips depends on
the UR type : CSN or CSE, and depends on the number of pins
per strip (128 or 100)).
BRO : Rank of the pair of pins on the terminal strip (depends on the
strip type (0 to 127 or 0 to 99)).
NR is an equipment number that corresponds to the equipment's functional

address of the connection unit. The operator can name the equipment by
using its NE or its NR.
The NR's form is : NR = UR - EQT. (Example : NR = 1 - 273).
UR : connection unit number (1 to 223).
EQT : equipment number on the UR.
AFCT is an equipment number that corresponds to the functional address of a
circuit.
Some subscriber lines require direct access to the switching network (no
concentrator) via a circuit access unit, or are located too far away from the
exchange. In such cases, they are connected to the exchange via a reserved time
slot on a PCM link. Equipment number of a line in a circuit access unit is
-74-
identified by AFCT(Subscriber line on PCM link) A relationship can be
established between the designation number (ND) and a telephone circuit , which
means that the subscriber line is connected to the exchange via a time-division
multiplex channel (TDM channel) of a PCM link.
AFCT is of the form : AFCT = UR - PCM - IT. (Example : AFCT=216-2-11).
UR : circuit connection unit number (1 to 223).

PCM : PCM number (0 to 3 for the SMT - 1G and 0 to 15 for the SMT
- 2G).
TS : Time slot number on the PCM (1 < IT < 31 but different from
16 : subscriber signalling).
-75-
5.3.4 Charge meter
TAX : represents the value of 1 to 4 meters, depending on the country.

Example :
@ABOIN,CEN=1:
CHARACTERISTICS
@ND=22220257;
ND=2222O257 NE =001-02-001
TAX = 00000289 + 00003854 + 00008327 + 00000028
TY= KLA
Example of meter types :

• 1st : urban calls,
• 2nd : national calls,
• 3rd : international calls,
• 4th : use of services.
Each meter is 24 bits in size. They return to zero after reaching the highest
value, in this case a message is output on the terminal assigned to PTAX.
The meters are associated to an equipment number. Any creation,
cancellation or deletion operation will edit the meters, so the operator must
note down the values whenever there is a new creation. Transferring a
subscriber onto another equipment unit of the same exchange allows him to
keep, among other things, his own charge meters.
5.3.5 Subscriber discriminations
TY : Types are data related to the subscriber's equipment on the

board, to the line or to the telephone set, (ex: KLA push-button
set, SPA outgoing only line).
CAT : Categories are data related to the designation number. They are
assigned either individually to the subscriber line or to a set of
lines of a group (ex : RVT entitlement to temporary transfer).
MAR : Marks indicate a temporary state of the subscriber line (ex :

EHS equipment out of service or ODDD equipment in outgoing
observation) or else they indicate that a service has been
activated (ex : ARV transferred subscriber).
-76-
Example :
@ABOIN,CEN=1:
CHARACTERISTICS
@ND=22220257;
ND=2222O257 NE =001-02-001
TAX = 00000289 + 00003854 + 00008327 + 00000028
TY= KLA
CAT= RVT
MAR=ART
NAR=22220032
@ABOIN:
CEN=1/00-01-03/01 H 53 MN 55/SUBSCRIBER
CHARACTERISTICS INTEROGTN
@ND=310083:
ND=310083 NE =002-00-083
TAX = 00000052 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY= NBS1+PRAC2
CAT= NAT2+CLAB4
@ABOIN,CEN=1:
CHARACTERISTICS
@ND=22220257;
ND=2222O257 NE =001-02-001
TAX = 00000289 + 00003854 + 00008327 + 00000028
TY= KLA
CAT= RVT
MAR=ART
NAR=22220032
@ABOIN:
CEN=1/00-01-03/01 H 53 MN 55/SUBSCRIBER
CHARACTERISTICS INTEROGTN
@ND=310083:
ND=310083 NE =002-00-083
TAX = 00000052 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY= NBS1+PRAC2
CAT= NAT2+CLAB4
-77-
5.4 Description of MMC functions
Presentation
ND NE TAX TY CAT
@ABOCR @ABOMU @ABOMO

ND-NEx-TY-CAT ND-NEy-TY-CAT ND - TY - CAT
TAX TAX
@ABORT
NE Equipment released
ND - TY=DFn
@ABOSU ND Designation number released
Consultation functions
NLIBR : Searches for free numbers

This function searches for free number from amongst a list of ND, NE or
ACFT, specified in the command. It is possible to limit the search to "n"
numbers (NB).
@NLIBR :
@ND or NE or AFCT ,NB :
NUTIL : Lists the numbers in use.

Gives a list of the numbers that are used in a specific field. The fields are
defined by NDs or NEs.
@ NUTIL:
@ND or NE or AFCT;
-78-
URAIL : Lists the equipment types
This command is used to list the equipment types (subscriber junctor on the
board).
@URAIL:
@ AFUR or NE or NR or AFCN ,CTRL;
ABOIN : Consults the subscriber characteristics
@ABOIN:
@ND or NE;
ABOIL : Lists the subscribers with given characteristics

Outputs the list of subscribers that have at least the discriminations and/or
marks specified in the command.
@ABOIL:
@ ND or AFCT or NE or NR , NB , TY , CAT , INDR , MAR , NAP , CP;
EXAMPLES
@NLIBR:
CEN=1/99-03-15/16 H 05 MN 00/IDLE NUMBER SEARCHING
@ND=383300<383500,NB=4;
ND=383340
ND=383341
ND=383450
ND=383499
EXC
@NE=4-4-1<4-5-10;
NE=4-4-8
NE=4-5-1
NE=4-5-7
EXC
@NUTIL:
CEN=1/99-02-18/20 H 10 MN 00/LIST OF NUMBERS IN USE
@NE=3-1-27<3-1-30:
NE=3-1-27 ND=385111
NE=3-1-28 ND=385120
EXC
@ND=7894800<7894850;
ND=7894827 NE=7-3-45
ND=7894736 NE=7-4-12
EXC
-79-
@URAIL,CEN=1:
CEN=1/99-10-07/00 H 01 MN 00/URA EQUIPMENT LIST
@NE=42-0-1<2:
TRAITEMENT TPSSER ACC
AFUR=002 TYPUR=URA NBEQPT=0253
NE= 042-00-001 (042-00-00-01)ND= 596420001 S2F
NE= 042-00-002 (042-00-00-02)ND= 596420002 S2F
TRAITEMENT TPSSER EXC
@ABOIL:
CEN=1/99-02-03/14 H 57 MN 58/SUBSCRIBER CHARACTERISTICS LIST
@CAT=ZG3;
PROCESSING TGLAIL ACC
ND=223004 NE =056-00-004
TAX = 00000060 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=KLA+IIB
CAT=RVT+AEN+NA04+ZG03+COF+IAI
MAR=ATT
PROCESSING TGLAIL EXC
5.5 Management functions
ABOCR : Creates a subscriber

Creates a new subscriber line with its discriminations and assigns one or
several charge meters. The charge meters associated to the NE are not reset.
Creates a link between the NE and the ND.Assigns types to the NE and
categories to the ND.
Checks the existence of the UR and of its associated equipment.
ABOMO : Modifies a subscriber's characteristics (CAT and TY)
With ABOMO you can modify:
the types and categories of single lines and priority grouped lines,
the types of non-priority grouped lines,
the categories of grouped lines by modifying head line categories.
You cannot modify the type (SPA, SPB or MIX) of a line belonging to a
group.
A logical record is created on the detailed billing tape when FD and DEA
categories are modified.Categories and types lists are limited to 24 elements at
most in input parameters.
ABORT : Cancels - Transfers a subscriber
Cancels-transfers a subscriber with prohibition of all outgoing calls and
transfers all incoming calls to a recorded announcement or the operator (the
equipment can be put back in use immediately, but the designation number
cannot) Erases all the discriminations.
Releases the NE - ND link.Inserts the cancelled line category with transfer to
recorded announcement or operator. CAT = DFn.
ABORT creates a record item on the itemised billing tape.
-80-
ABOMU : Reallocates a subscriber line
Reallocates a subscriber line to another equipment unit. Allocates new
available equipment to the subscriber's ND, the latter keeps its
discriminations and the value of its charge meters.
The subscriber keeps his directory number, his discriminations and the
contents of his charge account.
The old equipment becomes available (the ND - old NE link is cut) and the
ND - new NE link is created.
ABOSU : Deletes a single line
Erases the discriminations.
Releases the ND that becomes "not in use" (NNU) and releases the NE if the
line was not cancelled-transferred.
EXAMPLE
@ABOCR:
CEN=1/99-02-03/09 H 33 MN 52/NEW SUBSCRIBER LINE ADDITION
@ND=96560003,NE=56-0-3,TY=KLA,CAT=AEN+NA2:
PROCESSING TGLACR ACC
ND =96560003 NE =056-0-003
TAX = 00000011 + 00000000 + 00000000 +00000000
TY=KLA
CAT=AEN+NA02
PROCESSING TGLACR EXC
@ABOCR:
CEN=1/99-02-03/09 H 37 MN 52/NEW SUBSCRIBER LINE ADDITION
@ND=96560005,NE=56-0-5,TY=NBS1+PRAC2,CAT=NAT2+CLAB4;
ND =96560005 NE =056-00-005
TAX = 00000011 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=NBS1+PRAC2
CAT=NAT2+CLAB04
@ABOMO:
CEN=1/99-02-03/10 H 42 MN 55/MODIFY LINE CLASS OF SERVICE
@ND=223055,TY=KLA,CAT=CT3+ZG2+FD3+AEN;
PROCESS TGLAMO EXC
ND=223055 NE=056-00-055
TAX=00000012 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=KLA
CAT=AEN+CT03+FD03+ZG02+NA02
PROCESS TGLAMO EXC
@ABORT:
CEN=1/99-12-02/11 H 11 MN 21/SUBSCRIBER CANCELLATION/TRANSFER
@ND=223100,CAT=DF3;
PROCESSING TGLART ACC
ND=223100
CAT=DF03
PROCESSING TGLART EXC
-81-
@ABOMU:
CEN=1/99-02-03/00 H 51 MN 20/SUBSCRIBER LINE CHANGE
@ND=223289,NE=56-3-6:
PROCESSING TGLAMU ACC
ND=223289 NE=056-3-006
TAX=00000050 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=KLA
CAT=NA03+IAM
PROCESSING TGLAMU EXC
@ABOSU:
CEN=1/99-02-03/11 H 13 MN 20/SUBSCRIBER LINE DELETION
@ND=223100;
PROCESSING TGLASU ACC
ND=223100
CAT=DOP
PROCESSING TGLASU EXC
The MMCs : ABOCR, ABOMO, ABORT and ABOSU only act on one line at
a time. In some special operating cases (creating a UR, number cancellation,
etc.) it is possible to use the commands on a group of lines.
ABOCRM : Multiple subscriber creation

ABOCRM allows to create subscriber lines and assign service classes and
charge counters to each line.
ABOCRM creates a logical record on the itemised billing tape.
Categories and types lists are limited to 24 elements at most in input
parameters.
ABOMOM : Multiple subscriber modification

ABOMOM allows to modify the class of service assigned to a subscriber
line.
With ABOMOM one can modify:
- the types and categories of single lines and priority, grouped lines,
- the type of non-priority grouped lines,
- the categories of grouped lines by modifying the categories of head lines.
ABOMOM also allows to suspend single or grouped lines.
A record item is created on the itemised billing tape when FD and DEA
categories are modified.
Categories and types lists are limited to 24 elements at most in input
parameters.
-82-
ABORTM : Multiple subscriber cancellation
ABORTM allows to cancel-transfer subscriber lines.
With ABORTM it is possible to:
-prohibit outgoing subscriber calls,
- transfer incoming calls to a recorded announcement or operator.
The equipment can be immediately reused.
The designation number (ND) can only be reused after executing ABOSU.
One can execute ABORT several times on the same ND to modify call
transfer to a recorded announcement or operator.
ABORTM creates a record item on the itemised billing tape.
ABOSUM : Multiple subscriber deletion
ABOSUM allows to delete single subscriber lines.
With ABOSUM one can delete:
- in-service lines,
- cancelled-transferred lines.
ABOSUM deletes all subscriber characteristics in the exchange andfrees the
equipment number and designation number.
ABOSUM creates a record item on the itemised billing tape.
Caution :
• These commands do not check if the connection unit is present, nor
do they check the presence and the type of board in use.
EXAMPLES
@ABOCRM:
CEN=1/99-02-03/14H56MN03/NEW SUBSCRIBER LINE ADDITION
@ND=7894885+7894886,NE=2-1-60+2-1-61,TY=KLA,CAT=AEN+NA2:
ND=7894885 NE = 002-01-060
TAX=00000011 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=KLA
CAT=AEN+NA02
ND=7894886 NE = 002-01-061
TAX=0003824 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
TY=KLA
CAT=AEN+NA02
@ABOMOM:
CEN=1/99-02-03/14H56MN03/MODIFICATION OF LINE CLASSES OF SERVICE
@ND=223050+223002,TY=/KLA,CAT=/AEN+FD3+CT3+ZG2;
PROCESSING TGLAMO ACC
ND=223050 NE = 050-00-050
TAX=00000200 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
ND=223002 NE = 050-00-002
TAX=00000030 + 00000000 + 00000000 + 00000000
PROCESSING TGLAMO EXC
-83-
@ABORTM:
CEN=1/99-02-03/10H45MN03/SUBSCRIBER CANCELLATION-
TRANSFER
@ND=223100+252001,CAT=DF3;
PROCESSING TGLART ACC
ND=223100
CAT=DF03/ZG02
ND=252001
CAT=DF03/RVT
PROCESSING TGLART EXC
@ABOSUM:
CEN=1/99-10-23/14H56MN03/SUBSCRIBER LINES DELETION
@ND=223100+252001;
PROCESSING TGLASU ACC
ND=223100
CAT=DF11
ND=252001 NE=2-5-1
TY=KLA
PROCESSING TGLASU EXC
5.6 ISDN Subscriber
SUBSCRIBER INSTALLATION
DIGITAL
EXCHANGE TELEPHONE TERMINALS
TE1
DIGITAL DIGITAL
NETWORK SUBSCRIBER S
CSN 30B+D TERMINAL TERMINAL TE2
2048 kb/s
B
TABN U
TNR TNR S
LT CARD
NT1 NT2 TE3
2B+D
192 kb/s
TE4
TE5
INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE

V U T S
HDLC
protocol LAP-D protocol
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER'S CONNECTION WITH EXCHANGE
-84-
5.6.1 Basic and primary rate access The term subscriber line is replaced
by"access".
In the ISDN, a number of interfaces or physical reference points (R, S, T,
U and V) are defined between the subscriber terminal and the network.
There are two types of ISDN access: basic rate access and primary rate
access.
Basic rate access The basic rate access bearer circuit is the traditional two
wire pair. It is constructed as two 64 kbit/s B channels and one 16 kbit/s
signalling channel (D channel). The total bit rate is 160 kbit/s at the U interface
and 192 kbit/s at the S interface. The useful bit rate is 144 kbit/s at both
interfaces.
Primary rate access The bearer circuit for primary rate access is a PCM
multiplex structured as 32 time slots (TS), comprising 30 x 64 kbit/s B channels
and one 64 kbit/s D channel. The total bit rate is 2 048 kbit/s
5.6.2 Connection interfaces

Interface Location
Digital network termination (NT2) Line interface on the customer's premises
Subscriber's digital terminal (NT1) Customer premises equipment generally
incorporating switching function (ISDN
PABX)
Line termination (LT) Line interface on the network side
Terminal adapter (TA) Interface for connecting legacy terminals to the S
socket
Exchange terminal (ET) Interface with the switching network
Subscriber terminal (TE) TE1 if connected directly to the S socket TE2
if connected via a terminal adapter
Notes on the interfaces: - NT2 is only a physical interface and has no "intelligence" or
sophisticated dialogue functions with the network, unlike NT1
which can interpret messages from the network and
redistribute calls within the customer premises equipment.
- The most important interfaces are the S and U interfaces which are covered by
very precise standards from ITU-T and ETSI committees.
- The V interface is of theoretical interest only since it is part of the local
exchange (CSN in the E10 system) and is not standardized.
- The same situation applies at the primary rate access subscriber's premises:
since NT1 and NT2 are incorporated in the same hardware, the manufacturer
is free to construct its T interface as it wishes.
- The R interface depends on the type of terminal and there are a wide variety
of specifications
-85-
5.6.3 ISDN services The ISDN provides three types of services:
bearer services,
teleservices,
supplementary services.
Bearer services and teleservices can be characterized by a list of attributes.
Bearer services A bearer service provides a means of transporting information

(speech, data, video) across the network.
The definition of a bearer service covers the bottom three layers of the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
On each call set-up request, the terminal tells the network the bearer service that it
requires according to the nature of the call. The network busies appropriate
resources for transporting voice signals or video
The most commonly encountered bearer services are described below:
SCBNT: 3.1 kHz audio,
SCBNT speech : switched circuit on the B channel non-transparent speech,
SCBT : switched circuit on the B channel transparent,
VCB : virtual circuit on the B channel,
VCD : virtual circuit on the D channel.
The SCBNT speech service is the least demanding in terms of transmission
medium. It allows all A/D conversions, compression and echo cancelling.
The SCBNT 3.1 kHz audio service is adapted to transferring data by modem. It
allows A/D conversions, but does not allow certain distorting operations such as
compression.
The SCBT service guarantees end-to-end integrity of the bit streams. No A/D
conversion is performed in the network.
The VCB service is the B channel packet service. The B channel is switched at a
packet access point (X.25 network) and provides the medium for the virtual
circuit set-up procedures.
The VCD service is the D channel packet service. The packet frames multiplexed
in the D channel are directed to a packet access point.
Teleservices A teleservice defines a type of terminal. Its definition covers the

seven layers of the OSI model.The teleservice information in the call set-up
message is not used by the network. It is conveyed end-to-end to the called
terminal and serves to guarantee compatibility between terminals (obviously, a
fax cannot communicate with a videophone).
-86-
Examples of teleservices
telephony,
group 3 facsimile (fax),
group 4 facsimile (fax),
videotex (Minitel in France), combining a screen, modem and keyboard to
access on-line servers,
teletex and electronic mail.
5.6.4 ISDN access commissioning and maintenance
BASIC ACCESS
Creating a terminal unit (UT) The TAN3G and TABNP boards are subscriber
terminal units (UT) for connecting eight two-wire echo cancelling basic rate
access ports in accordance with the ETSI standard.
The TAN3G board can be created using the UTCR command with TFCT
= AQE08, and the TABNP board can be created with the same command UTCR
with TFCT = AQP08.
UT power weighting :
The TAN3G board has a power weighting of 2 (reflecting the board's power
consumption). You cannot therefore install more than eight TAN3G boards in a
digital concentrator (CN), because the total power weighting of a local digital
concentrator (CNL) must not exceed 16.
Backup UT function :
• The TAN3G board can be backed up. The backup UT must be placed in
the second position (UT1) in the CN subrack. The backup option must be software
enabled (OBJ=YES in the UTCR command and hardware enabled by the presence
of an adapter plug.
Creating a basic rate access subscriber line The ABOCR command is used to
attach an NE number (representing an access) to an ND (belonging to a thousands
group that has already been created).A number of categories and types must be
assigned to the line, defining the type of access and related services.
Parameters for creating a basic rate access
Parameter TY or CAT Definition Possible values

NBS TY Type of access NBS1 : basic rate access
NBS2 : primary rate
NAT CAT Nature of subscriber NAT0 : analogue

subscriber
NAT2 : ISDN subscriber
-87-
Parameter TY or CAT Definition Possible values
NCA TY Number of one-way NCAi : 0 i 2
outgoing B channels
NCB TY Number of one-way NCAi : 0 i 2
incoming B channels
CLAB CAT Subscription class CLAB0:analogue
(defines the subscriber's subscriber
entitlement CLAB1 : entitlement
to a bearer service) to SCBNT
and SCBT
CLAB2 : entitlement to SCBNT,
SCBT and SSC
CLAB3 : entitlement to SCBT, VC and SSC
CLAB4 : entitled to all ISDN bearer services
RR TY Presence of repeater
When creating a basic access, it is essential to specify CAT = NAT2 and TY = NBS1.
SUBSCRIBER A NDSA4
TE4
NDSA1 NDSA2 NDSA3
TE1 TE2 TE3 TA

S BUS
NT1 20 M. MAX.
200 METERS
MAX.
OCB-283
EXCHANGE SUBSCRIBER B
S BUS
NT1
TE1 TE2 TE3

NDSB1 NDSB2 NDSB3
The S Bus is a special bus arrangement of 4 wires originating from network

terminator NT1
PRIMARY RATE ACCESS Creating a terminal unit (UT) The TADP board is a
subscriber terminal unit for connecting a primary rate access carried by a PCM
link. The primary rate access subscriber always has an NT1 (PABX) behind the
NT2.
The UTCR command can be used to create a board:
-88-
TFCT = ADP01 for a TADP board,
TFCT = ACP01 for a TADPB board.
There are three red LEDs mounted on the board's front panel:
the first LED indicates the state of the board:
the second LED indicates a remote alarm condition on the PCM link,
the third LED indicates a local alarm.
Power weighting of the UT : The UT has a power weighting of 1 (indicating the
board's power consumption). It is therefore possible to install up to 16 TADP or
TADPB boards in each digital concentrator (CN), because the total power
weighting of a CNL must not exceed 16.
Creating a primary rate access subscriber The ABOCR command can be used
to attach more than one ND to an access (NE).
Categories and types are described in the basic access section.
The values for a primary rate access are:
TY = NBS2,
CAT = NAT2,
A new category, NBAi 0 i 31, sets the number of channels allocated to
traffic.
5.7 LINE AND SUBSCRIBER EQUIPMENT TESTS
Introduction
With the subscriber tests the operating personnel can, from the OM and either
systematically or individually check if the lines and subscriber equipment units
are working correctly.
The subscriber tests refer to the measurements and tests carried out on the
equipment that comes after the subscriber junctor, as well as to the tests
concerning the junctor itself.
There are six different types of tests :
1) on-request tests concerning the line and subscriber equipment (MMC
: ESAB),
2) routine line tests (MMC : ESSY),
3) high speed tests from the subscriber equipment unit via the DERAL
(High speed line/subscriber set tester),
4) manual tests (MMC : ESAMAN),
5) listing of faulty equipment (MMC : ABFASE),
6) periodic junctor tests via the REJA device.
5.8 Test mask
-89-
A test mask consists of a set of measurements which characterize the line.The
Alcatel 1000 E10 (OCB283) supports up to eight different test masks which can be
set by operator command. Each line is assigned a test mask according to its
structure and type (overhead, underground etc). The test mask is used as a
comparative reference when testing the line.
To determine whether a line is satisfactory or malfunctioning during
routine subscriber line tests, the Alcatel 1000 E10 (OCB283) compares the values
stored in the line test mask with the results of measurements performed on the line
Calibrating the tester A test is run on the tester itself by carrying out
measurements on a virtual subscriber line (GABA0) with known reliable
characteristics. If the tester finds the virtual line satisfactory, this means that it is
operating correctly. If it finds the virtual line defective, the tester may be
defective.
Test curve list proposed when the public exchange is commissioned :
GABA0 Reserved for the RELA subscriber line tester
GABA1 Ordinary line (implicit value)
GABA2 Subscriber premises meter line, long line
GABA3 Line on a multiplexer FM channel
GABA4 Line with a low capacity telephone terminal.
GABA5 Line isolated from the distribution frame
GABA6 to 8 Can be defined by the client
INTERROGATION OF MASK (GABA)
The preset values of GABA can be interrogated by GABIN command.

@GABIN:
CEN=1/03-03-13/15 H 21 MN 41/LINE CALIBER INTERROGATION
@GABA=1:
PROCESSING TECSMS ACC
GABA = 1 L = 1 BS = 0006 BI = 0000
L = 2 BS = 0006 BI = 0000
L = 3 BS = 0006.0 BI = 0000.0
L = 4 BS = 0006.0 BI = 0000.0
L = 5 BS > 1016 BI = 0248
L = 6 BS > 1016 BI = 0248
L = 7 BS > 1016 BI = 0248
L = 8 BS > 0006.35 BI = 0000.00
PROCESSING TECSMS EXC
MODIFICATION OF MASK
Preset reference values of GABA can be modified by GABMO command.
-90-
@GABMO:
CEN=1/03-03-13/15 H 22 MN 51/LINE CALIBER MODIFICATION
@GABA=1,L=8,BI=6250:
GABA = 1 L = 8 BS > 0006.35 BI = 0006.25/ 0000.00
5.9 Line characteristics

L1 A.C. voltage on wire "a" (0V < 256V in increments of 2 V)
L2 A.C. voltage on wire "b" (0V < 256V in increments of 2 V)
L3 D.C voltage on wire "a" (0V < 64V in increments of 0.5 V)
L4 D.C. voltage on wire "b" (0V < 64V in increments of 0.5 V)
L5 Insulation of wire "a" / Ground (0Ω < 1016KΩ in increments of 8KΩ)
L6 Insulation of wire "b" / Ground (0Ω < 1016KΩ in increments of 8KΩ)
L7 Insulation of wire "a" / wire "b" (0Ω < 1016KΩ in increments of 8KΩ)
L8 Continuity : wire "a" / wire "b" (0µF<6,35µF in increments of 0,05µF)
5.10 Tester description

Introduction
The line and subscriber set tester is a hardware and software assembly that is
physically located in the (RELA) subscriber connection units or outside them
(Example of France : RELEX)
On CSE, the tester is used to test subscribers of one or several connection
units.
On CSN, one tester is linked to the assembly of CNLs and is located in the
GTA (TMLAB board) and one tester is linked to each CNE (TMLAB board).
Several testers can operate simultaneously in the same exchange.
A test curve specific to the tester is also defined so that one can check if the
tester itself is operating correctly. The tester is connected to a gauge and
carries out the measurements. The results show how the tester is operating.
Gauging can be automatic during a routine test (compared to the tester's test
curve) or forced by the operator.
Test priorities :
• ESAB, DERAL, RELEX and REJEX tests have the highest priority,
• routine ESSY tests can be interrupted for 15 minutes,
• internal junctor tests have the lowest priority.
5.10.1 MMC functions
-91-
ESER : Tester calibration
By connecting the tester to a reference unit, this command is used to check
the tester calibration. The only commands that are authorised are open-loop
line test commands (phase L3 to L8). If the tester is already running a test, the
command is refused.
L3 Potential on wire "a" 42V < 53V
L4 Potential on wire "b" 4V < 6V
L5 Insulation wire "a" / Ground 40KΩ < 56KΩ
L6 Insulation wire "b" / Ground 40K < 56KΩ
L7 Insulation wire "a" / wire "b" 368KΩ < 432KΩ
L8 Capacity 1,95µF < 2,50µF
ESMB : UR batteries measurements
This command is used to make several measurements on the UR (connection
unit) batteries. It is very useful on satellites, for measuring the battery level
during power cuts. Phases L1 to L4, corresponding to measurements on a line
in open loop, are the only ones authorised. Non significant measurements are
output with an asterisk.
ESRZ : Tester Reset
Independently from any on-going test, this command is used to reset the
tester. It should be refused if a test is running. this command is not
worthwhile in a test that returns to idle after each order. In some cases it can
be output to get out of a lock-out.
EXAMPLES
@ESER:
CEN=1/00-01-03/01 H 52 MN 44/TEST-CALL RESPONDER CALIBRATION
@NROB=130:
PROCESSING TELDMS ACC
NROB = 130
PROCESSING TELDMS EXC
@PH=L;
L1 R = **** V
L2 R = **** V
L3 R = -0048.5 V
L4 R = +0005.0 V
L5 R = 0048 KOHM
L6 R = **** KOHM
L7 R = 0400 KOHM
L8 R = 0002.25 MICF
@ESMB:
CEN=1/00-01-03/01 H 53 MN 12/BATTERIES MEASURMNT
-92-
@NROB=129:
NROB = 129
@PH=L;
L1 R = **** V
L2 R = **** V
L3 R = -0053.0 V
L4 R = **** V
@ESRZ:
CEN=1/00-01-03/01 H 53 MN 37/TEST-CALL RESPONDER RESETTING
@NROB=130;
NROB = 130
5.10.2 Tests on request

Introduction
Tests on request are mainly used : • when installing a new line or a new
set, to check they are working correctly,
• following a subscriber complaint, in order to confirm and possibly
refine the diagnostic given by the routine line testing command.
Types of measurement :
- Measurements on a line
To check whether the electrical characteristics are correct on an open-loop
line.
On 4-wire equipment units measurements are made first on the reception pair
and then on the transmission pair.
Note : When a line is being tested, a star is printed before the ND

when the latter is out-of-limits. Two stars are printed for
serious faults.
- Measurements on a set (analogue subscriber)
The purpose of these measurements is to check whether the subscriber
equipment (push-button or dial set) is working correctly.
Communication must be set up between the subscriber and the operator
prior to these measurements.
- Measurements concerning the subscriber premises meter (specific for
export)
-93-
These tests consist in sending a number of remote charging pulses (they
can be of several kinds) to the subscriber's meter and then the operator
communicates with the subscriber to check if the results are in compliance.
During subscriber premises meter testing no increments are added to the
subscriber's charge meter.

ESAB : Tests a subscriber line
This command initialises a series of measurements on a subscriber line
identified by its (ND) or (NE). This command has priority over routine tests.
If any routine tests are on-going, they will be interrupted, then resumed on the
tester used for this test. Tests are authorised on lines that are "free" or in
"permanent loop condition" (FXA).
A phase (PH) indicates each of the consecutive stages as the test is run.
-94-
ESAB
1
ND or NE or NR The "L" phase is automatically run
2
PH=L PH=Li PH=RLi
3 The operator set is called

PH=A NDOP and then the subscriber's
set.
4
PH=K ou P PH=Pi PH=RPi
PH=Z Tester reset (not compulsory)
5
PH=FIN End of tests and tester release
" : " is used to move from one phase to another
" ; " stops the tests and releases the tester
Line testing phases
L : Full line test. Measurement phases L1 to L12.

Li : Measurement of a particular characteristic of the line.
RLi : Repetitive measurements (20) of a particular characteristic on a
line. With this measurement it is possible to display an
intermittent fault.
Note : the values of i are given in the appendix.

Subscriber equipment test phases
-95-
A : Switch over to calling phase. In this phase the subscriber and the
operator are put in communication. The latter then explains to the
subscriber which manipulations to execute.
NDOP : Operator's number, used in the CSN case.
P : Complete test of a dial set, with execution of phases P10 to P14
on the tester. This test requires that the subscriber dial zero.
Pi : Measurement of one of the set's characteristics (i = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 :
phases reserved for export applications (test monitoring, remote
charge).
i = 3 and 4, phases not used in the case of a subscriber on CSE.
Pi : Repetitive measurements of one of the set's characteristics (i = 13
or 14).
K : Push-button set test. The operator asks the subscriber to press
successively each of the buttons on his set.
Z : Tester reset.
FIN : End of subscriber test. This parameter is needed to make sure the
test sequence ended normally.
DR : The tester is disconnected to allow moving to phases P5 and P6.
EXAMPLES OF SUBSCRIBER LINE AND INSTRUMENT TESTING

@ESAB:
CEN=1/03-03-13/15 H 09 MN 26/TEST ON A SUBSCRIBER LINE
@ND=310007:
ND= 310007 NE=002-00-007 NROB=130 TY=GABA1+KLA STATUS=LIBR

L1= 0 V L2= 0 V L3=- 0.5 V L4= 0.0 V
L5> 1016 KO L6> 1016 KO L7> 1016 KO L8= 1.30 MI
@PH=A:
CALL ND : 310007
ENTER NDOP
@NDOP=300005:
@PH=P:
DIAL ZERO
P10 R = 0067 MS
P11 R = 0034 MS
P11 R = 0001.97
P11 R = 0009.9 HZ
P12 R = 0010
-96-
P13 R = 0048 MA
P14 R = 0350 OHM
@PH=RP13:
P13 R = 0048 MA
MAX = 0048 MA
MIN = 0048 MA
MOY = 0048 MA
@PH=FIN;
ESAB:
@ND=310007:
ND= 310007 NE=002-00-007 NROB=130 TY=GABA1+KLA STATUS=LIBR
L1= 0 V L2= 0 V L3= 0.0 V L4= 0.0 V
L5> 1016 KO L6> 1016 KO L7> 1016 KO L8= 1.30 MI
@PH=A:
CALL ND : 310007
ENTER NDOP
@NDOP=300005:
@PH=K:
DEPRESS ALL DIGIT KEYS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
*
0
#
NO FIGURE
@PH=P13:
-97-
P13 R = 0048 MA
@PH=P14:
P14 R = 0350 OHM
@PH=P15:
ACTIVATE THE FLASHING BUTTON
P15 R = 0072 MS
@PH=END;
5.11 ISDN Line Maintenance
5.11.1 Basic rate access maintenance :The line tests (L1 to L8) remain, but the
maintenance functions are enhanced through a maintenance channel at the U
interface. This channel provides continuous transmission quality monitoring (by
CRC computation), and is used to set up loops on the board for repeaters or the
NT1.
The maintenance channel ends at the NT1. This means that neither the S
interface nor the terminals connected to it can be tested directly.
U interface tests: The ESAB command (with PH = L1 to L8) is used to test line
insulation, as with analogue subscriber lines (however, PH = A is no longer
accepted).
TCO : continuity check
This check is run periodically by the system but can also be activated using the
ESAB command with PH=TCO. It does not disrupt traffic The continuity check
involves verifying level 1 activation (if it has not already been activated), and
sending a terminal endpoint identifier (TEI) polling frame (broadcast maintenance
frame) to verify level 2 and the presence of terminals behind the NT1. The test is
run every 20 minutes for a sound access and much more frequently
(approximately every minute) for a defective access.
TIED : defective entity identification test
-98-
The test is more exhaustive than the TCO. It is designed to produce a diagnostic.
It is activated after an NOK TCO test or manually by running a LOCAVAR
sequence. The access is unavailable during the TIED test (seizure of the RELA
bus to the TMLAB) and goes to the DENI state (unidentified failure).The TIED
test involves setting up loops on the subscriber line board for the repeater (if there
is one) and the NT1. A predetermined TMLAB test pattern is sent and looped for
checking. This enables the system to locate a defective entity.
- Access failure states The FXA state (permanent line condition) for analogue
lines is no longer used.
The line state can vary after a TCO check or TIED test, or as a result of
continuous transmission quality monitoring on the maintenance channel.
Basic rate access failure states

QTD
degraded transmission quality
Too many errored blocks have been detected via the maintenance channel (CRC
calculation), exceeding an initial threshold (of the order of one or two CRC errors
detected per minute on average).
QTI
intolerable transmission quality
A second threshold has been exceeded indicating a very large number of faults (of
the order of one or two CRC errors detected per second on average)
DENI
unidentified failure
State of a defective line pending a TIED test
DLAN
digital subscriber line fault
The line is repeaterless and a TIED test looped at the NT1 has revealed a
transmission fault while the QTI and QTR thresholds have been reached
DLAR
line fault ahead of repeater
The line is repeatered and a TIED test looped at the repeater (RR) has revealed a
transmission fault, but the QTI and QTR thresholds have not been reached
DLAT
line fault ahead of NT1
-99-
The line is repeatered and a TIED test looped at the NT1 has revealed a
transmission fault while the QTR and QTI thresholds have been reached
DTNR
NT1 fault
The line is repeaterless or repeatered and a TIED test looped at the NT1 has
revealed a transmission fault but the QTI and QTR thresholds have not been
reached.
TNR
NT1 fault
The line is repeaterless or repeatered and a TIED test looped at the NT1 has
revealed a transmission fault but the QTI and QTR thresholds have not been
reached (suggesting an NT1 fault)
DITA
customer premises equipment fault
Level 1 tests are satisfactory, but the level 2 test has failed probably indicating
that there is no terminal connected to the NT1
ALA
local power supply fault
The power supply to the NT1 is inadequate (normal and backup modes)
CIB
Battery low
In normal operation, the backup voltage output by the battery is too low
ASI
Cannot supervise power supply
The NT1 cannot send information about the state of the batteries
The exchange core subsystem periodically uploads a list of defective equipment
and equipment states (every 18 minutes).
5.11.2 Measurements on a digital subscriber line.

This type of test has priority over routine tests.
@ ESAB,CEN=--:EXCHANGE/DATE/TIME/TEST ON A SUBSCRIBER LINE

ND or NE or NR
ND=--------,FORC=YES:
FORC=YES : forces line tests on an access which carries a LLP. This parameter
is associated with ND,NE or NR.
ND=-------- NE=---_-_--- TY=NBS1 for an assigned basic access
ND=-------- NE=---_-_--- TY=NBS1 MAR=LSP for an LS bearer basic access .
-100-
PH=----:Identifies the measurement phase. It is possible to execute a number of
measurements as a sequence.
The result depends on the phase requested.
Phases PH=L, Li, RLi are prohibited for accesses carrying a LS or a LLP. On an
access carrying a LLP, the line tests are however authorized when the FORC
parameter is present on the ND, NE or NR line.
if PH = L Complete line test sequence

if PH = Li 1 <= i < =8 Measurement of a line characteristic
if PH = RLi Repetitive measurements of a line characteristic
RLi R= ------- ---- Output of all measurements deviating from the reference
measurement by more than 10%
MAX= ------- ---- Maximum
MIN= ------- ---- Minimum
MOY= ------- ---- Average of measurements performed
If PH = Z Reset line tester
If PH = DCB Controlled battery discharge test on the NT1
If PH = TCO Line continuity test
PH=END; End of test. Required to terminate the test normally.
EXAMPLE
@ESAB:
@ND=310083:
ND= 310083 NE= 002-00-083 TY= NBS1
@PH=L:
NROB = 130 ETAT = LIBR
L1 R = 0000 V
L2 R = 0000 V
L3 R = 0000.0 V
L4 R = 0000.0 V
L5 R > 1016 KOHM
L6 R > 1016 KOHM
L7 R > 1016 KOHM
L8 R = 0001.00 MICF
@PH=TCO:
TCO R = OK
@PH=DCB:
DCB R = RUNNING
-101-
@PH=END;
PROCESSING TELDMS EX
5.11.3 Primary rate access maintenance - a primary rate access is a PCM multiplex,
hence it is not possible to run line tests (ESAB command not possible). Nor is it
possible to run continuity checks. Level 1 is always active. NT2 manages the
passive buses directly (S interface activation cannot be controlled from the TADP
board).There is no backup provided for the TADP board.
The access maintenance function is based on continuous supervision of level 1 by

analyzing TS0 (with or without CRC), and level 2 (with or without frames
established).
In general, levels 1 and 2 are continuously activated.
Basic indicators reporting level 1 faults:
MQS (LOS) : loss of signal (local fault),
MHO (LOC) : loss of clock (local fault),
SIA (AIS) : alarm indication signal (remote fault),
PVT (LOA) : loss of frame alignment (local fault),
IAD (RAI) : remote alarm indication (remote fault),
TEE (FE) : excessive frame errors (remote fault).
For level 2, the TADP board counts any level 2 or LAP disconnections or
reconnections.
U interface tests :The TIED (failed entity identification test), is activated by:
-series level 1 faults (LOS, AIS, LOA, FE),
-repeated level 2 faults (loss of level 2, interruption of LAP),
- LOCAVAR test via the URTL command , to locate a fault.
It involves running:
a hardware test on the PCM interface,
a test on AIS and RAI alarm indicators (by looping the line interface),
a test on the D channel HDLC controller,
a test on connections by inserting/extracting bit patterns and looping the line at
NT1.
The access states are updated every hour.Failure states -The failure states on a
primary rate access are: BLOS, FAUT, DENI, DITA, DLAN.
-102-
5.12 Routine tests
Introduction
These tests are line measurements carried out on all the subscriber lines of an
exchange or just on a list of subscribers. The command is usually
programmed so as to be run at night. Routine tests are done on subscriber
lines that are "free" or "in permanent loop condition". Routine test are not
performed for ISDN access as it is tested automatically by system(every 18
min) and information for the faulty access is displayed on terminal assigned
to LAND.
The line measurements correspond to phases L1 to L8.
The obtained results are compared to previously recorded reference values
(test curve : GABA 1 to 8). These test curves depend on the type of the line.
When the deviation on one or several measurements is higher than a specific
threshold, the line is considered faulty.
The tester is re-gauged if 10 successive measurements are found to be faulty.

ESSY : Activates routine subscriber tests
An option (OPT) lets the operator specify the nature of the result report. The
outputs can be :
OPT=1 : measurement results on all the lines.
OPT=2 : measurement results on faulty lines (default option).
OPT=3 : the faulty line numbers.
OPT=4 : the "serious fault" line numbers.
PH=Li : measurement or list of measurements to make (option 3 by
default).
The routine test results are output on the terminal that is assigned to the
ELSY output file.
ESFIN : Stops the routine subscriber tests.
This command is used to stop the test procedure.
EXAMPLE
@ESSY:
CEN=1/03-03-13/15 H 17 MN 10/ACTUATE SYSTEMATIC TSTS ON SUBSCRBRS
@ND=310007+300005,OPT=1:
* #R0809/054/'TECSMS'/TERMINAL RELEASE
NCEN=JABRTT/03-03-13/15 H 17 MN 31/START OF SYSTEMATIC TESTS ON
SUBSCRIBERS
ND= 300005 NE=001-00-005 NROB=129 TY=GABA1
-103-
L1= 0 V L2= 0 V L3=- 0.5 V L4= 0.0 V
L5> 1016 KO L6> 1016 KO L7> 1016 KO L8= 1.30 MI
NE=001-00-005<001-00-005
ND= 310007 NE=002-00-007 NROB=130 TY=GABA1

L1= 0 V L2= 0 V L3= 0.0 V L4= 0.0 V
L5> 1016 KO L6> 1016 KO L7> 1016 KO L8= 1.30 MI
NE=002-00-007<002-00-007
NCEN=JABRTT/03-03-13/15 H 17 MN 53/STOP OF SYSTEMATIC TESTS ON
SUBSCRIBERS
@ESSY:
@ND=310007+300005,OPT=2:
SUBSCRIBERS
NE=001-00-005<001-00-005
NE=002-00-007<002-00-007
SUBSCRIBERS
@ESSY:
@NE=9-0-1<9-0-127+15-0-1<15-7-127,OPT=3;
SUBSCRIBERS
(*) ND= 384500 NE=9-0-63 NROB=2 TY=GABA1
(**) ND= 396657 NE=9-0-125 NROB=2 TY=GABA2
NE=9-0-1<9-0-127
NE=15-0-1<15-7-127
SUBSCRIBERS
5.12.2 High speed DERAL tests

Introduction
A specific device in the tester allows to run a quick test on an analogue
subscriber's set and line. The device is called DERAL.
The DERAL device is called by dialling, on the telephone set to be tested, a
routing code onto the maintenance device (MAIN = 4).
The switch is only used to connect or disconnect the subscriber to and from the
tester.The tester takes a measurement and sends back the result in the form of a
continuous or a pulsing tone, depending on the result.
-104-
Manual tests
With these tests the operator can, using one command, make the exchange
transmit signalling or tones to a specified subscriber line.
ESAMAN : Manual subscriber test
5.13 Monitoring faulty equipment
Introduction
This monitoring is used to know all or a part of the sets that are out of order.
The monitoring covers the junctor and the subscriber line :
• The junctor is detected as faulty or inaccessible to the system.
The subscriber lines are considered to be in permanent loop condition :
• Unhook without dialling (ex : 16 s),
• Time delay overflow between two numbers (ex : 16 s),
• Ringing time (ex : 4 min),
• No hang-up on end of call (ex : 30 s),
• Call on busy subscriber (no hang-up),
• Wrong dialling with no recorded announcement.
The time delays are described in the country specifications. 100 to 500 ms are
required to return to normal conditions.
The equipment can be monitored :
• either automatically,
• or on request by MMC : ABFASE.
Processing permanent loop condition thresholds :
• the CSN has a cumulative counter for permanent loop conditions,
• the MLPC automatically consults the URA (60 s period) to report :
. the number of permanent loop conditions per URA,
. the number of permanent loop conditions for the whole set of
URAs.
• If the number of permanent loop conditions per URA or for the
exchange goes beyond the thresholds set by the MMC, the OM sets
off an alarm.
5.13.1 List of status
FXA : Subscriber in permanent loop condition or looped line.
FAUT : Presence of a diagnostic on the subscriber equipment (junctor).
BLOS : Blocked by the system (isolated subscriber board or
isolated CN).
-105-
CN
Set
Line
UT EQ
BLOS BLOS FAUT FXA FXA

URSMO : Modification of the UR thresholds
Modifies the permanent loop condition threshold on the URA.
URSIN : Consultation of the UR thresholds
Consults the permanent loop condition threshold on the URA.
PAMMO : Modification of the system parameters
Modifies the permanent loop condition threshold for the exchange.
PAMIN : Consultation of the system parameters
Consults the permanent loop condition threshold for the exchange.
ABFASE : Lists the subscribers in permanent loop condition
The AFBASE operator command is used to find out :
• the number of subscriber equipment units that are out of order in the
whole public exchange,
• the list of subscriber equipment units that are out of order on one UR
or on a range of NEs,
• the list of subscriber equipment units that are in a given status (ex :
STATE = FXA).
@ABFASE (Possible parameters)
AFUR=...: Functional address of the UR (for several values, type a + b < c
+...). If this parameter is omitted, the search is conducted on all connection
units in the exchange. Only the overall results for each UR and for the whole
set of the exchange are output.
-106-
NE=...: List of subscriber equipment units of a UR defining the search field .
ND=...: Subscriber designation number for which the access status is
requested.
AFCT=..: List of subs. equipment units of a UR defining the search field .
STTUS=...:List of faulty status examined by the search. When STTUS is
present, either AFUR or AFCT must also be present.
NFAU=...: Maximum number of accesses to be output for each UR.
Default value: 50
EXAMPLE
@ABFASE;
CEN=1/99-05-14/11 H 30 MN 24/LISTING OF DEFECTIVE ACCESSES
PROCESSING TPSSER ACC
AFUR=002 TYPUR=URA NBEQPT=00997 NBFAU=00000 TFAU=000
AFUR=050 TYPUR=URC NAC ----NBFAU=00002 (URA:00002 URC:00000)
PROCESSING TPSSER EXC
@AFUR=42+50+128:
NE =042-03-031 ND= 96444202 STATUS=FXA
NE =042-03-032 ND= 96444203 STATUS=FXA
AFUR=050 TYPUR=URC NBEQPT=00003 NBFAU=00001 TFAU=000
AFCT =050-2-12 ND= 96505212 STATUS=BLOJ
NE =128-01-001 ND= 96702003 STATUS=QTI +DLAN
NE =128-04-012 ND= 96702012 STATUS=ALA
NE =128-04-018 ND= 96702018 STATUS=DTNR
NBDEF=00003 ----NBFAU=00005 (URA:00004 URC:00001)
@AFUR=126+128,STTUS=DTNR:
NE =126-03-031 ND= 96126331 STATUS=DTNR
NE =126-07-001 ND= 96126701 STATUS=DTNR
NE =128-01-001 ND= 96128100 STATUS=DTNR
NBDEF=00001 PROCESSING TPSSER EXC
@NE=126-00-100<126-03-127:
NE =126-00-123 ND= 96126123 STATUS=DTNR
NE =126-03-031 ND= 96126331 STATUS=DTNR
@NE=128-00-100<128-03-127,STTUS=DTNR+QTD:
NE =128-00-123 ND= 96128123 STATUS=DTNR +QTD
NE =128-03-031 ND= 96128331 STATUS=DTNR NBDEF=0002
-107-
@ND=96128123;
NE =128-00-123 ND= 96128123 STATUS=DTNR +QTD
5.14 Junctor tests

Subscriber junctor tests are processed by the CSN's REJA tester.
The CSN automatically starts the tests every 18 hours.
The following tests are performed :
• detection of loops and direct current power supply,
• subscriber line voltage : ringing tone,
• testing the frequency levels by simulating a subscriber loop in the
REJA.
For discriminated subscribers :
• battery inversion,
• level of the remote charging signal.
When a fault is detected, a diagnostic is sent to the OM. The subscriber is
declared faulty (see AFBASE).
Subscriber junctor is tested by URTL command.
5.15 LINE GROUPS
Organisation of a group
A group is a set of lines that are associated to the same designation number,
(NDG group designation number) and that have access to the services
(categories) allocated to the group. When coming in, any call for the group is
routed onto one of the group lines that are entitled to incoming traffic (SPB or
MIX type lines).
There are three kinds of groups :
1) "outgoing" groups, made up of SPA lines only : NDG is a number
containing a letter in position 1000 (and thus it cannot be called),
2) "incoming" groups, made up of SPB lines only : NDG is a directory
number,
3) "both-way" groups, made up of SPA, SPB or MIX lines..
"Head of group" line : Each group has a special line called "head of group"
whose (ND) designation number corresponds to the group designation
number.
It is called :
• NDG for a principal group,
• NDP for a priority group.
-108-
Secondary line : any line that is not a "head of group" is secondary. In the
secondary lines there are :
1) preferential lines : these directly called lines have their own types and
categories. Modifications on the operating of the group should not affect a
preferential line and vice versa.
2) Secondary lines : are "not directly called lines" that have their own types
but not their own categories. They automatically have the group's
categories.
Fig: Telephone Line Group
Fig: PABX Line Group
Group characteristics
Principal group (GX)
A principal group is a group of lines that are associated to the same
designation number.
It is thus defined by a NDG designation number and the list of lines that
compose it.
Priority group (GP)
A priority group is a group that is defined on lines that already belong to a
(GX) principal group.
-109-
It is possible to define several disconnected priority groups within the same
group.
Note : The line in the group that has the same directory number as the group
is called (NDG) head of group for a principal group and (NDP) for a priority
group.
Preferential line (LP)
A preferential line is a line in a (GX or GP) group that can be directly called
by a directory number of its own.
This line has its own categories and types.
Subgroup
A subgroup is a group of consecutive equipment units belonging to the same
UR.
Each group is made of a maximum of 15 subgroups.
Examples of a subgroup :
NE = 42 - 0 -67 < 69 1 subgroup,
NE = 42 - 0 - 90 1 subgroup,
NE = 42 - 0-126 < 42-1- 2 1 subgroup.
Search subgroups (SG)
When searching for free lines, the SPB or Mixed lines can be distributed into
two subgroups.
SG1 : a 1st choice subgroup,
SG2 : a 2nd choice subgroup.
Each subgroup itself is made up of subgroups (15 maximum).
Inside a subgroup, the first subgroup is selected according to a search law
called :
LOI1 in subgroup SG1,
LOI2 in subgroup SG2,
If LOI n = 0, the search is a cyclic search in all subgroups,
If LOI n = 1, the search is systematic, starting from the first subgroup.
A call towards the group's directory number sets off a search for a free line,
following the priorities within the subgroups. The search can only proceed to
the second group, if it exists, once the first subgroup has been totally and
unsuccessfully explored.
A priority group can also have two search subgroups provided there is no
intersection between the two subgroups of the principal group and those of
the priority group.
-110-
5.16 Traffic on URA
To search for a free line, the CSN receives : the No. of the first equipment
unit in the subgroup and the consecutive number of equipment units. If the
subgroups are made up of only one line, there is a risk of getting quite a few
messages in the public exchange to search for the next subgroup and then
address it.
So it is advisable to create search subgroups with fewer subgroups and rather
with consecutive lines. It is safer to select the last and the first equipment
numbers on two consecutive boards.
In the case of total occupancy, a transfer onto a recorded announcement is
possible.
Fig : Main and Preferential groups
Fig : Sections in a group
-111-
Allotting categories to grouped lines
The rules for allotting categories to the lines are as follows :
• head of group : the categories allotted to this line are those of the
group (principal or priority).
• non preferential secondary line : the allotted categories are those of
the smallest group to which the line is directly associated (priority
group or by default the group itself).
• preferential secondary line : two cases are to be considered :
1) for an outgoing line, the allotted categories are those that belong
to the line,
2) for an incoming line, the categories are :
either the line's own categories, if it is called by its directory
number,
or the categories of the call's destination group if the line is
called by a group number.
Note(s) : or the categories of the call's destination group if the line is called
by a group number.
5.17 Description of MMC functions

GPXIL : Lists the groups
Outputs the heads of principal groups and possibly their heads of preferential
groups, for a range of NDs that is limited to one thousand.
GPXCR : Creation of a principal group
sets up a group from previously created single lines.
• if the CAT parameter (list of categories to add or remove) is not
specified, the group's categories are those belonging to the head line.
• if the CAT parameter is specified, it adds or removes specified
categories from the head line's categories in order to make up the
group's categories. For a service to be activated by the group, it has
to be started up from a line that has the type TY = MOD (entitled to
modification).
• builds a 1st choice search subgroup with the lines of the non SPA
group.
• if the LOI1 parameter is specified, it assigns a value to the
search law in the NSG1.
GLXAD : Addition of a line or lines to a principal group
• connects the lines specified by NE or AFCT, or ND to the group
specified by NDG.
-112-
• builds a new search subgroup with the non SPA lines that were
added to the group or inserts these lines in a search subgroup that
already exists.
• if the LOI1 or LOI2 parameter is specified, a value is assigned to the
search law in SG1 (or 2).
• parameters : NDG, NSG, ND, NE, LOI, TAX, CAT, TY are output.
GLXRE : Removes lines from a principal group
Removes one or several line from a principal group; these lines become
single lines, with their own TY and CAT if they were preferential.
• the links between the lines to be removed and the group are cut,
• the links between the lines to be removed and the concerned
subgroups are cut, with the possibility of erasing the subgroups,
• the types that are specific to the removed lines are kept,
• implicit categories are assigned to the "not directly called lines" that
are removed,
• the categories which are specific to the directly called lines that were
removed are kept,
• NDG, NSG, ND, NE, LOI, TAX, CAT, TY parameters are output.
GLXSU : Deletion of a principal group
Removes all the lines of a GX, these lines become single lines with their own
TY and CAT if they were preferential.
• the group - group lines link is deleted.
• information related to the groups is deleted :
. categories,
. search subgroups.
• the types for each line are kept,
• the categories specific to directly called lines are kept,
• implicit categories are assigned to the not directly called lines,
• the ND, NE, NSG, LOI, CAT, TY and TAX parameters are output.
GPPCR : Creation of a priority group
Builds a priority group from lines that belong to a principal group and that
don't already belong to a priority group.
Creates information that marks the priority group :
• creates links between the priority group, the lines that compose it
and the preferential line that becomes the head of the priority group,
• assigns categories to the priority group,
-113-
• builds a 1st choice search subgroup,
• if the LOI1 parameter is specified, a value is assigned to the search
law in the SG,
• the NDG, NDP, ND, NE, NSG, LOI, TAX, CAT and TY parameters
are output
GLPAD : Addition of a line or lines to a priority group
Adds to a priority group one or several lines that belong to a principal group
but do not already belong to a priority group.
• connects the lines specified by ND, or NE or ACFT, to the priority
group defined by NDP,
• connects the lines specified by ND, or NE or ACFT, to the priority
group defined by NDP,
• added lines (non SPA) are inserted in an existing search subgroup or
a new search subgroup is created,
• if the LOI1 or LOI2 parameter is specified, a value is assigned to the
search law in SG1 or SG2,
• the NDG, NDP, ND, NE, NSG, LOI, TAX, CAT and TY parameters
are output.
GLPRE : Removes line(s) from a priority group
Removes lines from a GP, these lines remain assigned to the principal group.
• the links between the lines to be removed and the priority group are
cut,
• the links between the lines to be removed and the concerned search
subgroups are cut. A priority subgroup can be erased,
• the links between the removed lines and the principal group are kept,
• the removed lines keep their type,
• the directly called lines that are removed keep their own categories,
• the non SPA lines that are removed still belong to the subgroups of
the principal group,
• the parameters NDG, NDP, ND, NE, NSG, LOI, TAX, TY and CAT
are output.
GPPSU : Deletion of a priority group
Removes all the lines of a priority group . These lines remain assigned to the
principal group and the line that is the head of the priority group becomes the
preferential line in the principal group, with the CATs of the group that was
deleted.
• The links : priority group - lines of this group are deleted,
-114-
• the following information related to the priority group is deleted :
. priority group categories,
. search subgroups.
• search subgroups :
. keeps its own type,
. keeps its own categories if the line is a directly called line,
the non SPA lines still belong to the search subgroups of the
principal group.
• the links existing between the lines coming from the priority group
and the principal group are kept,
• the parameters NDP, ND, NE, NSG, LOI, CAT, TY and TAX are
output.
5.18 Supplementary services offered to analog & digital subscriber lines List of
supplementary services offered to digital subscriber lines:
- freephone line(CAT=LST),
- advice of charge at end of call(CAT=IDT,IDC),
- essential line(TY=LSS),
- line with itemized billing(CAT=FDn),
- malicious call identification(CAT=IAM+CAMn),
- call waiting, accompanied by an announcement while the waiting call is be
presented,
- three-party conference(CAT=COF),
- variable call forwarding unconditional(CAT=RVFT),
- variable call forwarding on busy(CAT=RVFO),
- variable call forwarding on no reply(CAT=RFNR),
- fixed call forwarding unconditional(CAT=RVT),
- fixed call forwarding on busy(CAT=RVO),
- fixed call forwarding on no reply(CAT=DNR),
- call forwarding to an international number(CAT=RAIN),
- fixed barring of outgoing calls(TY=SRn),
- user-controlled barring of outgoing calls(CAT=SRC),
- calling line identification presentation(CAT=DIPA,TY=DSM or DTMF),
- calling line identification restriction(CAT=SIDR),
- call completion to busy subscriber(CAT=SRS,DROC),
- Connected line identification presentation(CAT=COLP),
- Connected line identification restriction(CAT=COLR),
- Anonymous call rejection(CAT=ACRJ),
- Customised ringing(CAT=SONn),
- Call hold(CAT=DMG)
- Explicit call transfer(CAT=ECT)
- Call waiting(CAT=IAI)
- Hotline(CAT=LAI,LAT)
-115-
- Abbreviated dialling(CAT=NAn),
- barring of incoming calls(CAT=SRAn),
- closed user groups(CAT=GFU),
- Line with telecharging(TY=TTX,TTXN),
- Registered call(CAT=AEN)
- Dedicated line(TY=SPA,SPB)
- User to user signalling(CAT=DIU),
- subscriber-based carrier selection(CAT=TRAi,TRBj,TRCk),
- terminal portability during a call.
Some facility which requires activation and deactivation can be
activated/deactivated either by commands or by codes defined in REDA.e.g.
call transfer on busy facility (CAT=RVO)can be activated by command
@RVTAC:
@ ND= ,NAR= ,TYPE=3;
or by using code 141.
(Note: for facility activation/deactivation codes refer to REDA.)
5.19 CENTREX
Introduction Centrex is a virtual PABX system designed for office application .It
is cheaper than managing a PABX system .The centrex function allows, grouping
the subscribers by business groups (companies). A centrex company is an
administrative entity comprising a set of private lines connected to the same
exchange. For Out-of-Centrex calls subscriber has to dial a short access code.
Centrex subscribers are connected to the exchange in the same way as public
subscribers, thus in addition to being a Centrex subscriber they have the advantage
that they can access all other subscriber features available in the exchange. Also
subscribers belonging to a Centrex group could be geographically OCB
subscribers located far apart, the only limitation being that they should belong to
the same exchange. Also this allow them to access all other types of networks
(international, mobile, etc.)
Centrex Types
An exchange supporting the Centrex function can be organised with or
without number blocks.On an exchange features without number blocks cannot
coexist with features with number blocks.
Internal Dialing
The internal numbering scheme of centrex companies with blocks can be
of 2 to 4 digits length, depending on the size of the company. This ‘internal
dialing plan’ could be integrated into the numbering scheme of the public network
i.e. the digits of the internal number are the last digits of the PSTN number of the
subscriber. This makes it possible to provide Centrex subscribers with the DDI
(Direct Dialing In) facility. The Centrex subscriber could be allowed the access to
the public network by means of a simple access code.
-116-
Capacity
• Number of Centrex subscribers : Any number within the limits of the
Exchange traffic and the connection capacity of the exchange
• Number of centrex companies: 1023 maximum.
• Number of Blocks possible per centrex company : 8 blocks
• Number of subscribers per centrex company : 9000 maximum
• Internal Numbering: 2 to 4 digits.
• Attendant Position : Either Analog or Digital attendant position is possible
- Analog attendant position: 1 per company (could be a single line or line
group).
- ISDN attendant position : 1 ISDN access per company
• Alarm/ reminder call : maximum 600 total reminders , 300 per 5-minute
period
-117-
-118-

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CHAPTER – I

1.0 FAULT MANAGEMENT

1.2 Basic principles of faults

It is a result of the detection of a fault by this component, either in its own

Period 2 min filtering

All fault editing is broken down as follows:

- a general heading common to all fault edits.

Zero parameters are not edited.

TYPE FUNCTION DATE NAME OF FAULT

* F0612 / T11 F14 / NCEN = TTC / 06–01–25 / 14 H 39 / NOM = ODCAB /

NO. OF FAULT PROG.

N=2028 / NIV = 2 / ENS = 06 / SENS = 05 – 000 – 000/ P=’0203’H /

CN =00 / EM : AFUR = URAD - 2

From the fault dictionary (2 –4 –1) the information obtained is :

(2) Source : CSE – CSN

For the CSN :

(3) Probable cause :

1.4.1 T11 – F10 ONOBA : NO CHANGEOVER

1.4.2 T11 – F12 ODORA : AUXILIARY UNIT FAILURE

(1) Sending context : CSN : Standby equipment failure or degraded quality of

1.4.4 T11 – F15 ODCOR : UNIT COMPLETE FAILURE

(1) Sending context : Unit has failed completely.

1.5 ALARMS MANAGEMENT

1.5.1 Basic principle of alarms

An alarm is characterized in terms of :

- immediate intervention : IM or !!!

Remote control activation

EDIT FORMAT NO.

! * A0628 / 287 / 06–01–25 / 14 H 39 / N = 6057 / TYP = COM / CAT = SI/

EXCHANGE NAME GEOGRAPHICAL ADDRESS

EVENT FUNCT. ADD. OF UR

EVENT = MAL / NCEN = TTC / AFUR = URAL – 1 / AGEO = S1-TR01 -B03 /

TEXAL = POOR EFFICIENCY / COMFL.INF : /

EFF .= 000 % THRESHOLD = 25%

NB: - the DAL message is sent when the alarm is detected.

1.5.5 * A 202 - Simplex conv -

Meaning : No voltage at the converter output

The power supply station is no longer supplied.

Object in alarm state : SM

Meaning : Excessive rate of TS - LR out of service in a UR.

Object in alarm state : UR

Meaning : Excessive rate of TS - LRI out of service in a CN.

Object in alarm state : CN

1.6.1 Interrogating the status of an Exchange Equipment

The ESMIN command is used to check the status of a station depending on a

- STTUS : Used to poll stations with a particular status. (INDL, BLOM,

State Meaning Context

Table : ETU states

State Meaning Context

1.6.2 Modifying the status of the Exchange Equipment

- AM : Material Address of the Station

- STTUS : required Status

Taking a station out of operation

If this positioning involves the disappearance of another function, an alert

1.6.2.2 Transition from INDL to BLOM

Putting a station back is operation.

1.6.2.3 Transition from BLOM or BLOS to INDL

1.6.2.4 Transition from INDL to ES

The SMM sends out a message for ES positioning to the station.