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Linux Command List v1.1 (last changes 10 Jan 2008 03.05 am)

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System information

arch show architecture of machine

uname -m show architecture of machine(2)

uname -r show used kernel version

dmidecode -q show hardware system components

- (SMBIOS / DMI)

hdparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a

hard-disk
hdparm -tT /dev/sda perform test reading on a hard-disk

cat /proc/cpuinfo show information CPU info

cat /proc/interrupts show interrupts

cat /proc/meminfo verify memory use

cat /proc/swaps show file(s) swap

cat /proc/version show version of the kernel

cat /proc/net/dev show network adpters and statistics

cat /proc/mounts show mounted file system(s)

lspci -tv display PCI devices

lsusb -tv show USB devices

date show system date

cal 2007 show the timetable of 2007

date 041217002007.00 set date and time -

MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds

clock -w save date changes on BIOS

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Shutdown (Restart of a system and Logout )

shutdown -h now shutdown system(1)

init 0 shutdown system(2)

telinit 0 shutdown system(3)

shutdown -h hours:minutes & planned shutdown of the system

shutdown -c cancel a planned shutdown of the

system

shutdown -r now reboot(1)

reboot reboot(2)

logout leaving session

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Files and Directory

cd /home enter to directory '/ home'

cd .. go back one level

cd ../.. go back two levels

cd go to home directory

cd ~utente go to home directory

cd - go to previous directory

pwd show the path of work directory

ls view files of directory

ls -F view files of directory

ls -l show details of files and directory

ls -a show hidden files

ls *[0-9]* show files and directory containing

numbers

tree show files and directories in a tree

starting from root(1)

lstree show files and directories in a tree

starting from root(2)

mkdir dir1 create a directory called 'dir1'

mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories

simultaneously

mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree

rm -f file1 delete file called 'file1'

rmdir dir1 delete directory called 'dir1'

rm -rf dir1 remove a directory called 'dir1' and

contents recursively

rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories and their

contents recursively

mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a file or directory

cp file1 file2 copying a file

cp dir/* . copy all files of a directory within

the current work directory

cp -a /tmp/dir1 . copy a directory within the current

work directory

cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory

ln -s file1 lnk1 create a symbolic link to file or

directory

ln file1 lnk1 create a physical link to file or

directory

touch -t 0712250000 file1 modify timestamp of a file or

directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

File search

find / -name file1 search file and directory into root

filesystem from '/'

find / -user user1 search files and directories

belonging to 'user1'

find /home/user1 -name "*.bin" search files with '. bin' extension
within directory '/ home/user1'

find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 search binary files are not used in
the last 100 days

find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 search files created or changed

within 10 days

find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; search files with '.rpm' extension
and modify permits

search files with '.rpm' extension

find / -xdev -name "*.rpm" ignoring removable partitions as
cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…

locate "*.ps" find files with the '.ps' extension -

first run 'updatedb' command

whereis halt show location of a binary file, source

or man
which halt show full path to a binary /
executable

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Mounting a Filesystem

mount disk called hda2 - verify

mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 existence of the directory '/
mnt/hda2'

umount /dev/hda2 unmount disk called hda2 - exit

from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first

fuser -km /mnt/hda2 force umount when the device is

busy

run umount without writing the file

umount -n /mnt/hda2 /etc/mtab - useful when the file is
read-only or the hard disk is full

mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom

mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom

mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom

mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or iso image

mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive

mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share

/mnt/share mount a windows network share

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Disk Space

df -h show list of partitions mounted

ls -lSr |more show size of the files and directories

ordered by size

du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory

'dir1'

du -sk * | sort -rn show size of the files and directories

sorted by size

show space used by rpm packages

rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n installed sorted by size (fedora,
redhat and like)

show space used by deb packages

dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n installed sorted by size (ubuntu,
debian and like)

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Users and Groups

groupadd group_name create a new group

groupdel group_name delete a group

groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name rename a group

useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash create a new user belongs "admin"
user1 group

useradd user1 create a new user

userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home
directory)

usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 change user attributes

passwd change password

passwd user1 change a user password (only by

root)

chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline for user password

check correct syntax and file format

pwck of '/etc/passwd' and users
existence

check correct syntax and file format

grpck of '/etc/group' and groups
existence

log in to a new group to change

newgrp group_name
default group of newly created files

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Permits on Files (use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove)

ls -lh show permits

ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns

set permissions reading (r), write

chmod ugo+rwx directory1 (w) and (x) access to users owner
(u) group (g) and others (o)

remove permits reading (r), write

chmod go-rwx directory1 (w) and (x) access to users group
(g) and others (or

chown user1 file1 change owner of a file

change user owner of a directory

chown -R user1 directory1 and all the files and directories
contained inside

chgrp gruppo1 file1 change group of files

chown user1:gruppo1 file1 change user and group ownership of

a file

find / -perm -u+s view all files on the system with

SUID configured

set SUID bit on a binary file - the

chmod u+s /bin/binary_file user that running that file gets same
privileges as owner

chmod u-s /bin/binary_file disable SUID bit on a binary file

chmod g+s /home/public set SGID bit on a directory - similar

to SUID but for directory

chmod g-s /home/public disable SGID bit on a directory

set STIKY bit on a directory - allows

chmod o+t /home/public files deletion only to legitimate
owners

chmod o-t /home/public disable STIKY bit on a directory

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Special Attributes on files (use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove)
chattr +a file1 allows write opening of a file only
append mode

allows that a file is compressed /

chattr +c file1 decompressed automatically by the
kernel

makes sure that the program

chattr +d file1 ignores Dump the files during
backup

makes it an immutable file, which

chattr +i file1 can not be removed, altered,
renamed or linked

chattr +s file1 allows a file to be deleted safely

makes sure that if a file is modified

chattr +S file1 changes are written in synchronous
mode as with sync

chattr +u file1 allows you to recover the contents

of a file even if it is canceled

lsattr show specials attributes

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Archives and compressed files

bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'

bzip2 file1 compress a file called 'file1'

gunzip file1.gz decompress a file called 'file1.gz'

gzip file1 compress a file called 'file1'

gzip -9 file1 compress with maximum

compression

create an archive rar called

rar a file1.rar test_file
'file1.rar'

rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
simultaneously

rar x file1.rar decompress rar archive

unrar x file1.rar decompress rar archive

tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball

tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create an archive containing 'file1',
'file2' and 'dir1'

tar -tf archive.tar show contents of an archive

tar -xvf archive.tar extract a tarball

tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp extract a tarball into / tmp

tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a tarball compressed into

bzip2

tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed tar

archive in bzip2

tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a tarball compressed into

gzip

tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompress a compressed tar

archive in gzip

zip file1.zip file1 create an archive compressed in zip

zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 compress in zip several files and
directories simultaneously
unzip file1.zip decompress a zip archive

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

RPM Packages ( Fedora, Red Hat and like)

rpm -ivh package.rpm install a rpm package

rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install a rpm package ignoring

dependencies requests

rpm -U package.rpm upgrade a rpm package without

changing configuration files

rpm -F package.rpm upgrade a rpm package only if it is

already installed

rpm -e package_name.rpm remove a rpm package

rpm -qa show all rpm packages installed on

the system

rpm -qa | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the
name "httpd"

rpm -qi package_name obtain information on a specific

package installed

rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" show rpm packages of a group

software

rpm -ql package_name show list of files provided by a rpm

package installed

rpm -qc package_name show list of configuration files

provided by a rpm package installed

rpm -q package_name --whatrequires show list of dependencies required

for a rpm packet

rpm -q package_name --whatprovides show capability provided by a rpm

package

rpm -q package_name --scripts show scripts started during

installation / removal

rpm -q package_name --changelog show history of revisions of a rpm

package

rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which rpm package belongs to

a given file

rpm -qp package.rpm -l show list of files provided by a rpm

package not yet installed

rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public-key digital signature

rpm --checksig package.rpm verify the integrity of a rpm package

rpm -qa gpg-pubkey verify integrity of all rpm packages

installed

check file size, permissions, type,

rpm -V package_name owner, group, MD5 checksum and
last modification

rpm -Va check all rpm packages installed on

the system - use with caution

rpm -Vp package.rpm verify a rpm package not yet

installed

rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* extract executable file from a rpm
package

rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm install a package built from a rpm

source

rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm build a rpm package from a rpm

source
 linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

YUM packages updater (Fedora, RedHat and like)

yum install package_name download and install a rpm package

yum update update all rpm packages installed on

the system

yum update package_name upgrade a rpm package

yum remove package_name remove a rpm package

yum list list all packages installed on the

system

yum search package_name find a package on rpm repository

yum clean packages clean up rpm cache erasing

downloaded packages

yum clean headers remove all files headers that the

system uses to resolve dependency

yum clean all remove from the cache packages

and headers files

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

DEB packages (Debian, Ubuntu and like)

dpkg -i package.deb install / upgrade a deb package

dpkg -r package_name remove a deb package from the

system

dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on

the system

dpkg -l | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the

name "httpd"

obtain information on a specific

dpkg -s package_name
package installed on system

dpkg -L package_name show list of files provided by a

package installed on system

dpkg --contents package.deb show list of files provided by a

package not yet installed

dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a

given file

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

APT packages updater (Debian, Ubuntu e like)

apt-get install package_name install / upgrade a deb package

apt-cdrom install package_name install / upgrade a deb package

from cdrom

apt-get update update all deb packages installed on

system

apt-get remove package_name remove a deb package from system

apt-get check verify correct resolution of

dependencies

apt-get clean clean up cache from packages

downloaded

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

View file content

cat file1 view the contents of a file starting
from the first row

tac file1 view the contents of a file starting

from the last line

more file1 view content of a file along

similar to 'more' command but

less file1 which allows backward movement in
the file as well as forward
movement

head -2 file1 view first two lines of a file

tail -2 file1 view last two lines of a file

tail -f /var/log/messages view in real time what is added to a

file

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Text Manipulation

cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txt syntax to elaborate the text of a file,
and write result to a new file

cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> syntax to elaborate the text of a file
result.txt and append result in existing file

grep Aug /var/log/messages look up words "Aug" on file

'/var/log/messages'

grep ^Aug /var/log/messages look up words that begin with "Aug"

on file '/var/log/messages'

grep [0-9] /var/log/messages select from file '/var/log/messages'

all lines that contain numbers

grep Aug -R /var/log/* search string "Aug" at directory

'/var/log' and below

sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in

example.txt

sed '/^$/d' example.txt remove all blank lines from

example.txt

sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt remove comments and blank lines
from example.txt

echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' convert from lower case in upper

case

sed -e '1d' result.txt eliminates the first line from file

example.txt

sed -n '/stringa1/p' view only lines that contain the

word "string1"

sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt remove empty characters at the end

of each row

sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt remove only the word "string1" from

text and leave intact all

sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt view from 1th to 5th row

sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt view row number 5

sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replace more zeros with a single

zero

cat -n file1 number row of a file

cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' remove all even lines from

example.txt

echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' view the first column of a line

echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' view the first and third column of a
line

paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files for

columns

merging contents of two files for

paste -d '+' file1 file2 columns with '+' delimiter on the
center

sort file1 file2 sort contents of two files

sort file1 file2 | uniq sort contents of two files omitting

lines repeated

sort file1 file2 | uniq -u sort contents of two files by viewing

only unique line

sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort contents of two files by viewing

only duplicate line

compare contents of two files by

comm -1 file1 file2 deleting only unique lines from
'file1'

compare contents of two files by

comm -2 file1 file2 deleting only unique lines from
'file2'

compare contents of two files by

comm -3 file1 file2 deleting only the lines that appear
on both files

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Character set and Format file conversion

dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from

MSDOS to UNIX

unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX

to MSDOS

recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html convert a text file to html

recode -l | more show all available formats

conversion

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Filesystem Analysis

badblocks -v /dev/hda1 check bad blocks in disk hda1

fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of linux

filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2

filesystem on disk hda1

e2fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2

filesystem on disk hda1

e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3

filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3

filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of fat

filesystem on disk hda1

fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos

filesystem on disk hda1

dosfsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos

filesystems on disk hda1

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Format a Filesystem

mkfs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux on

hda1 partition

mke2fs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2

on hda1 partition

mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext3

(journal) on hda1 partition

mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 create a FAT32 filesystem

fdformat -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk

mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

SWAP filesystem

mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem

swapon /dev/hda3 activating a new swap partition

swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 activate two swap partitions

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Backup

dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a full backup of directory

'/home'

dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a incremental backup of

directory '/home'

restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restoring a backup interactively

rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp synchronization between directories

rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp rsync via SSH tunnel

synchronize a local directory with a

rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local remote directory via ssh and
compression

synchronize a remote directory with

rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public a local directory via ssh and
compression

dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' make a backup of a local hard disk
on remote host via ssh

tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user make a incremental backup of

directory '/home/user'

( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd copy content of a directory on

/home/share/ && tar x -p' remote directory via ssh

( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar copy a local directory on remote
x -p' directory via ssh

tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) local copy preserving permits and

links from a directory to another

find and copy all files with '.txt'

find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-
directory=/home/backup/ --parents extention from a directory to
another

find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > find all files with '.log' extention and
log.tar.bz2 make an bzip archive

dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 make a copy of MBR (Master Boot

Record) to floppy
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR from backup copy
saved to floppy

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

CDROM

cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force clean a rewritable cdrom

mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso create an iso image of cdrom on

disk

mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz create a compressed iso image of

cdrom on disk

mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o

./cd.iso data_cd create an iso image of a directory

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image

gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image

mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso mount an ISO image

cd-paranoia -B rip audio tracks from a CD to wav

files

cd-paranoia -- "-3" rip first three audio tracks from a

CD to wav files

cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Networking (LAN and WiFi)

ifconfig eth0 show configuration of an ethernet

network card

ifup eth0 activate an interface 'eth0'

ifdown eth0 disable an interface 'eth0'

ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 configure IP Address

ifconfig eth0 promisc configure 'eth0' in promiscuous

mode to gather packets (sniffing)

dhclient eth0 active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode

route -n show routing table

route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway

route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach
network '192.168.0.0/16'

route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route

echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing

hostname show hostname

host www.linuxguide.it lookup hostname to resolve name to

ip address and viceversa

ip link show show link status of all interfaces

mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0'

ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card

'eth0'

netstat -tup show all active network connections

and their PID
netstat -tupl show all network services listening
on the system and their PID

tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic

iwlist scan show wireless networks

iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless

network card

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Microsoft Windows networks (SAMBA)

nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution

nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution

smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows

host

smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download files from a

host windows via smb

mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share

/mnt/share mount a windows network share

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

IPTABLES (firewall)

iptables -t filter -L show all chains of filtering table

iptables -t nat -L show all chains of nat table

iptables -t filter -F clear all rules from filtering table

iptables -t nat -F clear all rules from table nat

iptables -t filter -X delete any chains created by user

iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT allow telnet connections to input

iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP block HTTP connections to output

iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT allow POP3 connections to forward
chain

iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT" logging sulla chain di input Logging
on chain input

configure a PAT (Port Address

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Traslation) on eth0 masking
outbound packets

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport redirect packets addressed to a host
22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 to another host

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Monitoring and debugging

top display linux tasks using most cpu

ps -eafw displays linux tasks

ps -e -o pid,args --forest displays linux tasks in a hierarchical

mode

mostra un albero dei processi

pstree sistema Shows a tree system
processes

kill -9 ID_Processo force closure of the process and

finish it

kill -1 ID_Processo force a process to reload

 configuration

lsof -p $$ display a list of files opened by

processes

lsof /home/user1 displays a list of open files in a given

path system

strace -c ls >/dev/null display system calls made and

received by a process

strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null display library calls

watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' display interrupts in real-time

last reboot show history reboot

lsmod display kernel loaded

free -m displays status of RAM in megabytes

smartctl -A /dev/hda monitoring reliability of a hard-disk

through SMART

smartctl -i /dev/hda check if SMART is active on a hard-

disk

tail /var/log/dmesg show events inherent to the process

of booting kernel

tail /var/log/messages show system events

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

Others useful commands

display a list of commands that

pertain to keywords of a program ,
apropos ...keyword useful when you know what your
program does, but you don't know
the name of the command

man ping display the on-line manual pages for

example on ping command

whatis ...keyword displays description of what a

program does

mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` create a boot floppy

gpg -c file1 encrypt a file with GNU Privacy

Guard

gpg file1.gpg decrypt a file with GNU Privacy

Guard

wget -r www.example.com download an entire web site

wget -c www.example.com/file.iso download a file with the ability to

stop the download and resume later

echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00 start a download at any given time

ldd /usr/bin/ssh show shared libraries required by

ssh program

alias hh='history' set an alias for a command - hh =

history

linux commands list v1.1 - LinuxGuide.it

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