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    Math 308 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Wala Abu Gharbieh
    The document provides solutions to problems from Section 1.1 of a Math 308 textbook. It summarizes solutions to linear algebra problems involving determining if equations are linear, sketching graphs of systems of equations, performing row operations on matrices, and showing equivalence between systems of equations. Key steps involve using graphs or algebraic manipulations like row operations to put systems in standard forms.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Math 308 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Wala Abu Gharbieh
    65 views3 pages
    The document provides solutions to problems from Section 1.1 of a Math 308 textbook. It summarizes solutions to linear algebra problems involving determining if equations are linear, sketching graphs of systems of equations, performing row operations on matrices, and showing equivalence between systems of equations. Key steps involve using graphs or algebraic manipulations like row operations to put systems in standard forms.

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    Math 308 Solutions

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    The document provides solutions to problems from Section 1.1 of a Math 308 textbook. It summarizes solutions to linear algebra problems involving determining if equations are linear, sketching graphs of systems of equations, performing row operations on matrices, and showing equivalence between systems of equations. Key steps involve using graphs or algebraic manipulations like row operations to put systems in standard forms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views3 pages

    Math 308 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Wala Abu Gharbieh
    The document provides solutions to problems from Section 1.1 of a Math 308 textbook. It summarizes solutions to linear algebra problems involving determining if equations are linear, sketching graphs of systems of equations, performing row operations on matrices, and showing equivalence between systems of equations. Key steps involve using graphs or algebraic manipulations like row operations to put systems in standard forms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3
    At a glance
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    The document discusses solving systems of linear equations graphically and algebraically. It also covers finding the coefficient and augmented matrices for systems.

    You sketch the graphs of the lines/curves representing each equation and examine their points of intersection. A unique solution means the graphs intersect at one point. No solution means the graphs are parallel. Infinitely many solutions means the graphs are coincident.

    You write the coefficients of each variable as the columns of the coefficient matrix A. The augmented matrix B adds a column with the constants on the right-hand side of the equations.

    Math 308 Solutions

    Sec. 1.1

    Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 1 More Problems(24,27,30,31,33,35,38)

    1.1.1 Is x 1 + 2 x 3 = 3 linear? Sol. Yes, since it has the form of (1) (i.e. a1 x 1 + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 = b1 ) with a1 = 1, a2 = 0, a3 = 2 and b1 = 3. 1.1.5 Is | x 1 | | x 2 | = 0 linear? Sol. No, since it does not have the form of (1). | x 1 | is NOT a constant multiple of x 1 . 1.1.11,12,13 Sketch graph and use them to determine whether the systems has a unique solution, no solution or innitely many solutions. Sol. 11 Graph of y = 5 2 x is line of slope 2, of y = x 1 is line of slope 1. They meet at exactly ONE point. (See graphs in text answer p. AN1). Sol. 12 Graphs of y = 2 x + 1 and y = 2 x 2 have same slope, but different intercepts. So they are parallel and there is NO (common) solution to both equations. (See graphs in text). Sol. 13 Graphs of 3 x + 2 y = 6 and 6 x 4 y = 12 are the same line, so INFINITELY many solutions. (See graphs in text.) (Note solving for y in both leads to y = 3 (3/2) x . This is analytic verication of the graphical fact that two lines are parallel and coincident.) 1.1.19Display the (2 3) matrix A = ( aij ) (I (DLR) would write A = [ aij ]) where a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = 6, a21 = 4, a22 = 3, and a23 = 8. 2 1 6 Sol. Since aij means entry in ROW i and COLUMN j , A = . 4 3 8 1.1.23Suppose the matrix A in Problem 19 is the augmented matrix for a system of linear equations. Display the system. Repeat for the matrix Q = (q ij ) in Problem 21, where q 23 = 1, q 32 = 2, q 11 = 1, q 13 = 3, q 22 = 1, q 33 = 1, q 21 = 2, q 12 = 4, and q 31 = 3. Sol. For 19, since A is (2 3) the linear system is 2 2, i.e., has 2 equations with 2 unknowns, and the RHS (right hand side) comes from the third column a13 and a23 . Heres the system: x2 = 3 2 x1 + . 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 8 For 21, since Q is (3 3) the linear system is 3 2, i.e., has 3 equations with 2 unknowns, and the RHS (right hand side) comes from the third column q 13 = 3, q 23 = 1, and q 33 = 1. Heres the system: x 1 + 4 x 2 = 3 1. x2 = 2 x1 + 1 3 x1 + 2 x2 = x x 2 = 1 1.1.24Display the coefcient matrix A and the augmented matrix B for the system 1 . 3 x1 + x2 = 1 1 Sol. The coefcient matrix has one column with the coefcients of each unknown, so A = . The aug1 1 1 1 1 mented matrix adds a column with the RHSs: B = . 1 1 3 x1 1.1.27Same as Problem 24 but for the system: 3 x 1 x1 x2 + + 4 x2 x2 + + + 2 x3 x3 x3 = = = 6 5. 2

    Math 308 Solutions

    Sec. 1.1 1 A= 3 1 1 4 1 2 1 . 1

    Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 2

    Sol. Coefcient matrix from unknowns:

    Augmented matrix adds the RHSs:

    2 6 1 1 B = 3 4 1 5 . 1 2 1 1 In 30-35 display the augmented matrix for the given system. Use elementary operations on equations to obtain equivalent system with x 1 in rst equation with coefcient one and has been eliminated from the remaining equations. Simultaneously perform the corresponding elementary row operations on the augmented matrix. Sol. 1.1.30 2 4 6 Augmented matrix : B = . 4 1 7 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 6 (1/2)E1 x 1 + (3/2) x 2 = 4 x1 x 2 = 7 ===> 4 x 1 x2 = The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 2 4 3 1 6 (1/2)R1 1 7 ===> 4 3/2 3 ===> 1 7 R2 4R1 0 3/2 7 3 . 5 3 7 ===> E2 4E1 x1 + (3/2) x 2 7 x2 = = 3 . 5

    1 2 1 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 1 2 2 . 0 4 2 1 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : x1 + 2 x2 x 3 = 1 ===> x1 + 2 x2 x2 x 2 + 2 x 3 = 2 E2 E1 x1 + + 5 x2 = 4 E3 + 2E1 x2 2 x 1 + The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 ===> 1 1 1 2 2 R2 R1 0 1 3 1 . 0 4 R3 + 2R1 0 5 2 6 2 1 Sol. 1.1.33 1 9 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 1 7 . 1 6 3 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : 9 x2 = x1 + x 1 + x 2 = 9 ===> 2 . 2 x2 = x 1 x 2 = 7 E2 E1 2 x 2 = 21 3 x 1 + x 2 = 6 E3 3E1 The elementary row ops corresponding to these are:

    Sol. 1.1.31

    x3 3 x3 + + 2 x 3

    = = =

    1 1. 6

    Math 308 Solutions 1 1 3 1 1 1 9 ===> 1 7 R2 R1 0 6 R3 3R1 0 1 2 2 9 2 . 21

    Sec. 1.1

    Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 3

    1 1 3 0 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 2 1 1 1 . 7 1 0 1 1 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : x2 + x 3 x 4 = 3 E 1 <--> E 2 x1 + 2 x2 x 3 + x 4 = 1 ===> x1 + 2 x2 x3 + x4 = 1 x2 + x3 x4 = 3 x1 + x2 + 7 x3 x4 = 0 x1 + x 2 + 7 x 3 x 4 = 0 E3 + E1 x1 + 2 x2 x3 + x4 = 1 x2 + x3 x4 = 3 . 3 x2 + 6 x3 = 1 The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 1 1 ===> 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 R1 <--> R2 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3 . 1 1 7 1 0 R3 + R1 0 3 6 0 1 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 = b1 1.1.38Show that the system , when a1122 a12 a21 0, is equivalent to a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 = b2 c 11 x 1 + c 12 x 2 = d 1 with c 11 0 and c 22 0. + c 22 x 2 = d 2 Sol. Try to use elimination. If a11 ! = 0 then the row operations on the associated augmented matrix: b1 / a11 a12 / a11 x 2 = x 1 + a12 / a11 x 2 = b1 / a11 ===> x 1 + 1/ a11 E 1 ===> a 21 x 1 + b2 E 2 a21 E 1 + a22 ( a21 a12 / a11 ) x 2 = b2 ( a21 b1 / a11 ) a22 x 2 = show the associated system are equivalent. The system associated with the last (augmented matrix) has the desired form with c 11 = 1( 0), c 12 = a12 / a11 (ok as a11 0 means division ok, and c 22 = ( a11 a22 a21 a12 )/ a11 ( 0) as division ok and a11 a22 a21 a12 ) 0 is given. If a11 = 0, then swapping the two equations yields: a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 = b2 which has the desired form with c 11 = a21 , c 22 = a12 , and c 12 = a22 . Now all + a12 x 2 = b1 thats left is to verify c 11 0 and c 22 0. But a11 = 0 means 0 0 a22 a12 a21 , i.e. a12 a21 0. Hence 0 a12 (= c 22 ) and 0 a21 (= c 11 ).

    Sol. 1.1.35

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