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Mathematics Extension 2
Exercise 47/67
by James Coroneos Coroneos*
1. Starting from the identity (cos +i sin )4 = cos 4 +i sin 4, nd an expression for cos 4 in terms of powers of cos . Write down an expression for sin 4 in terms of sin , cos and hence determine a result for tan 4 in terms of tan . 2. Express cos 5 as a polynomial in cos , and obtain a similar expression for sin 5 as a polynomial in sin . (a) Solve the equation cos 5 = 1 for 0 < 2 , and hence show that the roots of the equation 16x5 20x3 + 5x 1 = 0 are x = cos 2r 5 for r = 2 1 =1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Hence prove that cos 5 cos 5 = 4 and cos 5 cos 25 2. (b) Solve the equation cos 5 = 0 for 0 < 2 , and hence show that +1) for the roots of the equation 16x4 20x2 + 5 = 0 are x = cos (2r10 3 r = 0, 1, 3, 4. Determine the exact value for cos 10 cos 10 and + cos2 3 cos2 10 10 . (c) Solve the equation sin 5 = 1 for 0 < 2 , and hence show that the +1) , roots of the equation 16x4 +16x3 4x2 4x +1 = 0 are x = sin (4r10 3 where r = 0, 2, 3, 4. Determine the exact value of sin 10 sin 10 . (d) Show that x = sin r 5 for r = 1, 2 are the roots of the equation 2 2 5 4 2 16x 20x + 5 = 0, and prove that sin2 5 + sin 5 = 4 .
*Other resources by James Coroneos are available. Write to P.O. Box 25, Rose Bay, NSW, 2029, Australia, for a catalogue. Typeset by AMS-T EX. 1
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3. Prove that cos 7 = 64 cos7 112 cos5 + 56 cos3 7 cos +1) for r = 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 are the roots of (i) Hence show that x = cos (2r14 4 2 the equation 64x6 112 x + 56 x 7 = 0. Deduce that 7 3 5 7 2 2 5 cos 14 . cos 14 . cos 14 = 8 and cos 14 + cos2 3 14 + cos 14 = 4 (ii) Solve the equation cos 7 = 1 for 0 < 2 , and hence show that x = cos 2k 7 for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are the roots of the equation 3 5 1 64x7 112x5 + 56x3 7x = 1. Deduce that cos 7 + cos 7 + cos 7 = 2 3 5 1 and cos 7 cos 7 cos 7 = 8 . 4. If z = cos + i sin , show that z + z 1 = 2 cos and z n + z n = 2 cos n. Find corresponding expressions for z z 1 and z n z n . 1 4 ) , nd an expression for cos4 in the form (i) By expanding (z + z a cos 4 + b cos 2 + c. Check this result when = /4 and evaluate cos4 d. 0 1 5 (ii) Use the expansion of (z z ) to express sin5 in the form a sin 5 + b sin 3 + c sin , and state the values of a, b, c. 5. Prove that cos6 =
/2 0 1 32 (cos 6
+ 6 cos 4 + 15 cos 2 + 10), and hence evaluate
cos d.
6. Show that (1 + cos 2 + i sin 2)n = 2n cosn (cos n + i sin n); where n is a positive integer. By considering the binomial expansion of (1 + z )n where n z = cos 2 + i sin 2, show that 2n cosn cos n = r=0 n Cr cos 2r, and hence /2 evaluate 0 cosn cos n d.
7. Prove that 1 cos i sin = 2 sin 2 {cos( 2 ) i sin( 2 )}. From the binomial expansion of (1 x)n where x = cos + i sin and n is a positive n rn integer, show that 2n sinn r =0 (1) Cr cos r , and obtain 2 cos n( 2 ) = a similar expression for 2n sinn 2 sin n( 2 ).
8. Show that 1 cos 2 + i sin 2 = 2i sin (cos i sin ). Use the binomial expansion of (1 cos 2 + i sin 2)2n , where n is an even positive integer, to 2n prove that 22n sin2n cos 2n = r=0 (1)r 2n Cr cos 2r, and hence evaluate sin2n cos 2n d. 0 9. By substituting z = r(cos + i sin ) in the identity 1+ z + z 2 + + z n + = 1 2 3 1z , where |z | < 1, prove that 1 + r cos + r cos 2 + r cos 3 + = 1r cos r sin 2 3 12r cos +r 2 and r sin + r sin 2 + r sin 3 + = 12r cos +r 2 . 10. If C = 1+cos +cos 2 +cos 3 + and S = sin +sin 2 +sin 3 + . Show 1 1 1 that C + iS = 1cos i sin , and hence prove that C = 2 and S = 2 cot 2 .
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a n a 3 11. If X = 1 + a b cos C + ( b ) cos 2C + ( b ) cos 3C + and a 2 a 3 Y =a b sin C + ( b ) sin 2C + ( b ) sin 3C + , where |a| < |b| show that (ba cos C +ia sin C ) X + iY = (b . If A, B, C are the angles and a, b, c the sides ba cos C )2 +a2 sin2 C of a triangle ABC , hence prove X = b cos A/c and Y = b sin A/c. {Hint: You may assume in ABC that b = a cos C + c cos A.}
12. Express the complex number 1 + i in the form r(cos + i sin ), and hence prove that (1 + i)n + (1 i)n = 2(2n/2 . cos n 4 ) where n is a positive integer. If n 2 n (1+x) = p0 +p1 x+p2 x + +pn x , prove that p0 p2 +p4 = 2n/2 cos n 4 and p1 p3 + p5 = 2n/2 sin n 4
1 13. If u = z + z , show that z 6 + z16 = u6 6u4 + 9u2 2. Hence prove that 1 + cos 12 = 2(32 cos6 48 cos4 + 18 cos2 1)2 . 6 4 7 14. By using de Moivres theorem, prove that sin sin = 64 sin + 112 sin 7 56 sin2 + 7. Show that 8 cos cos 2 cos 3 1 = sin sin , and nd all the angles between 0 and 2 for which cos cos 2 cos 3 = 1 4.
15. Use de Moivres theorem to obtain an expression for tan 5 in terms of tan . the roots of the equation t4 10t2 + 5 = 0 Show that tan r 5 , r = 1, 2 are 2 2 2 5 and tan2 and deduce that tan 5 tan 5 = 5 + tan 5 = 10. 16. Use de Moivres theorem to obtain expressions for cos 6, sin 6 in terms of sin and cos . 15t2 +15t4 t6 (i) Prove that cot 6 = 1 2t(310t2 +3t4 ) where t denotes tan . (ii) Give all the roots of cos 6 = 0 for 0 < 2 , and hence nd the 2 2 5 value of tan 12 tan 5 12 and tan 12 + tan 12 . 17. By expanding (cos + i sin )6 in 2 dierent ways, express cos 6 in a series of powers of cos . Find the roots of cos 6 = 0 and hence prove that cos 6 = 2 2 5 32(cos2 cos2 12 )(cos2 1 2 )(cos cos 12 ) 18. Establish the following results, where n is any positive integer greater than 1: (i) (cot + i)n (cot i)n = 2i sin n/ sinn (ii) the roots of the equation (x + i)n = (x i)n = 0 are 1) , cot 2n , cot 3n , . . . , cot (n . cot n n (iii) (x + i)n (x i)n = 2i{n C1 xn1 n C3 xn3 + n C5 xn5 } 1) n2) + cot2 2n + cot2 3n + + cot2 (n = (n1)( {Use the (iv) cot2 n n 3 results in (ii), (iii).}

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+ 6 cos 4 + 15 cos 2 + 10), and hence evaluate

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